Articles | Volume 25, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Significant role of biomass burning in heavy haze formation in Nanjing, a megacity in China: molecular-level insights from intensive PM2.5 sampling on winter hazy days
Mingjie Kang
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Mengying Bao
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Huzhou Meteorological Administration, Huzhou, 313000, China
Wenhuai Song
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Aduburexiati Abulimiti
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Changliu Wu
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Fang Cao
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Sönke Szidat
Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Yanlin Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Atmospheric Environment Center, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation on Climate and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Related authors
Mingjie Kang, Hongliang Zhang, and Qi Ying
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11453–11467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impacts of reducing nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds on ozone (O3), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), and OH and NO3 radicals. The results show similar predictions for 8 h O3 but significant variability for SIA and radicals, with differences up to 30 % for SIA and 200 % for radicals across chemical mechanisms and inventories. The findings highlight that evaluating control strategies for SIA and atmospheric oxidation capacity requires an ensemble approach.
Hong Ren, Wei Hu, Lianfang Wei, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhao, Linjie Li, Libin Wu, Wanyu Zhao, Lujie Ren, Mingjie Kang, Qiaorong Xie, Sihui Su, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12949–12963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents vertical profiles of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the urban boundary layer based on a 325 m tower in Beijing in late summer. The increases in the isoprene and toluene SOAs with height were found to be more related to regional transport, whereas the decrease in those from monoterpenes and sesquiterpene were more subject to local emissions. Such complicated vertical distributions of SOA should be considered in future modeling work.
Rongshuang Xu, Yu-Chi Lin, Siyu Bian, Feng Xie, and Yan-Lin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12721–12735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12721-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12721-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Levels of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in a continental city and, for the first time, a marine atmosphere are reported. The effect of aerosol ionic strength (IS) on HMS formation was quantified; it first rises with increasing IS and then peaks at 4 mol kg−1 before declining. Given the IS range of marine (2–6) and urban (6–20 mol kg−1) aerosols and the clearly negative correlation between humidity and IS, moderate IS levels in humid conditions may notably boost ambient HMS formation.
Xueqin Zheng, Junwen Liu, Nima Chuduo, Bian Ba, Pengfei Yu, Phu Drolgar, Fang Cao, and Yanlin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12451–12465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12451-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12451-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the first report on the annual variation of stable oxygen isotope anomalies in nitrate (NO3−) collected from the urban area of Lhasa, on the Tibetan Plateau, China. Using a Bayesian isotope mixture model, we found that the relative contribution of the NO3 + volatile organic compound (VOC) pathway to NO3− formation in spring in Lhasa was several times higher than that in urban cities, highlighting the significant influence of VOCs transported from outside the Tibetan Plateau.
Mingjie Kang, Hongliang Zhang, and Qi Ying
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11453–11467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impacts of reducing nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds on ozone (O3), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), and OH and NO3 radicals. The results show similar predictions for 8 h O3 but significant variability for SIA and radicals, with differences up to 30 % for SIA and 200 % for radicals across chemical mechanisms and inventories. The findings highlight that evaluating control strategies for SIA and atmospheric oxidation capacity requires an ensemble approach.
Abudurexiati Abulimiti, Yanlin Zhang, Mingyuan Yu, Yihang Hong, Yu-Chi Lin, Chaman Gul, and Fang Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6161–6178, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6161-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6161-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To improve air quality, the Chinese government has implemented strict clean-air measures. We explored how black carbon (BC) responded to these measures and found that a reduction in liquid fuel use was the main factor driving a decrease in BC levels. Additionally, meteorological factors also played a significant role in the long-term trends of BC. These factors should be considered in future emission reduction policies to further enhance air quality improvements.
Giulia Zazzeri, Lukas Wacker, Negar Haghipour, Philip Gautschi, Thomas Laemmel, Sönke Szidat, and Heather Graven
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 319–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-319-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-319-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon (14C) is an optimal tracer of methane (CH4) emissions, as 14C measurements enable distinguishing between fossil methane and biogenic methane. However, these measurements are particularly challenging, mainly due to technical difficulties in the sampling procedure. We made the sample extraction much simpler and time efficient, providing a new technology that can be used by any research group, with the goal of expanding 14C measurements for an improved understanding of methane sources.
Sarah Ann Rowan, Marc Luetscher, Thomas Laemmel, Anna Harrison, Sönke Szidat, and Franziska A. Lechleitner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3775, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored CO2 from soil to subsurface at Milandre cave, finding very high concentrations at all depths. While forest soils produced modern CO2 year-round, cave and meadow soil CO2 influences varies with temperature controlled cave ventilation, with older CO2 input in winter from old organic matter stored underground. These findings show that CO2 fluxes in karst systems are highly dynamic, and a better understanding of them is important for accurate carbon cycle modelling.
Tong Sha, Siyu Yang, Qingcai Chen, Liangqing Li, Xiaoyan Ma, Yan-Lin Zhang, Zhaozhong Feng, K. Folkert Boersma, and Jun Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8441–8455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using an updated soil reactive nitrogen emission scheme in the Unified Inputs for Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry (UI-WRF-Chem) model, we investigate the role of soil NO and HONO (Nr) emissions in air quality and temperature in North China. Contributions of soil Nr emissions to O3 and secondary pollutants are revealed, exceeding effects of soil NOx or HONO emission. Soil Nr emissions play an important role in mitigating O3 pollution and addressing climate change.
Karl Espen Yttri, Are Bäcklund, Franz Conen, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Avram Gold, Hans Gundersen, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Stephen Matthew Platt, David Simpson, Jason D. Surratt, Sönke Szidat, Martin Rauber, Kjetil Tørseth, Martin Album Ytre-Eide, Zhenfa Zhang, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2731–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss carbonaceous aerosol (CA) observed at the high Arctic Zeppelin Observatory (2017 to 2020). We find that organic aerosol is a significant fraction of the Arctic aerosol, though less than sea salt aerosol and mineral dust, as well as non-sea-salt sulfate, originating mainly from anthropogenic sources in winter and from natural sources in summer, emphasizing the importance of wildfires for biogenic secondary organic aerosol and primary biological aerosol particles observed in the Arctic.
Sudip Acharya, Maximilian Prochnow, Thomas Kasper, Linda Langhans, Peter Frenzel, Paul Strobel, Marcel Bliedtner, Gerhard Daut, Christopher Berndt, Sönke Szidat, Gary Salazar, Antje Schwalb, and Roland Zech
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 72, 219–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-219-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-72-219-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a palaeoenvironmental record from Lake Höglwörth, Bavaria, Germany. Before 870 CE peat deposits existed. Erosion increased from 1240 to 1380 CE, followed by aquatic productivity and anoxia from 1310 to 1470 CE. Increased allochthonous input and a substantial shift in the aquatic community in 1701 were caused by construction of a mill. Recent anoxia has been observed since the 1960s.
Mengying Bao, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Yihang Hong, Yu-Chi Lin, Mingyuan Yu, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Rongshuang Xu, and Xiaoying Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8305–8324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction between the sources and molecular compositions of humic-like substances (HULIS) at Nanjing, China, was explored. Significant fossil fuel source contributions to HULIS were found in the 14C results from biomass burnng and traffic emissions. Increasing biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products and anthropogenic aromatic compounds were detected in summer and winter, respectively.
Martin Rauber, Gary Salazar, Karl Espen Yttri, and Sönke Szidat
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 825–844, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon-containing aerosols from ambient air are analysed for radioactive isotope radiocarbon to determine the contribution from fossil-fuel emissions. Light-absorbing soot-like aerosols are isolated by water extraction and thermal separation. This separation is affected by artefacts, for which we developed a new correction method. The investigation of aerosols from the Arctic shows that our approach works well for such samples, where many artefacts are expected.
Hao-Ran Yu, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Xiao-Ying Yang, Tian Xie, Yu-Xian Zhang, and Yongwen Xue
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-239, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-239, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high time resolution method for determining the δ13C values of WSOCp and WSOCg by combination of wet oxidation pretreatment and IRMS. With improvement of oxidation method and determination method, δ13C value of liquid sample with a carbon content between 0.5 to 5 μg can be determined with an accuracy of 0.6 ‰. Using this method, the δ13C value of WSOCp and WSOCg in winter of 2021 at an urban site of Nanjing were determined, which were -25.9 ± 0.7 ‰ and -29.9 ± 0.9 ‰ respectively.
Jiyan Wu, Chi Yang, Chunyan Zhang, Fang Cao, Aiping Wu, and Yanlin Zhang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2623–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2623-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2623-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduced an online method to simultaneously determine the content of inorganic salt ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PM2.5 hour by hour. We verified the accuracy and precision of the instrument. And we got the daily changes in ROS and the main sources that affect ROS. This breakthrough enables the quantitative assessment of atmospheric particulate matter ROS at the diurnal scale, providing an effective tool to study sources and environmental impacts of ROS.
Md. Mozammel Haque, Yanlin Zhang, Srinivas Bikkina, Meehye Lee, and Kimitaka Kawamura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1373–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We attempt to understand the current state of East Asian organic aerosols with both the molecular marker approach and 14° C data of carbonaceous components. A significant positive correlation of nonfossil- and fossil-derived organic carbon with levoglucosan suggests the importance of biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion sources in the East Asian outflow. Thus, attribution of ambient levoglucosan levels over the western North Pacific to the impact of BB emission may cause large uncertainty.
Ahsan Mozaffar, Yan-Lin Zhang, Yu-Chi Lin, Feng Xie, Mei-Yi Fan, and Fang Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18087–18099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a long-term investigation of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an industrial area in Nanjing, China. Followed by alkanes, halocarbons and aromatics were the most abundant VOC groups. Vehicle-related emissions were the major VOC sources in the study area. Aromatic and alkene VOCs were responsible for most of the atmospheric reactions.
Hong Ren, Wei Hu, Lianfang Wei, Siyao Yue, Jian Zhao, Linjie Li, Libin Wu, Wanyu Zhao, Lujie Ren, Mingjie Kang, Qiaorong Xie, Sihui Su, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12949–12963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents vertical profiles of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the urban boundary layer based on a 325 m tower in Beijing in late summer. The increases in the isoprene and toluene SOAs with height were found to be more related to regional transport, whereas the decrease in those from monoterpenes and sesquiterpene were more subject to local emissions. Such complicated vertical distributions of SOA should be considered in future modeling work.
Vaios Moschos, Martin Gysel-Beer, Robin L. Modini, Joel C. Corbin, Dario Massabò, Camilla Costa, Silvia G. Danelli, Athanasia Vlachou, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Sönke Szidat, Paolo Prati, André S. H. Prévôt, Urs Baltensperger, and Imad El Haddad
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12809–12833, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a holistic approach to studying the spectrally resolved light absorption by atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) and black carbon using long time series of daily samples from filter-based measurements. The obtained results provide (1) a better understanding of the aerosol absorption profile and its dependence on BrC and on lensing from less absorbing coatings and (2) an estimation of the most important absorbers at typical European locations.
Paul Strobel, Marcel Bliedtner, Andrew S. Carr, Peter Frenzel, Björn Klaes, Gary Salazar, Julian Struck, Sönke Szidat, Roland Zech, and Torsten Haberzettl
Clim. Past, 17, 1567–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1567-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1567-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a multi-proxy record from Lake Voёlvlei and provides new insights into the sea level and paleoclimate history of the past 8.5 ka at South Africa’s southern Cape coast. Our results show that sea level changes at the southern coast are in good agreement with the western coast of South Africa. In terms of climate our record provides valuable insights into changing sources of precipitation at the southern Cape coast, i.e. westerly- and easterly-derived precipitation contribution.
Michael Zech, Marcel Lerch, Marcel Bliedtner, Tobias Bromm, Fabian Seemann, Sönke Szidat, Gary Salazar, Roland Zech, Bruno Glaser, Jean Nicolas Haas, Dieter Schäfer, and Clemens Geitner
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 70, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-171-2021, 2021
Mengying Bao, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Yu-Chi Lin, Yuhang Wang, Xiaoyan Liu, Wenqi Zhang, Meiyi Fan, Feng Xie, Robert Cary, Joshua Dixon, and Lihua Zhou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4053–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a two-wavelength method for brown C measurements with a modified Sunset carbon analyzer. We defined the enhanced concentrations and gave the possibility of providing an indicator of brown C. Compared with the strong local sources of organic and elemental C, we found that differences in EC mainly originated from regional transport. Biomass burning emissions significantly contributed to high differences in EC concentrations during the heavy biomass burning periods.
Siqi Hou, Di Liu, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Xuefang Wu, Deepchandra Srivastava, Pingqing Fu, Linjie Li, Yele Sun, Athanasia Vlachou, Vaios Moschos, Gary Salazar, Sönke Szidat, André S. H. Prévôt, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8273–8292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a newly developed method which combines radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to enable source apportionment of primary and secondary fossil vs. non-fossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols at an urban and a rural site of Beijing. The source apportionment results were compared with those by chemical mass balance and AMS/ACSM-PMF methods. Correlations of WINSOC and WSOC with different sources of OC were also performed to elucidate the formation mechanisms of SOC.
Yunhua Chang, Yan-Lin Zhang, Sawaeng Kawichai, Qian Wang, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, Tippawan Prapamontol, and Moritz F. Lehmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7187–7198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we integrated satellite constraints on atmospheric NH3 levels and fire intensity, discrete NH3 concentration measurement, and N isotopic analysis of NH3 in order to assess the regional-scale contribution of biomass burning to ambient atmospheric NH3 in the heartland of Southeast Asia. The combined approach provides a valuable cross-validation framework for source apportioning of NH3 in the lower atmosphere and will thus help to ameliorate predictions of biomass burning emissions.
Qingcai Chen, Haoyao Sun, Wenhuai Song, Fang Cao, Chongguo Tian, and Yan-Lin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14407–14417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study found environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are widely present in atmospheric particles of different particle sizes and exhibit significant particle size distribution characteristics. EPFR concentrations are higher in coarse particles than in fine particles in summer and vice versa in winter. The potential toxicity caused by EPFRs may also vary with particle size and season. Combustion is the most important source of EPFRs (>70 %).
Cited articles
Alexeeff, S. E., Deosaransingh, K., Van Den Eeden, S., Schwartz, J., Liao, N. S., and Sidney, S.: Association of Long-term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution With Cardiovascular Events in California, JAMA Network Open, 6, e230561, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0561, 2023.
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001.
Anon: Biomass burning – a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion, Appl. Geochem., 17, 129–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00061-0, 2002.
Bao, M., Zhang, Y.-L., Cao, F., Lin, Y.-C., Hong, Y., Fan, M., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., and Xie, F.: Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Nanjing, China, Environ. Res., 206, 112554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554, 2022.
Bao, M., Zhang, Y.-L., Cao, F., Hong, Y., Lin, Y.-C., Yu, M., Jiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xu, R., and Yang, X.: Impact of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources on the molecular compositions of water-soluble humic-like substances in PM2.5 at a suburban site of Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8305–8324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, 2023.
Bauer, H., Claeys, M., Vermeylen, R., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., and Puxbaum, H.: Arabitol and mannitol as tracers for the quantification of airborne fungal spores, Atmos. Environ., 42, 588–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.013, 2008a.
Bauer, H., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., Hitzenberger, R., Marr, I. L., and Puxbaum, H.: Significant contributions of fungal spores to the organic carbon and to the aerosol mass balance of the urban atmospheric aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5542–5549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.019, 2008b.
Bhattu, D., Tripathi, S. N., Bhowmik, H. S., Moschos, V., Lee, C. P., Rauber, M., Salazar, G., Abbaszade, G., Cui, T., Slowik, J. G., Vats, P., Mishra, S., Lalchandani, V., Satish, R., Rai, P., Casotto, R., Tobler, A., Kumar, V., Hao, Y., Qi, L., Khare, P., Manousakas, M. I., Wang, Q., Han, Y., Tian, J., Darfeuil, S., Minguillon, M. C., Hueglin, C., Conil, S., Rastogi, N., Srivastava, A. K., Ganguly, D., Bjelic, S., Canonaco, F., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Dominutti, P. A., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Szidat, S., Chen, Y., Cao, J., Baltensperger, U., Uzu, G., Daellenbach, K. R., El Haddad, I., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Local incomplete combustion emissions define the PM2.5 oxidative potential in Northern India, Nat. Commun., 15, 3517, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47785-5, 2024.
Bian, Y. X., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., Chen, J., and Xu, W. Y.: A study of aerosol liquid water content based on hygroscopicity measurements at high relative humidity in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6417–6426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6417-2014, 2014.
Boreddy, S. K. R., Haque, M. M., and Kawamura, K.: Long-term (2001–2012) trends of carbonaceous aerosols from a remote island in the western North Pacific: an outflow region of Asian pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1291–1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1291-2018, 2018.
Chameides, W. L., Lindsay, R. W., Richardson, J., and Kiang, C. S.: The Role of Biogenic Hydrocarbons in Urban Photochemical Smog: Atlanta as a Case Study, Science, 241, 1473–1475, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3420404, 1988.
Chang, D., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Dai, J., Fu, X., Guo, J., Zhu, L., Pu, D., Cuevas, C. A., Fernandez, R. P., Wang, W., Ge, M., Fung, J. C. H., Lau, A. K. H., Granier, C., Brasseur, G., Pozzer, A., Saiz-Lopez, A., Song, Y., and Wang, T.: Significant chlorine emissions from biomass burning affect the long-term atmospheric chemistry in Asia, Nat. Sci. Rev., 11, nwae285, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae285, 2024.
Chang, X., Wang, S., Zhao, B., Xing, J., Liu, X., Wei, L., Song, Y., Wu, W., Cai, S., Zheng, H., Ding, D., and Zheng, M.: Contributions of inter-city and regional transport to PM2.5 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its implications on regional joint air pollution control, Sci. Total Environ., 660, 1191–1200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.474, 2019.
Chen, D., Liu, X., Lang, J., Zhou, Y., Wei, L., Wang, X., and Guo, X.: Estimating the contribution of regional transport to PM2.5 air pollution in a rural area on the North China Plain, Sci. Total Environ., 583, 280–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.066, 2017a.
Chen, J., Li, C., Ristovski, Z., Milic, A., Gu, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, S., Hao, J., Zhang, H., He, C., Guo, H., Fu, H., Miljevic, B., Morawska, L., Thai, P., Lam, Y. F., Pereira, G., Ding, A., Huang, X., and Dumka, U. C.: A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1000–1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025, 2017b.
Chen, R., Jiang, Y., Hu, J., Chen, H., Li, H., Meng, X., Ji, J. S., Gao, Y., Wang, W., Liu, C., Fang, W., Yan, H., Chen, J., Wang, W., Xiang, D., Su, X., Yu, B., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, L., Li, C., Chen, Y., Bell, M. L., Cohen, A. J., Ge, J., Huo, Y., and Kan, H.: Hourly Air Pollutants and Acute Coronary Syndrome Onset in 1.29 Million Patients, Circulation, 145, 1749–1760, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057179, 2022.
Cheng, Y., Engling, G., He, K.-B., Duan, F.-K., Ma, Y.-L., Du, Z.-Y., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, M., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7765–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7765-2013, 2013.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Zheng, B., Wang, Z., Gao, M., Zhang, Q., He, K., Carmichael, G., Pöschl, U., and Su, H.: Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601530, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601530, 2016.
Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols Through Photooxidation of Isoprene, Science, 303, 1173–1176, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092805, 2004.
Claeys, M., Szmigielski, R., Kourtchev, I., Van der Veken, P., Vermeylen, R., Maenhaut, W., Jaoui, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., and Edney, E. O.: Hydroxydicarboxylic Acids: Markers for Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Photooxidation of á-Pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1628–1634, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0620181, 2007.
Ding, X., Zhang, Y.-Q., He, Q.-F., Yu, Q.-Q., Wang, J.-Q., Shen, R.-Q., Song, W., Wang, Y.-S., and Wang, X.-M.: Significant Increase of Aromatics-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol during Fall to Winter in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7432–7441, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06408, 2017.
Duhl, T. R., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review, Biogeosciences, 5, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-761-2008, 2008.
Elias, V. O., Simoneit, B. R. T., Cordeiro, R. C., and Turcq, B.: Evaluating levoglucosan as an indicator of biomass burning in Carajás, amazônia: a comparison to the charcoal record2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 267–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00522-6, 2001.
Fan, M.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-C., Cao, F., Zhao, Z.-Y., Sun, Y., Qiu, Y., Fu, P., and Wang, Y.: Changes of Emission Sources to Nitrate Aerosols in Beijing After the Clean Air Actions: Evidence From Dual Isotope Compositions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031998, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031998, 2020.
Fan, M.-Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y.-L., Li, J., Fang, H., Cao, F., Yan, M., Hong, Y., Guo, H., and Michalski, G.: Formation Mechanisms and Source Apportionments of Nitrate Aerosols in a Megacity of Eastern China Based On Multiple Isotope Observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD038129, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038129, 2023.
Fine, P. M., Chakrabarti, B., Krudysz, M., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C.: Diurnal Variations of Individual Organic Compound Constituents of Ultrafine and Accumulation Mode Particulate Matter in the Los Angeles Basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1296–1304, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0348389, 2004.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Okuzawa, K., Aggarwal, S. G., Wang, G., Kanaya, Y., and Wang, Z.: Organic molecular compositions and temporal variations of summertime mountain aerosols over Mt. Tai, North China Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D19107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009900, 2008.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Kanaya, Y., and Wang, Z.: Contributions of biogenic volatile organic compounds to the formation of secondary organic aerosols over Mt. Tai, Central East China, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4817–4826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.040, 2010.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Kobayashi, M., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Seasonal variations of sugars in atmospheric particulate matter from Gosan, Jeju Island: Significant contributions of airborne pollen and Asian dust in spring, Atmos. Environ., 55, 234–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.061, 2012.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., and Miyazaki, Y.: Secondary production of organic aerosols from biogenic VOCs over Mt. Fuji, Japan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 8491–8497, 2014.
Fu, P., Zhuang, G., Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, J., Ren, L., Yang, F., Wang, Z., Pan, X., Li, X., and Kawamura, K.: Molecular markers of biomass burning, fungal spores and biogenic SOA in the Taklimakan desert aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 130, 64–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.087, 2016.
Gelencsér, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sánchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.
Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Sandrini, S., Costabile, F., Gobbi, G. P., Pietrogrande, M. C., Visentin, M., Scotto, F., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10013–10018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602212113, 2016.
Graham, B., Guyon, P., Taylor, P. E., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Glovsky, M. M., Flagan, R. C., and Andreae, M. O.: Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4766, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003990, 2003.
Griffin, R. J., Cocker III, D. R., Seinfeld, J. H., and Dabdub, D.: Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2721–2724, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900476, 1999.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
Ho, K. F., Huang, R.-J., Kawamura, K., Tachibana, E., Lee, S. C., Ho, S. S. H., Zhu, T., and Tian, L.: Dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, fatty acids and benzoic acid in PM2.5 aerosol collected during CAREBeijing-2007: an effect of traffic restriction on air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3111–3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3111-2015, 2015.
Holden, A. S., Sullivan, A. P., Munchak, L. A., Kreidenweis, S. M., Schichtel, B. A., Malm, W. C., and Collett, J. L.: Determining contributions of biomass burning and other sources to fine particle contemporary carbon in the western United States, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1986–1993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.021, 2011.
Huang, R.-J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P., Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G., Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., Haddad, I. E., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774, 2014.
Huang, X., Ding, A., Wang, Z., Ding, K., Gao, J., Chai, F., and Fu, C.: Amplified transboundary transport of haze by aerosol–boundary layer interaction in China, Nat. Geosci., 13, 428–434, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0583-4, 2020a.
Huang, X., Ding, A., Gao, J., Zheng, B., Zhou, D., Qi, X., Tang, R., Wang, J., Ren, C., Nie, W., Chi, X., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Li, Y., Che, F., Pang, N., Wang, H., Tong, D., Qin, W., Cheng, W., Liu, W., Fu, Q., Liu, B., Chai, F., Davis, S. J., Zhang, Q., and He, K.: Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction of primary emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China, Nat. Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa137, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa137, 2020b.
Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Offenberg, J. H., and Edney, E. O.: β-caryophyllinic acid: An atmospheric tracer for β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05816, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028827, 2007.
Ji, D., Gao, W., Maenhaut, W., He, J., Wang, Z., Li, J., Du, W., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Xin, J., Hu, B., and Wang, Y.: Impact of air pollution control measures and regional transport on carbonaceous aerosols in fine particulate matter in urban Beijing, China: insights gained from long-term measurement, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8569–8590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8569-2019, 2019.
Jia, Y. and Fraser, M.: Characterization of Saccharides in Size-fractionated Ambient Particulate Matter and Aerosol Sources: The Contribution of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs) and Soil to Ambient Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 930–936, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103104e, 2011.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., E., Dunlea, J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005.
Kang, M., Fu, P., Aggarwal, S. G., Kumar, S., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y., and Wang, Z.: Size distributions of n-alkanes, fatty acids and fatty alcohols in springtime aerosols from New Delhi, India, Environ. Pollut., 219, 957–966, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.077, 2016.
Kang, M., Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Yang, F., Zhang, H., Zang, Z., Ren, H., Ren, L., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y., and Wang, Z.: Characterization of biogenic primary and secondary organic aerosols in the marine atmosphere over the East China Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13947–13967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13947-2018, 2018a.
Kang, M., Ren, L., Ren, H., Zhao, Y., Kawamura, K., Zhang, H., Wei, L., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., and Fu, P.: Primary biogenic and anthropogenic sources of organic aerosols in Beijing, China: Insights from saccharides and n-alkanes, Environ. Pollut., 243, 1579–1587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.118, 2018b.
Kang, M., Guo, H., Wang, P., Fu, P., Ying, Q., Liu, H., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, H.: Characterization and source apportionment of marine aerosols over the East China Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 651, 2679–2688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.174, 2019.
Kang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., and Ying, Q.: On the Relevancy of Observed Ozone Increase during COVID-19 Lockdown to Summertime Ozone and PM2.5 Control Policies in China, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 8, 289–294, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00036, 2021.
Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01091, 2002.
Kawamura, K. and Sakaguchi, F.: Molecular distributions of water soluble dicarboxylic acids in marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean including tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 3501–3509, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100041, 1999.
Kawana, K., Miyazaki, Y., Omori, Y., Tanimoto, H., Kagami, S., Suzuki, K., Yamashita, Y., Nishioka, J., Deng, Y., Yai, H., and Mochida, M.: Number-Size Distribution and CCN Activity of Atmospheric Aerosols in the Western North Pacific During Spring Pre-Bloom Period: Influences of Terrestrial and Marine Sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036690, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036690, 2022.
Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Lewis, C. W., Bhave, P. V., and Edney, E. O.: Estimates of the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons to secondary organic aerosol at a southeastern US location, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8288–8300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.045, 2007.
Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., and Docherty, K. S.: The formation of SOA and chemical tracer compounds from the photooxidation of naphthalene and its methyl analogs in the presence and absence of nitrogen oxides, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8711–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8711-2012, 2012.
Le, T., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yang, J., Yung, Y. L., Li, G., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Unexpected air pollution with marked emission reductions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China, Science, 369, 702–706, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7431, 2020.
Li, B., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Yuan, S., Zhao, Q., Shen, G., and Wu, H.: Seasonal variation of urban carbonaceous aerosols in a typical city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 106, 223–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.064, 2015.
Li, C., Bosch, C., Kang, S., Andersson, A., Chen, P., Zhang, Q., Cong, Z., Chen, B., Qin, D., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Sources of black carbon to the Himalayan–Tibetan Plateau glaciers, Nat. Commun., 7, 12574, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12574, 2016a.
Li, F., Tsona, N. T., Li, J., and Du, L.: Aqueous-phase oxidation of syringic acid emitted from biomass burning: Formation of light-absorbing compounds, Sci. Total Environ., 765, 144239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144239, 2021a.
Li, H., Wang, Q., Yang, M., Li, F., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Wu, H., and Qian, X.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China, Atmos. Res., 181, 288–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.005, 2016b.
Li, J. J., Wang, G. H., Cao, J. J., Wang, X. M., and Zhang, R. J.: Observation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere of a mountain site in central China: temperature and relative humidity effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11535–11549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11535-2013, 2013.
Li, K., Zhang, J., Bell, D. M., Wang, T., Lamkaddam, H., Cui, T., Qi, L., Surdu, M., Wang, D., Du, L., El Haddad, I., Slowik, J. G., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Uncovering the dominant contribution of intermediate volatility compounds in secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass-burning emissions, Nat. Sci. Rev., 11, nwae014, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae014, 2024.
Li, L., Ren, L., Ren, H., Yue, S., Xie, Q., Zhao, W., Kang, M., Li, J., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., and Fu, P.: Molecular Characterization and Seasonal Variation in Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 12394–12412, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028527, 2018.
Li, X.-B., Yuan, B., Wang, S., Wang, C., Lan, J., Liu, Z., Song, Y., He, X., Huangfu, Y., Pei, C., Cheng, P., Yang, S., Qi, J., Wu, C., Huang, S., You, Y., Chang, M., Zheng, H., Yang, W., Wang, X., and Shao, M.: Variations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban region: insights from measurements on a tall tower, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10567–10587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10567-2022, 2022.
Li, Y., Fu, T.-M., Yu, J. Z., Feng, X., Zhang, L., Chen, J., Boreddy, S. K. R., Kawamura, K., Fu, P., Yang, X., Zhu, L., and Zeng, Z.: Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 5525–5536, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07313, 2021b.
Li, Y. J., Huang, D. D., Cheung, H. Y., Lee, A. K. Y., and Chan, C. K.: Aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation and direct photolysis of vanillin – a model compound of methoxy phenols from biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2871–2885, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2871-2014, 2014.
Lim, C. Y., Hagan, D. H., Coggon, M. M., Koss, A. R., Sekimoto, K., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Cappa, C. D., and Kroll, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from the laboratory oxidation of biomass burning emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12797–12809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12797-2019, 2019.
Lin, Y.-C., Zhang, Y.-L., Fan, M.-Y., and Bao, M.: Heterogeneous formation of particulate nitrate under ammonium-rich regimes during the high-PM2.5 events in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3999–4011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3999-2020, 2020.
Lin, Y.-C., Fan, M.-Y., Hong, Y., Yu, M., Cao, F., and Zhang, Y.-L.: Important contributions of natural gas combustion to atmospheric nitrate aerosols in China: Insights from stable nitrogen isotopes, Sci. Bull., 69, 3001–3004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2024.06.038, 2024.
Lin, Y.-H., Zhang, H., Pye, H. O. T., Zhang, Z., Marth, W. J., Park, S., Arashiro, M., Cui, T., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Sexton, K. G., Vizuete, W., Xie, Y., Luecken, D. J., Piletic, I. R., Edney, E. O., Bartolotti, L. J., Gold, A., and Surratt, J. D.: Epoxide as a precursor to secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxides, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 6718–6723, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221150110, 2013a.
Lin, Y.-H., Knipping, E. M., Edgerton, E. S., Shaw, S. L., and Surratt, J. D.: Investigating the influences of SO2 and NH3 levels on isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol formation using conditional sampling approaches, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8457–8470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8457-2013, 2013b.
Liu, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Ding, P., Shen, C., Chen, Y., Tian, C., and Zhang, G.: The Use of Levoglucosan and Radiocarbon for Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Carbonaceous Aerosols at a Background Site in East China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10454–10461, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401250k, 2013.
Liu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Ding, P., Shen, C., Shen, K., He, Q., Ding, X., Wang, X., Chen, D., Szidat, S., and Zhang, G.: Source Apportionment Using Radiocarbon and Organic Tracers for PM2.5 Carbonaceous Aerosols in Guangzhou, South China: Contrasting Local- and Regional-Scale Haze Events, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12002–12011, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503102w, 2014.
Liu, J., Li, J., Liu, D., Ding, P., Shen, C., Mo, Y., Wang, X., Luo, C., Cheng, Z., Szidat, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., and Zhang, G.: Source apportionment and dynamic changes of carbonaceous aerosols during the haze bloom-decay process in China based on radiocarbon and organic molecular tracers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2985–2996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2985-2016, 2016.
Lu, K., Guo, S., Tan, Z., Wang, H., Shang, D., Liu, Y., Li, X., Wu, Z., Hu, M., and Zhang, Y.: Exploring atmospheric free-radical chemistry in China: the self-cleansing capacity and the formation of secondary air pollution, Nat. Sci. Rev., 6, 579–594, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy073, 2019.
Medeiros, P. M., Conte, M. H., Weber, J. C., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sugars as source indicators of biogenic organic carbon in aerosols collected above the Howland Experimental Forest, Maine, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1694–1705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.001, 2006.
Mochida, M., Kawamura, K., Fu, P., and Takemura, T.: Seasonal variation of levoglucosan in aerosols over the western North Pacific and its assessment as a biomass-burning tracer, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3511–3518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.017, 2010.
Morris, C. E., Sands, D. C., Bardin, M., Jaenicke, R., Vogel, B., Leyronas, C., Ariya, P. A., and Psenner, R.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: research challenges concerning the impact of airborne micro-organisms on the atmosphere and climate, Biogeosciences, 8, 17–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-17-2011, 2011.
Mozaffar, A., Zhang, Y.-L., Fan, M., Cao, F., and Lin, Y.-C.: Characteristics of summertime ambient VOCs and their contributions to O3 and SOA formation in a suburban area of Nanjing, China, Atmos. Res., 240, 104923, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104923, 2020.
Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thurston, G. D., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., and Godleski, J. J.: Cardiovascular Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution, Circulation, 109, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F, 2004.
Pöschl, U., Martin, S. T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S. S., Huffman, J. A., Borrmann, S., Farmer, D. K., Garland, R. M., Helas, G., Jimenez, J. L., King, S. M., Manzi, A., Mikhailov, E., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M. D., Prenni, A. J., Roldin, P., Rose, D., Schneider, J., Su, H., Zorn, S. R., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon, Science, 329, 1513–1516, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1191056, 2010.
Puxbaum, H. and Tenze-Kunit, M.: Size distribution and seasonal variation of atmospheric cellulose, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3693–3699, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00451-5, 2003.
Ram, K., Sarin, M. M., and Hegde, P.: Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11791–11803, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11791-2010, 2010.
Ren, G., Yan, X., Ma, Y., Qiao, L., Chen, Z., Xin, Y., Zhou, M., Shi, Y., Zheng, K., Zhu, S., Huang, C., and Li, L.: Characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5-bound saccharides and carboxylic acids in Central Shanghai, China, Atmos. Res., 237, 104817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104817, 2020.
Rivellini, L.-H., Jorga, S., Wang, Y., Lee, A. K. Y., Murphy, J. G., Chan, A. W., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Sources of Wintertime Atmospheric Organic Pollutants in a Large Canadian City: Insights from Particle and Gas Phase Measurements, ACS EST Air, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00039, 2024.
Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636–651, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007, 1993.
Rogge, W. F., Medeiros, P. M., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Organic marker compounds in surface soils of crop fields from the San Joaquin Valley fugitive dust characterization study, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8183–8204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.030, 2007.
Shah, V., Keller, C. A., Knowland, K. E., Christiansen, A., Hu, L., Wang, H., Lu, X., Alexander, B., and Jacob, D. J.: Particulate Nitrate Photolysis as a Possible Driver of Rising Tropospheric Ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107980, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107980, 2024.
Sharkey, T. D., Wiberley, A. E., and Donohue, A. R.: Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How, Ann. Bot., 101, 5–18, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm240, 2008.
Simoneit, B. R. T.: Biomass burning – a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion, Appl. Geochem., 17, 129–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00061-0, 2002.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Kobayashi, M., Mochida, M., Kawamura, K., and Huebert, B. J.: Aerosol particles collected on aircraft flights over the northwestern Pacific region during the ACE-Asia campaign: Composition and major sources of the organic compounds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D19S09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004565, 2004a.
Simoneit, B. R. T., Elias, V. O., Kobayashi, M., Kawamura, K., Rushdi, A. I., Medeiros, P. M., Rogge, W. F., and Didyk, B. M.: SugarsDominant Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Soils and Characterization as Tracers in Atmospheric Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5939–5949, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0403099, 2004b.
Sindelarova, K., Granier, C., Bouarar, I., Guenther, A., Tilmes, S., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., and Knorr, W.: Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9317–9341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014, 2014.
Song, W., Zhang, Y.-L., Zhang, Y., Cao, F., Rauber, M., Salazar, G., Kawichai, S., Prapamontol, T., and Szidat, S.: Is biomass burning always a dominant contributor of fine aerosols in upper northern Thailand?, Environ. Int., 168, 107466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107466, 2022.
Srivastava, D., Vu, T. V., Tong, S., Shi, Z., and Harrison, R. M.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic precursors in laboratory studies, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 5, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00238-6, 2022.
Suh, I., Zhang, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Oxidation Mechanism of Aromatic Peroxy and Bicyclic Radicals from OH-Toluene Reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 12655–12665, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0350280, 2003.
Sullivan, A. P., Holden, A. S., Patterson, L. A., McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Malm, W. C., Hao, W. M., Wold, C. E., and Collett Jr., J. L.: A method for smoke marker measurements and its potential application for determining the contribution of biomass burning from wildfires and prescribed fires to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D22302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010216, 2008.
Sun, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., Fu, P., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin, Y.: Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021641, 2014.
Surratt, J. D., Murphy, S. M., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Hildebrandt, L., Sorooshian, A., Szmigielski, R., Vermeylen, R., Maenhaut, W., Claeys, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemical Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed from the Photooxidation of Isoprene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 9665–9690, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp061734m, 2006.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L., Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H.-J.: Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602–610, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820119445, 2001.
Urban, R. C., Lima-Souza, M., Caetano-Silva, L., Queiroz, M. E. C., Nogueira, R. F. P., Allen, A. G., Cardoso, A. A., Held, G., and Campos, M. L. A. M.: Use of levoglucosan, potassium, and water-soluble organic carbon to characterize the origins of biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 61, 562–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.082, 2012.
Virkkula, A., Teinilä, K., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Viidanoja, J., Paatero, J., Koponen, I. K., and Kulmala, M.: Chemical composition of boundary layer aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean and at an Antarctic site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3407–3421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3407-2006, 2006.
Wang, G., Kawamura, K., Lee, S., Ho, K., and Cao, J.: Molecular, Seasonal, and Spatial Distributions of Organic Aerosols from Fourteen Chinese Cities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4619–4625, https://doi.org/10.1021/es060291x, 2006.
Wang, L., Li, Q., Qiu, Q., Hou, L., Ouyang, J., Zeng, R., Huang, S., Li, J., Tang, L., and Liu, Y.: Assessing the ecological risk induced by PM2.5 pollution in a fast developing urban agglomeration of southeastern China, J. Environ. Manage., 324, 116284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116284, 2022.
Wang, P., Chen, K., Zhu, S., Wang, P., and Zhang, H.: Severe air pollution events not avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak, Resour. Conserv. Recy., 158, 104814, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104814, 2020.
Wu, X., Cao, F., Haque, M., Fan, M.-Y., Zhang, S.-C., and Zhang, Y.-L.: Molecular composition and source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Northeast China, Atmos. Environ., 239, 117722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117722, 2020.
Xiao, Y., Hu, M., Li, X., Zong, T., Xu, N., Hu, S., Zeng, L., Chen, S., Song, Y., Guo, S., and Wu, Z.: Aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation attributed to phenols from biomass burning, Sci. Total Environ., 847, 157582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157582, 2022.
Yan, C., Tham, Y. J., Nie, W., Xia, M., Wang, H., Guo, Y., Ma, W., Zhan, J., Hua, C., Li, Y., Deng, C., Li, Y., Zheng, F., Chen, X., Li, Q., Zhang, G., Mahajan, A. S., Cuevas, C. A., Huang, D. D., Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Saiz-Lopez, A., Bianchi, F., Kerminen, V.-M., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., Ding, A., and Kulmala, M.: Increasing contribution of nighttime nitrogen chemistry to wintertime haze formation in Beijing observed during COVID-19 lockdowns, Nat. Geosci., 16, 975–981, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01285-1, 2023.
Yang, G.-P., Zhang, S.-H., Zhang, H.-H., Yang, J., and Liu, C.-Y.: Distribution of biogenic sulfur in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea and its contribution to atmospheric sulfate aerosol in the late fall, Mar. Chem., 169, 23–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.12.008, 2015.
Yang, T., Li, H., Xu, W., Song, Y., Xu, L., Wang, H., Wang, F., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., and Fu, P.: Strong Impacts of Regional Atmospheric Transport on the Vertical Distribution of Aerosol Ammonium over Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 11, 29–34, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00791, 2024.
Yang, Y., Chan, C., Tao, J., Lin, M., Engling, G., Zhang, Z., Zhang, T., and Su, L.: Observation of elevated fungal tracers due to biomass burning in the Sichuan Basin at Chengdu City, China, Sci. Total Environ., 431, 68–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.033, 2012.
Yee, L. D., Kautzman, K. E., Loza, C. L., Schilling, K. A., Coggon, M. M., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, M. N., Chan, A. W. H., Hersey, S. P., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass burning intermediates: phenol and methoxyphenols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8019–8043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8019-2013, 2013.
Youn, J.-S., Wang, Z., Wonaschütz, A., Arellano, A., Betterton, E. A., and Sorooshian, A.: Evidence of aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation from biogenic emissions in the North American Sonoran Desert, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3468–3472, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50644, 2013.
Zhang, H., Li, J., Ying, Q., Yu, J. Z., Wu, D., Cheng, Y., He, K., and Jiang, J.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 nitrate and sulfate in China using a source-oriented chemical transport model, Atmos. Environ., 62, 228–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.014, 2012.
Zhang, H., Hu, J., Kleeman, M., and Ying, Q.: Source apportionment of sulfate and nitrate particulate matter in the Eastern United States and effectiveness of emission control programs, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 171–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.064, 2014a.
Zhang, J., He, X., Ding, X., Yu, J. Z., and Ying, Q.: Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers and Tracer-to-SOA Ratios for Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes Using a Chemical Transport Model, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 804–813, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06373, 2022.
Zhang, J., Liu, J., Ding, X., He, X., Zhang, T., Zheng, M., Choi, M., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Yee, L., Zhang, H., Misztal, P., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A. B., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Surratt, J. D., Stone, E. A., Shrivastava, M., Wu, D., Yu, J. Z., and Ying, Q.: New formation and fate of Isoprene SOA markers revealed by field data-constrained modeling, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 6, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00394-3, 2023.
Zhang, J., Shrivastava, M., Ma, L., Jiang, W., Anastasio, C., Zhang, Q., and Zelenyuk, A.: Modeling Novel Aqueous Particle and Cloud Chemistry Processes of Biomass Burning Phenols and Their Potential to Form Secondary Organic Aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 3776–3786, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07762, 2024.
Zhang, T., Claeys, M., Cachier, H., Dong, S., Wang, W., Maenhaut, W., and Liu, X.: Identification and estimation of the biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol using levoglucosan as a molecular marker, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7013–7021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.050, 2008.
Zhang, Y., Huang, J.-P., Henze, D. K., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of isoprene in secondary organic aerosol formation on a regional scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D20207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008675, 2007.
Zhang, Y., Ren, H., Sun, Y., Cao, F., Chang, Y., Liu, S., Lee, X., Agrios, K., Kawamura, K., Liu, D., Ren, L., Du, W., Wang, Z., Prévôt, A. S. H., Szidat, S., and Fu, P.: High Contribution of Nonfossil Sources to Submicrometer Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7842–7852, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01517, 2017.
Zhang, Y.-L., Li, J., Zhang, G., Zotter, P., Huang, R.-J., Tang, J.-H., Wacker, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Szidat, S.: Radiocarbon-Based Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols at a Regional Background Site on Hainan Island, South China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2651–2659, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4050852, 2014b.
Zhang, Y.-L., Huang, R.-J., El Haddad, I., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., Zotter, P., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., Salazar, G., Schwikowski, M., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Abbaszade, G., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Szidat, S.: Fossil vs. non-fossil sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols in four Chinese cities during the extreme winter haze episode of 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1299–1312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015, 2015.
Zhang, Y.-L., Kawamura, K., Agrios, K., Lee, M., Salazar, G., and Szidat, S.: Fossil and Nonfossil Sources of Organic and Elemental Carbon Aerosols in the Outflow from Northeast China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 6284–6292, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00351, 2016.
Zhang, Y.-L., El-Haddad, I., Huang, R.-J., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., Zotter, P., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Salazar, G., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Szidat, S.: Large contribution of fossil fuel derived secondary organic carbon to water soluble organic aerosols in winter haze in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4005–4017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4005-2018, 2018.
Zhu, C., Kawamura, K., and Kunwar, B.: Effect of biomass burning over the western North Pacific Rim: wintertime maxima of anhydrosugars in ambient aerosols from Okinawa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1959–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1959-2015, 2015a.
Zhu, C., Kawamura, K., and Kunwar, B.: Organic tracers of primary biological aerosol particles at subtropical Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5504–5523, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023611, 2015b.
Short summary
Reports on molecular-level knowledge of high-temporal-resolution particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) on hazy days are limited. We investigated various PM2.5 species and their sources. The results show biomass burning (BB) was the main source of organic carbon. Moreover, BB enhanced fungal spore emissions and secondary aerosol formation. The contribution of non-fossil sources increased with increasing haze pollution, suggesting BB may be an important driver of haze events in winter.
Reports on molecular-level knowledge of high-temporal-resolution particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint