Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2081-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2081-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Feb 2015
Research article |
| 26 Feb 2015
Estimating surface fluxes using eddy covariance and numerical ogive optimization
Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
T. Papakyriakou
Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
S. E. Larsen
Department of Wind Energy, Danish Technical University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
M. M. Jammet
Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
S. Rysgaard
Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
Greenland Climate Research Centre, c/o Greenland Institute of Natural Resources box 570, Nuuk, Greenland
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
M. K. Sejr
Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Greenland Climate Research Centre, c/o Greenland Institute of Natural Resources box 570, Nuuk, Greenland
L. L. Sørensen
Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Related authors
Norbert Pirk, Jakob Sievers, Jordan Mertes, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Mikhail Mastepanov, and Torben R. Christensen
Biogeosciences, 14, 3157–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3157-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3157-2017, 2017
J. Sievers, L. L. Sørensen, T. Papakyriakou, B. Else, M. K. Sejr, D. Haubjerg Søgaard, D. Barber, and S. Rysgaard
The Cryosphere, 9, 1701–1713, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1701-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1701-2015, 2015
S. Rysgaard, F. Wang, R. J. Galley, R. Grimm, D. Notz, M. Lemes, N.-X. Geilfus, A. Chaulk, A. A. Hare, O. Crabeck, B. G. T. Else, K. Campbell, L. L. Sørensen, J. Sievers, and T. Papakyriakou
The Cryosphere, 8, 1469–1478, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014, 2014
L. L. Sørensen, B. Jensen, R. N. Glud, D. F. McGinnis, M. K. Sejr, J. Sievers, D. H. Søgaard, J.-L. Tison, and S. Rysgaard
The Cryosphere, 8, 853–866, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-853-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-853-2014, 2014
S. Rysgaard, D. H. Søgaard, M. Cooper, M. Pućko, K. Lennert, T. N. Papakyriakou, F. Wang, N. X. Geilfus, R. N. Glud, J. Ehn, D. F. McGinnis, K. Attard, J. Sievers, J. W. Deming, and D. Barber
The Cryosphere, 7, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-707-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-707-2013, 2013
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Igor A. Dmitrenko, Vladislav Petrusevich, Gérald Darnis, Sergei A. Kirillov, Alexander S. Komarov, Jens K. Ehn, Alexandre Forest, Louis Fortier, Søren Rysgaard, and David G. Barber
Ocean Sci., 16, 1261–1283, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton is the largest nonhuman migration on the Earth. DVM in the eastern Beaufort Sea was assessed using a 2-year-long time series of currents and acoustic signal from a bottom-anchored oceanographic mooring. Our results show that DVM is deviated by the (i) seasonal and interannual variability in sea ice and (ii) wind-driven water dynamics. We also observed the midnight-sun DVM during summer 2004, a signal masked by suspended particles in summer 2005.
Anne Sofie Lansø, Thomas Luke Smallman, Jesper Heile Christensen, Mathew Williams, Kim Pilegaard, Lise-Lotte Sørensen, and Camilla Geels
Biogeosciences, 16, 1505–1524, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1505-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1505-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Although coastal regions only amount to 7 % of the global oceans, their contribution to the global oceanic surface exchange of CO2 is much greater. In this study, we gain detailed insight into how these coastal marine fluxes compare to CO2 exchange from coastal land regions. Annually, the coastal marine exchanges are smaller than the total uptake of CO2 from the land surfaces within the study area but comparable in size to terrestrial fluxes from individual land cover classes of the region.
Jesper Kamp, Henrik Skov, Bjarne Jensen, and Lise Lotte Sørensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6923–6938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6923-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6923-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of mercury fluxes over snow surfaces are carried out at the High Arctic site at Villum Research Station in North Greenland. The measurements were carried out from 23 April to 12 May during spring 2016, where atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) took place. The measurements showed a net emission of 8.9 ng m−2 min−1, with only a few depositional fluxes. GEM fluxes and atmospheric temperature measurements suggest that GEM emission partly could be affected by surface heating.
Mathilde Jammet, Sigrid Dengel, Ernesto Kettner, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Martin Wik, Patrick Crill, and Thomas Friborg
Biogeosciences, 14, 5189–5216, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5189-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5189-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The quantitative importance of northern lakes in terrestrial carbon budgets is uncertain, as year-round observations of carbon fluxes are rare. We measured CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a subarctic lake and nearby fen during 2.5 years with one eddy covariance system. We identified drivers of seasonal variability in lake fluxes and show the importance of winter and spring for annual carbon exchange in both ecosystems. The lake as a source of atmospheric carbon partially compensates the fen carbon sink.
Norbert Pirk, Jakob Sievers, Jordan Mertes, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Mikhail Mastepanov, and Torben R. Christensen
Biogeosciences, 14, 3157–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3157-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3157-2017, 2017
J. E. Vonk, S. E. Tank, W. B. Bowden, I. Laurion, W. F. Vincent, P. Alekseychik, M. Amyot, M. F. Billet, J. Canário, R. M. Cory, B. N. Deshpande, M. Helbig, M. Jammet, J. Karlsson, J. Larouche, G. MacMillan, M. Rautio, K. M. Walter Anthony, and K. P. Wickland
Biogeosciences, 12, 7129–7167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this review, we give an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding how permafrost thaw affects aquatic systems. We describe the general impacts of thaw on aquatic ecosystems, pathways of organic matter and contaminant release and degradation, resulting emissions and burial, and effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. We conclude with an overview of potential climate effects and recommendations for future research.
J. Sievers, L. L. Sørensen, T. Papakyriakou, B. Else, M. K. Sejr, D. Haubjerg Søgaard, D. Barber, and S. Rysgaard
The Cryosphere, 9, 1701–1713, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1701-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1701-2015, 2015
A. S. Lansø, J. Bendtsen, J. H. Christensen, L. L. Sørensen, H. Chen, H. A. J. Meijer, and C. Geels
Biogeosciences, 12, 2753–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The air-sea CO2 exchange is investigated in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea and Danish inner waters. The impact of short-term variability in atmospheric CO2 on the air-sea CO2 exchange is examined, and it is found that ignoring short-term variability in the atmospheric CO2 creates a significant bias in the CO2 exchange. Atmospheric short-term variability is not always included in studies of the air-sea CO2 exchange, but based on the present study, we recommend it to be so in the future.
O. Crabeck, B. Delille, D. Thomas, N.-X. Geilfus, S. Rysgaard, and J.-L. Tison
Biogeosciences, 11, 6525–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6525-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6525-2014, 2014
S. Rysgaard, F. Wang, R. J. Galley, R. Grimm, D. Notz, M. Lemes, N.-X. Geilfus, A. Chaulk, A. A. Hare, O. Crabeck, B. G. T. Else, K. Campbell, L. L. Sørensen, J. Sievers, and T. Papakyriakou
The Cryosphere, 8, 1469–1478, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014, 2014
A. Forest, P. Coupel, B. Else, S. Nahavandian, B. Lansard, P. Raimbault, T. Papakyriakou, Y. Gratton, L. Fortier, J.-É. Tremblay, and M. Babin
Biogeosciences, 11, 2827–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2827-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2827-2014, 2014
L. L. Sørensen, B. Jensen, R. N. Glud, D. F. McGinnis, M. K. Sejr, J. Sievers, D. H. Søgaard, J.-L. Tison, and S. Rysgaard
The Cryosphere, 8, 853–866, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-853-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-853-2014, 2014
S. Dengel, D. Zona, T. Sachs, M. Aurela, M. Jammet, F. J. W. Parmentier, W. Oechel, and T. Vesala
Biogeosciences, 10, 8185–8200, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8185-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8185-2013, 2013
S. Rysgaard, D. H. Søgaard, M. Cooper, M. Pućko, K. Lennert, T. N. Papakyriakou, F. Wang, N. X. Geilfus, R. N. Glud, J. Ehn, D. F. McGinnis, K. Attard, J. Sievers, J. W. Deming, and D. Barber
The Cryosphere, 7, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-707-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-707-2013, 2013
E. A. A. Versteegh, M. E. Blicher, J. Mortensen, S. Rysgaard, T. D. Als, and A. D. Wanamaker Jr.
Biogeosciences, 9, 5231–5241, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5231-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5231-2012, 2012
O. Hertel, C. A. Skjøth, S. Reis, A. Bleeker, R. M. Harrison, J. N. Cape, D. Fowler, U. Skiba, D. Simpson, T. Jickells, M. Kulmala, S. Gyldenkærne, L. L. Sørensen, J. W. Erisman, and M. A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 9, 4921–4954, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Biosphere Interactions | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Dynamics of aerosol, humidity, and clouds in air masses travelling over Fennoscandian boreal forests
Residence times of air in a mature forest: observational evidence from a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment
Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck
Observations of aerosol–vapor pressure deficit–evaporative fraction coupling over India
Biogeochemical and biophysical responses to episodes of wildfire smoke from natural ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia, Canada
Traces of urban forest in temperature and CO2 signals in monsoon East Asia
Technical note: Uncertainties in eddy covariance CO2 fluxes in a semiarid sagebrush ecosystem caused by gap-filling approaches
Simulating the spatiotemporal variations in aboveground biomass in Inner Mongolian grasslands under environmental changes
Concentrations and biosphere–atmosphere fluxes of inorganic trace gases and associated ionic aerosol counterparts over the Amazon rainforest
Characterization of the radiative impact of aerosols on CO2 and energy fluxes in the Amazon deforestation arch using artificial neural networks
New particle formation events observed at the King Sejong Station, Antarctic Peninsula – Part 2: Link with the oceanic biological activities
Vertical observations of the atmospheric boundary layer structure over Beijing urban area during air pollution episodes
Characterisation of short-term extreme methane fluxes related to non-turbulent mixing above an Arctic permafrost ecosystem
Characterization of ozone deposition to a mixed oak–hornbeam forest – flux measurements at five levels above and inside the canopy and their interactions with nitric oxide
Direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation and gross primary production in boreal and hemiboreal forests
The monsoon effect on energy and carbon exchange processes over a highland lake in the southwest of China
Turbulent transport of energy across a forest and a semiarid shrubland
Study of the daily and seasonal atmospheric CH4 mixing ratio variability in a rural Spanish region using 222Rn tracer
Nighttime wind and scalar variability within and above an Amazonian canopy
Estimating regional-scale methane flux and budgets using CARVE aircraft measurements over Alaska
Canopy uptake dominates nighttime carbonyl sulfide fluxes in a boreal forest
Net ecosystem exchange and energy fluxes measured with the eddy covariance technique in a western Siberian bog
Biophysical effects on the interannual variation in carbon dioxide exchange of an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau
Quantifying the contribution of land use change to surface temperature in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River
Overview of mercury dry deposition, litterfall, and throughfall studies
Scalar turbulent behavior in the roughness sublayer of an Amazonian forest
Surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia over peatland using QCL-based eddy-covariance measurements and inferential modeling
Characterization of total ecosystem-scale biogenic VOC exchange at a Mediterranean oak–hornbeam forest
Are BVOC exchanges in agricultural ecosystems overestimated? Insights from fluxes measured in a maize field over a whole growing season
Step changes in persistent organic pollutants over the Arctic and their implications
Nitrous oxide emissions from a commercial cornfield (Zea mays) measured using the eddy covariance technique
Observations of the scale-dependent turbulence and evaluation of the flux–gradient relationship for sensible heat for a closed Douglas-fir canopy in very weak wind conditions
The effect of atmospheric aerosol particles and clouds on net ecosystem exchange in the Amazon
Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland
Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon
The role of vegetation in the CO2 flux from a tropical urban neighbourhood
Air-surface exchange measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over naturally enriched and background terrestrial landscapes in Australia
Four-year (2006–2009) eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux over an urban area in Beijing
Momentum and scalar transport within a vegetation canopy following atmospheric stability and seasonal canopy changes: the CHATS experiment
Coupling processes and exchange of energy and reactive and non-reactive trace gases at a forest site – results of the EGER experiment
Abiotic and biotic control of methanol exchanges in a temperate mixed forest
Analysis of coherent structures and atmosphere-canopy coupling strength during the CABINEX field campaign
Methane flux, vertical gradient and mixing ratio measurements in a tropical forest
The effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over semi-arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China
Size-dependent aerosol deposition velocities during BEARPEX'07
Day-time concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest canopy and their relation to environmental and biological factors
Meri Räty, Larisa Sogacheva, Helmi-Marja Keskinen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuomo Nieminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Ekaterina Ezhova, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3779–3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We utilised back trajectories to identify the source region of air masses arriving in Hyytiälä, Finland, and their travel time over forests. Combined with atmospheric observations, they revealed how air mass transport over the Fennoscandian boreal forest during the growing season produced an accumulation of cloud condensation nuclei and humidity, promoting cloudiness and precipitation. By 55 h of transport, air masses appeared to reach a balanced state with the forest environment.
Edward J. Bannister, Mike Jesson, Nicholas J. Harper, Kris M. Hart, Giulio Curioni, Xiaoming Cai, and A. Rob MacKenzie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2145–2165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In forests, the residence time of air influences canopy chemistry and atmospheric exchange. However, there have been few field observations. We use long-term open-air CO2 enrichment measurements to show median daytime residence times are twice as long when the trees are in leaf versus when they are not. Residence times increase with increasing atmospheric stability and scale inversely with turbulence. Robust parametrisations for large-scale models are available using common distributions.
Helen Claire Ward, Mathias Walter Rotach, Alexander Gohm, Martin Graus, Thomas Karl, Maren Haid, Lukas Umek, and Thomas Muschinski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6559–6593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how cities and their surroundings influence turbulent exchange processes responsible for weather and climate. Analysis of a 4-year observational dataset for the Alpine city of Innsbruck reveals several similarities with other (flat) city centre sites. However, the mountain setting leads to characteristic daily and seasonal flow patterns (valley winds) and downslope windstorms that have a marked effect on temperature, wind speed, turbulence and pollutant concentration.
Chandan Sarangi, TC Chakraborty, Sachchidanand Tripathi, Mithun Krishnan, Ross Morrison, Jonathan Evans, and Lina M. Mercado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3615–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration fluxes by vegetation are reduced under heat stress to conserve water. However, in situ observations over northern India show that the strength of the inverse association between transpiration and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit is weakening in the presence of heavy aerosol loading. This finding not only implicates the significant role of aerosols in modifying the evaporative fraction (EF) but also warrants an in-depth analysis of the aerosol–plant–temperature–EF continuum.
Sung-Ching Lee, Sara H. Knox, Ian McKendry, and T. Andrew Black
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2333–2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke alters land–atmosphere exchange. Here, measurements in a forest and a wetland during four smoke episodes over four summers showed that impacts on radiation and heat budget were the greatest when smoke arrived in late summer. Both sites sequestered more CO2 under smoky days, partly due to diffuse light, but emitted CO2 when smoke was dense. This kind of field study is important for validating predictions of smoke–productivity feedbacks and has climate change implications.
Keunmin Lee, Je-Woo Hong, Jeongwon Kim, Sungsoo Jo, and Jinkyu Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17833–17853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study examine two benefits of urban forest, thermal mitigation and carbon uptake. Our analysis indicates that the urban forest reduces both the warming trend and urban heat island intensity. Urban forest is a net CO2 source despite larger photosynthetic carbon uptake because of strong contribution of ecosystem respiration, which can be attributed to the substantial amount of soil organic carbon by intensive historical soil use and warm temperature in a city.
Jingyu Yao, Zhongming Gao, Jianping Huang, Heping Liu, and Guoyin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15589–15603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gap-filling usually accounts for a large source of uncertainties in the annual CO2 fluxes, though gap-filling CO2 fluxes is challenging at dryland sites due to small fluxes. Using data collected from a semiarid site, four machine learning methods are evaluated with different lengths of artificial gaps. The artificial neural network and random forest methods outperform the other methods. With these methods, uncertainties in the annual CO2 flux at this site are estimated to be within 16 g C m−2.
Guocheng Wang, Zhongkui Luo, Yao Huang, Wenjuan Sun, Yurong Wei, Liujun Xiao, Xi Deng, Jinhuan Zhu, Tingting Li, and Wen Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3059–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3059-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground biomass (AGB) in Inner Mongolian grasslands using a machine-learning-based approach. Under climate change, on average, compared with the historical AGB (average of 1981–2019), the AGB at the end of this century (average of 2080–2100) would decrease by 14 % under RCP4.5 and 28 % under RCP8.5. The decrease in AGB might be mitigated or even reversed by positive carbon dioxide enrichment effects on plant growth.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Matthias Sörgel, Mathew R. Heal, Samara Carbone, Paulo Artaxo, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Marta Sá, Christopher Pöhlker, Jost Lavric, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15551–15584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest is a unique
laboratoryto study the processes which govern the exchange of gases and aerosols to and from the atmosphere. This study investigated these processes by measuring the atmospheric concentrations of trace gases and particles at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory. We found that the long-range transport of pollutants can affect the atmospheric composition above the Amazon rainforest and that the gases ammonia and nitrous acid can be emitted from the rainforest.
Renato Kerches Braghiere, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, José de Souza Nogueira, and Alessandro Carioca de Araújo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3439–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate how the interaction of smoke with sun light impacts the exchange of energy and mass between vegetation and the atmosphere using a machine learning technique. We found an effect of the smoke on CO2, energy, and water fluxes, linking the effects of smoke with temperature, humidity, and winds. CO2 exchange increased by up to 55 % in the presence of smoke. A decrease of 12 % was observed for a site with simpler vegetation. Energy fluxes were negatively impacted for all study sites.
Eunho Jang, Ki-Tae Park, Young Jun Yoon, Tae-Wook Kim, Sang-Bum Hong, Silvia Becagli, Rita Traversi, Jaeseok Kim, and Yeontae Gim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7595–7608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7595-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7595-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We reported long-term observations (from 2009 to 2016) of the nanoparticles measured at the Antarctic Peninsula (62.2° S, 58.8° W), and satellite-derived estimates of the biological characteristics were analyzed to identify the link between new particle formation and marine biota. The key finding from this research is that the formation of nanoparticles was strongly associated not only with the biomass of phytoplankton but, more importantly, also its taxonomic composition in the Antarctic Ocean.
Linlin Wang, Junkai Liu, Zhiqiu Gao, Yubin Li, Meng Huang, Sihui Fan, Xiaoye Zhang, Yuanjian Yang, Shiguang Miao, Han Zou, Yele Sun, Yong Chen, and Ting Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6949–6967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6949-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6949-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Urban boundary layer (UBL) affects the physical and chemical processes of the pollutants, and UBL structure can also be altered by pollutants. This paper presents the interactions between air pollution and the UBL structure by using the field data mainly collected from a 325 m meteorology tower, as well as from a Doppler wind lidar, during a severe heavy pollution event that occurred during 1–4 December 2016 in Beijing.
Carsten Schaller, Fanny Kittler, Thomas Foken, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4041–4059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4041-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4041-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Methane emissions from biogenic sources, e.g. Arctic permafrost ecosystems, are associated with uncertainties due to the high variability of fluxes in both space and time. Besides the traditional eddy covariance method, we evaluated a method based on wavelet analysis, which does not require a stationary time series, to calculate fluxes. The occurrence of extreme methane flux events was strongly correlated with the soil temperature. They were triggered by atmospheric non-turbulent mixing.
Angelo Finco, Mhairi Coyle, Eiko Nemitz, Riccardo Marzuoli, Maria Chiesa, Benjamin Loubet, Silvano Fares, Eugenio Diaz-Pines, Rainer Gasche, and Giacomo Gerosa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17945–17961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17945-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17945-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A 1-month field campaign of ozone (O3) flux measurements along a five-level vertical profile of a mature broadleaf forest highlighted that the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of this pollutant is modulated by complex diel dynamics occurring within and below the canopy. The canopy removed nearly 80 % of the O3 deposited to the forest; only a minor part was removed by the soil and the understorey (2 %), while the remaining 18.2 % was removed by chemical reactions with NO mostly emitted from soil.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Ilona Ylivinkka, Joel Kuusk, Kaupo Komsaare, Marko Vana, Alisa Krasnova, Steffen Noe, Mikhail Arshinov, Boris Belan, Sung-Bin Park, Jošt Valentin Lavrič, Martin Heimann, Tuukka Petäjä, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Pasi Kolari, Jaana Bäck, Üllar Rannik, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17863–17881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17863-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17863-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the connections between aerosols, solar radiation and photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems is important for estimates of the CO2 balance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric aerosols and clouds influence solar radiation. In this study, we quantify the aerosol effect on solar radiation in boreal forests and study forest ecosystems response to this change in the radiation conditions. The analysis is based on atmospheric observations from several remote stations in Eurasian forests.
Qun Du, Huizhi Liu, Lujun Xu, Yang Liu, and Lei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15087–15104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15087-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15087-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Erhai Lake is a subtropical highland shallow lake on the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which is influenced by both South Asian and East Asian summer monsoons. The substantial difference in atmospheric properties during monsoon and non-monsoon periods has a large effect in regulating turbulent heat and carbon dioxide exchange processes over Erhai Lake. Large difference are found for the factors controlling sensible heat and carbon dioxide flux during monsoon and non-monsoon periods.
Tirtha Banerjee, Peter Brugger, Frederik De Roo, Konstantin Kröniger, Dan Yakir, Eyal Rotenberg, and Matthias Mauder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10025–10038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the nature of turbulent transport over a well-defined surface heterogeneity (approximate scale 7 km) comprising a shrubland and a forest in the Yatir semiarid area in Israel. Using eddy covariance and Doppler lidar measurements, we studied the variations in the turbulent kinetic energy budget and turbulent fluxes, focusing especially on transport terms. We also confirmed the role of large-scale secondary circulations that transport energy between the shrubland and the forest.
Claudia Grossi, Felix R. Vogel, Roger Curcoll, Alba Àgueda, Arturo Vargas, Xavier Rodó, and Josep-Anton Morguí
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5847–5860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5847-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5847-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To gain a full picture of the Spanish (and European) GHG balance, understanding of CH4 emissions in different regions is a critical challenge, as is the improvement of bottom-up inventories for all European regions. This study uses, among other elements, GHG, meteorological and 222Rn tracer data from a Spanish region to understand the main causes of temporal variability of GHG mixing ratios. The study can offer new insights into regional emissions by identifying the impacts of changing sources.
Pablo E. S. Oliveira, Otávio C. Acevedo, Matthias Sörgel, Anywhere Tsokankunku, Stefan Wolff, Alessandro C. Araújo, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, Marta O. Sá, Antônio O. Manzi, and Meinrat O. Andreae
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3083–3099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3083-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3083-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes within the canopy are dominated by low-frequency (nonturbulent) processes. There is a striking contrast between fully turbulent and intermittent nights, such that turbulent processes dominate the total nighttime exchange during the former, while nonturbulent processes are more relevant in the latter. In very stable nights, during which intermittent exchange prevails, the stable boundary layer may be shallower than the highest observational level at 80 m.
Sean Hartery, Róisín Commane, Jakob Lindaas, Colm Sweeney, John Henderson, Marikate Mountain, Nicholas Steiner, Kyle McDonald, Steven J. Dinardo, Charles E. Miller, Steven C. Wofsy, and Rachel Y.-W. Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 185–202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-185-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-185-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas but its emissions from northern regions are still poorly constrained. This study uses aircraft measurements of methane from Alaska to estimate surface emissions. We found that methane emission rates depend on the soil temperature at depths where its production was taking place, and that total emissions were similar between tundra and boreal regions. These results provide a simple way to predict methane emissions in this region.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Wu Sun, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Pasi Kolari, Juho Aalto, Alessandro Franchin, Roberta Vecchi, Gianluigi Valli, and Huilin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11453–11465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11453-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11453-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon cycle studies rely on the accuracy of models to estimate the amount of CO2 being taken up by vegetation. The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can serve as a tool to estimate the vegetative CO2 uptake by scaling the ecosystem uptake of COS to that of CO2. Here we investigate the nighttime fluxes of COS. The relationships found in this study will aid in implementing nighttime COS uptake in models, which is key to obtain accurate estimates of vegetative CO2 uptake with the use of COS.
Pavel Alekseychik, Ivan Mammarella, Dmitry Karpov, Sigrid Dengel, Irina Terentieva, Alexander Sabrekov, Mikhail Glagolev, and Elena Lapshina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9333–9345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9333-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9333-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
West Siberian peatlands occupy a large fraction of land area in the region, and yet little is known about their interaction with the atmosphere. We took the first measurements of CO2 and energy surface balances over a typical bog of West Siberian middle taiga, in the vicinity of the Mukhrino field station (Khanty–Mansiysk). The May–August study in a wet year (2015) revealed a relatively large photosynthetic sink of CO2 that was close to the high end of estimates at bog sites elsewhere.
Lei Wang, Huizhi Liu, Jihua Sun, and Yaping Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5119–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5119-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5119-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study found that the seasonal variation in CO2 exchange over an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau was primarily affected by the seasonal pattern of air temperature, especially in spring and autumn. The annual net ecosystem exchange decreased with mean annual temperature, and then increased when the gross primary production became saturated. This study contributes to the response of the alpine meadow ecosystem to global warming.
Xueqian Wang, Weidong Guo, Bo Qiu, Ye Liu, Jianning Sun, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4989–4996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4989-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4989-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Land use or cover change is a fundamental anthropogenic forcing for climate change. Based on field observations, we quantified the contributions of different factors to surface temperature change and deepened the understanding of its mechanisms. We found evaporative cooling plays the most important role in the temperature change, while radiative forcing, which is traditionally emphasized, is not significant. This study provided firsthand evidence to verify the model results in IPCC AR5.
L. Paige Wright, Leiming Zhang, and Frank J. Marsik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The current knowledge concerning mercury dry deposition is reviewed, including dry deposition algorithms used in chemical transport models and at monitoring sites, measurement methods and studies for quantifying dry deposition of oxidized mercury, and measurement studies of litterfall and throughfall mercury. Over all the regions, dry deposition, estimated as the sum of litterfall and throughfall minus open-field wet deposition, is more dominant than wet deposition for Hg deposition.
Einara Zahn, Nelson L. Dias, Alessandro Araújo, Leonardo D. A. Sá, Matthias Sörgel, Ivonne Trebs, Stefan Wolff, and Antônio Manzi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11349–11366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11349-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11349-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Preliminary data from the ATTO project were analyzed to characterize the exchange of heat, water vapor, and CO2 between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere. The forest roughness makes estimation of their fluxes difficult, and even measurements at 42 m above the canopy show a lot of scatter. Still, measurements made around noon showed much better conformity with standard theories for the exchange of these quantities, opening the possibility of good flux estimates when the sun is high.
Undine Zöll, Christian Brümmer, Frederik Schrader, Christof Ammann, Andreas Ibrom, Christophe R. Flechard, David D. Nelson, Mark Zahniser, and Werner L. Kutsch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11283–11299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11283-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11283-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate quantification of atmospheric ammonia concentration and exchange fluxes with the land surface has been a major metrological challenge. We demonstrate the applicability of a novel laser device to identify concentration and flux patterns over a peatland ecosystem influenced by nearby agricultural practices. Results help to strengthen air quality monitoring networks, lead to better understanding of ecosystem functionality and improve parameterizations in air chemistry and transport models.
Simon Schallhart, Pekka Rantala, Eiko Nemitz, Ditte Taipale, Ralf Tillmann, Thomas F. Mentel, Benjamin Loubet, Giacomo Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Janne Rinne, and Taina M. Ruuskanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7171–7194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7171-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7171-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present ecosystem exchange fluxes from a mixed oak–hornbeam forest in the Po Valley, Italy. Detectable fluxes were observed for 29 compounds, dominated by isoprene, which comprised over 60 % of the upward flux. Methanol seemed to be deposited to dew, as the deposition happened in the early morning. We estimated that up to 30 % of the upward flux of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein originated from atmospheric oxidation of isoprene.
Aurélie Bachy, Marc Aubinet, Niels Schoon, Crist Amelynck, Bernard Bodson, Christine Moureaux, and Bernard Heinesch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5343–5356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5343-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5343-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This research focuses on Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) exchanges between a maize field and the atmosphere. Indeed, few BVOC studies have already investigated agricultural ecosystems. We found that the maize field emitted mainly methanol, that both soil and plants contributed to the net exchange, that exchanges were lower than in other studies and than considered by models. Our work tends thus to lower the impact of maize on terrestrial BVOC exchanges.
Y. Zhao, T. Huang, L. Wang, H. Gao, and J. Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3479–3495, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3479-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3479-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
After several decades of declining persistent organic pollutants in the arctic environment due to their global use restriction, some of these toxic chemicals increased in the mid-2000s and undertook statistically significant step changes which coincided with arctic sea ice melting. Results provide statistical evidence for the releasing of toxic chemicals from their reservoirs in the Arctic due to the rapid change in the arctic environment.
H. Huang, J. Wang, D. Hui, D. R. Miller, S. Bhattarai, S. Dennis, D. Smart, T. Sammis, and K. C. Reddy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12839–12854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12839-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12839-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
An EC system was assembled with a sonic anemometer and a new fast-response N2O analyzer and applied in a cornfield during a growing season. This N2O EC system provided reliable N2O flux measurements. The average flux was about 63% higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. Seasonal fluxes were highly dependent on soil moisture rather than soil temperature.
D. Vickers and C. K. Thomas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9665–9676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9665-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9665-2014, 2014
G. G. Cirino, R. A. F. Souza, D. K. Adams, and P. Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6523–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6523-2014, 2014
L. Hörtnagl, I. Bamberger, M. Graus, T. M. Ruuskanen, R. Schnitzhofer, M. Walser, A. Unterberger, A. Hansel, and G. Wohlfahrt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5369–5391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5369-2014, 2014
F. Lohou, L. Kergoat, F. Guichard, A. Boone, B. Cappelaere, J.-M. Cohard, J. Demarty, S. Galle, M. Grippa, C. Peugeot, D. Ramier, C. M. Taylor, and F. Timouk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3883–3898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014, 2014
E. Velasco, M. Roth, S. H. Tan, M. Quak, S. D. A. Nabarro, and L. Norford
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10185–10202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10185-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10185-2013, 2013
G. C. Edwards and D. A. Howard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5325–5336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5325-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5325-2013, 2013
H. Z. Liu, J. W. Feng, L. Järvi, and T. Vesala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7881–7892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7881-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7881-2012, 2012
S. Dupont and E. G. Patton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5913–5935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5913-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5913-2012, 2012
T. Foken, F. X. Meixner, E. Falge, C. Zetzsch, A. Serafimovich, A. Bargsten, T. Behrendt, T. Biermann, C. Breuninger, S. Dix, T. Gerken, M. Hunner, L. Lehmann-Pape, K. Hens, G. Jocher, J. Kesselmeier, J. Lüers, J.-C. Mayer, A. Moravek, D. Plake, M. Riederer, F. Rütz, M. Scheibe, L. Siebicke, M. Sörgel, K. Staudt, I. Trebs, A. Tsokankunku, M. Welling, V. Wolff, and Z. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1923–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1923-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1923-2012, 2012
Q. Laffineur, M. Aubinet, N. Schoon, C. Amelynck, J.-F. Müller, J. Dewulf, H. Van Langenhove, K. Steppe, and B. Heinesch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-577-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-577-2012, 2012
A. L. Steiner, S. N. Pressley, A. Botros, E. Jones, S. H. Chung, and S. L. Edburg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11921–11936, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11921-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11921-2011, 2011
C. A. S. Querino, C. J. P. P. Smeets, I. Vigano, R. Holzinger, V. Moura, L. V. Gatti, A. Martinewski, A. O. Manzi, A. C. de Araújo, and T. Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7943–7953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7943-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7943-2011, 2011
X. Jing, J. Huang, G. Wang, K. Higuchi, J. Bi, Y. Sun, H. Yu, and T. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8205–8218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8205-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8205-2010, 2010
R. J. Vong, I. J. Vong, D. Vickers, and D. S. Covert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5749–5758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5749-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5749-2010, 2010
H. K. Lappalainen, S. Sevanto, J. Bäck, T. M. Ruuskanen, P. Kolari, R. Taipale, J. Rinne, M. Kulmala, and P. Hari
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5447–5459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5447-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5447-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol. Res., 30, 113–175, 2000.
Aubinet, M., Feigenwinter, C., Heinesch, B., Bernhofer, C., Canepa, E., Lindroth, A., Montagnani, L., Rebmann, C., Sedlak, P., and Van Gorsel, E.: Direct advection measurements do not help to solve the night-time CO2 closure problem: Evidence from three different forests, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 150, 655–664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.016, 2010.
Baldocchi, D.: Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems, Aust. J. Bot., 56, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1071/Bt07151, 2008.
Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J., Yi, C. X., Bakwin, P. S., and Zhao, C. L.: Long-term carbon dioxide fluxes from a very tall tower in a northern forest: Flux measurement methodology, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 529–542, 2001.
Burba, G., Hupp, J., McDermitt, D. K., and Eckles, R.: Field examination of low T control setting for mediating surface heating effect in the open-path fluxes under cold conditions, European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2011.
Burba, G., Schmidt, A., Scott, R. L., Nakai, T., Kathilankal, J., Fratini, G., Hanson, C., Law, B., McDermitt, D. K., Eckles, R., Furtaw, M., and Velgersdyk, M.: Calculating CO2 and H2O eddy covariance fluxes from an enclosed gas analyzer using an instantaneous mixing ratio, Glob. Change. Biol., 18, 385–399, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02536.x, 2012.
Burba, G. G., McDermitt, D. K., Grelle, A., Anderson, D. J., and Xu, L. K.: Addressing the influence of instrument surface heat exchange on the measurements of CO2 flux from open-path gas analyzers, Glob. Change. Biol., 14, 1854–1876, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01606.x, 2008.
Christensen, T. R., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Aurela, M., Crill, P., Heliasz, M., Mastepanov, M., and Friborg, T.: Monitoring the Multi-Year Carbon Balance of a Subarctic Palsa Mire with Micrometeorological Techniques, Ambio, 41, 207–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0302-5, 2012.
De Ligne, A., Heinesch, B., and Aubinet, M.: New Transfer Functions for Correcting Turbulent Water Vapour Fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 137, 205–221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9525-9, 2010.
Desjardins, R. L., Macpherson, J. I., Schuepp, P. H., and Karanja, F.: An Evaluation of Aircraft Flux Measurements of CO2, Water-Vapor and Sensible Heat, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 47, 55–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00122322, 1989.
Fan, S. M., Wofsy, S. C., Bakwin, P. S., Jacob, D. J., and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Atmosphere-Biosphere Exchange of CO2 and O3 in the Central-Amazon-Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 16851–16864, https://doi.org/10.1029/Jd095id10p16851, 1990.
Finnigan, J. J., Clement, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R., and Cleugh, H. A.: A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques – Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 107, 1–48, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021554900225, 2003.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1, 1996.
Foken, T., Wimmer, F., Mauder, M., Thomas, C., and Liebethal, C.: Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4395–4402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4395-2006, 2006.
Groenendijk, M., Dolman, A. J., Ammann, C., Arneth, A., Cescatti, A., Dragoni, D., Gash, J. H. C., Gianelle, D., Gioli, B., Kiely, G., Knohl, A., Law, B. E., Lund, M., Marcolla, B., van der Molen, M. K., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Richardson, A. D., Roupsard, O., Verbeeck, H., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Seasonal variation of photosynthetic model parameters and leaf area index from global Fluxnet eddy covariance data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G04027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jg001742, 2011.
Hojstrup, J.: A Simple-Model for the Adjustment of Velocity Spectra in Unstable Conditions Downstream of an Abrupt Change in Roughness and Heat-Flux, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 21, 341–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00119278, 1981.
Hojstrup, J.: Velocity Spectra in the Unstable Planetary Boundary-Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2239–2248, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2239:Vsitup>2.0.Co;2, 1982.
Hunt, J. C. R., Kaimal, J. C., and Gaynor, J. E.: Some Observations of Turbulence Structure in Stable Layers, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 793–815, https://doi.org/10.1256/Smsqj.46907, 1985.
Ibrom, A., Dellwik, E., Larsen, S. E., and Pilegaard, K.: On the use of the Webb-Pearman-Leuning theory for closed-path eddy correlation measurements, Tellus B, 59, 937–946, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00311.x, 2007.
Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Christensen, T. R., Backstrand, K., Crill, P., Friborg, T., Mastepanov, M., and Strom, L.: Annual cycle of methane emission from a subarctic peatland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G02009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000913, 2010.
Kaimal, J. C.: The effect of vertical line averaging on the spectra of temperature and heat-flux, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 149–155, 10.1002/qj.49709440004, 1968.
Kaimal, J. C.: Horizontal Velocity Spectra in an Unstable Surface-Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 18–24, 1978.
Kaimal, J. C., Izumi, Y., Wyngaard, J. C., and Cote, R.: Spectral Characteristics of Surface-Layer Turbulence, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 563–589, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709841707, 1972.
Kanda, M., Inagaki, A., Letzel, M. O., Raasch, S., and Watanabe, T.: LES study of the energy imbalance problem with Eddy covariance fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 110, 381–404, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:Boun.0000007225.45548.7a, 2004.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 112, 503–523, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:Boun.0000030653.71031.96, 2004.
Kormann, R. and Meixner, F. X.: An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 207–224, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018991015119, 2001.
Larsen, S., Courtney, M., and Mahrt, J. L.: Low frequency behavior of horizontal velocity spectra in the stable surface layer, Proc. 9th Symposium on turbulence and diffusion, AMS, Boston, USA, 401–404, 1980.
Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B.: Handbook of Micrometeorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 7–238, 2004.
Lee, X. H.: On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 91, 39–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00071-9, 1998.
Lenschow, D. H. and Stankov, B. B.: Length Scales in the Convective Boundary-Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1198–1209, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1198:Lsitcb>2.0.Co;2, 1986.
Leuning, R., Zegelin, S. J., Jones, K., Keith, H., and Hughes, D.: Measurement of horizontal and vertical advectlion of CO2 within a forest canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1777–1797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.06.006, 2008.
Liu, H. P., Peters, G., and Foken, T.: New equations for sonic temperature variance and buoyancy heat flux with an omnidirectional sonic anemometer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 100, 459–468, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019207031397, 2001.
Loescher, H. W., Law, B. E., Mahrt, L., Hollinger, D. Y., Campbell, J., and Wofsy, S. C.: Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy covariance technique, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21s90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006932, 2006.
Mahrt, L.: Eddy Asymmetry in the Sheared Heated Boundary-Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 472–492, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0472:Eaitsh>2.0.Co;2, 1991.
Mahrt, L.: Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 416–429, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0416:Fsefaa>2.0.Co;2, 1998.
Mallipeddi, R., Suganthan, P. N., Pan, Q. K., and Tasgetiren, M. F.: Differential evolution algorithm with ensemble of parameters and mutation strategies, Appl. Soft. Comput., 11, 1679–1696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2010.04.024, 2011.
Massman, W. J. and Ibrom, A.: Attenuation of concentration fluctuations of water vapor and other trace gases in turbulent tube flow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6245–6259, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6245-2008, 2008.
Mcmillen, R. T.: An Eddy-Correlation Technique with Extended Applicability to Non-Simple Terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 43, 231–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00128405, 1988.
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., deBruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 189, 589–611, 1997.
Moore, C. J.: Frequency-Response Corrections for Eddy-Correlation Systems, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 37, 17–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00122754, 1986.
Moraes, O. L. L.: The Velocity Spectra in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary-Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 43, 223–230, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00128404, 1988.
Moraes, O. L. L. and Epstein, M.: The Velocity Spectra in the Stable Surface-Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 40, 407–414, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00116105, 1987.
Nakai, T. and Shimoyama, K.: Ultrasonic anemometer angle of attack errors under turbulent conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 162, 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.04.004, 2012.
Novick, K., Brantley, S., Miniat, C. F., Walker, J., and Vose, J. M.: Inferring the contribution of advection to total ecosystem scalar fluxes over a tall forest in complex terrain, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 185, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.10.010, 2014.
Olesen, H. R., Larsen, S. E., and Hojstrup, J.: Modeling Velocity Spectra in the Lower Part of the Planetary Boundary-Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 29, 285–312, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00119794, 1984.
Rysgaard, S., Vang, T., Stjernholm, M., Rasmussen, B., Windelin, A., and Kiilsholm, S.: Physical conditions, carbon transport, and climate change impacts in a northeast Greenland fjord, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 301–312, 2003.
Sahlee, E., Smedman, A. S., Rutgersson, A., and Hogstrom, U.: Spectra of CO2 and water vapour in the marine atmospheric surface layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 126, 279–295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9230-5, 2008.
Sakai, R. K., Fitzjarrald, D. R., and Moore, K. E.: Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 2178–2192, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2178:Iolfct>2.0.Co;2, 2001.
Schotanus, P., Nieuwstadt, F. T. M., and Debruin, H. A. R.: Temperature-Measurement with a Sonic Anemometer and Its Application to Heat and Moisture Fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 26, 81–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf00164332, 1983.
Silverman, B. A.: The Effect of Spatial Averaging on Spectrum Estimation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7, 168–172, 1968.
Sorensen, L. L. and Larsen, S. E.: Atmosphere-Surface Fluxes of CO2 using Spectral Techniques, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 136, 59–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9499-7, 2010.
Storn, R. and Price, K.: Differential evolution – A simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces, J. Global Optim., 11, 341–359, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008202821328, 1997.
Stoy, P. C., Mauder, M., Foken, T., Marcolla, B., Boegh, E., Ibrom, A., Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Aurela, M., Bernhofer, C., Cescatti, A., Dellwik, E., Duce, P., Gianelle, D., van Gorsel, E., Kiely, G., Knohl, A., Margolis, H., McCaughey, H., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Saunders, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Sottocornola, M., Spano, D., Vaccari, F., and Varlagin, A.: A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneity, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 171, 137–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.004, 2013.
Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 29–69, 1988.
Sun, X. M., Zhu, Z. L., Wen, X. F., Yuan, G. F., and Yu, G. R.: The impact of averaging period on eddy fluxes observed at ChinaFLUX sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 137, 188–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.012, 2006.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:Qcafsp>2.0.Co;2, 1997.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: The cospectral gap and turbulent flux calculations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 660–672, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)20<660:Tcgatf>2.0.Co;2, 2003.
von Randow, C., Sa, L. D. A., Gannabathula, P. S. S. D., Manzi, A. O., Arlino, P. R. A., and Kruijt, B.: Scale variability of atmospheric surface layer fluxes of energy and carbon over a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia – 1. Diurnal conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8062, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000379, 2002.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of Flux Measurements for Density Effects Due to Heat and Water-Vapor Transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
Yi, C. X., Anderson, D. E., Turnipseed, A. A., Burns, S. P., Sparks, J. P., Stannard, D. I., and Monson, R. K.: The contribution of advective fluxes to net ecosystem exchange in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Ecol. Appl., 18, 1379–1390, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0908.1, 2008.
Zeri, M., Rebmann, C., Feigenwinter, C., and Sedlak, P.: Analysis of periods with strong and coherent CO2 advection over a forested hill, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 674–683, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.12.003, 2010.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint