Articles | Volume 26, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9181-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9181-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Jun 2026
Research article |
| 30 Jun 2026
| 30 Jun 2026
Linking in-canopy chemistry to above-canopy O3, BVOCs, and NOx gas fluxes in the Amazon rainforest
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Colette L. Heald
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Allison Steiner
Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Michigan, 48109, United States
Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
CREAF, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
Jürgen Kesselmeier
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
Carolina de A. Monteiro
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
Hartwig Harder
Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
Alessandro C. de Araújo
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Belém, Brazil
Denisi H. Hall
National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará, PA, Belem, Brazil
Stefan Wolff
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
now at: German Weather Service, 63067 Offenbach am Main, Germany
Related authors
Inês Vieira, Félicien Meunier, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Stephen Sitch, Flossie Brown, Giacomo Gerosa, Silvano Fares, Pascal Boeckx, Marijn Bauters, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 22, 6205–6223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6205-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6205-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to study how ozone pollution reduces plant growth in six European forests, from Finland to Italy. Combining field data and simulations, we found that ozone can lower carbon uptake by up to 6 % each year, especially in Mediterranean areas. Our study shows that local climate and forest type influence ozone damage and highlights the need to include ozone effects in forest and climate models.
Paul T. Griffiths, Laura J. Wilcox, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Michael Prather, Alex Archibald, Florence Brown, Makoto Deushi, William Collins, Stephanie Fiedler, Naga Oshima, Lee T. Murray, Bjørn H. Samset, Chris Smith, Steven Turnock, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Paul J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8289–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) aimed to quantify the climate and air quality impacts of aerosols and chemically reactive gases. We review its contribution to AR6 (Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and the wider understanding of the role of these species in climate and climate change. We identify challenges and provide recommendations to improve the utility and uptake of climate model data, detailed summary tables of CMIP6 models, experiments, and emergent diagnostics.
Flossie Brown, Gerd Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Paulo Artaxo, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Matteo Detto, Ninong Komala, Luciana Rizzo, Nestor Rojas, Ines dos Santos Vieira, Steven Turnock, Hans Verbeeck, and Alfonso Zambrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12537–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. Ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, so models are often used to understand ozone exposure. We use measurements from the tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1. UKESM1 is able to capture the pattern of ozone in the tropics, except in southeast Asia, although it systematically overestimates it at all sites. This work highlights that UKESM1 can capture seasonal and hourly variability.
Flossie Brown, Lauren Marshall, Peter H. Haynes, Rolando R. Garcia, Thomas Birner, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5335–5353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large-magnitude volcanic eruptions have the potential to alter large-scale circulation patterns, such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The QBO is an oscillation of the tropical stratospheric zonal winds between easterly and westerly directions. Using a climate model, we show that large-magnitude eruptions can delay the progression of the QBO, with a much longer delay when the shear is easterly than when it is westerly. Such delays may affect weather and transport of atmospheric gases.
Flossie Brown, Gerd A. Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Susanne Bauer, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Makoto Deushi, Inês Dos Santos Vieira, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, James Haywood, James Keeble, Lina M. Mercado, Fiona M. O'Connor, Naga Oshima, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Hans Verbeeck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12331–12352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone can decrease plant productivity and impair human health. In this study, we evaluate the change in surface ozone due to climate change over South America and Africa using Earth system models. We find that if the climate were to change according to the worst-case scenario used here, models predict that forested areas in biomass burning locations and urban populations will be at increasing risk of ozone exposure, but other areas will experience a climate benefit.
Wenche Aas, Thérèse Salameh, Robert Wegener, Heidi Hellén, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pontus Roldin, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Andres Alastuey, Crist Amelynck, Jgor Arduini, Benjamin Bergmans, Marie Bertrand, Agnes Borbon, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Laetitia Bouvier, David Butterfield, Iris Buxbaum, Darius Ceburnis, Anja Claude, Augustin Colette, Aurélie Colomb, Sophie Darfeuil, James Dernie, Maximilien Desservettaz, Elías Díaz-Ramiro, Marvin Dufresne, René Dubus, Mario Duval, Marie Dury, Anna Font, Kirsten N. Fossum, Evelyn Freney, Gotzon Gangoiti, Yao Ge, Maria Carmen Gomez, Francisco J. Gómez-Moreno, Marie Gohy, Valérie Gros, Paul Hamer, Bryan Hellack, Hartmut Herrmann, Robert Holla, Adéla Holubová, Niels R. Jensen, Tuija Jokinen, Matthew Jones, Uwe Käfer, Lukas Kesper, Dieter Klemp, Dagmar Kubistin, Angela Marinoni, Martina Mazzini, Vy Ngoc Thuy Dinh, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Tuukka Petäjä, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Jitka Přívozníková, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Stefan Reimann, Laura Renzi, Veronique Riffault, Stuart Ritchie, Chris Robins, Begoña Artíñano Rodríguez de Torres, Laurent Poulain, Julian Rüdiger, Agnieszka Sanocka, Estibaliz Saez de Camara Oleaga, Niels Schoon, Roger Seco, Ivan Simmons, Leïla Simon, David Simpson, Sverre Solberg, Emmanuel Tison, August Thomasson, Svetlana Tsyro, Marsailidh Twigg, Toni Tykkä, Bert Verreyken, Ågot Watne, Katie Williams, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Karen Yeung, Ilona Ylivinkka, and Karl Espen Yttri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 8717–8751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8717-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8717-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A one-week intensive measurement campaign during the 2022 European heatwave included monitoring of ozone, volatile organic compounds, aerosol chemical composition, and organic tracers to investigate air pollution sources. Results showed that emissions from vegetation and human activities contributed to peaks in ozone and secondary organic aerosol particles. Differences between measurements and model simulations underline the need for better characterization of sources and formation pathways.
Bárbara Antonucci, Raoni A. Santana, Nara L. R. Andrade, Eliane Gomes Alves, Santiago Botía, Carla M.A. Souza, Anne C. S. Mendonça, Shujiro Komiya, Denisi H. Hall, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Gabriel B. Costa, and Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3167, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest helps regulate the global climate by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. We developed a simple method to improve long-term estimates of forest carbon exchange using measurements available at many monitoring sites. Applying this approach to a 13-year record from the southwestern Amazon showed that the forest absorbed carbon during wetter years but became a weaker carbon sink, or even a carbon source, during droughts and El Niño events.
Mariano A. B. da Rocha, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Anne C. S. Mendonça, Julia C. P. Cohen, Flávio A. F. D'Oliveira, Christopher Pöhlker, Subha Raj, Alessandro C. de Araujo, Marco A. Franco, Paulo Artaxo, Carlos A. Quesada, and Rafael S. Palácios
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 8051–8066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8051-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8051-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how airborne particles like smoke affect a pristine Amazon rainforest. Using long-term data, we found that high aerosol pollution reduces the heat and water vapor released by the forest, causing a cooling effect. Surprisingly, it also substantially boosts the forest's carbon dioxide absorption by scattering sunlight, which helps plants with photosynthesis. This shows that aerosols significantly alter the Amazon's microclimate and its crucial role in the global carbon and water cycles.
Johanna Margaretha Schüttler, Giovanni Pugliese, Joseph Byron, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, Carolina de A. Monteiro, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Biogeosciences, 23, 3467–3498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3467-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3467-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We measured how Amazon rainforest soils release and uptake compounds commonly produced by plants across seasons, including the severe 2023 El Niño drought. Soils took up isoprene most in the afternoon of dry seasons, while emissions of very reactive sesquiterpenes peaked during the drought. Removing the leaf litter changed which compounds transferred to and from the soil. These soil exchanges, though small compared to the canopy, can shape air chemistry near the ground and influence soil biota.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Colette L. Heald, Amanda M. Häne, and Christoph Hüglin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5355–5373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5355-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5355-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health. While precursors to ozone were strongly reduced over the past decades, unhealthy levels of ozone are still frequently reported in Switzerland. In this study, we investigate changes in ozone and its relationship with temperature over time. We find that precursor reductions have positively affected ozone in remote locations, while ozone is increasing close to busy roads. High ozone is often associated with hot summer days.
Bruno B. Meller, Marco A. Franco, Rafael Valiati, Christopher Pöhlker, Luiz A. T. Machado, Florian Ditas, Leslie A. Kremper, Subha S. Raj, Cleo Q. Dias-Júnior, Flávio A. F. D'Oliveira, Luciana V. Rizzo, Ulrich Pöschl, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 4885–4899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4885-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4885-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols are tiny particles that help clouds form and influence the climate. In the Amazon, clear events of new aerosol particle formation are rare, making it difficult to explain their origin. Using ten years of measurements, we discovered a subtle but frequent process called Quiet New Particle Formation. This hidden mechanism slowly produces and grows small particles and is responsible for nearly half of the smallest aerosols observed during the wet season.
Noelia R. Benavente, Santiago Botía, Luciana V. Rizzo, Angel Vara-Vela, Paulo Artaxo, Hella van Asperen, Felipe Santos da Silva, Flavio A. F. D'Oliveira, Horst Fischer, Michał Gałkowski, Theo Glauch, Alice Henkes, David Ho, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Amauri C. P. Junior, Julia Marshall, Linda Ort, Ben-Hur M. Portella, and Luiz A. T. Machado
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-979, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-979, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon Basin plays a vital role in regulating Earth's climate by absorbing and releasing carbon dioxide and methane. We studied how a high-resolution atmospheric transport model captures these gases, comparing it with measurements from towers and aircraft over the forest. Adjusting for forest carbon exchange improved carbon dioxide results, while methane levels were heavily dependent on emission estimates. Remaining errors were linked to winds and atmospheric mixing.
Yang Shi, Colette L. Heald, and Jesse H. Kroll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1570, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1570, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We implement secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways due to peroxy radical (RO2) isomerization and accretion reactions in the CESM2 model. The contribution of RO2 pathways to SOA formation varies from the past to the future; for monoterpenes RO2, isomerization remains important under all climate conditions. We also quantify changes in total biogenic SOA burden under different climates. Our study highlights the need to better represent RO2 chemistry in SOA modeling.
Amauri C. Prudente Jr., Luiz A. T. Machado, Felipe S. Silva, Tercio Ambrizzi, Paulo Artaxo, Santiago Botia, Luan P. Cordeiro, Cleo Q. Dias Jr., Edmilson Freitas, Demerval S. Moreira, Christopher Pöhlker, Ivan M. C. Toro, Xiyan Xu, and Luciana V. Rizzo
Biogeosciences, 23, 1771–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1771-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1771-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study propoes a new method of spatialization to estimate carbon fluxes in the Brazilian Amazon biome. To do so, was used a land surface model (JULES) and two vegetation properties. The results of this spatialization resulted in a carbon fluxes of -1.34 Pg C during the year of 2021 in the entire Brazilian Amazon biome being the states of Amapa and Acre main relevant regions of carbon source.
Ishir Dutta, Colette L. Heald, Ilann Bourgeois, John D. Crounse, Eric J. Hintsa, Fred L. Moore, and Jeff Peischl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-875, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-875, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a global budget of tropospheric reactive oxidized nitrogen (NOy) based on the GEOS‑Chem chemical transport model evaluated against ATom aircraft observations. In addition to burdens, deposition, and lifetimes, we detail the magnitudes of the chemical fluxes governing cycling between NOy species, including uncertain heterogeneous processes such as aerosol nitrate photolysis and organic nitrate hydrolysis.
Anna C. Huitema, Vincent S. de Feiter, Raquel González-Armas, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Hella van Asperen, Cleo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-684, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated nighttime CO2 exchange within and above the Amazon rainforest canopy using observations from the CloudRoots-Amazon22 campaign. Two atmospheric regimes were identified: a turbulent state, in which CO2 exchange between the within- and above-canopy layers was enhanced, and a calm state, with little turbulence and minimal exchange between the layers. Our results indicate that accounting for these two regimes is essential to reproduce nighttime CO2 dynamics correctly.
Carla Souza, Anne C. S. Mendonça, Hella Van Asperen, Flávio A. D’Oliveira, Santiago Botía, Luís G. N. Martins, Denisi H. Hall, Raoni A. Santana, Gilberto Fisch, Leonardo R. Oliveira, Jailson R. Mata, Ranyelli Figueiredo, Bruno T. T. Portela, Carlos A. Quesada, and Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6531, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6531, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the height of the nocturnal air layer (hn) above the Amazon forest changes over the year and how this influences gas measurements. Using two years of tower observations, we found that this layer is higher during wetter periods and much lower during dry periods linked to large climate events. hn can controls how gases accumulate or disperse at night, which affects how we interpret observations and improve weather and climate predictions.
Joseph O. Palmo, Colette L. Heald, Donald R. Blake, Ilann Bourgeois, Matthew Coggon, Jeff Collett, Frank Flocke, Alan Fried, Georgios Gkatzelis, Samuel Hall, Lu Hu, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, I-Ting Ku, Benjamin Nault, Brett Palm, Jeff Peischl, Ilana Pollack, Amy Sullivan, Joel Thornton, Carsten Warneke, Armin Wisthaler, and Lu Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17107–17124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17107-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17107-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates ozone production within wildfire smoke plumes as they age, using both aircraft observations and models. We find that the chemical environment and resulting ozone production within smoke changes as plumes evolve, with implications for climate and public health.
Rafael Valiati, Bruno B. Meller, Marco A. Franco, Luciana V. Rizzo, Luiz A. T. Machado, Sebastian Brill, Bruna A. Holanda, Leslie A. Kremper, Subha S. Raj, Samara Carbone, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Fernando G. Morais, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrich Pöschl, Christopher Pöhlker, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14923–14944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14923-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14923-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the different aerosol populations that are commonly observed in the central Amazon. Vertical gradients of aerosol optical and chemical properties were evaluated on different atmospheric conditions, and showed distinct characteristics of these particles. Intercontinental transport events bring to the region particles with a contrasting chemical composition, while vertical transport processes influence the aerosol properties by promoting the development of coating and aging.
Carlos A. Sierra, Ingrid Chanca, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Hella van Asperen, Lars Borchardt, Santiago Botía, Luiz Antonio Candido, Caio S. C. Correa, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Junior, Markus Eritt, Annica Fröhlich, Luciana V. Gatti, Marcus Guderle, Samuel Hammer, Martin Heimann, Viviana Horna, Armin Jordan, Steffen Knabe, Richard Kneißl, Jost Valentin Lavric, Ingeborg Levin, Kita Macario, Juliana Menger, Heiko Moossen, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Michael Rothe, Christian Rödenbeck, Yago Santos, Axel Steinhof, Bruno Takeshi, Susan Trumbore, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5871–5884, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present here a unique dataset of atmospheric observations of greenhouse gases and isotopes that provide key information on land-atmosphere interactions for the Amazon forests of central Brazil. The data show a relatively large level of variability, but also important trends in greenhouse gases, and signals from fires as well as seasonal biological activity.
Inês Vieira, Félicien Meunier, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Stephen Sitch, Flossie Brown, Giacomo Gerosa, Silvano Fares, Pascal Boeckx, Marijn Bauters, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 22, 6205–6223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6205-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6205-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to study how ozone pollution reduces plant growth in six European forests, from Finland to Italy. Combining field data and simulations, we found that ozone can lower carbon uptake by up to 6 % each year, especially in Mediterranean areas. Our study shows that local climate and forest type influence ozone damage and highlights the need to include ozone effects in forest and climate models.
Paul T. Griffiths, Laura J. Wilcox, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Fiona M. O'Connor, Michael Prather, Alex Archibald, Florence Brown, Makoto Deushi, William Collins, Stephanie Fiedler, Naga Oshima, Lee T. Murray, Bjørn H. Samset, Chris Smith, Steven Turnock, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Paul J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8289–8328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8289-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) aimed to quantify the climate and air quality impacts of aerosols and chemically reactive gases. We review its contribution to AR6 (Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and the wider understanding of the role of these species in climate and climate change. We identify challenges and provide recommendations to improve the utility and uptake of climate model data, detailed summary tables of CMIP6 models, experiments, and emergent diagnostics.
Ingrid Chanca, Ingeborg Levin, Susan Trumbore, Kita Macario, Jost Lavric, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Cléo Quaresma Dias Júnior, Hella van Asperen, Samuel Hammer, and Carlos A. Sierra
Biogeosciences, 22, 455–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-455-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-455-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing the net carbon (C) budget of the Amazon entails considering the magnitude and timing of C absorption and losses through respiration (transit time of C). Radiocarbon-based estimates of the transit time of C in the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) suggest a change in the transit time from 6 ± 2 years and 18 ± 4 years within 2 years (October 2019 and December 2021, respectively). This variability indicates that only a fraction of newly fixed C can be stored for decades or longer.
Olivia G. Norman, Colette L. Heald, Solomon Bililign, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Hugh Coe, Marc N. Fiddler, Jaime R. Green, Jose L. Jimenez, Katharina Kaiser, Jin Liao, Ann M. Middlebrook, Benjamin A. Nault, John B. Nowak, Johannes Schneider, and André Welti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 771–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-771-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-771-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study finds that one component of secondary inorganic aerosols, nitrate, is greatly overestimated by a global atmospheric chemistry model compared to observations from 11 flight campaigns. None of the loss and production pathways explored can explain the nitrate bias alone. The model’s inability to capture the variability in the observations remains and requires future investigation to avoid biases in policy-related studies (i.e., air quality, health, climate impacts of these aerosols).
Flossie Brown, Gerd Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Paulo Artaxo, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Matteo Detto, Ninong Komala, Luciana Rizzo, Nestor Rojas, Ines dos Santos Vieira, Steven Turnock, Hans Verbeeck, and Alfonso Zambrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12537–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12537-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. Ozone monitoring sites in the tropics are limited, so models are often used to understand ozone exposure. We use measurements from the tropics to evaluate ozone from the UK Earth system model, UKESM1. UKESM1 is able to capture the pattern of ozone in the tropics, except in southeast Asia, although it systematically overestimates it at all sites. This work highlights that UKESM1 can capture seasonal and hourly variability.
Luciano Emmert, Susan Trumbore, Joaquim dos Santos, Adriano Lima, Niro Higuchi, Robinson Negrón-Juárez, Cléo Dias-Júnior, Tarek El-Madany, Olaf Kolle, Gabriel Ribeiro, and Daniel Marra
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3234, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we documented wind gusts with the potential to damage trees in a forest in the Central Amazon. We used meteorological data collected at crown height over 24 months. We recorded 424 gusts, which occur more frequently and intensely in higher elevated areas and during the transition from the dry to the wet season. More intense rains showed the strongest relationship with extreme winds, highlighting the role of extreme events in tree mortality.
Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, Christopher Poehlker, Marta O. Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11883–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the average height distribution of separately observed aldehydes and ketones over a day and discuss their rainforest-specific sources and sinks as well as their seasonal changes above the Amazon. Ketones have much longer atmospheric lifetimes than aldehydes and thus different implications for atmospheric chemistry. However, they are commonly observed together, which we overcome by measuring with a NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the first time in the Amazon rainforest.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8893–8910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Amelie U. Schmitt, Felix Ament, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Marta Sá, and Paulo Teixeira
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9323–9346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tall vegetation in forests affects the exchange of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and the land surface. We compared measurements from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory to results from a land surface model to identify model shortcomings. Our results suggest that soil temperatures in the model could be improved by incorporating a separate canopy layer which represents the heat storage within the forest.
Eliane Gomes Alves, Raoni Aquino Santana, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, Santiago Botía, Tyeen Taylor, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Jonathan Williams, Pedro Ivo Lembo Silveira de Assis, Giordane Martins, Rodrigo de Souza, Sérgio Duvoisin Júnior, Alex Guenther, Dasa Gu, Anywhere Tsokankunku, Matthias Sörgel, Bruce Nelson, Davieliton Pinto, Shujiro Komiya, Diogo Martins Rosa, Bettina Weber, Cybelli Barbosa, Michelle Robin, Kenneth J. Feeley, Alvaro Duque, Viviana Londoño Lemos, Maria Paula Contreras, Alvaro Idarraga, Norberto López, Chad Husby, Brett Jestrow, and Iván Mauricio Cely Toro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8149–8168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene is emitted mainly by plants and can influence atmospheric chemistry and air quality. But, there are uncertainties in model emission estimates and follow-up atmospheric processes. In our study, with long-term observational datasets of isoprene and biological and environmental factors from central Amazonia, we show that isoprene emission estimates could be improved when biological processes were mechanistically incorporated into the model.
Kevin J. Nihill, Matthew M. Coggon, Christopher Y. Lim, Abigail R. Koss, Bin Yuan, Jordan E. Krechmer, Kanako Sekimoto, Jose L. Jimenez, Joost de Gouw, Christopher D. Cappa, Colette L. Heald, Carsten Warneke, and Jesse H. Kroll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7887–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7887-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we collect emissions from controlled burns of biomass fuels that can be found in the western United States into an environmental chamber in order to simulate their oxidation as they pass through the atmosphere. These findings provide a detailed characterization of the composition of the atmosphere downwind of wildfires. In turn, this will help to explore the effects of these changing emissions on downwind populations and will also directly inform atmospheric and climate models.
Zaneta Hamryszczak, Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Brendel, Roland Rohloff, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Hartwig Harder, Andrea Pozzer, Birger Bohn, Martin Zöger, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5929–5943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5929-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5929-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen peroxide is a key contributor to the oxidative chemistry of the atmosphere through its link to the most prominent oxidants controlling its self-cleansing capacity, HOx. During the CAFE-Africa campaign, H2O2 was measured over the Atlantic Ocean and western Africa in August/September 2018. The study gives an overview of the distribution of H2O2 in the upper tropical troposphere and investigates the impact of convective processes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on the budget of H2O2.
Flossie Brown, Lauren Marshall, Peter H. Haynes, Rolando R. Garcia, Thomas Birner, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5335–5353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5335-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large-magnitude volcanic eruptions have the potential to alter large-scale circulation patterns, such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The QBO is an oscillation of the tropical stratospheric zonal winds between easterly and westerly directions. Using a climate model, we show that large-magnitude eruptions can delay the progression of the QBO, with a much longer delay when the shear is easterly than when it is westerly. Such delays may affect weather and transport of atmospheric gases.
Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Brendel, John N. Crowley, Philipp G. Eger, Hartwig Harder, Monica Martinez, Andrea Pozzer, Roland Rohloff, Jan Schuladen, Sebastian Tauer, David Walter, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 119–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Formaldehyde and hydroperoxide measurements were performed in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula and highlight the Suez Canal and Arabian (Persian) Gulf as a hotspot of photochemical air pollution. A comparison with the EMAC model shows that the formaldehyde results match within a factor of 2, while hydrogen peroxide was overestimated by more than a factor of 5, which revealed enhanced HOx (OH+HO2) radicals in the simulation and an underestimation of dry deposition velocites.
Qing Ye, Matthew B. Goss, Jordan E. Krechmer, Francesca Majluf, Alexander Zaytsev, Yaowei Li, Joseph R. Roscioli, Manjula Canagaratna, Frank N. Keutsch, Colette L. Heald, and Jesse H. Kroll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16003–16015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16003-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16003-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a major natural source of sulfate particles in the atmosphere. However, its mechanism is poorly constrained. In our work, laboratory measurements and mechanistic modeling were conducted to comprehensively investigate DMS oxidation products and key reaction rates. We find that the peroxy radical (RO2) has a controlling effect on product distribution and aerosol yield, with the isomerization of RO2 leading to the suppression of aerosol yield.
Charlotte M. Beall, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Tobias Köneman, Michael Pikridas, Frank Drewnick, Hartwig Harder, Christopher Pöhlker, Jos Lelieveld, Bettina Weber, Minas Iakovides, Roman Prokeš, Jean Sciare, Meinrat O. Andreae, M. Dale Stokes, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12607–12627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare aerosols that can trigger ice formation in clouds and affect climate-relevant cloud properties such as phase, reflectivity and lifetime. Dust is the dominant INP source, yet few measurements have been reported near major dust sources. We report INP observations within hundreds of kilometers of the biggest dust source regions globally: the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. Results show that at temperatures > −15 °C, INPs are dominated by organics.
Flossie Brown, Gerd A. Folberth, Stephen Sitch, Susanne Bauer, Marijn Bauters, Pascal Boeckx, Alexander W. Cheesman, Makoto Deushi, Inês Dos Santos Vieira, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, James Haywood, James Keeble, Lina M. Mercado, Fiona M. O'Connor, Naga Oshima, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Hans Verbeeck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12331–12352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone can decrease plant productivity and impair human health. In this study, we evaluate the change in surface ozone due to climate change over South America and Africa using Earth system models. We find that if the climate were to change according to the worst-case scenario used here, models predict that forested areas in biomass burning locations and urban populations will be at increasing risk of ozone exposure, but other areas will experience a climate benefit.
Therese S. Carter, Colette L. Heald, Jesse H. Kroll, Eric C. Apel, Donald Blake, Matthew Coggon, Achim Edtbauer, Georgios Gkatzelis, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Jeff Peischl, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Felix Piel, Nina G. Reijrink, Akima Ringsdorf, Carsten Warneke, Jonathan Williams, Armin Wisthaler, and Lu Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12093–12111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12093-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12093-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fires emit many gases which can contribute to smog and air pollution. However, the amount and properties of these chemicals are not well understood, so this work updates and expands their representation in a global atmospheric model, including by adding new chemicals. We confirm that this updated representation generally matches measurements taken in several fire regions. We then show that fires provide ~15 % of atmospheric reactivity globally and more than 75 % over fire source regions.
Simon F. Reifenberg, Anna Martin, Matthias Kohl, Sara Bacer, Zaneta Hamryszczak, Ivan Tadic, Lenard Röder, Daniel J. Crowley, Horst Fischer, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Raphael Dörich, John N. Crowley, Laura Tomsche, Andreas Marsing, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Zahn, Christopher Pöhlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid Krüger, Ulrich Pöschl, Mira Pöhlker, Patrick Jöckel, Marcel Dorf, Ulrich Schumann, Jonathan Williams, Birger Bohn, Joachim Curtius, Hardwig Harder, Hans Schlager, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10901–10917, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we use a combination of observational data from an aircraft campaign and model results to investigate the effect of the European lockdown due to COVID-19 in spring 2020. Using model results, we show that the largest relative changes to the atmospheric composition caused by the reduced emissions are located in the upper troposphere around aircraft cruise altitude, while the largest absolute changes are present at the surface.
Marco Wietzoreck, Marios Kyprianou, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe, Siddika Celik, John N. Crowley, Frank Drewnick, Philipp Eger, Nils Friedrich, Minas Iakovides, Petr Kukučka, Jan Kuta, Barbora Nežiková, Petra Pokorná, Petra Přibylová, Roman Prokeš, Roland Rohloff, Ivan Tadic, Sebastian Tauer, Jake Wilson, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, Ulrich Pöschl, Euripides G. Stephanou, and Gerhard Lammel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8739–8766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A unique dataset of concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated derivatives, in total 74 individual species, in the marine atmosphere is presented. Exposure to these substances poses a major health risk. We found very low concentrations over the Arabian Sea, while both local and long-range-transported pollution caused elevated levels over the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Gulf.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Andrea Pozzer, Ivan Tadic, Lenard Röder, Florian Obersteiner, Hartwig Harder, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6151–6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The European COVID-19 lockdowns have significantly reduced the emission of primary pollutants such as NOx, which impacts the tropospheric photochemical processes and the abundance of O3. In this study, we present how the lockdowns have affected tropospheric trace gases and ozone production based on in situ observations and modeling simulations. We additionally show that the chemical regime shifted from a transition point to a NOx limitation in the upper troposphere.
Marco A. Franco, Florian Ditas, Leslie A. Kremper, Luiz A. T. Machado, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro Araújo, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, Joel F. de Brito, Samara Carbone, Bruna A. Holanda, Fernando G. Morais, Janaína P. Nascimento, Mira L. Pöhlker, Luciana V. Rizzo, Marta Sá, Jorge Saturno, David Walter, Stefan Wolff, Ulrich Pöschl, Paulo Artaxo, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3469–3492, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In Central Amazonia, new particle formation in the planetary boundary layer is rare. Instead, there is the appearance of sub-50 nm aerosols with diameters larger than about 20 nm that eventually grow to cloud condensation nuclei size range. Here, 254 growth events were characterized which have higher predominance in the wet season. About 70 % of them showed direct relation to convective downdrafts, while 30 % occurred partly under clear-sky conditions, evidencing still unknown particle sources.
Ka Ming Fung, Colette L. Heald, Jesse H. Kroll, Siyuan Wang, Duseong S. Jo, Andrew Gettelman, Zheng Lu, Xiaohong Liu, Rahul A. Zaveri, Eric C. Apel, Donald R. Blake, Jose-Luis Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Patrick R. Veres, Timothy S. Bates, John E. Shilling, and Maria Zawadowicz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1549–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1549-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the natural aerosol burden in the preindustrial era is crucial for us to assess how atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's radiative budgets. Our study explores how a detailed description of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation (implemented in the Community Atmospheric Model version 6 with chemistry, CAM6-chem) could help us better estimate the present-day and preindustrial concentrations of sulfate and other relevant chemicals, as well as the resulting aerosol radiative impacts.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, John N. Crowley, Jan Schuladen, Jonathan Williams, Sascha Hafermann, Andreas Reiffs, Raoul Axinte, Hartwig Harder, Cheryl Ernest, Anna Novelli, Katrin Sala, Monica Martinez, Chinmay Mallik, Laura Tomsche, Christian Plass-Dülmer, Birger Bohn, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18413–18432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
HCHO is an important atmospheric trace gas influencing the photochemical processes in the Earth’s atmosphere, including the budget of HOx and the abundance of tropospheric O3. This research presents the photochemical calculations of HCHO and O3 based on three field campaigns across Europe. We show that HCHO production via the oxidation of only four volatile organic compound precursors, i.e., CH4, CH3CHO, C5H8 and CH3OH, can balance the observed loss at all sites well.
Dirk Dienhart, John N. Crowley, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Achim Edtbauer, Philipp G. Eger, Lisa Ernle, Hartwig Harder, Bettina Hottmann, Monica Martinez, Uwe Parchatka, Jean-Daniel Paris, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Roland Rohloff, Jan Schuladen, Christof Stönner, Ivan Tadic, Sebastian Tauer, Nijing Wang, Jonathan Williams, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17373–17388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17373-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17373-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first ship-based in situ measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and the OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula. Regression analysis of the HCHO production rate and the related OH chemistry revealed the regional HCHO yield αeff, which represents the different chemical regimes encountered. Highest values were found for the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), which highlights this region as a hotspot of photochemical air pollution.
Alexander A. T. Bui, Henry W. Wallace, Sarah Kavassalis, Hariprasad D. Alwe, James H. Flynn, Matt H. Erickson, Sergio Alvarez, Dylan B. Millet, Allison L. Steiner, and Robert J. Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17031–17050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Differences in atmospheric species above and below a forest canopy provide insight into the relative importance of local mixing, long-range transport, and chemical processes in determining vertical gradients in atmospheric particles in a forested environment. This helps in understanding the flux of climate-relevant material out of the forest to the atmosphere. We studied this in a remote forest using vertically resolved measurements of gases and particles.
Dandan Wei, Hariprasad D. Alwe, Dylan B. Millet, Brandon Bottorff, Michelle Lew, Philip S. Stevens, Joshua D. Shutter, Joshua L. Cox, Frank N. Keutsch, Qianwen Shi, Sarah C. Kavassalis, Jennifer G. Murphy, Krystal T. Vasquez, Hannah M. Allen, Eric Praske, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Paul B. Shepson, Alexander A. T. Bui, Henry W. Wallace, Robert J. Griffin, Nathaniel W. May, Megan Connor, Jonathan H. Slade, Kerri A. Pratt, Ezra C. Wood, Mathew Rollings, Benjamin L. Deming, Daniel C. Anderson, and Allison L. Steiner
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6309–6329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, understanding of isoprene oxidation has improved, and proper representation of isoprene oxidation and isoprene-derived SOA (iSOA) formation in canopy–chemistry models is now recognized to be important for an accurate understanding of forest–atmosphere exchange. The updated FORCAsT version 2.0 improves the estimation of some isoprene oxidation products and is one of the few canopy models currently capable of simulating SOA formation from monoterpenes and isoprene.
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Uwe Parchatka, Ivan Tadic, Birger Bohn, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Roland Rohloff, Hartwig Harder, Flora Kluge, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Florian Obersteiner, Martin Zöger, Raphael Doerich, John N. Crowley, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6759–6776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
NO2 plays a central role in atmospheric photochemical processes and requires accurate measurements. This research presents NO2 data obtained via chemiluminescence using a photolytic converter from airborne studies around Cabo Verde and laboratory investigations. We show the limits and error-proneness of a conventional blue light converter in aircraft measurements affected by humidity and NO levels and suggest the use of an alternative quartz converter for more reliable results.
Maria Prass, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Wolfgang Elbert, Jan-David Förster, Marco Aurélio Franco, Isabella Hrabe de Angelis, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Thomas Klimach, Leslie Ann Kremper, Eckhard Thines, David Walter, Jens Weber, Bettina Weber, Bernhard M. Fuchs, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Biogeosciences, 18, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols in the atmosphere over the Amazon rain forest were analyzed by molecular biological staining and microscopy. Eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal aerosols were quantified in time series and altitude profiles which exhibited clear differences in number concentrations and vertical distributions. Our results provide insights into the sources and dispersion of different Amazonian bioaerosol types as a basis for a better understanding of biosphere–atmosphere interactions.
Jean-Daniel Paris, Aurélie Riandet, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Marc Delmotte, Antoine Berchet, Jonathan Williams, Lisa Ernle, Ivan Tadic, Hartwig Harder, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12443–12462, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured atmospheric methane and CO2 by ship in the Middle East. We probe the origin of methane with a combination of light alkane measurements and modeling. We find strong influence from nearby oil and gas production over the Arabian Gulf. Comparing our data to inventories indicates that inventories overestimate sources from the upstream gas industry but underestimate emissions from oil extraction and processing. The Red Sea was under a complex mixture of sources due to human activity.
Cited articles
Andreae, M. O., Acevedo, O. C., Araùjo, A., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, C. G. G., Barbosa, H. M. J., Brito, J., Carbone, S., Chi, X., Cintra, B. B. L., da Silva, N. F., Dias, N. L., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Ditas, F., Ditz, R., Godoi, A. F. L., Godoi, R. H. M., Heimann, M., Hoffmann, T., Kesselmeier, J., Könemann, T., Krüger, M. L., Lavric, J. V., Manzi, A. O., Lopes, A. P., Martins, D. L., Mikhailov, E. F., Moran-Zuloaga, D., Nelson, B. W., Nölscher, A. C., Santos Nogueira, D., Piedade, M. T. F., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U., Quesada, C. A., Rizzo, L. V., Ro, C.-U., Ruckteschler, N., Sá, L. D. A., de Oliveira Sá, M., Sales, C. B., dos Santos, R. M. N., Saturno, J., Schöngart, J., Sörgel, M., de Souza, C. M., de Souza, R. A. F., Su, H., Targhetta, N., Tóta, J., Trebs, I., Trumbore, S., van Eijck, A., Walter, D., Wang, Z., Weber, B., Williams, J., Winderlich, J., Wittmann, F., Wolff, S., and Yáñez-Serrano, A. M.: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10723–10776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10723-2015, 2015.
Aragão, L. E., Anderson, L. O., Fonseca, M. G., Rosan, T. M., Vedovato, L. B., Wagner, F. H., Silva, C. V., Silva Junior, C. H., Arai, E., and Aguiar, A. P.: 21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions, Nat. Commun., 9, 536, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y, 2018.
Ashworth, K., Chung, S. H., Griffin, R. J., Chen, J., Forkel, R., Bryan, A. M., and Steiner, A. L.: FORest Canopy Atmosphere Transfer (FORCAsT) 1.0: a 1-D model of biosphere–atmosphere chemical exchange, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3765–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3765-2015, 2015.
Bakwin, P. S., Wofsy, S. C., Fan, S.-M., Keller, M., Trumbore, S. E., and Da Costa, J. M.: Emission of nitric oxide (NO) from tropical forest soils and exchange of NO between the forest canopy and atmospheric boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 16755–16764, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD10p16755, 1990.
Bardakov, R., Krejci, R., Riipinen, I., and Ekman, A. M. L.: The Role of Convective Up- and Downdrafts in the Transport of Trace Gases in the Amazon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD037265, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037265, 2022.
Botía, S., Gerbig, C., Marshall, J., Lavric, J. V., Walter, D., Pöhlker, C., Holanda, B., Fisch, G., de Araújo, A. C., Sá, M. O., Teixeira, P. R., Resende, A. F., Dias-Junior, C. Q., van Asperen, H., Oliveira, P. S., Stefanello, M., and Acevedo, O. C.: Understanding nighttime methane signals at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6583–6606, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6583-2020, 2020.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Behrendt, T., Yañez-Serrano, A. M., Hellén, H., Diamantopoulos, E., Catão, E., Ashworth, K., Pozzer, A., Quesada, C. A., Martins, D. L., Sá, M., Araujo, A., Brito, J., Artaxo, P., Kesselmeier, J., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Strong sesquiterpene emissions from Amazonian soils, Nat. Commun., 9, 2226, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04658-y, 2018.
Breuninger, C., Meixner, F. X., and Kesselmeier, J.: Field investigations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exchange between plants and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 773–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-773-2013, 2013.
Brown, F.: Dataset For: Linking In-Canopy Chemistry to Above-Canopy O3, BVOCs, and NOx Gas Fluxes in the Amazon Rainforest, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20927018, 2026.
Brown, F., Folberth, G. A., Sitch, S., Bauer, S., Bauters, M., Boeckx, P., Cheesman, A. W., Deushi, M., Dos Santos Vieira, I., Galy-Lacaux, C., Haywood, J., Keeble, J., Mercado, L. M., O'Connor, F. M., Oshima, N., Tsigaridis, K., and Verbeeck, H.: The ozone–climate penalty over South America and Africa by 2100, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12331–12352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12331-2022, 2022.
Bryan, A. M., Bertman, S. B., Carroll, M. A., Dusanter, S., Edwards, G. D., Forkel, R., Griffith, S., Guenther, A. B., Hansen, R. F., Helmig, D., Jobson, B. T., Keutsch, F. N., Lefer, B. L., Pressley, S. N., Shepson, P. B., Stevens, P. S., and Steiner, A. L.: In-canopy gas-phase chemistry during CABINEX 2009: sensitivity of a 1-D canopy model to vertical mixing and isoprene chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8829–8849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8829-2012, 2012.
Cárdenas, L., Rondón, A., Johansson, C., and Sanhueza, E.: Effects of soil moisture, temperature, and inorganic nitrogen on nitric oxide emissions from acidic tropical savannah soils, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 14783–14790, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD01020, 1993.
Carneiro, R. G. and Fisch, G.: Observational analysis of the daily cycle of the planetary boundary layer in the central Amazon during a non-El Niño year and El Niño year (GoAmazon project 2014/5), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5547–5558, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5547-2020, 2020.
Cava, D., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Acevedo, O., Oliveira, P. E. S., Tsokankunku, A., Sörgel, M., Manzi, A. O., de Araújo, A. C., Brondani, D. V., Toro, I. M. C., and Mortarini, L.: Vertical propagation of submeso and coherent structure in a tall and dense Amazon Forest in different stability conditions PART I: Flow structure within and above the roughness sublayer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 322, 108983, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108983, 2022.
Chamecki, M., Freire, L. S., Dias, N. L., Chen, B., Dias-Junior, C. Q., Machado, L. A. T., Sörgel, M., Tsokankunku, A., and de Araújo, A. C.: Effects of Vegetation and Topography on the Boundary Layer Structure above the Amazon Forest, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 2941–2957, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0063.1, 2020.
Chaparro-Suarez, I. G., Meixner, F. X., and Kesselmeier, J.: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) uptake by vegetation controlled by atmospheric concentrations and plant stomatal aperture, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5742–5750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.021, 2011.
Cheesman, A. W., Brown, F., Artaxo, P., Farha, M. N., Folberth, G. A., Hayes, F. J., Heinrich, V. H., Hill, T. C., Mercado, L. M., and Oliver, R. J.: Reduced productivity and carbon drawdown of tropical forests from ground-level ozone exposure, Nat. Geosci., 17, 1003–1007, 2024.
Clifton, O. E., Schwede, D., Hogrefe, C., Bash, J. O., Bland, S., Cheung, P., Coyle, M., Emberson, L., Flemming, J., Fredj, E., Galmarini, S., Ganzeveld, L., Gazetas, O., Goded, I., Holmes, C. D., Horváth, L., Huijnen, V., Li, Q., Makar, P. A., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Munger, J. W., Pérez-Camanyo, J. L., Pleim, J., Ran, L., San Jose, R., Silva, S. J., Staebler, R., Sun, S., Tai, A. P. K., Tas, E., Vesala, T., Weidinger, T., Wu, Z., and Zhang, L.: A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023.
Cordova, A. M., Longo, K., Freitas, S., Gatti, L. V., Artaxo, P., Procópio, A., Silva Dias, M. A. F., and Freitas, E. D.: Nitrogen oxides measurements in an Amazon site and enhancements associated with a cold front, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 2301–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-2301-2004, 2004.
Costa, B., Anselmo-Moreira, F., Nascimento, A., Pedrosa, G., Catharino, E., Borbon, A., Fornaro, A., Furlan, C., and de Souza, S.: Unveiling Sesquiterpene Emissions in Dominant Trees of a Brazilian Atlantic Forest Remnant, ChemRxiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-8pg46, 17 April 2025.
Covey, K., Soper, F., Pangala, S., Bernardino, A., Pagliaro, Z., Basso, L., Cassol, H., Fearnside, P., Navarrete, D., Novoa, S., Sawakuchi, H., Lovejoy, T., Marengo, J., Peres, C. A., Baillie, J., Bernasconi, P., Camargo, J., Freitas, C., Hoffman, B., Nardoto, G. B., Nobre, I., Mayorga, J., Mesquita, R., Pavan, S., Pinto, F., Rocha, F., de Assis Mello, R., Thuault, A., Bahl, A. A., and Elmore, A.: Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon, Front. For. Glob. Change, 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401, 2021.
Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Dias, N. L., dos Santos, R. M. N., Sörgel, M., Araújo, A., Tsokankunku, A., Ditas, F., de Santana, R. A., von Randow, C., Sá, M., Pöhlker, C., Toledo Machado, L. A., de Sá, L. D., Moran-Zuloaga, D., Janssen, R., Acevedo, O., Oliveira, P., Fisch, G., Chor, T., and Manzi, A.: Is There a Classical Inertial Sublayer Over the Amazon Forest?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5614–5622, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083237, 2019.
dos Reis, M., Graça, P. M. L. de A., Yanai, A. M., Ramos, C. J. P., and Fearnside, P. M.: Forest fires and deforestation in the central Amazon: Effects of landscape and climate on spatial and temporal dynamics, J. Environ. Manage., 288, 112310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112310, 2021.
Edtbauer, A., Pfannerstill, E. Y., Pires Florentino, A. P., Barbosa, C. G. G., Rodriguez-Caballero, E., Zannoni, N., Alves, R. P., Wolff, S., Tsokankunku, A., Aptroot, A., de Oliveira Sá, M., de Araújo, A. C., Sörgel, M., de Oliveira, S. M., Weber, B., and Williams, J.: Cryptogamic organisms are a substantial source and sink for volatile organic compounds in the Amazon region, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 258, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00328-y, 2021.
Erickson, H., Davidson, E. A., and Keller, M.: Former land-use and tree species affect nitrogen oxide emissions from a tropical dry forest, Oecologia, 130, 297–308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100801, 2002.
Forkel, R., Klemm, O., Graus, M., Rappenglück, B., Stockwell, W. R., Grabmer, W., Held, A., Hansel, A., and Steinbrecher, R.: Trace gas exchange and gas phase chemistry in a Norway spruce forest: A study with a coupled 1-dimensional canopy atmospheric chemistry emission model, Atmos. Environ., 40, 28–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.070, 2006.
Freire, L. S., Gerken, T., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Wei, D., Fuentes, J. D., Katul, G. G., Dias, N. L., Acevedo, O. C., and Chamecki, M.: Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 2791–2811, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026009, 2017.
Ganzeveld, L., Bouwman, L., Stehfest, E., van Vuuren, D. P., Eickhout, B., and Lelieveld, J.: Impact of future land use and land cover changes on atmospheric chemistry-climate interactions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014041, 2010.
Ganzeveld, L. N., Lelieveld, J., Dentener, F. J., Krol, M. C., and Roelofs, G.-J.: Atmosphere-biosphere trace gas exchanges simulated with a single-column model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 8-1–ACH 8-21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000684, 2002a.
Ganzeveld, L. N., Lelieveld, J., Dentener, F. J., Krol, M. C., Bouwman, A. J., and Roelofs, G.-J.: Global soil-biogenic NOx emissions and the role of canopy processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACH 9-1–ACH 9-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001289, 2002b.
Gao, W., Wesely, M. L., and Doskey, P. V.: Numerical modeling of the turbulent diffusion and chemistry of NOx, O3, isoprene, and other reactive trace gases in and above a forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 18339–18353, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD01862, 1993.
Gerken, T., Ruddell, B. L., Fuentes, J. D., Araújo, A., Brunsell, N. A., Maia, J., Manzi, A., Mercer, J., dos Santos, R. N., von Randow, C., and Stoy, P. C.: Investigating the mechanisms responsible for the lack of surface energy balance closure in a central Amazonian tropical rainforest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 255, 92–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.03.023, 2018.
Gomes Alves, E., Taylor, T., Robin, M., Pinheiro Oliveira, D., Schietti, J., Duvoisin Júnior, S., Zannoni, N., Williams, J., Hartmann, C., Gonçalves, J. F. C., Schöngart, J., Wittmann, F., and Piedade, M. T. F.: Seasonal shifts in isoprenoid emission composition from three hyperdominant tree species in central Amazonia, Plant Biol., 24, 721–733, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13419, 2022.
Gomes Alves, E., Aquino Santana, R., Quaresma Dias-Júnior, C., Botía, S., Taylor, T., Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Kesselmeier, J., Bourtsoukidis, E., Williams, J., Lembo Silveira de Assis, P. I., Martins, G., de Souza, R., Duvoisin Júnior, S., Guenther, A., Gu, D., Tsokankunku, A., Sörgel, M., Nelson, B., Pinto, D., Komiya, S., Martins Rosa, D., Weber, B., Barbosa, C., Robin, M., Feeley, K. J., Duque, A., Londoño Lemos, V., Contreras, M. P., Idarraga, A., López, N., Husby, C., Jestrow, B., and Cely Toro, I. M.: Intra- and interannual changes in isoprene emission from central Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8149–8168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8149-2023, 2023.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8873–8892, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02950, 1995.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Gut, A., Scheibe, M., Rottenberger, S., Rummel, U., Welling, M., Ammann, C., Kirkman, G. A., Kuhn, U., Meixner, F. X., Kesselmeier, J., Lehmann, B. E., Schmidt, W., Müller, E., and Piedade, M. T. F.: Exchange fluxes of NO2 and O3 at soil and leaf surfaces in an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, LBA 27-1–LBA 27-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000654, 2002.
Hudman, R. C., Moore, N. E., Mebust, A. K., Martin, R. V., Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7779–7795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7779-2012, 2012.
Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Frazier, G., Willison, J., and Faiola, C.: Missing Measurements of Sesquiterpene Ozonolysis Rates and Composition Limit Understanding of Atmospheric Reactivity, Environ. Sci. Technol., https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10348, 2024.
Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., van Haren, J., Artaxo, P., Rizzo, L. V., Ishida, F. Y., Karl, T., Kesselmeier, J., Saleska, S., and Huxman, T.: Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016243, 2011.
Jarvis, P. G.: The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 273, 593–610, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1976.0035, 1976.
Jeong, D., Seco, R., Emmons, L., Schwantes, R., Liu, Y., McKinney, K. A., Martin, S. T., Keutsch, F. N., Gu, D., Guenther, A. B., Vega, O., Tota, J., Souza, R. A. F., Springston, S. R., Watson, T. B., and Kim, S.: Reconciling Observed and Predicted Tropical Rainforest OH Concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.s, 127, e2020JD032901, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032901, 2022.
Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Mattar, C., Barichivich, J., Santamaría-Artigas, A., Takahashi, K., Malhi, Y., Sobrino, J. A., and van der Schrier, G.: Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015–2016, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 33130, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33130, 2016.
Ke, P., Kang, R., Avery, L. K., Zhang, J., Yu, Q., Xie, D., and Duan, L.: Temporal variations of soil NO and NO2 fluxes in two typical subtropical forests receiving contrasting rates of N deposition, Environ. Pollut., 295, 118696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118696, 2022.
Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Tavares, T. M., and Kesselmeier, J.: Seasonal differences in isoprene and light-dependent monoterpene emission by Amazonian tree species, Global Change Biol., 10, 663–682, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00771.x, 2004a.
Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., and Kesselmeier, J.: Strong correlation between isoprene emission and gross photosynthetic capacity during leaf phenology of the tropical tree species Hymenaea courbaril with fundamental changes in volatile organic compounds emission composition during early leaf development, Plant Cell Environ., 27, 1469–1485, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01252.x, 2004b.
Kuhn, U., Andreae, M. O., Ammann, C., Araújo, A. C., Brancaleoni, E., Ciccioli, P., Dindorf, T., Frattoni, M., Gatti, L. V., Ganzeveld, L., Kruijt, B., Lelieveld, J., Lloyd, J., Meixner, F. X., Nobre, A. D., Pöschl, U., Spirig, C., Stefani, P., Thielmann, A., Valentini, R., and Kesselmeier, J.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes from Central Amazonian rainforest inferred from tower-based and airborne measurements, and implications on the atmospheric chemistry and the local carbon budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2855–2879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2855-2007, 2007.
Kuhn, U., Ganzeveld, L., Thielmann, A., Dindorf, T., Schebeske, G., Welling, M., Sciare, J., Roberts, G., Meixner, F. X., Kesselmeier, J., Lelieveld, J., Kolle, O., Ciccioli, P., Lloyd, J., Trentmann, J., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Impact of Manaus City on the Amazon Green Ocean atmosphere: ozone production, precursor sensitivity and aerosol load, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9251–9282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9251-2010, 2010.
Lee, B. H., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Rizzo, L. V., Yoon, J. Y. S., Turner, A. J., Thornton, J. A., and Swann, A. L. S.: Sensitive Response of Atmospheric Oxidative Capacity to the Uncertainty in the Emissions of Nitric Oxide (NO) From Soils in Amazonia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107214, 2024.
Luo, G. J., Kiese, R., Wolf, B., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Effects of soil temperature and moisture on methane uptake and nitrous oxide emissions across three different ecosystem types, Biogeosciences, 10, 3205–3219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3205-2013, 2013.
Makar, P. A., Fuentes, J. D., Wang, D., Staebler, R. M., and Wiebe, H. A.: Chemical processing of biogenic hydrocarbons within and above a temperate deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 3581–3603, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100065, 1999.
Makar, P. A., Staebler, R. M., Akingunola, A., Zhang, J., McLinden, C., Kharol, S. K., Pabla, B., Cheung, P., and Zheng, Q.: The effects of forest canopy shading and turbulence on boundary layer ozone, Nat. Commun., 8, 15243, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15243, 2017.
Marengo, J. A., Souza, C. M., Thonicke, K., Burton, C., Halladay, K., Betts, R. A., Alves, L. M., and Soares, W. R.: Changes in Climate and Land Use Over the Amazon Region: Current and Future Variability and Trends, Front. Earth Sci., 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00228, 2018.
Mortarini, L., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Acevedo, O., Oliveira, P. E. S., Tsokankunku, A., Sörgel, M., Manzi, A. O., de Araújo, A. C., Brondani, D. V., Toro, I. M. C., Giostra, U., and Cava, D.: Vertical propagation of submeso and coherent structure in a tall and dense amazon forest in different stability conditions. PART II: Coherent structures analysis, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 322, 108993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108993, 2022.
Norman, J. M.: Modeling the complete crop canopy, in: Modification of the aerial environment of plants, edited by: Barfield, B. J. and Gerber, J. F., ASAE Monogr. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI, 249–277, ISBN-10 0916150151, 1979.
Otu-Larbi, F., Conte, A., Fares, S., Wild, O., and Ashworth, K.: FORCAsT-gs: Importance of Stomatal Conductance Parameterization to Estimated Ozone Deposition Velocity, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2021MS002581, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002581, 2021.
Pacifico, F., Folberth, G. A., Sitch, S., Haywood, J. M., Rizzo, L. V., Malavelle, F. F., and Artaxo, P.: Biomass burning related ozone damage on vegetation over the Amazon forest: a model sensitivity study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2791–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2791-2015, 2015.
Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., Patton, E. G., Moene, A. F., Ouwersloot, H. G., Gerken, T., Machado, L. a. T., Martin, S. T., Sörgel, M., Stoy, P. C., Yamasoe, M. A., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Investigating the Diurnal Radiative, Turbulent, and Biophysical Processes in the Amazonian Canopy-Atmosphere Interface by Combining LES Simulations and Observations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 15, e2022MS003210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003210, 2023.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Nölscher, A. C., Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Bourtsoukidis, E., Keßel, S., Janssen, R. H. H., Tsokankunku, A., Wolff, S., Sörgel, M., Sá, M. O., Araújo, A., Walter, D., Lavrič, J., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Kesselmeier, J., and Williams, J.: Total OH Reactivity Changes Over the Amazon Rainforest During an El Niño Event, Front. For. Glob. Change, 1, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2018.00012, 2018.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Reijrink, N. G., Edtbauer, A., Ringsdorf, A., Zannoni, N., Araújo, A., Ditas, F., Holanda, B. A., Sá, M. O., Tsokankunku, A., Walter, D., Wolff, S., Lavrič, J. V., Pöhlker, C., Sörgel, M., and Williams, J.: Total OH reactivity over the Amazon rainforest: variability with temperature, wind, rain, altitude, time of day, season, and an overall budget closure, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6231–6256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6231-2021, 2021.
Pöhlker, C., Walter, D., Paulsen, H., Könemann, T., Rodríguez-Caballero, E., Moran-Zuloaga, D., Brito, J., Carbone, S., Degrendele, C., Després, V. R., Ditas, F., Holanda, B. A., Kaiser, J. W., Lammel, G., Lavrič, J. V., Ming, J., Pickersgill, D., Pöhlker, M. L., Praß, M., Löbs, N., Saturno, J., Sörgel, M., Wang, Q., Weber, B., Wolff, S., Artaxo, P., Pöschl, U., and Andreae, M. O.: Land cover and its transformation in the backward trajectory footprint region of the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8425–8470, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8425-2019, 2019.
Pöhlker, M. L., Ditas, F., Saturno, J., Klimach, T., Hrabě de Angelis, I., Araùjo, A. C., Brito, J., Carbone, S., Cheng, Y., Chi, X., Ditz, R., Gunthe, S. S., Holanda, B. A., Kandler, K., Kesselmeier, J., Könemann, T., Krüger, O. O., Lavrič, J. V., Martin, S. T., Mikhailov, E., Moran-Zuloaga, D., Rizzo, L. V., Rose, D., Su, H., Thalman, R., Walter, D., Wang, J., Wolff, S., Barbosa, H. M. J., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., and Pöhlker, C.: Long-term observations of cloud condensation nuclei over the Amazon rain forest – Part 2: Variability and characteristics of biomass burning, long-range transport, and pristine rain forest aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10289–10331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10289-2018, 2018.
Pope, R. J., Arnold, S. R., Chipperfield, M. P., Reddington, C. L. S., Butt, E. W., Keslake, T. D., Feng, W., Latter, B. G., Kerridge, B. J., Siddans, R., Rizzo, L., Artaxo, P., Sadiq, M., and Tai, A. P. K.: Substantial Increases in Eastern Amazon and Cerrado Biomass Burning-Sourced Tropospheric Ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL084143, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084143, 2020.
Pugliese, G., Ingrisch, J., Meredith, L. K., Pfannerstill, E. Y., Klüpfel, T., Meeran, K., Byron, J., Purser, G., Gil-Loaiza, J., van Haren, J., Dontsova, K., Kreuzwieser, J., Ladd, S. N., Werner, C., and Williams, J.: Effects of drought and recovery on soil volatile organic compound fluxes in an experimental rainforest, Nat. Commun., 14, 5064, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40661-8, 2023.
Raupach, M. R.: A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 609–632, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711548710, 1989.
Restrepo-Coupe, N., Albert, L. P., Longo, M., Baker, I., Levine, N. M., Mercado, L. M., da Araujo, A. C., Christoffersen, B. O., Costa, M. H., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Galbraith, D., Imbuzeiro, H., Malhi, Y., von Randow, C., Zeng, X., Moorcroft, P., and Saleska, S. R.: Understanding water and energy fluxes in the Amazonia: Lessons from an observation-model intercomparison, Global Change Biol., 27, 1802–1819, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15555, 2021.
Ribeiro Neto, G. G., Anderson, L. O., Barretos, N. J. C., Abreu, R., Alves, L., Dong, B., Lott, F. C., and Tett, S. F. B.: Attributing the 2015/2016 Amazon basin drought to anthropogenic influence, Climate Resilience and Sustainability, 1, e25, https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.25, 2022.
Ringsdorf, A., Edtbauer, A., Holanda, B., Poehlker, C., Sá, M. O., Araújo, A., Kesselmeier, J., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Investigating carbonyl compounds above the Amazon rainforest using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) with NO+ chemical ionization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11883–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, 2024.
Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Gut, A., Meixner, F. X., and Andreae, M. O.: Eddy covariance measurements of nitric oxide flux within an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, LBA 17-1–LBA 17-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000520, 2002.
Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Kirkman, G. A., Moura, M. A. L., Foken, T., Andreae, M. O., and Meixner, F. X.: Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5415–5435, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5415-2007, 2007.
Santana, R. A., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., da Silva, J. T., Fuentes, J. D., do Vale, R. S., Alves, E. G., dos Santos, R. M. N., and Manzi, A. O.: Air turbulence characteristics at multiple sites in and above the Amazon rainforest canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 260–261, 41–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.027, 2018.
Schmitt, A. U., Ament, F., de Araújo, A. C., Sá, M., and Teixeira, P.: Modeling atmosphere–land interactions at a rainforest site – a case study using Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) measurements and reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9323–9346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9323-2023, 2023.
Serra-Neto, E. M., Martins, H. S., Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Santana, R. A., Brondani, D. V., Manzi, A. O., de Araújo, A. C., Teixeira, P. R., Sörgel, M., and Mortarini, L.: Simulation of the Scalar Transport above and within the Amazon Forest Canopy, Atmosphere-Basel, 12, 1631, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121631, 2021.
Silva Junior, C. H. L., Anderson, L. O., Silva, A. L., Almeida, C. T., Dalagnol, R., Pletsch, M. A. J. S., Penha, T. V., Paloschi, R. A., and Aragão, L. E. O. C.: Fire Responses to the 2010 and 2015/2016 Amazonian Droughts, Front. Earth Sci., 7, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00097, 2019.
Stroud, C., Makar, P., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Geron, C., Turnipseed, A., Nemitz, E., Baker, B., Potosnak, M., and Fuentes, J. D.: Role of canopy-scale photochemistry in modifying biogenic-atmosphere exchange of reactive terpene species: Results from the CELITC field study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005775, 2005.
Sun, S., Moravek, A., Trebs, I., Kesselmeier, J., and Sörgel, M.: Investigation of the influence of liquid surface films on O3 and PAN deposition to plant leaves coated with organic/inorganic solution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 14239–14256, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025519, 2016.
Unfer, G. R., Machado, L. A. T., Albrecht, R. I., Cecchini, M. A., Harder, H., Magina, F. C., Pöhlker, M. L., Pöschl, U., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Williams, E. R., Wolff, S., and Pöhlker, C.: Decoding the Relationship Between Cloud Electrification, Downdrafts, and Surface Ozone in the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, e2024JD042158, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042158, 2025.
Vermeuel, M. P., Millet, D. B., Farmer, D. K., Ganzeveld, L. N., Visser, A. J., Alwe, H. D., Bertram, T. H., Cleary, P. A., Desai, A. R., Helmig, D., Kavassalis, S. C., Link, M. F., Pothier, M. A., Riches, M., Wang, W., and Williams, S.: A Vertically Resolved Canopy Improves Chemical Transport Model Predictions of Ozone Deposition to North Temperate Forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2024JD042092, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042092, 2024.
Vieira, I., Verbeeck, H., Meunier, F., Peaucelle, M., Sibret, T., Lefevre, L., Cheesman, A. W., Brown, F., Sitch, S., Mbifo, J., Boeckx, P., and Bauters, M.: Global reanalysis products cannot reproduce seasonal and diurnal cycles of tropospheric ozone in the Congo Basin, Atmos. Environ., 304, 119773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119773, 2023.
Visser, A. J., Ganzeveld, L. N., Goded, I., Krol, M. C., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., and Boersma, K. F.: Ozone deposition impact assessments for forest canopies require accurate ozone flux partitioning on diurnal timescales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18393–18411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, 2021.
Visser, A. J., Ganzeveld, L. N., Finco, A., Krol, M. C., Marzuoli, R., and Boersma, K. F.: The Combined Impact of Canopy Stability and Soil NOx Exchange on Ozone Removal in a Temperate Deciduous Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 127, e2022JG006997, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG006997, 2022.
Wang, C.-T., Campbell, P. C., Makar, P., Ma, S., Ivanova, I., Baek, B. H., Hung, W.-T., Moon, Z., Tang, Y., Baker, B., Saylor, R., Woo, J.-H., and Tong, D.: Quantifying forest canopy shading and turbulence effects on boundary layer ozone over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16631–16655, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16631-2025, 2025.
Wei, D., Alwe, H. D., Millet, D. B., Bottorff, B., Lew, M., Stevens, P. S., Shutter, J. D., Cox, J. L., Keutsch, F. N., Shi, Q., Kavassalis, S. C., Murphy, J. G., Vasquez, K. T., Allen, H. M., Praske, E., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Shepson, P. B., Bui, A. A. T., Wallace, H. W., Griffin, R. J., May, N. W., Connor, M., Slade, J. H., Pratt, K. A., Wood, E. C., Rollings, M., Deming, B. L., Anderson, D. C., and Steiner, A. L.: FORest Canopy Atmosphere Transfer (FORCAsT) 2.0: model updates and evaluation with observations at a mixed forest site, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6309–6329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6309-2021, 2021.
Wennberg, P. O., Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Dodson, L. G., McVay, R. C., Mertens, L. A., Nguyen, T. B., Praske, E., Schwantes, R. H., Smarte, M. D., St Clair, J. M., Teng, A. P., Zhang, X., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-Phase Reactions of Isoprene and Its Major Oxidation Products, Chem. Rev., 118, 3337–3390, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439, 2018.
Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ. (1967), 23, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
Yan, X., Ohara, T., and Akimoto, H.: Statistical modeling of global soil NOx emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002276, 2005.
Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Nölscher, A. C., Williams, J., Wolff, S., Alves, E., Martins, G. A., Bourtsoukidis, E., Brito, J., Jardine, K., Artaxo, P., and Kesselmeier, J.: Diel and seasonal changes of biogenic volatile organic compounds within and above an Amazonian rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3359–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3359-2015, 2015.
Yáñez-Serrano, A. M., Nölscher, A. C., Bourtsoukidis, E., Gomes Alves, E., Ganzeveld, L., Bonn, B., Wolff, S., Sa, M., Yamasoe, M., Williams, J., Andreae, M. O., and Kesselmeier, J.: Monoterpene chemical speciation in a tropical rainforest:variation with season, height, and time of dayat the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3403–3418, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3403-2018, 2018.
Yienger, J. and Levy, H.: Empirical model of global soil-biogenic NOx emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 11447–11464, 1995.
Zhang, J., He, X., Ding, X., Yu, J. Z., and Ying, Q.: Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers and Tracer-to-SOA Ratios for Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes Using a Chemical Transport Model, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 804–813, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06373, 2022.
Short summary
The environment inside a forest canopy is often not represented in large atmospheric models. This study uses a detailed canopy model to understand trace gas emissions and chemistry within the Amazon rainforest. We show escape of trace gases from the canopy to the atmosphere can depend on turbulence and vary over the day, which is currently not included in atmospheric models. We show that the atmospheric composition above the Amazon and within the canopy is strongly affected by forest fires.
The environment inside a forest canopy is often not represented in large atmospheric models....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint