Articles | Volume 21, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10527-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10527-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 14 Jul 2021
| 14 Jul 2021
Isotopic signatures of major methane sources in the coal seam gas fields and adjacent agricultural districts, Queensland, Australia
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
Stephen J. Harris
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
Rebecca E. Fisher
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
James L. France
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
Euan G. Nisbet
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
David Lowry
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
Thomas Röckmann
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CC, the Netherlands
Carina van der Veen
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CC, the Netherlands
Malika Menoud
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CC, the Netherlands
Stefan Schwietzke
Environmental Defense Fund, Berlin, Germany
Bryce F. J. Kelly
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Thomas Röckmann, Malika Menoud, Jacoline van Es, Carina van der Veen, Hossein Maazallahi, Pawel Jagoda, Jaroslav M. Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Piotr Korben, Sara Defratyka, Martina Schmidt, Marius Corbu, Sebastian Iancu, Andreea Calcan, Magdalena Ardelean, Sorin Ghemulet, Cristian Pop, Andrei Radovici, Alexandru Mereuta, Horatiu Stefanie, and Calin Baciu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 723–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-723-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-723-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We report the isotopic composition of CH4 emitted from 48 installations in the gas production region of Transylvania, Romania which confirm the biogenic origin of the Transylvanian gas, produced by hydrogenotrophic CO2 reduction. This is similar to values reported previously from natural seeps and natural gas in a major city in the region. However, is more depleted in heavy isotopes than the oil-associated gas emitted in the Southern Romanian Plain, and gas leakages in the city of Bucharest.
Lisa Ardoin, Catherine Larose, Jean-Louis Tison, Christoph Keuschnig, Vasileios Gkinis, Saïda El Amri, Pierre-Henry Blard, Paul Bierman, Thomas Blunier, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Charlotte Maistriau, Jørgen-Peder Steffensen, Thomas Röckmann, and François Fripiat
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6204, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6204, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated gas dynamics at the ice–bed interface of two Greenland ice cores to assess methane and carbon dioxide behaviour beneath ice sheets. At Camp Century, methane diffuses into the ice and is partly oxidized. At GRIP, methane remains preserved despite oxygen. These contrasts suggest that methane oxidation is controlled by local basal conditions, including ice thickness and substrate availability.
Paul Waldmann, Max Eckl, Leon Knez, Klaus-Dirk Gottschaldt, Alina Fiehn, Christian Mallaun, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Kiemle, Ronald Hutjes, Thomas Röckmann, Huilin Chen, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 185–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-185-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-185-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from agriculture need to be reduced, therefore emissions must be understood to effectively mitigate them. This is the first approach to measure those emissions aircraft-based, to assess their magnitude and drivers. We identified emission hotspots and temporal changes in agricultural emissions in the Netherlands. Our approach is applicable to further greenhouse gas emitters, therefore it builds a step towards more comprehensive emission quantification.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5969, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5969, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We used high-frequency H₂O and CO₂ isotope measurements at ATTO to separate water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes into their component processes. During midday, ~95 % of evapotranspiration came from plant transpiration. Isotopes also revealed the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, showing strong sensitivity to leaf CO₂ ratios. These results improve understanding of Amazon ecosystem function.
Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Masahito Ueyama, Satoshi Kameyama, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 18015–18029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18015-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18015-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Effective mitigation actions require accurate understanding of methane emission characteristics in cities. We conducted atmospheric methane and ethane measurements using a vehicle in the world’s largest megacity, Tokyo, to identify locations and types of emissions and to examine preliminary estimates of their magnitudes. Waste sectors and fugitive natural gas emissions were found to be the major urban sources, and our data suggested need of improved accounting of natural gas related emissions.
Sara M. Defratyka, Julianne M. Fernandez, Getachew A. Adnew, Guannan Dong, Peter M. J. Douglas, Daniel L. Eldridge, Giuseppe Etiope, Thomas Giunta, Mojhgan A. Haghnegahdar, Alexander N. Hristov, Nicole Hultquist, Iñaki Vadillo, Josue Jautzy, Ji-Hyun Kim, Jabrane Labidi, Ellen Lalk, Wil Leavitt, Jiawen Li, Li-Hung Lin, Jiarui Liu, Lucía Ojeda, Shuhei Ono, Jeemin H. Rhim, Thomas Röckmann, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Malavika Sivan, Jiayang Sun, Gregory T. Ventura, David T. Wang, Edward D. Young, Naizhong Zhang, and Tim Arnold
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6889–6910, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6889-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6889-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measurement of methane’s doubly substituted isotopologues at natural abundances holds promise for better constraining the Earth’s atmospheric CH4 budget. We compiled 1475 measurements from field samples and laboratory experiments, conducted since 2014, to facilitate the differentiation of CH4 formation pathways and processes, to identify existing gaps limiting application of Δ13CH3D and Δ12CH2D2, and to develop isotope ratio source signature inputs for global CH4 flux modelling.
Bibhasvata Dasgupta, Sudhanshu Pandey, Sander Houweling, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, John Miller, Ben Riddell-Young, Sylvia Englund Michel, Peter Sperlich, Shinji Morimoto, Ryo Fujita, Ingeborg Levin, Cordelia Veidt, Stephen Platt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Ceres Woolley Maisch, Rebecca Fisher, Euan G. Nisbet, James France, Rowena Moss, Nicola Warwick, and Thomas Röckmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5571, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5571, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, and its rise since the mid-2000s is debated in terms of sources and sinks. Using top-down and bottom-up data, along with inversion models and methane isotopes (δ13C-CH4 and δD-CH4), we find that wetlands are the primary driver of post-2006 increases, followed by agriculture and fossil fuels. Methane's lifetime has decreased by about 0.1 years. We also assess how isotope signatures and sink processes influence uncertainties.
Thomas C. Moore, James R. Hopkins, Will S. Drysdale, Stuart Young, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Marvin D. Shaw, James L. France, David Lowry, and James D. Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5348, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5348, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Methane Pledge has led to increased effort to reduce methane emissions globally. One sector under increased scrutiny is the oil and gas industry, a major source of methane in this industry is from fugitive emissions (gas leaks). Locating these from pipework in cities requires mobile measurements. This work adapts previous methodologies to detect smaller leaks and suggests previous methods may detect 53.5 % less gas leaks.
Bibhasvata Dasgupta, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Ingeborg Levin, Cordelia Veidt, Heiko Moossen, Sylvia Englund Michel, Peter Sperlich, Shinji Morimoto, Ryo Fujita, Taku Umezawa, Stephen Platt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Rebecca Fisher, David Lowry, Euan G. Nisbet, James France, Ceres Woolley Maisch, Gordon Brailsford, Rowena Moss, Daisuke Goto, Sudhanshu Pandey, Sander Houweling, Nicola Warwick, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6591–6607, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6591-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6591-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined long-term methane mole fraction and isotope measurements from eight laboratories that sample high-latitude stations to compare, offset correct and harmonise the datasets into a hemisphere merged timeseries. Because each laboratory uses slightly different methods, we adjusted the data to make it directly comparable. This allowed us to create a consistent record of atmospheric methane concentration and its isotopes from 1988 to 2023.
Sophie L. Baartman, Steven M. Driever, Maarten L. J. Wassenaar, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Nerea Ubierna, Leon Mossink, Maria E. Popa, Ara Cho, Lisa Wingate, Thomas Röckmann, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 22, 5683–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a proposed tracer for gross primary production. For the first time, COS and carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake fluxes and isotope discrimination were jointly measured in sunflower and papyrus plants, using a flow-through plant chamber approach and varying light availability. COS isotope discrimination did not differ significantly between the species, nor with changes in light. CO2 fluxes and isotope values provided additional valuable information for data interpretation.
Elinor Tuffnell, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, William Sturges, Harald Bönisch, Karina Adcock, Paul Fraser, Paul Krummel, David Oram, Ray Langenfelds, Thomas Röckmann, Luke Western, Jens Mühle, and Johannes Laube
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4941, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4941, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The greater the stratospheric lifetime of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the longer they will deplete ozone. This paper investigates four longer-lived CFCs, and discovers two of them have much shorter lifetimes than previously believed. Demonstrating emissions of these compounds are higher than assumed, to account for their abundance. Unusually this paper uses stratospheric whole-air samples, rather than models or lab-based experiments, to derive policy-relevant metrics for these compounds.
Masahito Ueyama, Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12513–12534, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12513-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12513-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions were measured in the megacity of Osaka, Japan, using mobile and eddy covariance methods. The CH4 emissions were much higher than those reported in local inventories, with natural gas contributing up to 74 % of the emissions. Several CH4 sources not accounted for in current inventories were identified. These results emphasize the need for more comprehensive emissions tracking in urban areas to enhance climate change mitigation efforts.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Oscar K. Hartogensis, David J. Bonell Fontas, Shujiro Komiya, Sam P. Jones, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12197–12212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12197-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12197-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understory ejections are distinct turbulent features emerging in prime tall-forest ecosystems. We share a method to isolate understory ejections based on H2O–CO2 anomaly quadrants. From these, we calculate the flux contributions of understory ejections and all flux quadrants. In addition, we show that a distinctly depleted isotopic composition can be found in the ejected water vapour. Finally, we explored the role of clouds as a potential trigger for understory ejections.
Mark F. Lunt, Stephen J. Harris, Jorg Hacker, Ian Joynes, Tim Robertson, Simon Thompson, and James L. France
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4413-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4413-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To ensure robust use of measurement-based approaches to estimate methane emissions from individual sites, it is important to validate the accuracy of the methods used in the field. By using co-emitted carbon dioxide, we evaluate the performance of one such quantification method at liquefied natural gas terminals. We further demonstrate the potential for a more efficient quantification approach via tracer correlation by considering the ratio of methane to carbon dioxide concentrations.
Audrey McManemin, Catherine Juéry, Vincent Blandin, James L. France, Philippine Burdeau, and Adam R. Brandt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3793, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3793, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This experiment tested the ability of different technologies to detect and measure methane emissions. Participating teams used satellites, drones, and other systems to estimate methane leak rates without knowing the true rate. Some systems were more accurate than others, and wind and other environmental conditions made measurements harder. Our findings help improve these tools and support efforts to track and reduce methane emissions as new environmental rules take shape in Europe and beyond.
Judith Tettenborn, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Daan Stroeken, Hossein Maazallahi, Carina van der Veen, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, Felix Vogel, Lawson Gillespie, Sebastien Ars, James France, David Lowry, Rebecca Fisher, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3569–3584, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3569-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3569-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of methane with vehicle-based sensors are an effective method to identify and quantify leaks from urban gas distribution systems. We deliberately released methane in different environments and calibrated the response of different methane analysers when they transected the plumes in a vehicle. We derived an improved statistical function for consistent emission estimations using different instruments. Repeated transects reduce the uncertainty in emission rate estimates.
Lison Soussaintjean, Jochen Schmitt, Joël Savarino, J. Andy Menking, Edward J. Brook, Barbara Seth, Vladimir Lipenkov, Thomas Röckmann, and Hubertus Fischer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3108, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3108, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced in dust-rich Antarctic ice complicates the reconstruction of past atmospheric levels from ice core records. Using isotope analysis, we show that N2O forms from two nitrogen precursors, one being nitrate. For the first time, we demonstrate that the site preference (SP) of N2O reflects the isotopic difference between these precursors, not the production pathway, which challenges the common interpretation of SP.
Getachew Agmuas Adnew, Gerbrand Koren, Neha Mehendale, Sergey Gromov, Maarten Krol, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents high-precision measurements of ∆′17O(CO2). Key findings include the extension of the N2O–∆′17O correlation to the upper troposphere and the identification of significant differences in the N2O–∆′17O slope in StratoClim samples. Additionally, the ∆′17O measurements are used to estimate global stratospheric production and surface removal of ∆′17O, providing an independent estimate of global vegetation CO2 exchange.
Gerrit Kuhlmann, Foteini Stavropoulou, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Andrew Thorpe, Andreas Hueni, Lukas Emmenegger, Andreea Calcan, Thomas Röckmann, and Dominik Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5371–5385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5371-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5371-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A measurement campaign in 2019 found that methane emissions from oil and gas in Romania were significantly higher than reported. In 2021, our follow-up campaign using airborne remote sensing showed a marked decreases in emissions by 20 %–60 % due to improved infrastructure. The study highlights the importance of measurement-based emission monitoring and illustrates the value of a multi-scale assessment integrating ground-based observations with large-scale airborne remote sensing campaigns.
Tanja J. Schuck, Johannes Degen, Timo Keber, Katharina Meixner, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Mélanie Ghysels, Georges Durry, Nadir Amarouche, Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Huilin Chen, Johannes C. Laube, Sophie L. Baartman, Carina van der Veen, Maria Elena Popa, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4333–4348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A balloon was launched in 2021 in the Arctic to carry instruments for trace gas measurements up to 32 km. One purpose was to compare measurement techniques. We focus on the major greenhouse gases. To measure these, air was sampled with the AirCore technique and with flask sampling, and samples were analysed after the flight. In flight, observations were done with an optical method. In a companion paper, we report on observations of chlorine and bromine containing trace gases.
Hossein Maazallahi, Foteini Stavropoulou, Samuel Jonson Sutanto, Michael Steiner, Dominik Brunner, Mariano Mertens, Patrick Jöckel, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Stijn Dellaert, Nataly Velandia Salinas, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Sorin Ghemulet, Alexandru Pana, Magdalena Ardelean, Marius Corbu, Andreea Calcan, Stephen A. Conley, Mackenzie L. Smith, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1497–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents insights from airborne in situ measurements collected during the ROmanian Methane Emissions from Oil and gas (ROMEO) campaign supported by two models. Results reveal Romania's oil and gas methane emissions were significantly under-reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2019. A large underestimation was also found in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) v7.0 for the study domain in the same year.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Norbert Glatthor, Stephen A. Montzka, Marc von Hobe, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6047–6070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The global budget of atmospheric COS can be optimised by inverse modelling using TM5-4DVAR, with the co-constraints of NOAA surface observations and MIPAS satellite data. We found reduced COS biosphere uptake from inversions and improved land and ocean separation using MIPAS satellite data assimilation. Further improvements are expected from better quantification of COS ocean and biosphere fluxes.
Katrine A. Gorham, Sam Abernethy, Tyler R. Jones, Peter Hess, Natalie M. Mahowald, Daphne Meidan, Matthew S. Johnson, Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen, Yangyang Xu, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Thomas Röckmann, Chloe A. Brashear, Erika Reinhardt, and David Mann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5659–5670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid reduction in atmospheric methane is needed to slow the rate of global warming. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a top priority. However, atmospheric methane is also impacted by rising natural emissions and changing sinks. Studies of possible atmospheric methane removal approaches, such as iron salt aerosols to increase the chlorine radical sink, benefit from a roadmapped approach to understand if there may be viable and socially acceptable ways to decrease future risk.
Malavika Sivan, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, and Maria Elena Popa
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2687–2705, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have set up a measurement system for methane-clumped isotopologues. We have built an extraction and purification system to extract pure methane for these measurements, for samples of various origins, including atmospheric air, for which we need to process about 1000 L of air for one measurement. We report here the technical setup for extraction and measurements, as well as the calibration, and we give an overview of the samples measured so far.
Emily Dowd, Alistair J. Manning, Bryn Orth-Lashley, Marianne Girard, James France, Rebecca E. Fisher, Dave Lowry, Mathias Lanoisellé, Joseph R. Pitt, Kieran M. Stanley, Simon O'Doherty, Dickon Young, Glen Thistlethwaite, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Emanuel Gloor, and Chris Wilson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1599–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1599-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1599-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first validation of the satellite-derived emission estimates using surface-based mobile greenhouse gas surveys of an active gas leak detected near Cheltenham, UK. GHGSat’s emission estimates broadly agree with the surface-based mobile survey and steps were taken to fix the leak, highlighting the importance of satellite data in identifying emissions and helping to reduce our human impact on climate change.
Magdalena Pühl, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Alan M. Gorchov Negron, Eric A. Kort, Stefan Schwietzke, Ignacio Pisso, Amy Foulds, James Lee, James L. France, Anna E. Jones, Dave Lowry, Rebecca E. Fisher, Langwen Huang, Jacob Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Stephen Andrews, Stuart Young, Pamela Dominutti, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Alexandra Weiss, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In April–May 2019 we carried out an airborne field campaign in the southern North Sea with the aim of studying methane emissions of offshore gas installations. We determined methane emissions from elevated methane measured downstream of the sampled installations. We compare our measured methane emissions with estimated methane emissions from national and global annual inventories. As a result, we find inconsistencies of inventories and large discrepancies between measurements and inventories.
Alina Fiehn, Maximilian Eckl, Julian Kostinek, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Michael Rothe, Thomas Röckmann, Malika Menoud, Hossein Maazallahi, Martina Schmidt, Piotr Korbeń, Jarosław Neçki, Mila Stanisavljević, Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15749–15765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the CoMet mission in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) ground-based and airborne air samples were taken and analyzed for the isotopic composition of CH4 to derive the mean signature of the USCB and source signatures of individual coal mines. Using δ2H signatures, the biogenic emissions from the USCB account for 15 %–50 % of total emissions, which is underestimated in common emission inventories. This demonstrates the importance of δ2H-CH4 observations for methane source apportionment.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5787–5810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isotope fluxes allow for net ecosystem gas exchange fluxes to be partitioned into sub-components like plant assimilation, respiration and transpiration, which can help us better understand the environmental drivers of each partial flux. We share the results of a field campaign isotope fluxes were derived using a combination of laser spectroscopy and eddy covariance. We found lag times and high frequency signal loss in the isotope fluxes we derived and present methods to correct for both.
Leonard Kirago, Örjan Gustafsson, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Sophie L. Haslett, Michael J. Gatari, Maria Elena Popa, Thomas Röckmann, Christoph Zellweger, Martin Steinbacher, Jörg Klausen, Christian Félix, David Njiru, and August Andersson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14349–14357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides ground-observational evidence that supports earlier suggestions that savanna fires are the main emitters and modulators of carbon monoxide gas in Africa. Using isotope-based techniques, the study has shown that about two-thirds of this gas is emitted from savanna fires, while for urban areas, in this case Nairobi, primary sources approach 100 %. The latter has implications for air quality policy, suggesting primary emissions such as traffic should be targeted.
Hossein Maazallahi, Antonio Delre, Charlotte Scheutz, Anders M. Fredenslund, Stefan Schwietzke, Hugo Denier van der Gon, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5051–5073, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurement methods are increasingly deployed to verify reported methane emissions of gas leaks. This study describes unique advantages and limitations of three methods. Two methods are rapidly deployed, but uncertainties and biases exist for some leak locations. In contrast, the suction method could accurately determine leak rates in principle. However, this method, which provides data for the German emission inventory, creates an overall low bias in our study due to non-random site selection.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Foteini Stavropoulou, Katarina Vinković, Bert Kers, Marcel de Vries, Steven van Heuven, Piotr Korbeń, Martina Schmidt, Julia Wietzel, Pawel Jagoda, Jaroslav M. Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Hossein Maazallahi, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Sylvia Walter, Béla Tuzson, Jonas Ravelid, Randulph Paulo Morales, Lukas Emmenegger, Dominik Brunner, Michael Steiner, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Antonio Delre, Maklawe Essonanawe Edjabou, Charlotte Scheutz, Marius Corbu, Sebastian Iancu, Denisa Moaca, Alin Scarlat, Alexandru Tudor, Ioana Vizireanu, Andreea Calcan, Magdalena Ardelean, Sorin Ghemulet, Alexandru Pana, Aurel Constantinescu, Lucian Cusa, Alexandru Nica, Calin Baciu, Cristian Pop, Andrei Radovici, Alexandru Mereuta, Horatiu Stefanie, Alexandru Dandocsi, Bas Hermans, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Huilin Chen, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10399–10412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground- and drone-based measurement techniques. We show that the total CH4 emissions in our studied areas are much higher than the emissions reported to UNFCCC, and up to three-quarters of the detected emissions are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that oil and gas production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential.
Sara M. Defratyka, James L. France, Rebecca E. Fisher, Dave Lowry, Julianne M. Fernandez, Semra Bakkaloglu, Camille Yver-Kwok, Jean-Daniel Paris, Philippe Bousquet, Tim Arnold, Chris Rennick, Jon Helmore, Nigel Yarrow, and Euan G. Nisbet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1490, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We are focused on verification of δ13CH4 measurements in near-source conditions and we have provided an insight into the impact of chosen calculation methods for determined isotopic signatures. Our study offers a step forward for establishing an unified, robust, and reliable analytical technique to determine δ13CH4 of methane sources. Our recommended analytical approach reduces biases and uncertainties coming from measurement conditions, data clustering and various available fitting methods.
Andreas Forstmaier, Jia Chen, Florian Dietrich, Juan Bettinelli, Hossein Maazallahi, Carsten Schneider, Dominik Winkler, Xinxu Zhao, Taylor Jones, Carina van der Veen, Norman Wildmann, Moritz Makowski, Aydin Uzun, Friedrich Klappenbach, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Stefan Schwietzke, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6897–6922, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6897-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large cities emit greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. In this study, we measured the release of one important green house gas, methane, in Hamburg. Multiple sources that contribute to methane emissions were located and quantified. Methane sources were found to be mainly caused by human activity (e.g., by release from oil and gas refineries). Moreover, potential natural sources have been located, such as the Elbe River and lakes.
Truls Andersen, Zhao Zhao, Marcel de Vries, Jaroslaw Necki, Justyna Swolkien, Malika Menoud, Thomas Röckmann, Anke Roiger, Andreas Fix, Wouter Peters, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5191–5216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, is one of the hot spots of methane emissions in Europe. Using an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), we performed atmospheric measurements of methane concentrations downwind of five ventilation shafts in this region and determined the emission rates from the individual shafts. We found a strong correlation between quantified shaft-averaged emission rates and hourly inventory data, which also allows us to estimate the methane emissions from the entire region.
Jacob T. Shaw, Amy Foulds, Shona Wilde, Patrick Barker, Freya A. Squires, James Lee, Ruth Purvis, Ralph Burton, Ioana Colfescu, Stephen Mobbs, Samuel Cliff, Stéphane J.-B. Bauguitte, Stuart Young, Stefan Schwietzke, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1491–1509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Flaring is used by the oil and gas sector to dispose of unwanted natural gas or for safety. However, few studies have assessed the efficiency with which the gas is combusted. We sampled flaring emissions from offshore facilities in the North Sea. Average measured flaring efficiencies were ~ 98 % but with a skewed distribution, including many flares of lower efficiency. NOx and ethane emissions were also measured. Inefficient flaring practices could be a target for mitigating carbon emissions.
Bryce F. J. Kelly, Xinyi Lu, Stephen J. Harris, Bruno G. Neininger, Jorg M. Hacker, Stefan Schwietzke, Rebecca E. Fisher, James L. France, Euan G. Nisbet, David Lowry, Carina van der Veen, Malika Menoud, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15527–15558, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15527-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores using the composition of methane of in-flight atmospheric air samples for greenhouse gas inventory verification. The air samples were collected above one of the largest coal seam gas production regions in the world. Adjacent to these gas fields are coal mines, Australia's largest cattle feedlot, and over 1 million grazing cattle. The results are also used to identify methane mitigation opportunities.
Sourish Basu, Xin Lan, Edward Dlugokencky, Sylvia Michel, Stefan Schwietzke, John B. Miller, Lori Bruhwiler, Youmi Oh, Pieter P. Tans, Francesco Apadula, Luciana V. Gatti, Armin Jordan, Jaroslaw Necki, Motoki Sasakawa, Shinji Morimoto, Tatiana Di Iorio, Haeyoung Lee, Jgor Arduini, and Giovanni Manca
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15351–15377, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15351-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15351-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric methane (CH4) has been growing steadily since 2007 for reasons that are not well understood. Here we determine sources of methane using a technique informed by atmospheric measurements of CH4 and its isotopologue 13CH4. Measurements of 13CH4 provide for better separation of microbial, fossil, and fire sources of methane than CH4 measurements alone. Compared to previous assessments such as the Global Carbon Project, we find a larger microbial contribution to the post-2007 increase.
Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Dave Lowry, Julianne M. Fernandez, Semra Bakkaloglu, James L. France, Rebecca E. Fisher, Hossein Maazallahi, Mila Stanisavljević, Jarosław Nęcki, Katarina Vinkovic, Patryk Łakomiec, Janne Rinne, Piotr Korbeń, Martina Schmidt, Sara Defratyka, Camille Yver-Kwok, Truls Andersen, Huilin Chen, and Thomas Röckmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4365–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Emission sources of methane (CH4) can be distinguished with measurements of CH4 stable isotopes. We present new measurements of isotope signatures of various CH4 sources in Europe, mainly anthropogenic, sampled from 2017 to 2020. The present database also contains the most recent update of the global signature dataset from the literature. The dataset improves CH4 source attribution and the understanding of the global CH4 budget.
Amy Foulds, Grant Allen, Jacob T. Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Patrick A. Barker, Langwen Huang, Joseph R. Pitt, James D. Lee, Shona E. Wilde, Pamela Dominutti, Ruth M. Purvis, David Lowry, James L. France, Rebecca E. Fisher, Alina Fiehn, Magdalena Pühl, Stéphane J. B. Bauguitte, Stephen A. Conley, Mackenzie L. Smith, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Ignacio Pisso, and Stefan Schwietzke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4303–4322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured CH4 emissions from 21 offshore oil and gas facilities in the Norwegian Sea in 2019. Measurements compared well with operator-reported emissions but were greatly underestimated when compared with a 2016 global fossil fuel inventory. This study demonstrates the need for up-to-date and accurate inventories for use in research and policy and the important benefits of best-practice reporting methods by operators. Airborne measurements are an effective tool to validate such inventories.
Alice E. Ramsden, Anita L. Ganesan, Luke M. Western, Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Amy Foulds, James L. France, Patrick Barker, Peter Levy, Daniel Say, Adam Wisher, Tim Arnold, Chris Rennick, Kieran M. Stanley, Dickon Young, and Simon O'Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3911–3929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying methane emissions from different sources is a key focus of current research. We present a method for estimating sectoral methane emissions that uses ethane as a tracer for fossil fuel methane. By incorporating variable ethane : methane emission ratios into this model, we produce emissions estimates with improved uncertainty characterisation. This method will be particularly useful for studying methane emissions in areas with complex distributions of sources.
Stephen M. Platt, Øystein Hov, Torunn Berg, Knut Breivik, Sabine Eckhardt, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Rebecca Fisher, Georg Hansen, Hans-Christen Hansson, Jost Heintzenberg, Ove Hermansen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Kim Holmén, Stephen Hudson, Roland Kallenborn, Radovan Krejci, Terje Krognes, Steinar Larssen, David Lowry, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Chris Lunder, Euan Nisbet, Pernilla B. Nizzetto, Ki-Tae Park, Christina A. Pedersen, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Thomas Röckmann, Norbert Schmidbauer, Sverre Solberg, Andreas Stohl, Johan Ström, Tove Svendby, Peter Tunved, Kjersti Tørnkvist, Carina van der Veen, Stergios Vratolis, Young Jun Yoon, Karl Espen Yttri, Paul Zieger, Wenche Aas, and Kjetil Tørseth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3321–3369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we detail the history of the Zeppelin Observatory, a unique global background site and one of only a few in the high Arctic. We present long-term time series of up to 30 years of atmospheric components and atmospheric transport phenomena. Many of these time series are important to our understanding of Arctic and global atmospheric composition change. Finally, we discuss the future of the Zeppelin Observatory and emerging areas of future research on the Arctic atmosphere.
Roland Vernooij, Ulrike Dusek, Maria Elena Popa, Peng Yao, Anupam Shaikat, Chenxi Qiu, Patrik Winiger, Carina van der Veen, Thomas Callum Eames, Natasha Ribeiro, and Guido R. van der Werf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2871-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2871-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape fires are a major source of greenhouse gases and aerosols, particularly in sub-tropical savannas. Stable carbon isotopes in emissions can be used to trace the contribution of C3 plants (e.g. trees or shrubs) and C4 plants (e.g. savanna grasses) to greenhouse gases and aerosols if the process is well understood. This helps us to link individual vegetation types to emissions, identify biomass burning emissions in the atmosphere, and improve the reconstruction of historic fire regimes.
Juhi Nagori, Narcisa Nechita-Bândă, Sebastian Oscar Danielache, Masumi Shinkai, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-68, 2022
Publication in ACP not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The sulfur isotopes (32S and 34S) were studied to understand the sources, sinks and processes of carbonyl sulphide (COS) in the atmosphere. COS is an important source of sulfur aerosol in the stratosphere (SSA). Few measurements of COS and SSA exist, but with our 1D model, we were able to match them and show the importance of COS to sulfate formation. Moreover, we are able to highlight some important processes for the COS budget and where measurements may fill a gap in current knowledge.
Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Jaroslaw Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Barbara Szénási, Mila Stanisavljević, Isabelle Pison, Philippe Bousquet, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13167–13185, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements of methane isotopes in ambient air and a 3D atmospheric transport model, in Krakow, Poland, we mainly detected fossil-fuel-related sources, coming from coal mining in Silesia and from the use of natural gas in the city. Emission inventories report large emissions from coal mine activity in Silesia, which is in agreement with our measurements. However, methane sources in the urban area of Krakow related to the use of fossil fuels might be underestimated in the inventories.
Sara M. Defratyka, Jean-Daniel Paris, Camille Yver-Kwok, Daniel Loeb, James France, Jon Helmore, Nigel Yarrow, Valérie Gros, and Philippe Bousquet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5049–5069, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We consider the possibility of using the CRDS Picarro G2201-i instrument, originally designed for isotopic CH4 and CO2, for measurements of ethane : methane in near-source conditions. The work involved laboratory tests, a controlled release experiment and mobile measurements. We show the potential of determining ethane : methane with 50 ppb ethane uncertainty. The instrument can correctly estimate the ratio in CH4 enhancements of 1 ppm and more, as can be found at strongly emitting sites.
Max Thomas, Johannes C. Laube, Jan Kaiser, Samuel Allin, Patricia Martinerie, Robert Mulvaney, Anna Ridley, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, and Emmanuel Witrant
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6857–6873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CFC gases are destroying the Earth's life-protecting ozone layer. We improve understanding of CFC destruction by measuring the isotopic fingerprint of the carbon in the three most abundant CFCs. These are the first such measurements in the main region where CFCs are destroyed – the stratosphere. We reconstruct the atmospheric isotope histories of these CFCs back to the 1950s by measuring air extracted from deep snow and using a model. The model and the measurements are generally consistent.
Shona E. Wilde, Pamela A. Dominutti, Grant Allen, Stephen J. Andrews, Prudence Bateson, Stephane J.-B. Bauguitte, Ralph R. Burton, Ioana Colfescu, James France, James R. Hopkins, Langwen Huang, Anna E. Jones, Tom Lachlan-Cope, James D. Lee, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Mobbs, Alexandra Weiss, Stuart Young, and Ruth M. Purvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3741–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use airborne measurements to evaluate the speciation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from offshore oil and gas (O&G) installations in the North Sea. The composition of emissions varied across regions associated with either gas, condensate or oil extraction, demonstrating that VOC emissions are not uniform across the whole O&G sector. We compare our results to VOC source profiles in the UK emissions inventory, showing these emissions are not currently fully characterized.
Max Thomas, James France, Odile Crabeck, Benjamin Hall, Verena Hof, Dirk Notz, Tokoloho Rampai, Leif Riemenschneider, Oliver John Tooth, Mathilde Tranter, and Jan Kaiser
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber, a laboratory facility for studying ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interactions. We characterise the technical capabilities of our facility to help future users plan and perform experiments. We also characterise the sea ice grown in the facility, showing that the extinction of photosynthetically active radiation, the bulk salinity, and the growth rate of our artificial sea ice are within the range of natural values.
Cited articles
AGL Energy Limited: Agl Fugitive Methane Emissions Monitoring Campaign-Final Report, 25 pp., avaialble at: https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/aglmedia/documents/about- agl/how-we-source-energy/gloucester/gloucester-document- repository/environmental-reports/20151103_agl-fugitive-methane-emissions-monitoring-campaign—final-report.pdf ?la=en&hash=99169308541465298D02848CFB1EF5C3 (last access: 18 May 2020), 2015.
Allen, G., Hollingsworth, P., Kabbabe, K., Pitt, J. R., Mead, M. I., Illingworth, S., Roberts, G., Bourn, M., Shallcross, D. E., and Percival, C. J.: The development and trial of an unmanned aerial system for the measurement of methane flux from landfill and greenhouse gas emission hotspots, Waste Manage., 87, 883–892, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.024, 2019.
Allen, M. R., Shine, K. P., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Millar, R. J., Cain, M., Frame, D. J., and Macey, A. H.: A solution to the misrepresentations of CO2-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0026-8, 2018.
Assan, S., Baudic, A., Guemri, A., Ciais, P., Gros, V., and Vogel, F. R.: Characterization of interferences to in situ observations of δ13CH4 and C2H6 when using a cavity ring-down spectrometer at industrial sites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 2077–2091, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2077-2017, 2017.
Assan, S., Vogel, F. R., Gros, V., Baudic, A., Staufer, J., and Ciais, P.: Can we separate industrial CH4 emission sources from atmospheric observations? – A test case for carbon isotopes, PMF and enhanced APCA, Atmos. Environ., 187, 317–327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.004, 2018.
Australian Bureau of Statistics: Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2018–19 financial year, avaialble at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/agriculture/agricultural-commodities-australia/latest-release#data-download, last access: 16 June 2020.
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission: Gas inquiry 2017–2025 Interim report, 142 pp., avaialble at: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Gas%20inquiry%20-%20January%202020%20interim%20report%20-%20revised.pdf, last access: 18 May 2020.
Australian Government: Geoscape Administrative Boundaries, avaialble at: https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/bdcf5b09-89bc-47ec-9281-6b8e9ee147aa, last access: 10 June 2020.
Auatralian Government: National Greenhouse Gas Inventory – UNFCCC classifications, avaialble at: https://ageis.climatechange.gov.au/UNFCCC.aspx (last access: 16 June 2020), 2019.
Baer, D. S., Paul, J. B., Gupta, M., and O'Keefe, A.: Sensitive absorption measurements in the near-infrared region using off-axis integrated-cavity-output spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O., 75, 261–265, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-002-0971-z, 2002.
Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoiselle, M., and Fernandez, J.: Characterization and Quantification of Methane Emissions from Waste in the UK, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-17839, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-17839, 2020.
Baldwin, S. A. and Larson, M. J.: An introduction to using Bayesian linear regression with clinical data, Behav. Res. Ther., 98, 58–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.016, 2017.
Baublys, K. A., Hamilton, S. K., Golding, S. D., Vink, S., and Esterle, J.: Microbial controls on the origin and evolution of coal seam gases and production waters of the Walloon Subgroup; Surat Basin, Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 147–148, 85–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.06.007, 2015.
Beck, V., Chen, H., Gerbig, C., Bergamaschi, P., Bruhwiler, L., Houweling, S., Rckmann, T., Kolle, O., Steinbach, J., Koch, T., Sapart, C. J., Van Der Veen, C., Frankenberg, C., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Longo, K. M., and Wofsy, S. C.: Methane airborne measurements and comparison to global models during BARCA, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D15310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017345, 2012.
Beef Central: Qld's Grassdale feedlot completes expansion to 75,000 head, available at: https://www.beefcentral.com/lotfeeding/qlds-grassdale-feedlot-completes-expansion-to-75000-head/, last access: 3 September 2020.
Bilek, R. S., Tyler, S. C., Kurihara, M., and Yagi, K.: Investigation of cattle methane production and emission over a 24 h period using measurements of δ13C and δD of emitted CH4 and rumen water, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 15405–15413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900177, 2001.
Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Miller, J. B., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Prigent, C., Van Der Werf, G. R., Peylin, P., Brunke, E. G., Carouge, C., Langenfelds, R. L., Lathière, J., Papa, F., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Tyler, S. C., and White, J.: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature, 443, 439–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05132, 2006.
BP: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 61 pp., available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2019.
Brandt, A. R., Heath, G. A., and Cooley, D.: Methane Leaks from Natural Gas Systems Follow Extreme Distributions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 12512–12520, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04303, 2016.
Brass, M. and Röckmann, T.: Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for carbon and hydrogen isotope measurements on atmospheric methane, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1707–1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1707-2010, 2010.
Brownlow, R., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoisellé, M., White, B., Wooster, M. J., Zhang, T., and Nisbet, E. G.: Isotopic Ratios of Tropical Methane Emissions by Atmospheric Measurement, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 1408–1419, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005689, 2017.
Chandra, N., Patra, P. K., Bisht, J. S. H., Ito, A., Umezawa, T., Saigusa, N., Morimoto, S., Aoki, S., Janssens–Maenhout, G., FUJITA, R., Takigawa, M., Watanabe, S., Saitoh, N., and Canadell, J. G.: Emissions from the Oil and Gas Sectors, Coal Mining and Ruminant Farming Drive Methane Growth over the Past Three Decades, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 99, 309–337, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2021-015, 2021.
Conley, S., Franco, G., Faloona, I., Blake, D. R., Peischl, J., and Ryerson, T. B.: Methane emissions from the 2015 Aliso Canyon blowout in Los Angeles, CA, Science, 351, 1317–1320, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2348, 2016.
Day, C., Tibbett, S., Sestak, A., Knight, S., Marvig, C., Mcgarry, P., Weir, S., White, S., Armand, S., Van Holst, S., Fry, J., Dell'amico, R., Halliburton, M., and Azzi, B.: Methane and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in New South Wales, CSIRO, Australia, 312 pp., available at: https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/~/media/EPA/Corporate%20Site/resources/air/methane-volatile-organic-compound-emissions-nsw-3063.ashx (last access: 18 May 2020), 2016.
Day, S., Dell'amico, M., Etheridge, D., Ong, C., Rodger, A., Sherman, B., and Barrett, D. J.: Characterisation of Regional Fluxes of Methane in the Surat Basin, Queensland. Phase 1: A Review and Analysis of Literature on Methane Detection and Flux Determination, Australia, CSIRO, Australia, 57 pp., available at: https://gisera.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/GHG-1-Literature-review.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2013.
Day, S., Dell'Amico, M., Fry, R., and Tousi, H.: Field Measurements of Fugitive Emissions from Equipment and Well Casings in Australian Coal Seam Gas Production Facilities, CSIRO, Australia, 41 pp., available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=f8ee0ca1-08c6-497e-a265-4896a1e80bc0&subId=410955 (last access: 18 May 2020), 2014.
Day, S., Ong, C., Rodger, A., Etheridge, D., Hibberd, M., Van Gorsel, E., Spencer, D., Krummel, P., Zegelin, S., Fry, R., Dell'amico, M., Sestak, S., Williams, D., Zoë, L., and Barrett, D.: Characterisation of Regional Fluxes of Methane in the Surat Basin, Queensland. Phase 2: A pilot study of methodology to detect and quantify methane sources, Australia, CSIRO, Australia, 76 pp., available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280317211_Characterisation_of_Regional_Fluxes_of_Methane_in_the_Surat_Basin_Queensland (last access: 18 May 2020), 2015.
Department of Natural Resources and Mines: Summary technical report – Part 1: Condamine River gas seep investigation, 35 pp., available at: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1448896/15-002.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2012.
Dlugokencky, E. J.: Annual Increase in Globally-Averaged Atmospheric Methane, NOAA/GML, available at: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends_ch4/, last access: 15 February 2021.
Dlugokencky, E. J., Myers, R. C., Lang, P. M., Masarie, K. A., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K. W., Hall, B. D., Elkins, J. W., and Steele, L. P.: Conversion of NOAA atmospheric dry air CH4 mole fractions to a gravimetrically prepared standard scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006035, 2005.
Dlugokencky, E. J., Nisbet, E. G., Fisher, R., and Lowry, D.: Global atmospheric methane: Budget, changes and dangers, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 369, 2058–2072, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0341, 2011.
DNV GL: Energy Transition Outlook 2019 Oil and Gas, 95 pp., available at: https://eto.dnv.com/2019/#ETO2019-top (last access: 18 May 2020), 2019.
Doig, A. and Stanmore, P.: The Clarence-Moreton Basin in New South Wales; geology, stratigraphy and coal seam gas characteristics, in: Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium IV, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 10–14 September 2012, 1–14, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285769720_The_Clarence-Moreton_Basin_in_New_South_Wales_geology_stratigraphy_and_coal_seam_gas_characteristics (last access: 18 May 2020), 2012.
Draper, J. J. and Boreham, C. J.: Geological Controls On Exploitable Coal Seam Gas Distribution In Queensland, Journal of the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, 46, 366, https://doi.org/10.1071/aj05019, 2006.
EIA: Shale gas production drives world natural gas production growth, available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27512 (last access: 18 May 2020), 2016.
Etiope, G., Ciotoli, G., Schwietzke, S., and Schoell, M.: Gridded maps of geological methane emissions and their isotopic signature, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1-2019, 2019.
Etminan, M., Myhre, G., Highwood, E. J., and Shine, K. P.: Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12614–12623, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071930, 2016.
Eyer, S., Tuzson, B., Popa, M. E., van der Veen, C., Röckmann, T., Rothe, M., Brand, W. A., Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brennwald, M. S., Harris, E., Zellweger, C., Emmenegger, L., Fischer, H., and Mohn, J.: Real-time analysis of δ13C- and δD−CH4 in ambient air with laser spectroscopy: method development and first intercomparison results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 263–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-263-2016, 2016.
Feinberg, A. I., Coulon, A., Stenke, A., Schwietzke, S., and Peter, T.: Isotopic source signatures: Impact of regional variability on the δ13CH4 trend and spatial distribution, Atmos. Environ., 174, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.037, 2018.
Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Wilkin, O., Sriskantharajah, S., and Nisbet, E. G.: High-precision, automated stable isotope analysis of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide using continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 20, 200–208, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2300, 2006.
Fisher, R. E., Sriskantharajah, S., Lowry, D., Lanoisellé, M., Fowler, C. M. R., James, R. H., Hermansen, O., Lund Myhre, C., Stohl, A., Greinert, J., Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R., Mienert, J., and Nisbet, E. G.: Arctic methane sources: Isotopic evidence for atmospheric inputs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049319, 2011.
Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lowry, D., Lanoisellé, M., Brownlow, R., Pyle, J. A., Cain, M., Warwick, N., Skiba, U. M., Drewer, J., Dinsmore, K. J., Leeson, S. R., Bauguitte, S. J. -B., Wellpott, A., O'Shea, S. J., Allen, G., Gallagher, M. W., Pitt, J., Percival, C. J., Bower, K., George, C., Hayman, G. D., Aalto, T., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Crill, P. M., McCalley, C. K., and Nisbet, E. G.: Measurement of the 13C isotopic signature of methane emissions from northern European wetlands, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 605–623, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005504, 2017.
Flesch, T. K., C Vergé, X. P., Desjardins, R. L., and Worth, D.: Methane emissions from a swine manure tank in western Canada, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 93, 159–169, https://doi.org/10.4141/CJAS2012-072, 2013.
France, J. L., Cain, M., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D., Allen, G., O'Shea, S. J., Illingworth, S., Pyle, J., Warwick, N., Jones, B. T., Gallagher, M. W., Bower, K., Le Breton, M., Percival, C., Muller, J., Welpott, A., Bauguitte, S., George, C., Hayman, G. D., Manning, A. J., Myhre, C. L., Lanoisellé, M., and Nisbet, E. G.: Measurements of δ13C in CH4 and using particle dispersion modeling to characterize sources of Arctic methane within an air mass, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 14257–14270, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026006, 2016.
Fries, A. E., Schifman, L. A., Shuster, W. D., and Townsend-Small, A.: Street-level emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from the wastewater collection system in Cincinnati, Ohio, Environ. Pollut., 236, 247–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.076, 2018.
Ganesan, A. L., Schwietzke, S., Poulter, B., Arnold, T., Lan, X., Rigby, M., Vogel, F. R., van der Werf, G. R., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Boesch, H., Pandey, S., Manning, A. J., Jackson, R. B., Nisbet, E. G., and Manning, M. R.: Advancing Scientific Understanding of the Global Methane Budget in Support of the Paris Agreement, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 1475–1512, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006065, 2019.
Ginty, E. M.: Carbon Isotopic Evidence That Coal Derived Methane Is Altering The Chemistry of The Global Atmosphere, Bachelor's degree (Honors) thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 63 pp., 2016.
Golding, S. D., Uysal, I. T., Bolhar, R., Boreham, C. J., Dawson, G. K. W., Baublys, K. A., and Esterle, J. S.: Carbon dioxide-rich coals of the Oaky Creek area, central Bowen Basin: a natural analogue for carbon sequestration in coal systems, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 60, 125–140, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2012.750627, 2013.
Hamilton, S. K., Esterle, J. S., and Golding, S. D.: Geological interpretation of gas content trends, Walloon Subgroup, eastern Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 101, 21–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2012.07.001, 2012.
Hamilton, S. K., Golding, S. D., Baublys, K. A., and Esterle, J. S.: Stable isotopic and molecular composition of desorbed coal seam gases from the Walloon Subgroup, eastern Surat Basin, Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 122, 21–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.12.003, 2014.
Hamilton, S. K., Golding, S. D., Baublys, K. A., and Esterle, J. S.: Conceptual exploration targeting for microbially enhanced coal bed methane (MECoM) in the Walloon Subgroup, eastern Surat Basin, Australia, Int. J. Coal Geol., 138, 68–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.12.002, 2015.
Hatch, M. A., Kennedy, M. J., Hamilton, M. W., and Vincent, R. A.: Methane variability associated with natural and anthropogenic sources in an Australian context, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 65, 683–690, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2018.1471004, 2018.
Hemisphere GNSS: http://www.ses-services.com/images/Atlas_Brochure_06.2015_WEB.pdf, (last access: 18 May 2020), 2015.
Hmiel, B., Petrenko, V. V., Dyonisius, M. N., Buizert, C., Smith, A. M., Place, P. F., Harth, C., Beaudette, R., Hua, Q., Yang, B., Vimont, I., Michel, S. E., Severinghaus, J. P., Etheridge, D., Bromley, T., Schmitt, J., Faïn, X., Weiss, R. F., and Dlugokencky, E.: Preindustrial 14CH4 indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH4 emissions, Nature, 578, 409–412, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1991-8, 2020.
Hoheisel, A., Yeman, C., Dinger, F., Eckhardt, H., and Schmidt, M.: An improved method for mobile characterisation of δ13CH4 source signatures and its application in Germany, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1123-2019, 2019.
IEA: Key World Energy Statistics, available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2019 (last access: 18 May 2020), 2019.
IEA: Methane Tracker Database, available at: https://www.iea.org/articles/methane-tracker-database, last access: 8 April 2021.
Iverach, C. P., Lowry, D., France, J. L., Fisher, R. E., Nisbet, E. G., Baker, A., Acworth, R. I., Loh, Z., Day, S., and Kelly, B. F. J.: The Complexities of Continuous Air Monitoring in Attributing Methane to Sources of Production, Australian Earth Science Convention 2014, 7–10 July 2014, Newcastle, Australia, 01EGF-04, 2014.
Iverach, C. P., Cendón, D. I., Hankin, S. I., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Nisbet, E. G., Baker, A., and Kelly, B. F. J.: Assessing Connectivity Between an Overlying Aquifer and a Coal Seam Gas Resource Using Methane Isotopes, Dissolved Organic Carbon and Tritium, Sci. Rep., 5, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15996, 2015.
Iverach, C. P., Beckmann, S., Cendón, D. I., Manefield, M., and Kelly, B. F. J.: Biogeochemical constraints on the origin of methane in an alluvial aquifer: evidence for the upward migration of methane from underlying coal measures, Biogeosciences, 14, 215–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-215-2017, 2017.
Jackson, R. B., Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Poulter, B., Stavert, A. R., Bergamaschi, P., Niwa, Y., Segers, A., and Tsuruta, A.: Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 071002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2, 2020.
Jaynes, E. T.: Straight Line Fitting – A Bayesian Solution, available at: https://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/articles/leapz.pdf (last access: 30 June 2021), 1999.
Joos, F., Roth, R., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Peters, G. P., Enting, I. G., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Burke, E. J., Eby, M., Edwards, N. R., Friedrich, T., Frölicher, T. L., Halloran, P. R., Holden, P. B., Jones, C., Kleinen, T., Mackenzie, F. T., Matsumoto, K., Meinshausen, M., Plattner, G.-K., Reisinger, A., Segschneider, J., Shaffer, G., Steinacher, M., Strassmann, K., Tanaka, K., Timmermann, A., and Weaver, A. J.: Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2793–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2793-2013, 2013.
Keeling, C. D.: The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 13, 322–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(58)90033-4, 1958.
Kelly, B. F. J. and Fisher, R. E.: Continuous Tracking of Air Parcel Mixing Using Discrete Wavelet Transformation of Urban Ground Level Atmospheric Methane Measurements, in: Geophysical Research Abstracts, 20, EGU2018-6265–1, available at: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2018/EGU2018-6265-1.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2018.
Kelly, B. F. J. and Iverach, C. P.: River on fire: even if it's not coal seam gas we should still be concerned, The Conversation, 3 May, available at: https://theconversation.com/river-on-fire-even-if-its-not-coal-seam-gas-we-should-still-be-concerned-58718 (last access: 27 May 2020), 2016.
Kelly, B. F. J., Iverach, C. P., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., and Nisbet, E. G.: Fugitive methane emissions from natural, urban, agricultural, and energy-production landscapes of eastern Australia, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 17, EGU2015–5135, available at: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2015/EGU2015-5135.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2015.
Kelly, B. F. J., Iverach, C. P., Ginty, E., Bashir, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., and Nisbet, E. G.: The case for refining bottom-up methane emission inventories using top-down measurements, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 19, EGU2017-5700, available at: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-5700.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2017.
Kille, N., Chiu, R., Frey, M., Hase, F., Sha, M. K., Blumenstock, T., Hannigan, J. W., Orphal, J., Bon, D., and Volkamer, R.: Separation of Methane Emissions From Agricultural and Natural Gas Sources in the Colorado Front Range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 3990–3998, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082132, 2019.
Kirschke, S., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Saunois, M., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Bergamaschi, P., Bergmann, D., Blake, D. R., Bruhwiler, L., Cameron-Smith, P., Castaldi, S., Chevallier, F., Feng, L., Fraser, A., Heimann, M., Hodson, E. L., Houweling, S., Josse, B., Fraser, P. J., Krummel, P. B., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R. L., Le Quéré, C., Naik, V., Palmer, P. I., Pison, I., Plummer, D., Poulter, B., Prinn, R. G., Rigby, M., Ringeval, B., Santini, M., Schmidt, M., Shindell, D. T., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Paul Steele, L., Strode, S. A., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., van der Werf, G. R., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., Weiss, R. F., Williams, J. E., and Zeng, G.: Three decades of global methane sources and sinks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 813–823, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1955, 2013.
Lan, X., Tans, P., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A., Dlugokencky, E., Schwietzke, S., Kofler, J., McKain, K., Thoning, K., Crotwell, M., Montzka, S., Miller, B. R., and Biraud, S. C.: Long-Term Measurements Show Little Evidence for Large Increases in Total U.S. Methane Emissions Over the Past Decade, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4991–4999, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081731, 2019.
Levin, I., Bergamaschi, P., Dörr, H., and Trapp, D.: Stable isotopic signature of methane from major sources in Germany, Chemosphere, 26, 161–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90419-6, 1993.
Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Coleman, M., Lanoisellé, M., Zazzeri, G., Nisbet, E. G., Shaw, J. T., Allen, G., Pitt, J., and Ward, R. S.: Environmental baseline monitoring for shale gas development in the UK: Identification and geochemical characterisation of local source emissions of methane to atmosphere, Sci. Total Environ., 708, 134600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134600, 2020.
Lu, X., Iverach, C. P., Harris, S. J., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D., France, J. L., Nisbet, E. G., Loh, Z. M., Phillips, F., Schwietzke, S., Hacker, J., Neininger, B., and Kelly, B. F. J.: In Plume Miller-Tans Time Series Analyses for Improved Isotopic Source Signature Characterisation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 21, EGU2019-11559–1, available at: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2019/EGU2019-11559-1.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2019.
Lu, X., Harris, S. J., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D., France, J. L., Hacker, J., Neininger, B., Röckmann, T., van der Veen, C., Menoud, M., Schwietzke, S., and Kelly, B. F. J.: Methane Source Attribution Challenges in the Surat Basin, Australia, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-12508, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12508, 2020.
Luhar, A., Etheridge, D., Loh, Z., Noonan, N., Spencer, D., and Day, S.: Characterisation of Regional Fluxes of Methane in the Surat Basin, Queensland. Final report on Task 3: Broad scale application of methane detection, and Task 4: Methane emissions enhanced modelling, Report to the Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research Alliance (GISERA), CSIRO Australia, Report no. EP185211, 98 pp., https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?pid=csiro:EP185211, 2018.
Luhar, A. K., Etheridge, D. M., Loh, Z. M., Noonan, J., Spencer, D., Smith, L., and Ong, C.: Quantifying methane emissions from Queensland's coal seam gas producing Surat Basin using inventory data and a regional Bayesian inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15487–15511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15487-2020, 2020.
Maazallahi, H., Fernandez, J. M., Menoud, M., Zavala-Araiza, D., Weller, Z. D., Schwietzke, S., von Fischer, J. C., Denier van der Gon, H., and Röckmann, T.: Methane mapping, emission quantification, and attribution in two European cities: Utrecht (NL) and Hamburg (DE), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14717–14740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14717-2020, 2020.
Maher, D. T., Santos, I. R., and Tait, D. R.: Mapping methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and δ13C values in the atmosphere of two Australian coal seam gas fields, Water Air Soil Poll., 225, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2216-2, 2014.
Maher, D. T., Cowley, K., Santos, I. R., Macklin, P., and Eyre, B. D.: Methane and carbon dioxide dynamics in a subtropical estuary over a diel cycle: Insights from automated in situ radioactive and stable isotope measurements, Mar. Chem., 168, 69–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.017, 2015.
McGinn, S. M., Chen, D., Loh, Z., Hill, J., Beauchemin, K. A., and Denmead, O. T.: Methane emissions from feedlot cattle in Australia and Canada, Aust. J. Exp. Agr., 48, 183, https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07204, 2008.
McGlade, C., Speirs, J., and Sorrell, S.: Unconventional gas – A review of regional and global resource estimates, Energy, 55, 571–584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.048, 2013.
McNorton, J., Wilson, C., Gloor, M., Parker, R. J., Boesch, H., Feng, W., Hossaini, R., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Attribution of recent increases in atmospheric methane through 3-D inverse modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18149–18168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18149-2018, 2018.
Menoud, M., van der Veen, C., Scheeren, B., Chen, H., Szénási, B., Morales, R. P., Pison, I., Bousquet, P., Brunner, D., and Röckmann, T.: Characterisation of methane sources in Lutjewad, the Netherlands, using quasi-continuous isotopic composition measurements, Tellus B, 72, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2020.1823733, 2020.
Mielke-Maday, I., Schwietzke, S., Yacovitch, T., Miller, B., Conley, S., Kofler, J., Handley, P., Thorley, E., Herndon, S. C., Hall, B., Dlugokencky, E., Lang, P., Wolter, S., Moglia, E., Crotwell, M., Crotwell, A., Rhodes, M., Kitzis, D., Vaughn, T., Bell, C., Zimmerle, D., Schnell, R., and Pétron, G.: Methane source attribution in a U.S. dry gas basin using spatial patterns of ground and airborne ethane and methane measurements, Elementa, 7, 13, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.351, 2019.
Milkov, A. V. and Etiope, G.: Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of
Miller, J. B. and Tans, P. P.: Calculating isotopic fractionation from atmospheric measurements at various scales, Tellus B, 55, 207–214, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00020.x, 2003.
Monteny, G. J., Bannink, A., and Chadwick, D.: Greenhouse gas abatement strategies for animal husbandry, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 112, 163–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.015, 2006.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and H.Zhang: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing, in: Climate Change 2013 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 9781107057, edited by: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 659–740, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018, 2013.
Neininger, B. G., Kelly, B. F. J., Hacker, J. M., Lu, X., and Schwietzke, S.: Coal seam gas industry methane emissions in the Surat Basin, Australia: Comparing airborne measurements with inventories, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., accepted, 2021.
NH Foods: Oakey Beef Exports, available at: https://www.nh-foods.com.au/facilities/oakey-beef-exports/, last access: 4 September 2020.
Nisbet, E. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., and Bousquet, P.: Methane on the rise – Again, Science, 343, 493–495, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247828, 2014.
Nisbet, E. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Manning, M. R., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Michel, S. E., Miller, J. B., White, J. W. C., Vaughn, B., Bousquet, P., Pyle, J. A., Warwick, N. J., Cain, M., Brownlow, R., Zazzeri, G., Lanoisellé, M., Manning, A. C., Gloor, E., Worthy, D. E. J., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Wolff, E. W., and Ganesan, A. L.: Rising atmospheric methane: 2007–2014 growth and isotopic shift, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1356–1370, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005406, 2016.
Nisbet, E. G., Manning, M. R., Dlugokencky, E. J., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D., Michel, S. E., Myhre, C. L., Platt, S. M., Allen, G., Bousquet, P., Brownlow, R., Cain, M., France, J. L., Hermansen, O., Hossaini, R., Jones, A. E., Levin, I., Manning, A. C., Myhre, G., Pyle, J. A., Vaughn, B. H., Warwick, N. J., and White, J. W. C.: Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 318–342, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006009, 2019.
Nisbet, E. G., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D., France, J. L., Allen, G., Bakkaloglu, S., Broderick, T. J., Cain, M., Coleman, M., Fernandez, J., Forster, G., Griffiths, P. T., Iverach, C. P., Kelly, B. F. J., Manning, M. R., Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R., Pyle, J. A., Townsend-Small, A., al-Shalaan, A., Warwick, N., and Zazzeri, G.: Methane Mitigation: Methods to Reduce Emissions, on the Path to the Paris Agreement, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000675, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000675, 2020.
Obersky, L., Rafiee, R., Cabral, A. R., Golding, S. D., and Clarke, W. P.: Methodology to determine the extent of anaerobic digestion, composting and CH4 oxidation in a landfill environment, Waste Manage., 76, 364–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.029, 2018.
Owen, D. D. R., Shouakar-Stash, O., Morgenstern, U., and Aravena, R.: Thermodynamic and hydrochemical controls on CH4 in a coal seam gas and overlying alluvial aquifer: New insights into CH4 origins, Sci. Rep., 6, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32407, 2016.
Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N. K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C. B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K. J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Meyer, L., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O'Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J. J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G. K., Pörtner, H. O., Power, S. B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N. H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T. F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D. and van Ypserle, J. P., Pachauri R. K., and Meyer L. A. (Eds.): Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., available at: https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/37530/ (last access: 30 June 2021), 2014.
Pallasser, R. and Stalker, L.: Dissolved Gas Measurements For Bores In The South Eastern Part Of The Surat Basin (Great Artesian Basin, North Eastern NSW). A report to the NSW Department of Mineral Resources, CSIRO Australia, 18 pp., available at: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=procite:dffbf1b4-9b7e-454b-a0f1-1b75ce01a836&dsid=DS1 (last access: 18 May 2020), 2001.
Pataki, D. E., Ehleringer, J. R., Flanagan, L. B., Yakir, D., Bowling, D. R., Still, C. J., Buchmann, N., Kaplan, J. O., and Berry, J. A.: The application and interpretation of Keeling plots in terrestrial carbon cycle research, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001850, 2003.
QGC: QGC Stage 3 Water Monitoring and Management Plan. Chapter 14.0: Associated water management, Queensland Gas Company, 236–256, available at: https://www.shell.com.au/about-us/projects-and-locations/qgc/environment/water-management/reports/_jcr_content/par/expandablelist_48b1/expandablesection_ea.stream/1498083770743/5d3c60df4680077259c49a3dce487c409beab3d0/qgc-stage-3-wmmp-dec-13-14.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2014.
Queensland Government: Queensland Spatial Catalogue – QSpatial, available at: http://qldspatial.information.qld.gov.au/catalogue/custom/detail.page?fid=%7BB443A9EE-861C-46BC-AE7C-D2E023E477EA%7D (last access: 3 September 2020), 2018a.
Queensland Government: Queensland Spatial Catalogue – Qspatial, available at: http://qldspatial.information.qld.gov.au/catalogue/custom/detail.page?fid=%7B30B884DA-4B6C-4129-9081-32525DA3143C%7D (last access: 3 September 2020), 2018b.
Queensland Government: Open Data Portal, Coal industry review statistical tables – Production of saleable coal by individual mines, available at: https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/coal-industry-review-statistical-tables/resource/1b7fb643-c880-42bf-940b-fc3c582d239d (last access: 26 May 2020), 2019.
Queensland Government: Open Data Portal, Queensland borehole series – All bore hole and well locations, available at: https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-borehole-series/resource/8622f045-628d-4f9b-9be8-df65fb9e5ce0, last access: 26 May 2020a.
Queensland Government: Petroleum and gas production and reserve statistics, available at: https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/petroleum-gas-production-and-reserve-statistics, last access: 16 June 2020b.
Queensland Government: Queensland Globe, available at: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/support-assistance/mapping-data-imagery/queensland-globe, last access: 22 June 2020c.
Rella, C. W., Hoffnagle, J., He, Y., and Tajima, S.: Local- and regional-scale measurements of CH4, δ13CH4, and C2H6 in the Uintah Basin using a mobile stable isotope analyzer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4539–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4539-2015, 2015.
Rice, A. L., Butenhoff, C. L., Teama, D. G., Röger, F. H., Khalil, M. A. K., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Atmospheric methane isotopic record favors fossil sources flat in 1980s and 1990s with recent increase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10791–10796, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522923113, 2016.
Rigby, M., Montzka, S. A., Prinn, R. G., White, J. W. C., Young, D., O'Doherty, S., Lunt, M. F., Ganesan, A. L., Manning, A. J., Simmonds, P. G., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Mühle, J., Weiss, R. F., Fraser, P. J., Steele, L. P., Krummel, P. B., McCulloch, A., and Park, S.: Role of atmospheric oxidation in recent methane growth, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 5373–5377, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616426114, 2017.
Röckmann, T., Eyer, S., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., Tuzson, B., Monteil, G., Houweling, S., Harris, E., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brand, W. A., Necki, J. M., Emmenegger, L., and Mohn, J.: In situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw tall tower site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10469–10487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10469-2016, 2016.
Rosentreter, J. A., Maher, D. T., Erler, D. V., Murray, R., and Eyre, B. D.: Factors controlling seasonal CO2 and CH4 emissions in three tropical mangrove-dominated estuaries in Australia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 215, 69–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.10.003, 2018.
Salvatier, J., Wiecki, T. V., and Fonnesbeck, C.: Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3, PeerJ, 2016, e55, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.55, 2016.
Schaefer, H., Fletcher, S. E. M., Veidt, C., Lassey, K. R., Brailsford, G. W., Bromley, T. M., Dlugokencky, E. J., Michel, S. E., Miller, J. B., Levin, I., Lowe, D. C., Martin, R. J., Vaughn, B. H., and White, J. W. C.: A 21st-century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by 13CH4, Science, 352, 80–84, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2705, 2016.
Schwietzke, S., Griffin, W. M., Matthews, H. S., and Bruhwiler, L. M. P.: Natural gas fugitive emissions rates constrained by global atmospheric methane and ethane, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 7714–7722, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501204c, 2014.
Schwietzke, S., Sherwood, O. A., Bruhwiler, L. M. P., Miller, J. B., Etiope, G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Michel, S. E., Arling, V. A., Vaughn, B. H., White, J. W. C., and Tans, P. P.: Upward revision of global fossil fuel methane emissions based on isotope database, Nature, 538, 88–91, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19797, 2016.
Sherwood, O., Schwietzke, S., Arling, V., and Etiope, G.: Global Inventory of Fossil and Non-fossil Methane δ13C Source Signature Measurements for Improved Atmospheric Modeling, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.15138/G37P4D, 2016.
Sherwood, O. A., Schwietzke, S., Arling, V. A., and Etiope, G.: Global Inventory of Gas Geochemistry Data from Fossil Fuel, Microbial and Burning Sources, version 2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 639–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-639-2017, 2017.
Smith, M. L., Kort, E. A., Karion, A., Sweeney, C., Herndon, S. C., and Yacovitch, T. I.: Airborne Ethane Observations in the Barnett Shale: Quantification of Ethane Flux and Attribution of Methane Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 8158–8166, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00219, 2015.
Stieger, J., Bamberger, I., Buchmann, N., and Eugster, W.: Validation of farm-scale methane emissions using nocturnal boundary layer budgets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 14055–14069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-14055-2015, 2015.
Sugimoto, A., Inoue, T., Tayasu, I., Miller, L., Takeichi, S., and Abe, T.: Methane and hydrogen production in a termite-symbiont system, Ecol. Res., 13, 241–257, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1998.00262.x, 1998.
Takriti, M., Wynn, P. M., Elias, D. M. O., Ward, S. E., Oakley, S., and McNamara, N. P.: Mobile methane measurements: Effects of instrument specifications on data interpretation, reproducibility, and isotopic precision, Atmos. Environ., 246, 118067, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118067, 2021.
Tarasova, O. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Assonov, S. S., Elansky, N. F., Röckmann, T., and Brass, M.: Atmospheric CH4 along the Trans-Siberian railroad (TROICA) and river Ob: Source identification using stable isotope analysis, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5617–5628, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.065, 2006.
Towler, B., Firouzi, M., Underschultz, J., Rifkin, W., Garnett, A., Schultz, H., Esterle, J., Tyson, S., and Witt, K.: An overview of the coal seam gas developments in Queensland, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 31, 249–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.02.040, 2016.
Townsend-Small, A., Tyler, S. C., Pataki, D. E., Xu, X., and Christensen, L. E.: Isotopic measurements of atmospheric methane in Los Angeles, California, USA: Influence of “fugitive” fossil fuel emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D07308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016826, 2012.
Townsend-Small, A., Marrero, J. E., Lyon, D. R., Simpson, I. J., Meinardi, S., and Blake, D. R.: Integrating Source Apportionment Tracers into a Bottom-up Inventory of Methane Emissions in the Barnett Shale Hydraulic Fracturing Region, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 8175–8182, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00057, 2015.
Townsend-Small, A., Botner, E. C., Jimenez, K. L., Schroeder, J. R., Blake, N. J., Meinardi, S., Blake, D. R., Sive, B. C., Bon, D., Crawford, J. H., Pfister, G., and Flocke, F. M.: Using stable isotopes of hydrogen to quantify biogenic and thermogenic atmospheric methane sources: A case study from the Colorado Front Range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11462–11471, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071438, 2016.
Toyoda, S., Suzuki, Y., Hattori, S., Yamada, K., Fujii, A., Yoshida, N., Kouno, R., Murayama, K., and Shiomi, H.: Isotopomer analysis of production and consumption mechanisms of N2O and CH4 in an advanced wastewater treatment system, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 917–922, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102985u, 2011.
Tsai, T. R., Du, K., and Stavropoulos, B.: New system for detecting, mapping, monitoring, quantifying and reporting fugitive gas emissions, Journal of the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, 57, 561, https://doi.org/10.1071/aj16098, 2017.
Turner, A. J., Frankenberg, C., Wennberg, P. O., and Jacob, D. J.: Ambiguity in the causes for decadal trends in atmospheric methane and hydroxyl, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 5367–5372, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616020114, 2017.
Vardag, S. N., Hammer, S., and Levin, I.: Evaluation of 4 years of continuous δ13C(CO2) data using a moving Keeling plot method, Biogeosciences, 13, 4237–4251, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4237-2016, 2016.
Western Downs Regional Council: Regional Sewerage Networks, available at: https://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/living-here/engineering-services/utility-services/wastewater-and-sewerage/regional-sewerage-networks/#miles-sewerage, 29 April 2021a.
Western Downs Regional Council: Waste Facilities & Disposal Fees, available at: https://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/living-here/environment-and-health/waste-disposal/waste-facilities/, last access: 29 April 2021b.
White, J. W. C., Vaughn, B. H., and Michel, S. E.: University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Stable Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane (13C) from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1998–2017, Version: 2018-09-24, available at: ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/ch4c13/flask/ (last access: 10 June 2020), 2018.
WMO: 20th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2019), Jeju Island, South Korea, 2–5 September 2019, GAW Report no. 255, 140 pp., available at: https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21758#.YJzyYmYzbUI (last access: 30 April 2021), 2020.
Worden, J. R., Bloom, A. A., Pandey, S., Jiang, Z., Worden, H. M., Walker, T. W., Houweling, S., and Röckmann, T.: Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget, Nat. Commun., 8, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02246-0, 2017.
Xueref-Remy, I., Zazzeri, G., Bréon, F. M., Vogel, F., Ciais, P., Lowry, D., and Nisbet, E. G.: Anthropogenic methane plume detection from point sources in the Paris megacity area and characterization of their δ13C signature, Atmos. Environ., 222, 117055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117055, 2020.
Yancoal: Environmental Assessment Cameby Downs Continued Operations Project, 127 pp., available at: http://www.yancoal.com.au/content/Document/Cameby%20Downs%20Continuation%20Project/EVA/Environmental%20Values%20Assessment%20-%20Main%20Text%20%26%20Attachments.pdf (last access: 18 May 2020), 2018.
Zazzeri, G.: Methane Emissions in UK: Deciphering Regional Sources with Mobile Measurements and Isotopic Characterisation, PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK, 264 pp., 2016.
Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoisellé, M., and Nisbet, E. G.: Plume mapping and isotopic characterisation of anthropogenic methane sources, Atmos. Environ., 110, 151–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.029, 2015.
Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoisellé, M., Kelly, B. F. J., Necki, J. M., Iverach, C. P., Ginty, E., Zimnoch, M., Jasek, A., and Nisbet, E. G.: Carbon isotopic signature of coal-derived methane emissions to the atmosphere: from coalification to alteration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13669–13680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13669-2016, 2016.
Zobitz, J. M., Burns, S. P., Ogée, J., Reichstein, M., and Bowling, D. R.: Partitioning net ecosystem exchange of CO2: A comparison of a Bayesian/isotope approach to environmental regression methods, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G03013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000282, 2007.
Short summary
Many coal seam gas (CSG) facilities in the Surat Basin, Australia, are adjacent to other sources of methane, including agricultural, urban, and natural seeps. This makes it challenging to estimate the amount of methane being emitted into the atmosphere from CSG facilities. This research demonstrates that measurements of the carbon and hydrogen stable isotopic composition of methane can distinguish between and apportion methane emissions from CSG facilities, cattle, and many other sources.
Many coal seam gas (CSG) facilities in the Surat Basin, Australia, are adjacent to other sources...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint