Articles | Volume 20, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14023-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14023-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 19 Nov 2020
| 19 Nov 2020
Laboratory measurements of stomatal NO2 deposition to native California trees and the role of forests in the NOx cycle
Erin R. Delaria
Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Bryan K. Place
Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Amy X. Liu
Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Related authors
Helen L. Fitzmaurice, Alexander J. Turner, Jinsol Kim, Katherine Chan, Erin R. Delaria, Catherine Newman, Paul Wooldridge, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3891–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On-road emissions are thought to vary widely from existing predictions, as the effects of the age of the vehicle fleet, the performance of emission control systems, and variations in speed are difficult to assess under ambient driving conditions. We present an observational approach to characterize on-road emissions and show that the method is consistent with other approaches to within ~ 3 %.
Erin R. Delaria and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2123–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) through pores in the surfaces of leaves has been identified as a significant, but inadequately understood, loss process of atmospheric nitrogen oxides. We have constructed a simple model for examining the impact of NO2 foliar uptake on the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen oxides. We show that an accurate representation in atmospheric models of the effects of weather and soil conditions on leaf NO2 uptake may be important for accurately predicting NO2 deposition.
Erin R. Delaria, Megan Vieira, Julie Cremieux, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14161–14173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of NOx exchange between the atmosphere and vegetation have been widely reported. However, the magnitude, direction, and mechanism of this atmosphere–biosphere exchange remain uncertain across different ecosystems. We use laboratory measurements to study the rates of NOx deposition to the leaves of a California oak tree species. We detect no evidence of NOx emission and find that NOx loss to oak leaves is substantial even at low NOx concentrations relevant to forested environments.
Deepangsu Chatterjee, Randall V. Martin, Chi Li, Dandan Zhang, Haihui Zhu, Daven K. Henze, James H. Crawford, Ronald C. Cohen, Lok N. Lamsal, and Alexander M. Cede
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12687–12706, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the hourly variation of NO2 columns and surface concentrations by applying the GEOS-Chem model to interpret aircraft and ground-based measurements over the US and Pandora sun photometer measurements over the US, Europe, and Asia. Corrections to the Pandora columns and finer model resolution improve the modeled representation of the summertime hourly variation of total NO2 columns to explain the weaker hourly variation in NO2 columns than at the surface.
Benjamin A. Nault, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Donald R. Blake, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Kyung-Eun Min, Young Ro Lee, Isobel J. Simpson, Kirk Ullmann, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9573–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) is a pollutant formed from the reactions of gases emitted from various sources. In urban areas, the density of human activities can increase the O3 formation rate (P(O3)), thus impacting air quality and health. Observations collected over Seoul, South Korea, are used to constrain P(O3). A high local P(O3) was found; however, local P(O3) was partly reduced due to compounds typically ignored. These observations also provide constraints for unmeasured compounds that will impact P(O3).
Katherine R. Travis, Benjamin A. Nault, James H. Crawford, Kelvin H. Bates, Donald R. Blake, Ronald C. Cohen, Alan Fried, Samuel R. Hall, L. Gregory Huey, Young Ro Lee, Simone Meinardi, Kyung-Eun Min, Isobel J. Simpson, and Kirk Ullman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9555–9572, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9555-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9555-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities result in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to air pollution. Detailed VOC measurements were taken during a field study in South Korea. When compared to VOC inventories, large discrepancies showed underestimates from chemical products, liquefied petroleum gas, and long-range transport. Improved emissions and chemistry of these VOCs better described urban pollution. The new chemical scheme is relevant to urban areas and other VOC sources.
Qindan Zhu, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew Coggon, Colin Harkins, Jordan Schnell, Jian He, Havala O. T. Pye, Meng Li, Barry Baker, Zachary Moon, Ravan Ahmadov, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Bryan Place, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Carsten Warneke, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Lu Xu, Kristen Zuraski, Michael A. Robinson, J. Andrew Neuman, Patrick R. Veres, Jeff Peischl, Steven S. Brown, Allen H. Goldstein, Ronald C. Cohen, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5265–5286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fuel the production of air pollutants like ozone and particulate matter. The representation of VOC chemistry remains challenging due to its complexity in speciation and reactions. Here, we develop a chemical mechanism, RACM2B-VCP, that better represents VOC chemistry in urban areas such as Los Angeles. We also discuss the contribution of VOCs emitted from volatile chemical products and other anthropogenic sources to total VOC reactivity and O3.
Milan Y. Patel, Pietro F. Vannucci, Jinsol Kim, William M. Berelson, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1051–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors are becoming increasingly common in community monitoring and atmospheric research, but these sensors require proper calibration to provide accurate reporting. Here, we propose a hygroscopic growth calibration scheme that evolves in time to account for seasonal changes in hygroscopic growth. In San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA, applying a seasonal hygroscopic growth calibration can account for sensor biases driven by the seasonal cycles in PM composition.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Bryan K. Place, Qindan Zhu, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Ryan Ward, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13015–13028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NOx is a precursor to hazardous tropospheric ozone and can be emitted from various anthropogenic sources. It is important to quantify NOx emissions in urban environments to improve the local air quality, which still remains a challenge, as sources are heterogeneous in space and time. In this study, we calculate NOx emissions over Los Angeles, based on aircraft measurements in June 2021, and compare them to a local emission inventory, which we find mostly overpredicts the measured values.
Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Caleb Arata, Qindan Zhu, Benjamin C. Schulze, Roy Woods, John H. Seinfeld, Anthony Bucholtz, Ronald C. Cohen, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12753–12780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The San Joaquin Valley is an agricultural area with poor air quality. Organic gases drive the formation of hazardous air pollutants. Agricultural emissions of these gases are not well understood and have rarely been quantified at landscape scale. By combining aircraft-based emission measurements with land cover information, we found mis- or unrepresented emission sources. Our results help in understanding of pollution sources and in improving predictions of air quality in agricultural regions.
Qindan Zhu, Bryan Place, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Sha Tong, Huanxin Zhang, Jun Wang, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9669–9683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a hazardous air pollutant, and it is the precursor of short-lived climate forcers like tropospheric ozone and aerosol particles. While NOx emissions from transportation has been strictly regulated, soil NOx emissions are overlooked. We use the airborne flux measurements to observe NOx emissions from highways and urban and cultivated soil land cover types. We show non-negligible soil NOx emissions, which are significantly underestimated in current model simulations.
Bryan K. Place, William T. Hutzell, K. Wyat Appel, Sara Farrell, Lukas Valin, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Golam Sarwar, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Emma L. D'Ambro, Emily Saunders, Heather Simon, Ana Torres-Vasquez, Jonathan Pleim, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Lu Xu, William R. Stockwell, and Havala O. T. Pye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9173–9190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant with adverse human health and ecosystem effects. Air quality models allow scientists to understand the chemical production of ozone and demonstrate impacts of air quality management plans. In this work, the role of multiple systems in ozone production was investigated for the northeastern US in summer. Model updates to chemical reaction rates and monoterpene chemistry were most influential in decreasing predicted ozone and improving agreement with observations.
Havala O. T. Pye, Bryan K. Place, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Emma L. D'Ambro, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Sara Farrell, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Emily Saunders, Lu Xu, Golam Sarwar, William T. Hutzell, Kristen M. Foley, George Pouliot, Jesse Bash, and William R. Stockwell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5043–5099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5043-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5043-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical mechanisms describe how emissions from vehicles, vegetation, and other sources are chemically transformed in the atmosphere to secondary products including criteria and hazardous air pollutants. The Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism integrates gas-phase radical chemistry with pathways to fine-particle mass. New species were implemented, resulting in a bottom-up representation of organic aerosol, which is required for accurate source attribution of pollutants.
Forwood Wiser, Bryan K. Place, Siddhartha Sen, Havala O. T. Pye, Benjamin Yang, Daniel M. Westervelt, Daven K. Henze, Arlene M. Fiore, and V. Faye McNeill
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1801–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1801-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1801-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a reduced model of atmospheric isoprene oxidation, AMORE-Isoprene 1.0. It was created using a new Automated Model Reduction (AMORE) method designed to simplify complex chemical mechanisms with minimal manual adjustments to the output. AMORE-Isoprene 1.0 has improved accuracy and similar size to other reduced isoprene mechanisms. When included in the CRACMM mechanism, it improved the accuracy of EPA’s CMAQ model predictions for the northeastern USA compared to observations.
Chi Li, Randall V. Martin, Ronald C. Cohen, Liam Bindle, Dandan Zhang, Deepangsu Chatterjee, Hongjian Weng, and Jintai Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3031–3049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Models are essential to diagnose the significant effects of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on air pollution. We use an air quality model to illustrate the variability of NOx resolution-dependent simulation biases; how these biases depend on specific chemical environments, driving mechanisms, and vertical variabilities; and how these biases affect the interpretation of satellite observations. High-resolution simulations are thus critical to accurately interpret NOx and its relevance to air quality.
Amir H. Souri, Matthew S. Johnson, Glenn M. Wolfe, James H. Crawford, Alan Fried, Armin Wisthaler, William H. Brune, Donald R. Blake, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Tijl Verhoelst, Steven Compernolle, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Sungyeon Choi, Lok Lamsal, Lei Zhu, Shuai Sun, Ronald C. Cohen, Kyung-Eun Min, Changmin Cho, Sajeev Philip, Xiong Liu, and Kelly Chance
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1963–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have rigorously characterized different sources of error in satellite-based HCHO / NO2 tropospheric columns, a widely used metric for diagnosing near-surface ozone sensitivity. Specifically, the errors were categorized/quantified into (i) an inherent chemistry error, (ii) the decoupled relationship between columns and the near-surface concentration, (iii) the spatial representativeness error of ground satellite pixels, and (iv) the satellite retrieval errors.
Viral Shah, Daniel J. Jacob, Ruijun Dang, Lok N. Lamsal, Sarah A. Strode, Stephen D. Steenrod, K. Folkert Boersma, Sebastian D. Eastham, Thibaud M. Fritz, Chelsea Thompson, Jeff Peischl, Ilann Bourgeois, Ilana B. Pollack, Benjamin A. Nault, Ronald C. Cohen, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Simone T. Andersen, Lucy J. Carpenter, Tomás Sherwen, and Mat J. Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1227–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NOx in the free troposphere (above 2 km) affects global tropospheric chemistry and the retrieval and interpretation of satellite NO2 measurements. We evaluate free tropospheric NOx in global atmospheric chemistry models and find that recycling NOx from its reservoirs over the oceans is faster than that simulated in the models, resulting in increases in simulated tropospheric ozone and OH. Over the U.S., free tropospheric NO2 contributes the majority of the tropospheric NO2 column in summer.
Helen L. Fitzmaurice and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15403–15411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a novel method for finding heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) emission factors (g PM kg fuel) using regulatory sensor networks and publicly available traffic data. We find that particulate matter emission factors have decreased by a factor of ~ 9 in the past decade in the San Francisco Bay area. Because of the wide availability of similar data sets across the USA and globally, this method could be applied to other settings to understand long-term trends and regional differences in HDV emissions.
Glenn M. Wolfe, Thomas F. Hanisco, Heather L. Arkinson, Donald R. Blake, Armin Wisthaler, Tomas Mikoviny, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana Pollack, Jeff Peischl, Paul O. Wennberg, John D. Crounse, Jason M. St. Clair, Alex Teng, L. Gregory Huey, Xiaoxi Liu, Alan Fried, Petter Weibring, Dirk Richter, James Walega, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, T. Paul Bui, Glenn Diskin, James R. Podolske, Glen Sachse, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4253–4275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Smoke plumes are chemically complex. This work combines airborne observations of smoke plume composition with a photochemical model to probe the production of ozone and the fate of reactive gases in the outflow of a large wildfire. Model–measurement comparisons illustrate how uncertain emissions and chemical processes propagate into simulated chemical evolution. Results provide insight into how this system responds to perturbations, which can help guide future observation and modeling efforts.
Helen L. Fitzmaurice, Alexander J. Turner, Jinsol Kim, Katherine Chan, Erin R. Delaria, Catherine Newman, Paul Wooldridge, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3891–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On-road emissions are thought to vary widely from existing predictions, as the effects of the age of the vehicle fleet, the performance of emission control systems, and variations in speed are difficult to assess under ambient driving conditions. We present an observational approach to characterize on-road emissions and show that the method is consistent with other approaches to within ~ 3 %.
Douglas A. Day, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, Brett B. Palm, Weiwei Hu, Hongyu Guo, Paul J. Wooldridge, Ronald C. Cohen, Kenneth S. Docherty, J. Alex Huffman, Suzane S. de Sá, Scot T. Martin, and Jose L. Jimenez
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 459–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-459-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-459-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Particle-phase nitrates are an important component of atmospheric aerosols and chemistry. In this paper, we systematically explore the application of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) to quantify the organic and inorganic nitrate fractions of aerosols in the atmosphere. While AMS has been used for a decade to quantify nitrates, methods are not standardized. We make recommendations for a more universal approach based on this analysis of a large range of field and laboratory observations.
Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Troy S. Magney, Christian Frankenberg, Inez Fung, and Ronald C. Cohen
Biogeosciences, 18, 6579–6588, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6579-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6579-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work builds a high-resolution estimate (500 m) of gross primary productivity (GPP) over the US using satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) between 2018 and 2020. We identify ecosystem-specific scaling factors for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) from TROPOMI SIF. Extreme precipitation events drive four regional GPP anomalies that account for 28 % of year-to-year GPP differences across the US.
Xiaomeng Jin, Qindan Zhu, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15569–15587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15569-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15569-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe direct estimates of NOx emissions and lifetimes for biomass burning plumes using daily TROPOMI retrievals of NO2. Satellite-derived NOx emission factors are consistent with those from in situ measurements. We observe decreasing NOx lifetime with fire intensity, which is due to the increase in NOx abundance and radical production. Our findings suggest promise for applying space-based observations to track the emissions and chemical evolution of reactive nitrogen from wildfires.
Erin R. Delaria, Jinsol Kim, Helen L. Fitzmaurice, Catherine Newman, Paul J. Wooldridge, Kevin Worthington, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5487–5500, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The use of a dense network of low-cost CO2 sensors is an attractive option for measuring CO2 emissions in cities. However, these low-cost sensors are also subject to uncertainties. Here, we describe a novel method of field calibration for correcting temperature-related errors in the CO2 sensors deployed in the BEACO2N network. We show that with this temperature correction, we can achieve a sufficiently low network error to allow for the evaluation of CO2 emissions at a neighborhood scale.
Xueling Liu, Arthur P. Mizzi, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Inez Fung, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9573–9583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of winds in the planetary boundary layer remain sparse, making it challenging to simulate and predict the atmospheric conditions that are most important for describing and predicting urban air quality. Here we investigate the application of data assimilation of NO2 columns as will be observed from geostationary orbit to improve predictions and retrospective analysis of wind fields in the boundary layer.
Sungyeon Choi, Lok N. Lamsal, Melanie Follette-Cook, Joanna Joiner, Nickolay A. Krotkov, William H. Swartz, Kenneth E. Pickering, Christopher P. Loughner, Wyat Appel, Gabriele Pfister, Pablo E. Saide, Ronald C. Cohen, Andrew J. Weinheimer, and Jay R. Herman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2523–2546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2523-2020, 2020
Erin R. Delaria and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2123–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) through pores in the surfaces of leaves has been identified as a significant, but inadequately understood, loss process of atmospheric nitrogen oxides. We have constructed a simple model for examining the impact of NO2 foliar uptake on the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen oxides. We show that an accurate representation in atmospheric models of the effects of weather and soil conditions on leaf NO2 uptake may be important for accurately predicting NO2 deposition.
Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Troy S. Magney, Christian Frankenberg, Inez Fung, and Ronald C. Cohen
Biogeosciences, 17, 405–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the highest resolution solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) dataset from satellite measurements, providing previously unobservable phenomena related to plant photosynthesis. We find a strong correspondence between TROPOMI SIF and AmeriFlux GPP. We then observe a double peak in the seasonality of California's photosynthesis, not seen by traditional vegetation indices (e.g., MODIS). This is further corroborated by EOF/PC analysis.
Paul S. Romer Present, Azimeh Zare, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 267–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-267-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-267-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The chemistry of nitrogen oxides (NOx) affects both air quality and climate through its role in the production of ozone and secondary aerosols. We find that recent changes in emissions have caused a significant shift in the chemical loss of NOx away from direct production of HNO3 and towards production of organic nitrates. This shift is leading to a flatter distribution of NOx across the United States and helping transform air pollution from a local issue into a broader regional concern.
Qindan Zhu, Joshua L. Laughner, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13067–13078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13067-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13067-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning NOx represents > 80 % of the NOx source in the upper troposphere. Despite its importance, lightning NOx is poorly understood. This work improves model performance in representing lighting NOx and reduces the uncertainty in satellite NO2 retrievals caused by poor representation of lightning NOx emissions in a priori assumptions.
Rachel F. Silvern, Daniel J. Jacob, Loretta J. Mickley, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Katherine R. Travis, Eloise A. Marais, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua L. Laughner, Sungyeon Choi, Joanna Joiner, and Lok N. Lamsal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8863–8878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8863-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8863-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The US EPA reports a steady decrease in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from fuel combustion over the 2005–2017 period, while satellite observations show a leveling off after 2009, suggesting emission reductions and related air quality gains have halted. We show the sustained decrease in NOx emissions is in fact consistent with observed trends in surface NO2 and ozone concentrations and that the flattening of the satellite trend reflects a growing influence from the non-anthropogenic background.
Shino Toma, Steve Bertman, Christopher Groff, Fulizi Xiong, Paul B. Shepson, Paul Romer, Kaitlin Duffey, Paul Wooldridge, Ronald Cohen, Karsten Baumann, Eric Edgerton, Abigail R. Koss, Joost de Gouw, Allen Goldstein, Weiwei Hu, and Jose L. Jimenez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1867–1880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1867-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1867-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Acyl peroxy nitrates (APN) were measured near the ground in Alabama using GC in summer 2013 to study biosphere–atmosphere interactions. APN were lower than measured in the SE USA over the past 2 decades. Historical data showed APN in 2013 was limited by NOx and production was dominated by biogenic precursors more than in the past. Isoprene-derived MPAN correlated with isoprene hydroxynitrates as NOx-dependent products. MPAN varied with aerosol growth, but not with N-containing particles.
Joshua L. Laughner, Qindan Zhu, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 129–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-129-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-129-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We compared v3.0B of the BEHR satellite NO2 product against independent measurements to verify its accuracy. We found that the BEHR product generally performs better than standard NO2 products and the previous version of BEHR. Outside of the SE US, using daily NO2 profiles results in similar or better agreement with independent measurements than using monthly profiles, and direct evaluation of those profiles shows they better describe NO2 distribution in urban areas than monthly profiles.
Eloise A. Marais, Daniel J. Jacob, Sungyeon Choi, Joanna Joiner, Maria Belmonte-Rivas, Ronald C. Cohen, Steffen Beirle, Lee T. Murray, Luke D. Schiferl, Viral Shah, and Lyatt Jaeglé
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17017–17027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17017-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We intercompare two new products of global upper tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We evaluate these products with aircraft observations from NASA DC8 aircraft campaigns and interpret the useful information these products can provide about nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the global upper troposphere using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model.
Joshua L. Laughner, Qindan Zhu, and Ronald C. Cohen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2069–2095, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2069-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2069-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the upgrade of the BErkeley High Resolution (BEHR) NO2 retrieval from versions 2.1C to 3.0B. This retrieval measures NO2 over the continental US using input data at higher spatial and temporal resolution than global retrievals. We analyze how each part of the upgrade affected the measured NO2. Most interestingly, we find that using NO2 profiles at daily (rather than monthly) time resolution does lead to differences in multi-month averages for regions affected by lightning.
Azimeh Zare, Paul S. Romer, Tran Nguyen, Frank N. Keutsch, Kate Skog, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15419–15436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15419-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15419-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Organic nitrates play an important role in concentrations and distribution of NOx, ozone and aerosol as the most important air pollutants. We develop a state-of-the-science detailed chemical mechanism representing individual organic nitrates, which is appropriate to use in air quality models and results in a more accurate simulation of atmospheric chemistry. Using this mechanism we explore production and removal processes of organic nitrates in a rural environment that are poorly constrained.
William H. Brune, Xinrong Ren, Li Zhang, Jingqiu Mao, David O. Miller, Bruce E. Anderson, Donald R. Blake, Ronald C. Cohen, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, Thomas F. Hanisco, L. Gregory Huey, Benjamin A. Nault, Jeff Peischl, Ilana Pollack, Thomas B. Ryerson, Taylor Shingler, Armin Sorooshian, Kirk Ullmann, Armin Wisthaler, and Paul J. Wooldridge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14493–14510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14493-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14493-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thunderstorms pull in polluted air from near the ground, transport it up through clouds containing lightning, and deposit it at altitudes where airplanes fly. The resulting chemical mixture in this air reacts to form ozone and particles, which affect climate. In this study, aircraft observations of the reactive gases responsible for this chemistry generally agree with modeled values, even in ice clouds. Thus, atmospheric oxidation chemistry appears to be mostly understood for this environment.
Erin R. Delaria, Megan Vieira, Julie Cremieux, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14161–14173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of NOx exchange between the atmosphere and vegetation have been widely reported. However, the magnitude, direction, and mechanism of this atmosphere–biosphere exchange remain uncertain across different ecosystems. We use laboratory measurements to study the rates of NOx deposition to the leaves of a California oak tree species. We detect no evidence of NOx emission and find that NOx loss to oak leaves is substantial even at low NOx concentrations relevant to forested environments.
Alexis A. Shusterman, Jinsol Kim, Kaitlyn J. Lieschke, Catherine Newman, Paul J. Wooldridge, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13773–13785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13773-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13773-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the diversity and heterogeneity of urban CO2 levels observed using the BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network, a distributed instrument of > 50 CO2 sensors stationed every ~ 2 km across the San Francisco Bay Area. We demonstrate that relatively simple mathematical techniques, applied to these observations, can be used to detect the small changes in highway CO2 emissions expected to result from upcoming fuel economy regulations, affirming the policy relevance of low-cost sensors.
Jinsol Kim, Alexis A. Shusterman, Kaitlyn J. Lieschke, Catherine Newman, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1937–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1937-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1937-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The newest generation of air quality sensors is small, low cost, and easy to deploy. These sensors are an attractive option for developing dense observation networks in support of regulatory activities and scientific research. However, these sensors are difficult to interpret. Here we describe a novel calibration strategy for a set of low cost sensors and demonstrate this calibration on a subset of the sensors comprising BEACO2N, a distributed network at the San Francisco Bay Area.
Jingqiu Mao, Annmarie Carlton, Ronald C. Cohen, William H. Brune, Steven S. Brown, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jose L. Jimenez, Havala O. T. Pye, Nga Lee Ng, Lu Xu, V. Faye McNeill, Kostas Tsigaridis, Brian C. McDonald, Carsten Warneke, Alex Guenther, Matthew J. Alvarado, Joost de Gouw, Loretta J. Mickley, Eric M. Leibensperger, Rohit Mathur, Christopher G. Nolte, Robert W. Portmann, Nadine Unger, Mika Tosca, and Larry W. Horowitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2615–2651, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing, and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models.
Paul S. Romer, Kaitlin C. Duffey, Paul J. Wooldridge, Eric Edgerton, Karsten Baumann, Philip A. Feiner, David O. Miller, William H. Brune, Abigail R. Koss, Joost A. de Gouw, Pawel K. Misztal, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2601–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2601-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2601-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of increased ozone on hotter days are widely reported, but the mechanisms driving this relationship remain uncertain. We use measurements from the rural southeastern United States to study how temperature affects ozone production. We find that changing NOx emissions, most likely from soil microbes, can be a major driver of increased ozone with temperature in the continental background. These findings suggest that ozone will increase with temperature under a wide range of conditions.
Jingyi Li, Jingqiu Mao, Arlene M. Fiore, Ronald C. Cohen, John D. Crounse, Alex P. Teng, Paul O. Wennberg, Ben H. Lee, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Joel A. Thornton, Jeff Peischl, Ilana B. Pollack, Thomas B. Ryerson, Patrick Veres, James M. Roberts, J. Andrew Neuman, John B. Nowak, Glenn M. Wolfe, Thomas F. Hanisco, Alan Fried, Hanwant B. Singh, Jack Dibb, Fabien Paulot, and Larry W. Horowitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2341–2361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first comprehensive model evaluation of summertime reactive oxidized nitrogen using a high-resolution chemistry–climate model with up-to-date isoprene oxidation chemistry, along with a series of observations from aircraft campaigns and ground measurement networks from 2004 to 2013 over the Southeast US. We investigate the impact of NOx emission reductions on changes in reactive nitrogen speciation and export efficiency as well as ozone in the past and future decade.
Joshua L. Laughner and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4403–4419, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4403-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4403-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
NO2 (a gas that plays an important role in air quality) can be measured by satellite-based instruments. These measurements require a best guess of the vertical distribution of NO2 and are very sensitive to the changes in that distribution near the top of the troposphere (~ 12 km). NO2 concentrations at this altitude are strongly influenced by lightning; therefore, we study how different representations of lightning in models that provide that best guess affect the NO2 measured by satellites.
Carlena J. Ebben, Tamara L. Sparks, Paul J. Wooldridge, Teresa L. Campos, Christopher A. Cantrell, Roy L. Mauldin, Andrew J. Weinheimer, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-671, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-671, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
We use observations from the FRAPPÉ campaign to examine the evolution of reactive nitrogen as it is transported from Denver. We provide estimates for dilution rates, chemical lifetimes, and deposition rates. While dilution is the primary loss process in the immediate outflow from Denver, chemically, a majority of NOx is converted to HNO3 and is subsequently deposited. Understanding the evolution of reactive nitrogen informs how urban emissions affect air quality in the surrounding regions.
Xueling Liu, Arthur P. Mizzi, Jeffrey L. Anderson, Inez Y. Fung, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7067–7081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7067-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7067-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a chemical ensemble data assimilation system with high spatial and temporal resolution that simultaneously adjusts meteorological and chemical variables and NOx emissions. We investigate the sensitivity of emission inversions to the accuracy and uncertainty of the wind analyses and the emission update scheme. The results provide insight into optimal uses of the observations from future geostationary satellite missions that will observe atmospheric composition.
Caroline C. Womack, J. Andrew Neuman, Patrick R. Veres, Scott J. Eilerman, Charles A. Brock, Zachary C. J. Decker, Kyle J. Zarzana, William P. Dube, Robert J. Wild, Paul J. Wooldridge, Ronald C. Cohen, and Steven S. Brown
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1911–1926, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1911-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1911-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The accurate detection of reactive nitrogen species (NOy) is key to understanding tropospheric ozone production. Typically, NOy is detected by thermal conversion to NO2, followed by NO2 detection. Here, we assess the conversion efficiency of several NOy species to NO2 in a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer and discuss how this conversion efficiency is affected by certain experimental conditions, such as oven residence time, and interferences from non-NOy species.
Nga Lee Ng, Steven S. Brown, Alexander T. Archibald, Elliot Atlas, Ronald C. Cohen, John N. Crowley, Douglas A. Day, Neil M. Donahue, Juliane L. Fry, Hendrik Fuchs, Robert J. Griffin, Marcelo I. Guzman, Hartmut Herrmann, Alma Hodzic, Yoshiteru Iinuma, José L. Jimenez, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Ben H. Lee, Deborah J. Luecken, Jingqiu Mao, Robert McLaren, Anke Mutzel, Hans D. Osthoff, Bin Ouyang, Benedicte Picquet-Varrault, Ulrich Platt, Havala O. T. Pye, Yinon Rudich, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Manabu Shiraiwa, Jochen Stutz, Joel A. Thornton, Andreas Tilgner, Brent J. Williams, and Rahul A. Zaveri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds by NO3 is an important interaction between anthropogenic
and natural emissions. This review results from a June 2015 workshop and includes the recent literature
on kinetics, mechanisms, organic aerosol yields, and heterogeneous chemistry; advances in analytical
instrumentation; the current state NO3-BVOC chemistry in atmospheric models; and critical needs for
future research in modeling, field observations, and laboratory studies.
Joshua L. Laughner, Azimeh Zare, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15247–15264, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15247-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15247-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite measurements of the atmosphere provide global information on pollutants that play an important role in air quality. These measurements require assumed knowledge about the vertical profile of these pollutants, which are often simulated at coarse resolution in space and time. We find that simulating these inputs with better spatial and temporal resolution alters individual measurements by up to 40 % and the average measurement by up to 13 %, and increases derived emissions by up to 100 %.
Katherine R. Travis, Daniel J. Jacob, Jenny A. Fisher, Patrick S. Kim, Eloise A. Marais, Lei Zhu, Karen Yu, Christopher C. Miller, Robert M. Yantosca, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Anne M. Thompson, Paul O. Wennberg, John D. Crounse, Jason M. St. Clair, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua L. Laughner, Jack E. Dibb, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Glenn M. Wolfe, Illana B. Pollack, Jeff Peischl, Jonathan A. Neuman, and Xianliang Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13561–13577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and biogenic emissions of isoprene. We find that US NOx emissions are overestimated nationally by as much as 50 % and that reducing model emissions by this amount results in good agreement with SEAC4RS aircraft measurements in August and September 2013. Observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes and satellite NO2 columns further support this result.
Alexander J. Turner, Alexis A. Shusterman, Brian C. McDonald, Virginia Teige, Robert A. Harley, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13465–13475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13465-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13465-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper investigates the ability of different types of observational networks to estimate urban CO2 emissions. We have quantified the trade-off between precision and network density for estimating urban greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show that different observing systems may fall into noise- or site-limited regimes where reducing the uncertainty in the estimated emissions is governed by a single factor.
Alexis A. Shusterman, Virginia E. Teige, Alexander J. Turner, Catherine Newman, Jinsol Kim, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13449–13463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13449-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13449-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the design of and first results from the BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network, a distributed instrument of 28 CO2 sensors stationed across and around the city of Oakland, California at ~ 2 km intervals. We evaluate the network via 4 performance parameters (cost, reliability, precision, systematic uncertainty) and find this high density technique to be sufficiently cost-effective and rigorous to inform understanding of small-scale urban emissions relevant to climate regulation.
Paul S. Romer, Kaitlin C. Duffey, Paul J. Wooldridge, Hannah M. Allen, Benjamin R. Ayres, Steven S. Brown, William H. Brune, John D. Crounse, Joost de Gouw, Danielle C. Draper, Philip A. Feiner, Juliane L. Fry, Allen H. Goldstein, Abigail Koss, Pawel K. Misztal, Tran B. Nguyen, Kevin Olson, Alex P. Teng, Paul O. Wennberg, Robert J. Wild, Li Zhang, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7623–7637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7623-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7623-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The lifetime of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is evaluated by analysis of field measurements from the southeastern United States. At warm temperatures in the daytime boundary layer, NOx interconverts rapidly with both PAN and alkyl and multifunctional nitrates (RONO2), and the relevant lifetime is the combined lifetime of these three classes. We find that the production of RONO2, followed by hydrolysis to produce nitric acid, is the dominant pathway for NOx removal in an isoprene dominated forest.
Jenny A. Fisher, Daniel J. Jacob, Katherine R. Travis, Patrick S. Kim, Eloise A. Marais, Christopher Chan Miller, Karen Yu, Lei Zhu, Robert M. Yantosca, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Jingqiu Mao, Paul O. Wennberg, John D. Crounse, Alex P. Teng, Tran B. Nguyen, Jason M. St. Clair, Ronald C. Cohen, Paul Romer, Benjamin A. Nault, Paul J. Wooldridge, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Weiwei Hu, Paul B. Shepson, Fulizi Xiong, Donald R. Blake, Allen H. Goldstein, Pawel K. Misztal, Thomas F. Hanisco, Glenn M. Wolfe, Thomas B. Ryerson, Armin Wisthaler, and Tomas Mikoviny
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5969–5991, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use new airborne and ground-based observations from two summer 2013 campaigns in the southeastern US, interpreted with a chemical transport model, to understand the impact of isoprene and monoterpene chemistry on the atmospheric NOx budget via production of organic nitrates (RONO2). We find that a diversity of species contribute to observed RONO2. Our work implies that the NOx sink to RONO2 production is only sensitive to NOx emissions in regions where they are already low.
Karen Yu, Daniel J. Jacob, Jenny A. Fisher, Patrick S. Kim, Eloise A. Marais, Christopher C. Miller, Katherine R. Travis, Lei Zhu, Robert M. Yantosca, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Ron C. Cohen, Jack E. Dibb, Alan Fried, Tomas Mikoviny, Thomas B. Ryerson, Paul O. Wennberg, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4369–4378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4369-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4369-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing the spatial resolution of a chemical transport model may improve simulations but can be computationally expensive. Using observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign, we find that at higher spatial resolutions, models are better able to simulate the chemical pathways of ozone precursors, but the overall effect on regional mean concentrations is small. This implies that for continental boundary layer applications, coarse resolution models are adequate.
S. E. Pusede, K. C. Duffey, A. A. Shusterman, A. Saleh, J. L. Laughner, P. J. Wooldridge, Q. Zhang, C. L. Parworth, H. Kim, S. L. Capps, L. C. Valin, C. D. Cappa, A. Fried, J. Walega, J. B. Nowak, A. J. Weinheimer, R. M. Hoff, T. A. Berkoff, A. J. Beyersdorf, J. Olson, J. H. Crawford, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2575–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2575-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2575-2016, 2016
R. J. Wild, P. M. Edwards, T. S. Bates, R. C. Cohen, J. A. de Gouw, W. P. Dubé, J. B. Gilman, J. Holloway, J. Kercher, A. R. Koss, L. Lee, B. M. Lerner, R. McLaren, P. K. Quinn, J. M. Roberts, J. Stutz, J. A. Thornton, P. R. Veres, C. Warneke, E. Williams, C. J. Young, B. Yuan, K. J. Zarzana, and S. S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 573–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-573-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-573-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
High wintertime ozone levels have been observed in the Uintah Basin, Utah, a sparsely populated rural region with intensive oil and gas operations. The reactive nitrogen budget plays an important role in tropospheric ozone formation, and we find that nighttime chemistry has a large effect on its partitioning. Much of the oxidation of reactive nitrogen during a high-ozone year occurred via heterogeneous uptake onto aerosol at night, keeping NOx at concentrations comparable to a low-ozone year.
B. R. Ayres, H. M. Allen, D. C. Draper, S. S. Brown, R. J. Wild, J. L. Jimenez, D. A. Day, P. Campuzano-Jost, W. Hu, J. de Gouw, A. Koss, R. C. Cohen, K. C. Duffey, P. Romer, K. Baumann, E. Edgerton, S. Takahama, J. A. Thornton, B. H. Lee, F. D. Lopez-Hilfiker, C. Mohr, P. O. Wennberg, T. B. Nguyen, A. Teng, A. H. Goldstein, K. Olson, and J. L. Fry
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13377–13392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13377-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13377-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports atmospheric gas- and aerosol-phase field measurements from the southeastern United States in summer 2013 to demonstrate that the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds by nitrate radical produces a substantial amount of secondary organic aerosol in this region. This process, driven largely by monoterpenes, results in a comparable aerosol nitrate production rate to inorganic nitrate formation by heterogeneous uptake of HNO3 onto dust particles.
L. Lee, P. J. Wooldridge, J. deGouw, S. S. Brown, T. S. Bates, P. K. Quinn, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9313–9325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9313-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9313-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol affects both the environment and human health. We characterized the aerosol composition in Uintah Basin by measuring the concentration of nitrooxy group moiety which is produced through chemical interaction of volatile organic compounds and NOx emitted largely from local human activity. We found nitrooxy compounds to be a persistent, if not dominant, portion of fine aerosol mass. Similar results may be expected from emissions due to traffic in cities.
L. K. Emmons, S. R. Arnold, S. A. Monks, V. Huijnen, S. Tilmes, K. S. Law, J. L. Thomas, J.-C. Raut, I. Bouarar, S. Turquety, Y. Long, B. Duncan, S. Steenrod, S. Strode, J. Flemming, J. Mao, J. Langner, A. M. Thompson, D. Tarasick, E. C. Apel, D. R. Blake, R. C. Cohen, J. Dibb, G. S. Diskin, A. Fried, S. R. Hall, L. G. Huey, A. J. Weinheimer, A. Wisthaler, T. Mikoviny, J. Nowak, J. Peischl, J. M. Roberts, T. Ryerson, C. Warneke, and D. Helmig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6721–6744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6721-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6721-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Eleven 3-D tropospheric chemistry models have been compared and evaluated with observations in the Arctic during the International Polar Year (IPY 2008). Large differences are seen among the models, particularly related to the model chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and reactive nitrogen (NOx, PAN, HNO3) partitioning. Consistency among the models in the underestimation of CO, ethane and propane indicates the emission inventory is too low for these compounds.
A. P. Teng, J. D. Crounse, L. Lee, J. M. St. Clair, R. C. Cohen, and P. O. Wennberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4297–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4297-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4297-2015, 2015
B. A. Nault, C. Garland, S. E. Pusede, P. J. Wooldridge, K. Ullmann, S. R. Hall, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 987–997, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-987-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-987-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We report the first atmospheric measurement of methyl peroxy nitrate (CH3O2NO2) and describe an experimental strategy to obtain NO2 observations free of methyl peroxy nitrate (CH3O2NO2). The accuracy of the CH3O2NO2 measurements are (+/- 40%) with a LOD of 15 pptv/min. We observe that CH3O2NO2 is ubiquitous in the upper troposphere with median mixing ratios of 100 to 200 pptv, and its composition to the total NOy budget is comparable to HNO3.
L. Lee, P. J. Wooldridge, J. B. Gilman, C. Warneke, J. de Gouw, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12441–12454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12441-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12441-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Alkyl nitrate formation is known to be an important sink of NOx in a wide range of environments. In a study in the Uintah basin in 2012, we find that formation of these compounds represents a more rapid NOx (NO + NO2) sink than does nitric acid formation. This rapid formation is in large part due to the low mean temperature (~0°C) during the study and is consistent with laboratory observations.
K.-E. Min, S. E. Pusede, E. C. Browne, B. W. LaFranchi, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5495–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, 2014
S. E. Pusede, D. R. Gentner, P. J. Wooldridge, E. C. Browne, A. W. Rollins, K.-E. Min, A. R. Russell, J. Thomas, L. Zhang, W. H. Brune, S. B. Henry, J. P. DiGangi, F. N. Keutsch, S. A. Harrold, J. A. Thornton, M. R. Beaver, J. M. St. Clair, P. O. Wennberg, J. Sanders, X. Ren, T. C. VandenBoer, M. Z. Markovic, A. Guha, R. Weber, A. H. Goldstein, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3373–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3373-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3373-2014, 2014
A. K. Mebust and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2509–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2509-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2509-2014, 2014
E. C. Browne, P. J. Wooldridge, K.-E. Min, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1225–1238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1225-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1225-2014, 2014
L. C. Valin, A. R. Russell, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1-2014, 2014
J. L. Fry, D. C. Draper, K. J. Zarzana, P. Campuzano-Jost, D. A. Day, J. L. Jimenez, S. S. Brown, R. C. Cohen, L. Kaser, A. Hansel, L. Cappellin, T. Karl, A. Hodzic Roux, A. Turnipseed, C. Cantrell, B. L. Lefer, and N. Grossberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8585–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, 2013
Y. Xie, F. Paulot, W. P. L. Carter, C. G. Nolte, D. J. Luecken, W. T. Hutzell, P. O. Wennberg, R. C. Cohen, and R. W. Pinder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8439–8455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8439-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8439-2013, 2013
T. H. Bertram, A. E. Perring, P. J. Wooldridge, J. Dibb, M. A. Avery, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4617–4630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4617-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4617-2013, 2013
E. C. Browne, K.-E. Min, P. J. Wooldridge, E. Apel, D. R. Blake, W. H. Brune, C. A. Cantrell, M. J. Cubison, G. S. Diskin, J. L. Jimenez, A. J. Weinheimer, P. O. Wennberg, A. Wisthaler, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4543–4562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4543-2013, 2013
A. R. Russell, L. C. Valin, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12197–12209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012, 2012
E. C. Browne and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11917–11932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11917-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11917-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Biosphere Interactions | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
A mechanism for biogenic production and emission of MEK from MVK decoupled from isoprene biosynthesis
Disentangling the rates of carbonyl sulfide (COS) production and consumption and their dependency on soil properties across biomes and land use types
H2O2 modulates the energetic metabolism of the cloud microbiome
The contribution of soil biogenic NO and HONO emissions from a managed hyperarid ecosystem to the regional NOx emissions during growing season
Carbonyl sulfide exchange in soils for better estimates of ecosystem carbon uptake
Urban stress-induced biogenic VOC emissions and SOA-forming potentials in Beijing
Plant surface reactions: an opportunistic ozone defence mechanism impacting atmospheric chemistry
Luca Cappellin, Francesco Loreto, Franco Biasioli, Paolo Pastore, and Karena McKinney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3125–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3125-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3125-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
MEK is an important VOC in atmospheric chemistry and recently it has been shown that biogenic sources are globally as important as anthropogenic ones. We unveiled the mechanism by which within-plant transformation of MVK is a source of biogenic MEK. Such transformation is observed in red oak for both exogenous MVK, taken up from the atmosphere, and endogenous MVK generated within plant when it experiences stress (e.g. heat stress). The new mechanism is important for inclusion in models.
Aurore Kaisermann, Jérôme Ogée, Joana Sauze, Steven Wohl, Sam P. Jones, Ana Gutierrez, and Lisa Wingate
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9425–9440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9425-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9425-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soils simultaneously produce and consume the trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS). To understand the role of these processes, we developed a method to estimate their contribution to the soil–atmosphere COS exchange. Exchange was principally driven by consumption, but the influence of production increased at higher temperatures, lower soil moisture contents and lower COS concentrations. Across the soils studied, we found a strong interaction between soil nitrogen and COS exchange.
Nolwenn Wirgot, Virginie Vinatier, Laurent Deguillaume, Martine Sancelme, and Anne-Marie Delort
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14841–14851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14841-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14841-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This article highlights the interactions between H2O2 and microorganisms within the cloud system. Experiments performed in microcosms with bacterial strains isolated from clouds showed that H2O2 strongly impacted the microbial energetic state. The ATP depletion measured in the presence of H2O2 was not due to the loss of cell viability. The strong correlation between ATP and H2O2 based on the analysis of 37 real cloud samples confirmed that H2O2 modulates the metabolism of cloud microorganisms.
Buhalqem Mamtimin, Franz X. Meixner, Thomas Behrendt, Moawad Badawy, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10175–10194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10175-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10175-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focused on the contributions of soil biogenic NO and HONO emissions from a managed hyperarid ecosystem to the regional NOx emissions during growing season. In particular, the second maximum in summer provides substantial evidence to hypothesize that those biogenic emissions from soils of managed drylands in the growing period may be much more important contributors to regional NOx budgets of dryland regions than previously thought.
Mary E. Whelan, Timothy W. Hilton, Joseph A. Berry, Max Berkelhammer, Ankur R. Desai, and J. Elliott Campbell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3711–3726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3711-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3711-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a model of carbonyl sulfide soil exchange sufficient for predicting outcomes in terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical observations combined with soil gas exchange theory reveal simultaneous abiotic production and biotic uptake mechanisms. Measurement of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide is an emerging tool to quantify photosynthesis at important temporal and spatial scales.
Andrea Ghirardo, Junfei Xie, Xunhua Zheng, Yuesi Wang, Rüdiger Grote, Katja Block, Jürgen Wildt, Thomas Mentel, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Mattias Hallquist, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2901–2920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2901-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2901-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Trees can impact urban air quality. Large emissions of plant volatiles are emitted in Beijing as a stress response to the urban polluted environment, but their impacts on secondary particulate matter remain relatively low compared to those originated from anthropogenic activities. The present study highlights the importance of including stress-induced compounds when studying plant volatile emissions.
W. Jud, L. Fischer, E. Canaval, G. Wohlfahrt, A. Tissier, and A. Hansel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-277-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
“Breathing” ozone can have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation when sufficient ozone enters the plant leaves through the stomatal pores. Here we show that cis-abienol, a semi-volatile organic compound secreted by the leaf hairs (trichomes) of various tobacco varieties, protects the leaves from breathing ozone. Ozone is efficiently removed by chemical reactions with cis-abienol at the plant surface, forming oxygenated VOC (formaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone) that are released into the air.
Cited articles
Almaraz, M., Bai, E., Wang, C., Trousdell, J., Conley, S., Faloona, I., and
Houlton, B.: Agriculture is a major source of NOx pollution in California,
Sci. Adv., 4, eaao3477, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao3477, 2018. a
Alvarado, M. J.,
Logan, J. A., Mao, J., Apel, E., Riemer, D., Blake, D., Cohen, R. C., Min, K.-E., Perring, A. E.,
Browne, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Diskin, G. S., Sachse, G. W., Fuelberg, H., Sessions, W. R.,
Harrigan, D. L., Huey, G., Liao, J., Case-Hanks, A., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., Vay, S. A.,
Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Flocke, F. M., Pollack, I. B., Wennberg, P. O.,
Kurten, A., Crounse, J., Clair, J. M. St., Wisthaler, A., Mikoviny, T., Yantosca, R. M., Carouge,
C. C., and Le Sager, P.: Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and
their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9739–9760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9739-2010, 2010. a
Ambrose, A. R., Sillett, S. C., Koch, G. W., Van Pelt, R., Antoine, M. E., and Dawson, T. E.:
Effects of height on treetop transpiration and stomatal conductance in coast redwood (Sequoia
sempervirens), Tree Physiol., 30, 1260–1272, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq064, 2010. a, b
Ammann,
M., von Ballmoos, P., Stalder, M., Suter, M., and Brunold, C.: Uptake and assimilation of
atmospheric NO2–N by spruce needles (Picea abies): A field study, Water Air Soil
Pollut., 85, 1497–1502, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00477193, 1995. a
Amnuaylojaroen, T., Barth, M. C., Emmons,
L. K., Carmichael, G. R., Kreasuwun, J., Prasitwattanaseree, S., and Chantara, S.: Effect of
different emission inventories on modeled ozone and carbon monoxide in Southeast Asia,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12983–13012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12983-2014, 2014. a
Andrews, M.: The partitioning of nitrate assimilation between
root and shoot of higher plants, Plant Cell Environ., 9, 511–519,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11616228, 1986. a
Arango-Velez, A., El Kayal, W., Copeland, C. C. J., Zaharia, L. I., Lusebrink,
I., and Cooke, J. E. K.: Differences in defence responses of Pinus contorta and Pinus banksiana to
the mountain pine beetle fungal associate Grosmannia clavigera are affected by water deficit,
Plant Cell Environ., 39, 726–744, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12615, 2016. a
Bahrun, A., Jensen,
C. R., Asch, F., and Mogensen, V. O.: Drought-induced changes in xylem pH, ionic composition, and
ABA concentration act as early signals in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.), J. Exp. Bot., 53,
251–263, https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.367.251, 2002. a
Baldocchi, D. D., Hicks,
B. B., and Camara, P.: A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated
surfaces, Atmos. Environ. (1967), 21, 91–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90274-5, 1987. a
Bechtold, William A.; Patterson, P. L.: The enhanced forest
inventory and analysis program - national sampling design and estimation procedures,
Gen. tech. rep., US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station,
Asheville, NC, https://doi.org/10.2737/SRS-GTR-80, 2005. a
Breuninger, C., Oswald, R., Kesselmeier, J., and Meixner, F. X.: The dynamic chamber method: trace
gas exchange fluxes (NO, NO2, O3) between plants and the atmosphere in the
laboratory and in the field, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 955–989, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-955-2012, 2012. a
Breuninger,
C., Meixner, F. X., and Kesselmeier, J.: Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
exchange between plants and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 773–790,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-773-2013, 2013. a, b, c, d
Brown, S. S., Dibb, J. E., Stark, H., Aldener, M.,
Vozella, M., Whitlow, S., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Jakoubek, R., Middlebrook, A. M.,
DeGouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Angevine, W. M., Sueper, D. T., Quinn,
P. K., Bates, T. S., Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Nighttime removal
of NOx in the summer marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019412, 2004. a
Brown, S. S., Ryerson, T. B., Wollny,
A. G., Brock, C. A., Peltier, R., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Dubé, W. P., Trainer, M.,
Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Variability in Nocturnal Nitrogen
Oxide Processing and Its Role in Regional Air Quality, Science, 311, 67–70,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120120, 2006. a
Cantrell,
C. A., Davidson, J. A., Busarow, K. L., and Calvert, J. G.: The CH3CHO-NO3
reaction and possible nighttime PAN generation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 5347–5353,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD05p05347, 1986. a
Chen, J.,
Wu, F.-H., Liu, T.-W., Chen, L., Xiao, Q., Dong, X.-J., He, J.-X., Pei, Z.-M., and Zheng, H.-L.:
Emissions of nitric oxide from 79 plant species in response to simulated nitrogen deposition,
Environ. Pollut., 160, 192–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.007, 2012. a, b
Crowley, J. N., Schuster, G., Pouvesle, N., Parchatka, U., Fischer, H.,
Bonn, B., Bingemer, H., and Lelieveld, J.: Nocturnal nitrogen oxides at a rural mountain-site in
south-western Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2795–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2795-2010, 2010. a
Crowley, J. N., Pouvesle, N., Phillips, G. J., Axinte, R., Fischer, H., Petäjä, T., Nölscher, A.,
Williams, J., Hens, K., Harder, H., Martinez-Harder, M., Novelli, A., Kubistin, D., Bohn, B., and
Lelieveld, J.: Insights into HOx and ROx chemistry in the boreal forest via measurement of
peroxyacetic acid, peroxyacetic nitric anhydride (PAN) and hydrogen peroxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
18, 13457–13479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13457-2018, 2018. a
Crutzen, P. J.: The Role of NO and NO2 in the
Chemistry of the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 7, 443–472,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.07.050179.002303, 1979. a
Datta, N., Rao, L.,
Guha-Mukherjee, S., and Sopory, S. K.: Regulation of nitrate reductase activity by ammonium in
wheat, Plant Sci. Lett., 20, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4211(81)90245-5, 1981. a
Dawson, T. E., Burgess, S. S. O., Tu, K. P., Oliveira, R. S., Santiago,
L. S., Fisher, J. B., Simonin, K. A., and Ambrose, A. R.: Nighttime transpiration in woody plants
from contrasting ecosystems, Tree Physiol., 27, 561–575, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.4.561,
2007. a, b
Decina, S. M.,
Templer, P. H., Hutyra, L. R., Gately, C. K., and Rao, P.: Variability, drivers, and effects of
atmospheric nitrogen inputs across an urban area: Emerging patterns among human activities, the
atmosphere, and soils, Sci. Total Environ., 609, 1524–1534,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.166, 2017. a
Delaria, E. R. and Cohen, R. C.: A model-based
analysis of foliar NOx deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2123–2141,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2123-2020, 2020. a
Dillon,
M. B., Lamanna, M. S., Schade, G. W., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Chemical evolution of
the Sacramento urban plume: Transport and oxidation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 3–1–ACH
3–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000969, 2002. a
Drake, P. L., Froend, R. H., and
Franks, P. J.: Smaller, faster stomata: scaling of stomatal size, rate of response, and stomatal
conductance, J. Exp. Bot., 64, 495–505, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers347, 2013. a, b
Eller, A. and Sparks, J.: Predicting leaf-level fluxes
of O3 and NO2: The relative roles of diffusion and biochemical processes, Plant Cell Environ., 29,
1742–1750, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01546.x, 2006. a
Fast, J. D., Allan, J., Bahreini, R., Craven, J.,
Emmons, L., Ferrare, R., Hayes, P. L., Hodzic, A., Holloway, J., Hostetler, C., Jimenez, J. L.,
Jonsson, H., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Metcalf, A., Middlebrook, A., Nowak, J., Pekour, M., Perring, A.,
Russell, L., Sedlacek, A., Seinfeld, J., Setyan, A., Shilling, J., Shrivastava, M., Springston,
S., Song, C., Subramanian, R., Taylor, J. W., Vinoj, V., Yang, Q., Zaveri, R. A., and Zhang, Q.:
Modeling regional aerosol and aerosol precursor variability over California and its sensitivity to
emissions and long-range transport during the 2010 CalNex and CARES campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
14, 10013–10060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10013-2014, 2014. a
Fisher,
J. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Misson, L., Dawson, T. E., and Goldstein, A. H.: What the towers don't
see at night: nocturnal sap flow in trees and shrubs at two AmeriFlux sites in California, Tree
Physiol., 27, 597–610, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.4.597, 2007. a
Forest Inventory and Analysis: The Forest
Inventory and Analysis Database: Database description and user guide version 6.0.1 for Phase 3,
available at: http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/database-documentation/ (last access: 18 February 2020), 2014. a
Grantz, D. A., Linscheid,
B. S., and Grulke, N. E.: Differential responses of stomatal kinetics and steady-state conductance
to abscisic acid in a fern: comparison with a gymnosperm and an angiosperm, New Phytol., 222,
1883–1892, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15736, 2019. a, b
Gut, A., Scheibe, M.,
Rottenberger, S., Rummel, U., Welling, M., Ammann, C., Kirkman, G. A., Kuhn, U., Meixner, F. X.,
Kesselmeier, J., Lehmann, B. E., Schmidt, W., Müller, E., and Piedade, M. T. F.: Exchange fluxes
of NO2 and O3 at soil and leaf surfaces in an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107,
LBA 27–1–LBA 27–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000654, 2002. a
Hari,
P., Raivonen, M., Vesala, T., Munger, J., Pilegaard, K., and Kulmala, M.: Ultraviolet light and
leaf emission of NOx, Nature, 422, 134–134, https://doi.org/10.1038/422134a, 2003. a
Heidari, B., Matre, P., Nemie-Feyissa, D., Meyer, C., Rognli, O. A.,
Møller, S. G., and Lillo, C.: Protein Phosphatase 2A B55 and A Regulatory Subunits Interact
with Nitrate Reductase and Are Essential for Nitrate Reductase Activation, Plant Physiol., 156,
165–172, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.172734, 2011. a
Henry, C. L., John, G. P., Pan, R., Bartlett, M. K., Fletcher, L. R., Scoffoni, C., and Sack, L.:
A stomatal safety-efficiency trade-off constrains responses to leaf dehydration, Nat. Commun., 10, 3398, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11006-1, 2019. a, b, c
Hereid, D. and Monson, R.: Nitrogen Oxide Fluxes
between Corn (Zea mays L.) Leaves and the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 35, 975–983,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00342-3, 2001. a, b
Jacob, D. J. and Wofsy, S. C.: Budgets of reactive
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 16737–16754, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD10p16737, 1990. a, b
Joensuu, J., Raivonen, M., Kieloaho, A.-J., Altimir, N., Kolari, P., Sarjala,
T., and Bäck, J.: Does nitrate fertilization induce NOx emission from scots pine (p. sylvestris)
shoots?, Plant Soil, 388, 283–295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2328-x, 2014. a, b, c, d
Johansson, C.: Pine forest: a negligible sink for
atmospheric NOx in rural Sweden, Tellus B, 39, 426–438,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00204.x, 1987. a
Kenagy, H. S., Sparks, T. L., Ebben, C. J.,
Wooldrige, P. J., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Lee, B. H., Thornton, J. A., McDuffie, E. E., Fibiger,
D. L., Brown, S. S., Montzka, D. D., Weinheimer, A. J., Schroder, J. C., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day,
D. A., Jimenez, J. L., Dibb, J. E., Campos, T., Shah, V., Jaeglé, L., and Cohen, R. C.:
NOx Lifetime and NOy Partitioning During WINTER,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9813–9827, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028736, 2018. a
Kolb, P. and Robberecht, R.: High temperature and
drought stress effects on survival of Pinus ponderosa seedlings, Tree Physiol., 16, 665–72,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.8.665, 1996. a, b
Kottek, M.,
Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger Climate
Classification Updated, Meteorol. Z., 15, 259–263, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006. a
Laughner, J. L. and Cohen, R. C.: Direct
observation of changing NOx lifetime in North American cities, Science, 366, 723–727,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6832, 2019. a
Laughner, J. L., Zhu, Q., and
Cohen, R. C.: Evaluation of version 3.0B of the BEHR OMI NO2 product, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12,
129–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-129-2019, 2019. a
Lerdau, M. T., Munger, J. W., and
Jacob, D. J.: The NO2 Flux Conundrum, Science, 289, 2291–2293,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5488.2291, 2000. a
Lillo, C.: Signalling cascades integrating light-enhanced nitrate
metabolism, Biochem. J., 415, 11–19, https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20081115, 2008. a
Maherali, H. and DeLucia, E. H.: Xylem
conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of ponderosa pine growing in contrasting climates,
Tree Physiol., 20, 859–867, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.13.859, 2000. a, b
Maire, V., Wright, I. J.,
Prentice, I. C., Batjes, N. H., Bhaskar, R., van Bodegom, P. M., Cornwell, W. K., Ellsworth, D.,
Niinemets, l., Ordonez, A., Reich, P. B., and Santiago, L. S.: Global effects of soil and climate
on leaf photosynthetic traits and rates, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 24, 706–717,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12296, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f
Manter, D. and Kavanagh, K.: Stomatal regulation in
Douglas fir following a fungal-mediated chronic reduction in leaf area, Trees, 17, 485–491,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0262-2, 2003. a
Manter, D., Bond,
B., Kavanagh, K., Rosso, P., and Filip, G.: Pseudothecia of Swiss needle cast fungus,
Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, physically block stomata of Douglas fir, reducing CO2
assimilation, New Phytol., 148, 481–491, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00779.x, 2000. a
Massman, W.: A review of the molecular diffusivities of
H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, O3, SO2, NH3,
N2O, NO, and NO2 in air, O2 and N2 near STP,
Atmos. Environ., 32, 1111–1127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00391-9, 1998. a
Matzner, S., Rice, K., and
Richards, J.: Patterns of stomatal conductance among blue oak (Quercus douglasii) size classes and
populations: Implications for seedling establishment, Tree Physiol., 23, 777–84,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.11.777, 2003. a, b
McCarty, G. and Bremner, J.: Regulation of
assimilatory nitrate reductase activity in soil by microbial assimilation of ammonium,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 453–456, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.2.453, 1992. a
Murray, M., Soh, W. K., Yiotis, C., Batke, S., Parnell, A. C.,
Spicer, R. A., Lawson, T., Caballero, R., Wright, I. J., Purcell, C., and McElwain, J. C.:
Convergence in Maximum Stomatal Conductance of C3 Woody Angiosperms in Natural Ecosystems Across
Bioclimatic Zones, Front. Plant Sci., 10, 558, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00558, 2019. a, b, c, d
Musselman, R. C. and Minnick, T. J.: Nocturnal
stomatal conductance and ambient air quality standards for ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 719–733,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00355-6, 2000. a
Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and
Park, T.: MCD15A2H MODIS/Terra+Aqua Leaf Area Index/FPAR 8-day L4 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 [Data
set], NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, available at: https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD15A2H.006 (last
access: 30 June 2020), 2015. a
Ng, N. L., Brown, S. S., Archibald,
A. T., Atlas, E., Cohen, R. C., Crowley, J. N., Day, D. A., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Fuchs, H.,
Griffin, R. J., Guzman, M. I., Herrmann, H., Hodzic, A., Iinuma, Y., Jimenez, J. L.,
Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lee, B. H., Luecken, D. J., Mao, J., McLaren, R., Mutzel, A., Osthoff, H. D.,
Ouyang, B., Picquet-Varrault, B., Platt, U., Pye, H. O. T., Rudich, Y., Schwantes, R. H.,
Shiraiwa, M., Stutz, J., Thornton, J. A., Tilgner, A., Williams, B. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Nitrate
radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017. a
Nunnermacker, L. J., Kleinman, L. I., Imre, D., Daum, P. H., Lee,
Y.-N., Lee, J. H., Springston, S. R., Newman, L., and Gillani, N.: NOy
lifetimes and O3 production efficiencies in urban and power plant plumes: Analysis of
field data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 9165–9176, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900753, 2000. a
Okano, K. and Totsuka, T.: Absorption of nitrogen
dioxide by sunflower plants grown at various levels of nitrate, New Phytol., 102, 551–562,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00831.x, 1986. a, b
Pape,
L., Ammann, C., Nyfeler-Brunner, A., Spirig, C., Hens, K., and Meixner, F. X.: An automated
dynamic chamber system for surface exchange measurement of non-reactive and reactive trace gases
of grassland ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 6, 405–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-405-2009, 2009. a, b
Park, J. Y. and Lee, Y. N.: Solubility and decomposition
kinetics of nitrous acid in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 6294–6302,
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100333a025, 1988. a
Perring, A. E., Wisthaler, A., Graus, M., Wooldridge, P. J.,
Lockwood, A. L., Mielke, L. H., Shepson, P. B., Hansel, A., and Cohen, R. C.: A product study of
the isoprene+NO3 reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4945–4956,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4945-2009, 2009. a, b
Pharis, R.: Comparative Drought Resistance of Five Conifers and
Foliage Moisture Content as a Viability Index, Ecology, 47, 211, https://doi.org/10.2307/1933767, 1966. a, b
Pietilainen, P. and Lahdesmaki, P.:
Effect of various concentrations of potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on nitrate reductase
activity in the roots and needles of Scots pine seedlings in N Finland, Ann. Bot. Fennici, 25,
201–206, 1988. a
Place, B. K., Delaria, E. R., Liu, A. X., and Cohen, R. C.: Leaf Stomatal Control over Acyl Peroxynitrate Dry Deposition to Trees,
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00152, 2020. a, b
Raivonen, M., Bonn, B., Sanz, M. J., Vesala, T., Kulmala, M., and Hari, P.: UV-induced NOy
emissions from Scots pine: Could they originate from photolysis of deposited HNO3?,
Atmos. Environ., 40, 6201–6213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.063, 2006. a
Ramge, P., Badeck,
F.-W., Plochl, M., and Kohlmaier, G. H.: Apoplastic antioxidants as decisive elimination factors
within the uptake process of nitrogen dioxide into leaf tissues, New Phytol., 125, 771–785,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03927.x, 1993. a
Rogers, H. H., Jeffries,
H. E., and Witherspoon, A. M.: Measuring Air Pollutant Uptake by Plants: Nitrogen Dioxide,
J. Environ. Qual., 8, 551–557, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800040022x, 1979. a
Romer, P. S., Duffey, K. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Allen, H. M., Ayres, B. R.,
Brown, S. S., Brune, W. H., Crounse, J. D., de Gouw, J., Draper, D. C., Feiner, P. A., Fry, J. L.,
Goldstein, A. H., Koss, A., Misztal, P. K., Nguyen, T. B., Olson, K., Teng, A. P., Wennberg,
P. O., Wild, R. J., Zhang, L., and Cohen, R. C.: The lifetime of nitrogen oxides in an
isoprene-dominated forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7623–7637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7623-2016,
2016. a
Romer, P. S., Duffey, K. C., Wooldridge,
P. J., Edgerton, E., Baumann, K., Feiner, P. A., Miller, D. O., Brune, W. H., Koss, A. R., de
Gouw, J. A., Misztal, P. K., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Effects of temperature-dependent
NOx emissions on continental ozone production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2601–2614,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2601-2018, 2018. a
Rondón, A. and Granat, L.: Studies on the dry
deposition of NO2 to coniferous species at low NO2 concentrations, Tellus B, 46, 339–352,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v46i5.15809, 1994. a
Russell, A. G., Cass, G. R.,
and Seinfeld, J. H.: On some aspects of nighttime atmospheric chemistry, Env. Sci. Technol., 20,
1167–1172, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00153a013, 1986. a
Sarjala, T.: Effect of mycorrhiza and nitrate nutrition on
nitrate reductase activity in Scots pine seedlings, Physiol. Plantarum, 81, 89–94,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb01718.x, 1991. a
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., and Eliceiri, K. W.: A
Preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured
quantities, Nat. Meth., 9, 671–675, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089, 2012. a
Sims, G. K., Ellsworth, T. R.,
and Mulvaney, R. L.: Microscale determination of inorganic nitrogen in water and soil extracts,
Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 26, 303–316, https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298, 1995. a
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O.,
Barker, D., Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the Advanced
Research WRF Version 3, Tech. rep., National Center for Atmospheric Res., Boulder, CO, https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH, 2008. a
Sparks, J., Monson, R.,
Sparks, K., and Lerdau, M.: Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest:
Implications for tropospheric chemistry, Oecologia, 127, 214–221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000594,
2001. a, b
Sparks, J. P., Roberts, J. M.,
and Monson, R. K.: The uptake of gaseous organic nitrogen by leaves: A significant global nitrogen
transfer process, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2189,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018578, 2003. a
Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Boersma, K. F., van der A, R. J., Kurokawa,
J., Ohara, T., and Zhang, Q.: Key chemical NOx sink uncertainties and how they
influence top-down emissions of nitrogen oxides, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9057–9082,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9057-2013, 2013. a
Sun, S., Moravek,
A., Trebs, I., Kesselmeier, J., and Sörgel, M.: Investigation of the influence of liquid surface
films on O3 and PAN deposition to plant leaves coated with organic/inorganic solution,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 14239–14256, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025519, 2016. a
Thornton, J. A.,
Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Atmospheric NO2: In Situ Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Detection at Parts per Trillion Mixing Ratios, Anal. Chem., 72, 528–539, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9908905,
2000. a
Tischner, R.: Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and
lower plants, Plant Cell Environ., 23, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00595.x, 2000. a
Turner, A. J., Köhler, P., Magney, T. S., Frankenberg, C., Fung, I., and Cohen, R. C.: A double
peak in the seasonality of California's photosynthesis as observed from space, Biogeosciences, 17,
405–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-405-2020, 2020. a
Turnipseed, A. A., Huey, L. G., Nemitz, E., Stickel, R.,
Higgs, J., Tanner, D. J., Slusher, D. L., Sparks, J. P., Flocke, F., and Guenther, A.: Eddy
covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous
forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D09304,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006631, 2006. a
Valin, L. C., Russell, A. R., and
Cohen, R. C.: Variations of OH radical in an urban plume inferred from NO2 column
measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1856–1860, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50267, 2013. a
von Caemmerer, S. and Farquhar,
G. D.: Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of
leaves, Planta, 153, 376–387, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384257, 1981. a, b
Wolfe, G. M., Thornton, J. A., Yatavelli, R. L. N., McKay, M., Goldstein,
A. H., LaFranchi, B., Min, K.-E., and Cohen, R. C.: Eddy covariance fluxes of acyl peroxy nitrates
(PAN, PPN and MPAN) above a Ponderosa pine forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 615–634,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-615-2009, 2009. a
Woodin, S., PRESS, M., and Lee, J.:
Nitrate reductase activity in Sphagnum fuscum in relation to atmospheric nitrate deposition, New
Phytol., 99, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03666.x, 2006. a
Yang, L., Jin, S., Danielson, P., Homer,
C., Gass, L., Bender, S. M., Case, A., Costello, C., Dewitz, J., Fry, J., Funk, M., Granneman, B.,
Liknes, G. C., Rigge, M., and Xian, G.: A new generation of the United States National Land Cover
Database: Requirements, research priorities, design, and implementation strategies, ISPRS
J. Photogramm. Remote S., 146, 108–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.09.006, 2018.
a
Zhang, L., Moran, M.,
Makar, P., Brook, J., and Gong, S.: Modelling gaseous dry deposition in AURAMS – A Unified
Regional Air-quality Modelling System, Atmos. Environ., 36, 537–560,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00447-2, 2002. a
Short summary
Observations of NO2 deposition to vegetation have been widely reported, but the magnitude and mechanism remain uncertain. We use laboratory measurements to study NO2 deposition to leaves of 10 native California tree species. We report important differences in the uptake rates between species and find that this process is primarily diffusion-regulated. We suggest that processes within leaves at a cellular level represent a negligible limitation to NO2 deposition at the canopy level.
Observations of NO2 deposition to vegetation have been widely reported, but the magnitude and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint