Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1515-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1515-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 01 Feb 2022
| 01 Feb 2022
Mapping gaseous dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ammonia, and their particulate counterparts in marine atmospheres of China’s marginal seas – Part 2: Spatiotemporal heterogeneity, causes, and hypothesis
Yating Gao
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Dihui Chen
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Yanjie Shen
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Huiwang Gao
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Xiaohong Yao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers
Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of
Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao
National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Xianrui Zhu, Zikuan Lin, Shaoqing Zhang, Zebin Lu, Songhua Wu, Xiangyun Hou, Zhisheng Xiao, Zhicheng Ren, Jiangyu Li, Jing Xu, Yang Gao, Rixu Hao, Xiaolin Yu, and Mingkui Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6479, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6479, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Deep integration of Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and traditional scientific models is crucial for progress, but Fortran-based scientific codes and Python-based AI are difficult to combine. We develop a Python–Fortran hybrid procedure that enables mutual invocation of AI and scientific modules. Applied to climate and weather models, it supports strongly coupled data assimilation and high-precision prediction, promoting future advances in both AI and scientific modeling.
Tianle Zhang, Yaxin Xiang, Bingxing Zhu, Xiaohong Yao, Xuehua Fan, Yinan Wang, Yuntao Wang, Shuangling Chen, Shunyao Wang, Yan Zhang, Fei Chai, and Mei Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3001–3024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3001-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3001-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Based on high-time-resolution shipborne measurements, this study examines the sources of iron in aerosols over the Northwest Pacific. We found that non-dust emissions from ships and land-based activities contribute the majority of soluble iron capable of enhancing marine primary productivity, with particularly pronounced contributions in coastal regions and during the summer season. These findings provide improved insight into the influence of human activities on oceanic nutrient supply.
Siyu Meng, Xun Gong, Benjamin G. M. Webber, Manoj Joshi, Xiaokun Ding, Xiang Gong, Mingliang Gu, and Huiwang Gao
Biogeosciences, 23, 867–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-867-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-867-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The North Pacific oligotrophic ocean gyre (NPOG), with low phytoplankton biomass, covers about 40 % of the North Pacific. The variations in NPOG seasonal cycle, which have a greater impact than its annual mean changes, are influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation from 1998 to 2021. However, from 2021 to 2100, a weakened NPOG seasonal cycle is expected due to climate change. These changes in NPOG seasonal cycle could affect fisheries and marine ecosystems.
Yujue Wang, Yizhe Yi, Wei Xu, Yiwen Zhang, Shubin Li, Hong-Hai Zhang, Mingliang Gu, Shibo Yan, Jialei Zhu, Chao Zhang, Jinhui Shi, Yang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Biogeosciences, 23, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-77-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-77-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Marine organic aerosols remain poorly quantified, which limits our understanding on the climate regulation of marine aerosols. Based on shipboard cruises over the Pacific Ocean, we proposed an observation-based parameterization approach to estimate the primary and secondary marine organic aerosols using sea surface chlorophyll a and sea salts in marine aerosols. The results highlight that the spatial distribution of marine organic aerosols was driven by the marine biological activities.
Qinchu Fan, Xiaohong Yao, and Leiming Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6080, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study identified that the disproportionate multi-decadal trends between particulate nitrate and NOx emissions in Canadian urban atmospheres were caused by reduced primary fine-fraction nitrate emissions, localized dispersion, and Arctic Oscillation–modulated wind anomalies. These findings can help interpret the weak or absent response of fine-fraction nitrate to NOx reductions worldwide, especially in cold-climate regions.
Xiaojing Lv, Zhao Liu, Yuxuan Li, Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Xiaohui Duan, Shiming Xu, Yang Gao, Yujing Fan, Lifeng Yan, Haopeng Huang, Haitian Lu, Lingfeng Wan, Haoran Lin, Qixin Chang, Chenlin Li, Quanjie He, Yangyang Yu, Qinghui Lin, Sheng Jia, Tengda Zhao, Weiguo Liu, and Guangwen Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5297, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5297, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a highly-efficient optimization approach that integrates automated and fine-grained optimizations for kilometer-level Earth System Models on heterogeneous many-core supercomputers. Our optimization achieves full parallel coverage for code segments exceeding 1 % of runtime. The optimized 5-km/3-km coupled model reaches 222 Simulated Days Per Day. This work signifies a pivotal advancement in ESMs, providing a robust platform for HR climate simulations.
Shubin Li, Yujue Wang, Yiwen Zhang, Yizhe Yi, Yuchen Wang, Yuqi Guo, Chao Yu, Yue Jiang, Jinhui Shi, Chao Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Wei Hu, Jianzhen Yu, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Min Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12585–12598, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12585-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates (OSs) are an unrecognized and potentially important component in marine organic aerosols. In this study, we quantified and characterized the OSs over East Asian marginal seas. The chemical nature and spatiotemporal distribution of OSs were modified by the joint influence of marine emissions and transported terrestrial pollutants. The results highlight the vital roles of OSs in shaping organic aerosol formation and sulfur cycle during summer in the marine boundary layer.
Yuxuan Qi, Wenshuai Li, Wen Qu, Haizhou Zhang, Wenqing Zhu, Jinhui Shi, Daizhou Zhang, Yanjing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Wencai Wang, Yunhui Zhao, Yuanyuan Ma, Danyang Ren, Guanru Wu, Xinfeng Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Yang Zhou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4005, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Yellow-Bohai Sea region lies downwind of heavily polluted East Asia. Research reveals how land and ship pollution impact coastal air in Qingdao and nearby seas. Ship and coal emissions worsen marine air quality, with summer zinc and arsenic levels exceeding land. Spring carries city pollution seaward, summer pushes ship emissions ashore. Using 81 air samples, the study shows seasonal shifts between dust, industry & combustion sources, highlighting growing human impacts on marine ecosystems.
Wenbin Kou, Yang Gao, Dan Tong, Xiaojie Guo, Xiadong An, Wenyu Liu, Mengshi Cui, Xiuwen Guo, Shaoqing Zhang, Huiwang Gao, and Lixin Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3029–3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3029-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3029-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Unlike traditional numerical studies, we apply a high-resolution Earth system model, improving simulations of surface ozone and large-scale circulations such as atmospheric blocking. Besides local heat waves, we quantify the impact of atmospheric blocking on downstream ozone concentrations, which is closely associated with the blocking position. We identify three major pathways of Rossby wave propagation, stressing the critical role of large-scale circulation in regional air quality.
Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, An Ning, Yuyang Li, Runlong Cai, Da Gao, Biwu Chu, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10261–10278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extensively compare various cluster-dynamics-based parameterizations for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and identify a newly developed parameterization derived from Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code (ACDC) simulations as being the most reliable one. This study offers a valuable reference for developing parameterizations of other nucleation systems and is meaningful for the accurate quantification of the environmental and climate impacts of new particle formation.
Xiaohong Yao and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7773–7791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates long-term trends of criteria air pollutants, including NO2, CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5, and NO2+O3 measured in 10 Canadian cities during the last 2 to 3 decades. We also investigate associated driving forces in terms of emission reductions, perturbations from varying weather conditions and large-scale wildfires, as well as changes in O3 sources and sinks.
Ming Chu, Xing Wei, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Yujiao Zhu, Biwu Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Yele Sun, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6769–6786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 20-bin WRF-Chem model to simulate NPF events in the NCP during a three-week observational period in the summer of 2019. The model was able to reproduce the observations during June 29–July 6, which was characterized by a high frequency of NPF occurrence.
Jiawei Li, Zhiwei Han, Pingqing Fu, Xiaohong Yao, and Mingjie Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3129–3161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosols of marine origin are important for aerosol climatic effects but are poorly understood. For the first time, an online coupled regional chemistry–climate model is applied to explore the characteristics of emission, distribution, and direct and indirect radiative effects of marine organic aerosols over the western Pacific, which reveals an important role of marine organic aerosols in perturbing cloud and radiation and promotes understanding of global aerosol climatic impact.
Feifan Yan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Rujin Huang, Hong Liao, Ting Yang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Wenbin Kou, Xinran Zeng, Shengnan Xiang, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution is a major air quality issue deteriorating human health, and previous studies mostly focus on regions like the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. However, the characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations between these two regions are studied less often. Focusing on the transport corridor region, we identify an interesting seesaw transport phenomenon with stagnant weather conditions, conducive to PM2.5 accumulation over this region, resulting in large health effects.
Yangyang Yu, Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Dexun Chen, Yang Gao, Xiaopei Lin, Zhao Liu, and Xiaojing Lv
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-10, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-10, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The hardware-related perturbations caused by the heterogeneous many-core architectures can blend with software or human errors, which can affect the accuracy of the model consistency verification. We develop a deep learning-based consistency test tool for ESMs on the heterogeneous systems (ESM-DCT) and evaluate it in CESM on new Sunway system. The ESM-DCT can detect the existence of software or human errors when taking hardware-related perturbations into account.
Xing Wei, Yanjie Shen, Xiao-Ying Yu, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Ming Chu, Yujiao Zhu, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15325–15350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the contribution of grown new particles to Nccn at a rural mountain site in the North China Plain. The total particle number concentrations (Ncn) observed on 8 new particle formation (NPF) days were higher compared to non-NPF days. The Nccn at 0.2 % supersaturation (SS) and 0.4 % SS on the NPF days was significantly lower than on non-NPF days. Only one of eight NPF events had detectable net contributions to Nccn at 0.4 % SS and 1.0 % SS with increased κ values.
Chupeng Zhang, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Yuhang Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Xin Huang, Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Aura Lupascu, Manish Shrivastava, Jerome D. Fast, Wenxuan Cheng, Xiuwen Guo, Ming Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Qiaoqiao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10713–10730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation is an important source of atmospheric particles, exerting critical influences on global climate. Numerical models are vital tools to understanding atmospheric particle evolution, which, however, suffer from large biases in simulating particle numbers. Here we improve the model chemical processes governing particle sizes and compositions. The improved model reveals substantial contributions of newly formed particles to climate through effects on cloud condensation nuclei.
Qi Yuan, Yuanyuan Wang, Yixin Chen, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Liang Xu, Wei Hu, Dantong Liu, Pingqing Fu, Huiwang Gao, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9385–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9385-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study for the first time found large amounts of liquid–liquid phase separation particles with soot redistributing in organic coatings instead of sulfate cores in the eastern Tibetan Plateau atmosphere. The particle size and the ratio of the organic matter coating thickness to soot size are two of the major possible factors that likely affect the soot redistribution process. The soot redistribution process promoted the morphological compaction of soot particles.
Yuyang Li, Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Runlong Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Da Gao, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8789–8804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We set up a new parameterization for 1.4 nm particle formation rates from sulfuric acid–dimethylamine (SA–DMA) nucleation, fully including the effects of coagulation scavenging and cluster stability. Incorporating the new parameterization into 3-D chemical transport models, we achieved better consistencies between simulation results and observation data. This new parameterization provides new insights into atmospheric nucleation simulations and its effects on atmospheric pollution or health.
Zhenming Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Yishuai Jin, Yinglai Jia, Yangyang Yu, Yang Gao, Xiaolin Yu, Mingkui Li, Xiaopei Lin, and Lixin Wu
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 705–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the numerical model predictability of monthly extended-range scales, we use the simplified slab ocean model (SOM) to restrict the complicated sea surface temperature (SST) bias from a 3-D dynamical ocean model. As for SST prediction, whether in space or time, the WRF-SOM is verified to have better performance than the WRF-ROMS, which has a significant impact on the atmosphere. For extreme weather events such as typhoons, the predictions of WRF-SOM are in good agreement with WRF-ROMS.
Yu Lin, Leiming Zhang, Qinchu Fan, He Meng, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16073–16090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed 7-year (from May 2014 to April 2021) concentration data of six criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO and SO2) as well as the sum of NO2 and O3 in six cities in South China. Three different analysis methods were used to identify emission-driven interannual variations and perturbations from varying weather conditions. In addition, a self-developed method was further introduced to constrain analysis uncertainties.
Yangyang Yu, Shaoqing Zhang, Haohuan Fu, Lixin Wu, Dexun Chen, Yang Gao, Zhiqiang Wei, Dongning Jia, and Xiaopei Lin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6695–6708, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6695-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6695-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the scientific consequence of perturbations caused by slave cores in heterogeneous computing environments, we examine the influence of perturbation amplitudes on the determination of the cloud bottom and cloud top and compute the probability density function (PDF) of generated clouds. A series of comparisons of the PDFs between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems show consistently acceptable error tolerances when using slave cores in heterogeneous computing environments.
Xiajie Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Nan Ma, Weiwei Hu, Yang Gao, Zhijiong Huang, Junyu Zheng, Bin Yuan, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3743–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model with additional anthropogenic and biomass burning chlorine emissions combined with updated parameterizations for N2O5 ＋ Cl chemistry to investigate the impacts of chlorine chemistry on air quality in China. Our study not only significantly improves the model's performance but also demonstrates the importance of non-sea-salt chlorine sources as well as an appropriate parameterization for N2O5 ＋ Cl chemistry to the impact of chlorine chemistry in China.
Ying Zhou, Simo Hakala, Chao Yan, Yang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Biwu Chu, Tommy Chan, Juha Kangasluoma, Shahzad Gani, Jenni Kontkanen, Pauli Paasonen, Yongchun Liu, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, and Lubna Dada
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17885–17906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the connection between new particle formation (NPF) events in terms of frequency, intensity and growth at a near-highway location in central Beijing and at a background mountain site 80 km away. Due to the substantial contribution of NPF to the global aerosol budget, identifying the conditions that promote the occurrence of regional NPF events could help understand their contribution on a large scale and would improve their implementation in global models.
Liang Xu, Xiaohuan Liu, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Daizhou Zhang, Lei Bi, Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Qi Yuan, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17715–17726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different types of marine aerosols and explored the Cl depletion of sea salt aerosol (SSA) in the eastern China seas and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We found that anthropogenic acidic gases in the troposphere were transported longer distances compared to the anthropogenic aerosols and could significantly impact remote marine aerosols. Meanwhile, variations of chloride depletion in SSA can serve as a potential indicator for anthropogenic gaseous pollutants in remote marine air.
Dihui Chen, Yanjie Shen, Juntao Wang, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16413–16425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides solid evidence to demonstrate that atmospheric trimethylamine (TMAgas) and particulate trimethylaminium in PM2.5 (TMAH+) observed in marine atmospheres were uniquely derived from seawater emissions. As sea-derived TMAgas correlated significantly with DMAgas and NH3gas, sea-derived DMAgas and NH3gas can be estimated and can quantify the contribution to the observed species in the marine atmosphere. Similarly, the contributions of primary DMAH+ have also been estimated.
Cited articles
Almeida, J., Schobesberger, S., Kürten, A., Ortega, I. K.,
Kupiainen-Määttä, O., Praplan, A. P., Adamov, A., Amorim, A.,
Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M.,
Downard, A., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Flagan, R. C., Franchin,
A., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hansel, A., Heinritzi, M., Henschel, H., Jokinen,
T., Junninen, H., Kajos, M., Kangasluoma, J., Keskinen, H., Kupc, A.,
Kurtén, T., Kvashin, A. N., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Leiminger, M.,
Leppä, J., Loukonen, V., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., McGrath, M. J.,
Nieminen, T., Olenius, T., Onnela, A., Petäjä, T., Riccobono, F.,
Riipinen, I., Rissanen, M., Rondo, L., Ruuskanen, T., Santos, F. D.,
Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Simon, M.,
Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J.,
Tsagkogeorgas, G., Vaattovaara, P., Viisanen, Y., Virtanen, A., Vrtala, A.,
Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Williamson, C., Wimmer, D., Ye, P.,
Yli-Juuti, T., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J., Baltensperger, U.,
Worsnop, D. R., Vehkamäki, H., and Kirkby, J.: Molecular understanding
of sulphuric acid–amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere, Nature, 502,
359–363, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12663, 2013.
Altieri, K. E., Hastings, M. G., Peters, A. J., Oleynik, S., and Sigman, D.
M.: Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonium source in rainwater at Bermuda,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1066–1080,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004809, 2014.
Andreas, E. L.: A new sea spray generation function for wind speeds up to 32 m s−1, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2175–2184,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<2175:ANSSGF>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Ault, A. P., Moffet, R. C., Baltrusaitis, J., Collins, D. B., Ruppel, M. J.,
Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A., Zhao, D., Guasco, T. L., Ebben, C. J., Geiger, F.
M., Bertram, T. H., Prather, K. A., and Grassian, V. H.: Size-dependent
changes in sea spray aerosol composition and properties with different
seawater conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 5603–5612,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es400416g, 2013.
Carpenter, L. J., Archer, S. D., and Beale, R.: Ocean-atmosphere trace gas
exchange, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6473–6506,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35121H, 2012.
Chan, L. P. and Chan, C. K.: Role of the Aerosol Phase State in
Ammonia/Amines Exchange Reactions, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
47, 5755–5762, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4004685, 2013.
Chen, H., Varner, M. E., Gerber, R. B., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.:
Reactions of methanesulfonic acid with amines and ammonia as a source of new
particles in air, J. Phys. Chem. B, 120, 1526–1536,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07433, 2016.
Chen, D., Shen, Y., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Mapping gaseous dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ammonia, and their particulate counterparts in marine atmospheres of China's marginal seas – Part 1: Differentiating marine emission from continental transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16413–16425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16413-2021, 2021.
Chu, Y. and Chan, C. K.: Reactive uptake of dimethylamine by ammonium
sulfate and ammonium sulfate–sucrose mixed particles, J. Phys. Chem. A, 121, 206–215,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10692, 2017.
Cunliffe, M., Engel, A., Frka, S., Gašparović, B., Guitart, C.,
Murrell, J. C., Salter, M., Stolle, C., Upstill-Goddard, R., and Wurl, O.:
Sea surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological
perspective of the air–ocean interface, Prog. Oceanogr., 109,
104–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.08.004, 2013.
Dall'Osto, M., Airs, R. L., Beale, R., Cree, C., Fitzsimons, M. F., Beddows,
D., Harrison, R. M., Ceburnis, D., O'Dowd, C., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M.,
Nenes, A., Decesari, S., and Simó, R.: Simultaneous detection of
alkylamines in the surface ocean and atmosphere of the antarctic sympagic
environment, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 3, 854–862,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00028, 2019.
Deng, Y., Gao, T., Gao, H., Yao, X., and Xie, L.: Regional precipitation
variability in East Asia related to climate and environmental factors during
1979–2012, Sci. Rep., 4, 5693, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05693, 2014.
Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Carbone, C., Finessi, E.,
Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Ceburnis, D., and
O'Dowd, C. D.: Important source of marine secondary organic aerosol from
biogenic amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9116–9121,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es8018385, 2008.
Feng, L., Shen, H., Zhu, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Insight into generation
and evolution of sea-salt aerosols from field measurements in diversified
marine and coastal atmospheres, Sci. Rep., 7, 41260,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41260, 2017.
Freedman, M. A.: Phase separation in organic aerosol, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46,
7694–7705, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00783J, 2017.
Ge, X., Wexler, A. S., and Clegg, S. L.: Atmospheric amines – Part II.
Thermodynamic properties and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos.
Environ., 45, 561–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.013,
2011.
Gibb, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Liss, P. S.: Ocean-atmosphere exchange
and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the
NW Arabian Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 161–178,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98GB00743, 1999.
Hu, Q., Yu, P., Zhu, Y., Li, K., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: Concentration, size
distribution, and formation of trimethylaminium and dimethylaminium ions in
atmospheric particles over marginal seas of China, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 3487–3498,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0393.1, 2015.
Hu, Q., Qu, K., Gao, H., Cui, Z., Gao, Y., and Yao, X.: Large increases in
primary trimethylaminium and secondary dimethylaminium in atmospheric
particles associated with cyclonic eddies in the northwest Pacific Ocean,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 12133–12146,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028836, 2018.
Johnson, M., Sanders, R., Avgoustidi, V., Lucas, M., Brown, L., Hansell, D.,
Moore, M., Gibb, S., Liss, P., and Jickells, T.: Ammonium accumulation
during a silicate-limited diatom bloom indicates the potential for ammonia
emission events, Mar. Chem., 106, 63–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.09.006, 2007.
Johnson, M. T., Liss, P. S., Bell, T. G., Lesworth, T. J., Baker, A. R.,
Hind, A. J., Jickells, T. D., Biswas, K. F., Woodward, E. M. S., and Gibb,
S. W.: Field observations of the ocean-atmosphere exchange of ammonia:
Fundamental importance of temperature as revealed by a comparison of high
and low latitudes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1019,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003039, 2008.
Köllner, F., Schneider, J., Willis, M. D., Klimach, T., Helleis, F., Bozem, H., Kunkel, D., Hoor, P., Burkart, J., Leaitch, W. R., Aliabadi, A. A., Abbatt, J. P. D., Herber, A. B., and Borrmann, S.: Particulate trimethylamine in the summertime Canadian high Arctic lower troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13747–13766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13747-2017, 2017.
Leeuw, G. de, Andreas, E. L., Anguelova, M. D., Fairall, C. W., Lewis, E.
R., O'Dowd, C., Schulz, M., and Schwartz, S. E.: Production flux of sea
spray aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG2001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000349, 2011.
Lidbury, I., Murrell, J. C., and Chen, Y.: Trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism
by abundant marine heterotrophic bacteria, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 2710–2715,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317834111, 2014.
Lidbury, I. D., Murrell, J. C., and Chen, Y.: Trimethylamine and
trimethylamine N-oxide are supplementary energy sources for a marine
heterotrophic bacterium: implications for marine carbon and nitrogen
cycling, ISME J., 9, 760–769,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.149, 2015.
Liu, Y., Zhang, T. R., Shi, J. H., Gao, H. W., and Yao, X. H.: Responses of
chlorophyll a to added nutrients, Asian dust, and rainwater in an
oligotrophic zone of the Yellow Sea: Implications for promotion and
inhibition effects in an incubation experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
118, 1763–1772, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002329, 2013.
Lui, H.-K., Chen, C.-T. A., Lee, J., Wang, S.-L., Gong, G.-C., Bai, Y., and
He, X.: Acidifying intermediate water accelerates the acidification of
seawater on shelves: An example of the East China Sea, Cont. Shelf
Res., 111, 223–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.08.014, 2015.
Müller, C., Iinuma, Y., Karstensen, J., van Pinxteren, D., Lehmann, S., Gnauk, T., and Herrmann, H.: Seasonal variation of aliphatic amines in marine sub-micrometer particles at the Cape Verde islands, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9587–9597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9587-2009, 2009.
Pankow, J. F.: Phase considerations in the gas/particle partitioning of
organic amines in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 122, 448–453,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.056, 2015.
Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J., Johnson, M. T., Bell, T. G., Baker, A. R., Keene,
W. C., Lima, I. D., Doney, S. C., and Stock, C. A.: Global oceanic emission
of ammonia: Constraints from seawater and atmospheric observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29,
1165–1178, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005106, 2015.
Perraud, V., Li, X., Jiang, J., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., and Smith, J. N.:
Size-resolved chemical composition of sub-20 nm particles from
methanesulfonic acid reactions with methylamine and ammonia, ACS Earth and
Space Chemistry, 4, 1182–1194,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00120, 2020.
Prather, K. A., Bertram, T. H., Grassian, V. H., Deane, G. B., Stokes, M.
D., Demott, P. J., Aluwihare, L. I., Palenik, B. P., Azam, F., Seinfeld, J.
H., Moffet, R. C., Molina, M. J., Cappa, C. D., Geiger, F. M., Roberts, G.
C., Russell, L. M., Ault, A. P., Baltrusaitis, J., Collins, D. B., Corrigan,
C. E., Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A., Ebben, C. J., Forestieri, S. D., Guasco, T.
L., Hersey, S. P., Kim, M. J., Lambert, W. F., Modini, R. L., Mui, W.,
Pedler, B. E., Ruppel, M. J., Ryder, O. S., Schoepp, N. G., Sullivan, R. C.,
and Zhao, D.: Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical
complexity of sea spray aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 7550–7555,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300262110, 2013.
Qiu, C. and Zhang, R.: Multiphase chemistry of atmospheric amines, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 5738–5752, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CP43446J, 2013.
Quinn, P. K., Collins, D. B., Grassian, V. H., Prather, K. A., and Bates, T.
S.: Chemistry and related properties of freshly emitted sea spray aerosol,
Chem. Rev., 115, 4383–4399, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500713g, 2015.
Shao, Z., Shuai, L., Cheng, H., Wu, Z., You, F., Zhang, H., and Yao, J.:
Influence of iron and carbon on the occurrence of Ulva prolifera
(Ulvophyceae) in the Yellow Sea, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 36,
101224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101224, 2020.
van Neste, A., Duce, R. A., and Lee, C.: Methylamines in the marine
atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 711–714,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i007p00711, 1987.
van Pinxteren, M., Fomba, K. W., van Pinxteren, D., Triesch, N., Hoffmann,
E. H., Cree, C. H. L., Fitzsimons, M. F., von Tümpling, W., and Herrmann,
H.: Aliphatic amines at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory: Abundance,
origins and sea-air fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 203, 183–195,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.011, 2019.
Velthuis, M., van Deelen, E., van Donk, E., Zhang, P., and Bakker, E. S.:
Impact of Temperature and Nutrients on Carbon: Nutrient Tissue Stoichiometry
of Submerged Aquatic Plants: An Experiment and Meta-Analysis, Front.
Plant Sci., 8, 655, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00655, 2017.
Wentworth, G. R., Murphy, J. G., Croft, B., Martin, R. V., Pierce, J. R., Côté, J.-S., Courchesne, I., Tremblay, J.-É., Gagnon, J., Thomas, J. L., Sharma, S., Toom-Sauntry, D., Chivulescu, A., Levasseur, M., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Ammonia in the summertime Arctic marine boundary layer: sources, sinks, and implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1937–1953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1937-2016, 2016.
Xie, H., Feng, L., Hu, Q., Zhu, Y., Gao, H., Gao, Y., and Yao, X.:
Concentration and size distribution of water-extracted dimethylaminium and
trimethylaminium in atmospheric particles during nine campaigns –
Implications for sources, phase states and formation pathways, Sci. Total Environ., 631–632, 130–141,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.303, 2018.
Yao, X. H. and Zhang, L.: Analysis of passive-sampler monitored atmospheric ammonia at 74 sites across southern Ontario, Canada, Biogeosciences, 10, 7913–7925, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7913-2013, 2013.
Yao, L., Garmash, O., Bianchi, F., Zheng, J., Yan, C., Kontkanen, J.,
Junninen, H., Mazon, S. B., Ehn, M., Paasonen, P., Sipilä, M., Wang, M.,
Wang, X., Xiao, S., Chen, H., Lu, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, D., Fu, Q., Geng, F.,
Li, L., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Yang, X., Chen, J., Kerminen, V.-M.,
Petäjä, T., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., and Wang, L.: Atmospheric
new particle formation from sulfuric acid and amines in a Chinese megacity,
Science, 361, 278–281, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4839, 2018.
Yu, F. and Luo, G.: Modeling of gaseous methylamines in the global atmosphere: impacts of oxidation and aerosol uptake, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12455–12464, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12455-2014, 2014.
Zhang, C., Ito, A., Shi, Z., Aita, M. N., Yao, X., Chu, Q., Shi, J., Gong,
X., and Gao, H.: Fertilization of the northwest Pacific Ocean by East Asia
air pollutants, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 690–702,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006146, 2019a.
Zhang, C., Yao, X., Chen, Y., Chu, Q., Yu, Y., Shi, J., and Gao, H.:
Variations in the phytoplankton community due to dust additions in
eutrophication, LNLC and HNLC oceanic zones, Sci. Total
Environ., 669, 282–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.068,
2019b.
Zheng, J., Ma, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., Khalizov, A. F., Yao, L.,
Wang, Z., Wang, X., and Chen, L.: Measurement of atmospheric amines and ammonia
using the high resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass
spectrometry, Atmos. Environ., 102, 249–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.002, 2015.
Zhou, S., Li, H., Yang, T., Chen, Y., Deng, C., Gao, Y., Chen, C., and Xu, J.: Characteristics and sources of aerosol aminiums over the eastern coast of China: insights from the integrated observations in a coastal city, adjacent island and surrounding marginal seas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10447–10467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10447-2019, 2019.
Zhu, Y., Li, K., Shen, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Yu, Y., Gao, H., and Yao, X.: New particle formation in the marine atmosphere during seven cruise campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 89–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-89-2019, 2019.
Short summary
This study focuses on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of observed gaseous amines, NH3, their particulate counterparts in PM2.5 over different sea zones, and the disproportional release of alkaline gases and corresponding particulate counterparts from seawater in the sea zones in terms of different extents of enrichment of TMAH+ and DMAH+ in the sea surface microlayer (SML). A novel hypothesis is delivered.
This study focuses on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of observed gaseous amines, NH3, their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint