Articles | Volume 25, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18157-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18157-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Dec 2025
Research article |
| 16 Dec 2025
| 16 Dec 2025
Trifluoroacetate (TFA) in precipitation and surface waters in Switzerland: trends, source attribution, and budget
Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Florian R. Storck
FOEN, Federal Office for the Environment, Bern, Switzerland
Henry Wöhrnschimmel
FOEN, Federal Office for the Environment, Bern, Switzerland
Markus Leuenberger
University of Bern, Climate and Environmental Physics Division, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
Martin K. Vollmer
Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Stefan Reimann
Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Related authors
Leonie Bernet, Benjamin T. Brem, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Stephan Henne, Jörg Klausen, Mathew Mutuku, David Njiru, Patricia Nying'uro, Christoph Zellweger, and Martin Steinbacher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5272, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term atmospheric measurements are crucial to understanding climate change but remain scarce across Africa. We monitored atmospheric species at Mt. Kenya from 2020 to 2024. Our data reveal equatorial seasonal and daily variability and show that models miss local patterns. Emissions at Mt. Kenya mainly come from households, industry, and agriculture, though with large uncertainties. These findings stress the need for more ground stations to improve climate models and emission estimates.
Fabian Maier, Eva Falge, Maksym Gachkivskyi, Stephan Henne, Ute Karstens, Dafina Kikaj, Ingeborg Levin, Alistair Manning, Christian Rödenbeck, and Christoph Gerbig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12779–12809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12779-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12779-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The radioactive noble gas radon (222Rn) is a suitable natural tracer for atmospheric transport and mixing processes that can be used to validate and calibrate atmospheric transport models. However, this requires accurate estimates of the 222Rn flux from the soil into the atmosphere. In our study, we evaluate the reliability of process-based 222Rn flux maps for Europe using a 222Rn inversion. Our inversion results can give some indications on how to improve the process-based 222Rn flux maps.
Martin K. Vollmer, Joseph R. Pitt, Dickon Young, Stephan Henne, Blagoj Mitrevski, Jens Mühle, Anita Ganesan, Jgor Arduini, Alistair J. Manning, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Alison L. Redington, Brendan Murphy, Ray Gluckmann, Kieran M. Stanley, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Jaegeun Yun, Dominique Rust, Angelina Wenger, Myriam Guillevic, Jooil Kim, Ray H. J. Wang, Tae Siek Rhee, Lionel Constantin, Arnoud Frumau, Christina M. Harth, Peter K. Salameh, Ove Hermansen, Andreas Engel, Simon O'Doherty, Sunyoung Park, Michela Maione, Paul J. Fraser, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, and Stefan Reimann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4824, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We provide atmospheric measurements of halogenated olefins from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiments and we calculate NorthWest European Emissions.
Martine Collaud Coen, Benjamin Tobias Brem, Martin Gysel-Beer, Robin Modini, Stephan Henne, Martin Steinbacher, Davide Putero, Maria I. Gini, and Kostantinos Eleftheriadis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4162, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4162, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Saharan dust is transported over long distances by large-scale atmospheric circulation and it reaches 30 to 150 times per year the Jungfraujoch high-altitude station. The study analyzes the influence of the instrument types on SD detected by the single scattering albedo spectral dependence. This method is then compared to detection methods based on the size distribution and the back-trajectories. A source sensitivity and a 23-year climatology of the dust frequency and mass are also performed.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, William H. Aeberhard, Michele Volpi, Eliza Harris, Benjamin Hohermuth, Sakiko Ishino, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Stephan Henne, Ulas Im, Patricia K. Quinn, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6497–6537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate methanesulfonic acid (MSAp) is vital for the Arctic climate system. Numerical models struggle to reproduce the MSAp seasonal cycle. We evaluate three numerical models and one reanalysis product’s ability to simulate MSAp. We develop data-driven models for MSAp at four Arctic stations. The data-driven models outperform the numerical models and reanalysis product and identified precursor source-, chemical-processing-, and removal-related features as being important for modeling MSAp.
Joël Thanwerdas, Antoine Berchet, Lionel Constantin, Aki Tsuruta, Michael Steiner, Friedemann Reum, Stephan Henne, and Dominik Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1505–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Inversion Framework (CIF) brings together methods for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from atmospheric observations. The initial ensemble method implemented in CIF was found to be incomplete and could hardly be compared to other ensemble methods employed in the inversion community. In this paper, we present and evaluate a new implementation of the ensemble mode, building upon the initial developments.
Michael Steiner, Luca Cantarello, Stephan Henne, and Dominik Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12447–12463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric greenhouse gas inversions have great potential to independently check reported bottom-up emissions; however they are subject to large uncertainties. It is paramount to address and reduce the largest source of uncertainty, which stems from the representation of atmospheric transport in the models. In this study, we show that the use of a temporally varying flow-dependent atmospheric transport uncertainty can enhance the accuracy of emission estimation in an idealized experiment.
Lucie Bakels, Daria Tatsii, Anne Tipka, Rona Thompson, Marina Dütsch, Michael Blaschek, Petra Seibert, Katharina Baier, Silvia Bucci, Massimo Cassiani, Sabine Eckhardt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Stephan Henne, Pirmin Kaufmann, Vincent Lechner, Christian Maurer, Marie D. Mulder, Ignacio Pisso, Andreas Plach, Rakesh Subramanian, Martin Vojta, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7595–7627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models are essential for improving our understanding of how gases and particles move in the atmosphere. We present an update of the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART. FLEXPART 11 is more accurate due to a reduced number of interpolations and a new scheme for wet deposition. It can simulate non-spherical aerosols and includes linear chemical reactions. It is parallelised using OpenMP and includes new user options. A new user manual details how to use FLEXPART 11.
Michael Steiner, Wouter Peters, Ingrid Luijkx, Stephan Henne, Huilin Chen, Samuel Hammer, and Dominik Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2759–2782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paris Agreement increased interest in estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of individual countries, but top-down emission estimation is not yet considered policy-relevant. It is therefore paramount to reduce large errors and to build systems that are based on the newest atmospheric transport models. In this study, we present the first application of ICON-ART in the inverse modeling of GHG fluxes with an ensemble Kalman filter and present our results for European CH4 emissions.
Ioannis Katharopoulos, Dominique Rust, Martin K. Vollmer, Dominik Brunner, Stefan Reimann, Simon J. O'Doherty, Dickon Young, Kieran M. Stanley, Tanja Schuck, Jgor Arduini, Lukas Emmenegger, and Stephan Henne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14159–14186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14159-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14159-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The effectiveness of climate change mitigation needs to be scrutinized by monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Countries report their emissions to the UN in a bottom-up manner. By combining atmospheric observations and transport models someone can independently validate emission estimates in a top-down fashion. We report Swiss emissions of synthetic GHGs based on kilometer-scale transport and inverse modeling, highlighting the role of appropriate resolution in complex terrain.
Alison L. Redington, Alistair J. Manning, Stephan Henne, Francesco Graziosi, Luke M. Western, Jgor Arduini, Anita L. Ganesan, Christina M. Harth, Michela Maione, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Joseph Pitt, Stefan Reimann, Matthew Rigby, Peter K. Salameh, Peter G. Simmonds, T. Gerard Spain, Kieran Stanley, Martin K. Vollmer, Ray F. Weiss, and Dickon Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7383–7398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in Europe pre-1990, damaging the stratospheric ozone layer. Legislation has controlled production and use, and global emissions have decreased sharply. The global rate of decline in CFC-11 recently slowed and was partly attributed to illegal emission in eastern China. This study concludes that emissions of CFC-11 in western Europe have not contributed to the unexplained part of the global increase in CFC-11 observed in the last decade.
Dominik Brunner, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Stephan Henne, Erik Koene, Bastian Kern, Sebastian Wolff, Christiane Voigt, Patrick Jöckel, Christoph Kiemle, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Heinrich Bovensmann, Jakob Borchardt, Michal Galkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, Andrzej Klonecki, Pascal Prunet, Robert Hanfland, Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Andrzej Wyszogrodzki, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2699–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated six atmospheric transport models for their capability to simulate the CO2 plumes from two of the largest power plants in Europe by comparing the models against aircraft observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) campaign in 2018. The study analyzed how realistically such plumes can be simulated at different model resolutions and how well the planned European satellite mission CO2M will be able to quantify emissions from power plants.
Peter Bergamaschi, Arjo Segers, Dominik Brunner, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Michel Ramonet, Tim Arnold, Tobias Biermann, Huilin Chen, Sebastien Conil, Marc Delmotte, Grant Forster, Arnoud Frumau, Dagmar Kubistin, Xin Lan, Markus Leuenberger, Matthias Lindauer, Morgan Lopez, Giovanni Manca, Jennifer Müller-Williams, Simon O'Doherty, Bert Scheeren, Martin Steinbacher, Pamela Trisolino, Gabriela Vítková, and Camille Yver Kwok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13243–13268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system, "FLEXVAR", and its application for the inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions in 2018. The new system combines a high spatial resolution of 7 km x 7 km with a variational data assimilation technique, which allows CH4 emissions to be optimized from individual model grid cells. The high resolution allows the observations to be better reproduced, while the derived emissions show overall good consistency with two existing models.
Simone M. Pieber, Béla Tuzson, Stephan Henne, Ute Karstens, Christoph Gerbig, Frank-Thomas Koch, Dominik Brunner, Martin Steinbacher, and Lukas Emmenegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10721–10749, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding regional greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is a prerequisite to mitigate climate change. In this study, we investigated the regional contributions of carbon dioxide (CO2) at the location of the high Alpine observatory Jungfraujoch (JFJ, Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.). To this purpose, we combined receptor-oriented atmospheric transport simulations for CO2 concentration in the period 2009–2017 with stable carbon isotope (δ13C–CO2) information.
Luke M. Western, Alison L. Redington, Alistair J. Manning, Cathy M. Trudinger, Lei Hu, Stephan Henne, Xuekun Fang, Lambert J. M. Kuijpers, Christina Theodoridi, David S. Godwin, Jgor Arduini, Bronwyn Dunse, Andreas Engel, Paul J. Fraser, Christina M. Harth, Paul B. Krummel, Michela Maione, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Hyeri Park, Sunyoung Park, Stefan Reimann, Peter K. Salameh, Daniel Say, Roland Schmidt, Tanja Schuck, Carolina Siso, Kieran M. Stanley, Isaac Vimont, Martin K. Vollmer, Dickon Young, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, Stephen A. Montzka, and Matthew Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9601–9616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The production of ozone-destroying gases is being phased out. Even though production of one of the main ozone-depleting gases, called HCFC-141b, has been declining for many years, the amount that is being released to the atmosphere has been increasing since 2017. We do not know for sure why this is. A possible explanation is that HCFC-141b that was used to make insulating foams many years ago is only now escaping to the atmosphere, or a large part of its production is not being reported.
Horim Kim, Michael Müller, Stephan Henne, and Christoph Hüglin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2979–2992, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the performance of electrochemical sensors for NO and NO2 for measuring air quality was determined over a longer operating period. The performance of NO sensors remained reliable for more than 18 months. However, the NO2 sensors showed decreasing performance over time. During deployment, we found that the NO2 sensors can distinguish general pollution levels, but they proved unsuitable for accurate measurements due to significant biases.
Dominique Rust, Ioannis Katharopoulos, Martin K. Vollmer, Stephan Henne, Simon O'Doherty, Daniel Say, Lukas Emmenegger, Renato Zenobi, and Stefan Reimann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2447–2466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2447-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2447-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Artificial halocarbons contribute to ozone layer depletion and to global warming. We measured the atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons at the Beromünster tower, modelled the Swiss emissions, and compared the results to the internationally reported Swiss emissions inventory. For most of the halocarbons, we found good agreement, whereas one refrigerant might be overestimated in the inventory. In addition, we present first emission estimates of the newest types of halocarbons.
Cyril Brunner, Benjamin T. Brem, Martine Collaud Coen, Franz Conen, Maxime Hervo, Stephan Henne, Martin Steinbacher, Martin Gysel-Beer, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18029–18053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18029-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18029-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Special microscopic particles called ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are essential for ice crystals to form in the atmosphere. INPs are sparse and their atmospheric concentration and properties are not well understood. Mineral dust particles make up a significant fraction of INPs but how much remains unknown. Here, we address this knowledge gap by studying periods when mineral particles are present in large quantities at a mountaintop station in central Europe.
Larissa Lacher, Hans-Christian Clemen, Xiaoli Shen, Stephan Mertes, Martin Gysel-Beer, Alireza Moallemi, Martin Steinbacher, Stephan Henne, Harald Saathoff, Ottmar Möhler, Kristina Höhler, Thea Schiebel, Daniel Weber, Jann Schrod, Johannes Schneider, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16925–16953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice-nucleating particle properties at Jungfraujoch during the 2017 joint INUIT/CLACE field campaign, to improve the knowledge about those rare particles in a cloud-relevant environment. By quantifying ice-nucleating particles in parallel to single-particle mass spectrometry measurements, we find that mineral dust and aged sea spray particles are potential candidates for ice-nucleating particles. Our findings are supported by ice residual analysis and source region modeling.
Antoine Berchet, Espen Sollum, Rona L. Thompson, Isabelle Pison, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Adrien Berchet, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Richard Engelen, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Sander Houweling, Ute Karstens, Werner L. Kutsch, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Guillaume Monteil, Paul I. Palmer, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Elise Potier, Christian Rödenbeck, Marielle Saunois, Marko Scholze, Aki Tsuruta, and Yuanhong Zhao
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5331–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers.
The ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source Python-based tool. We describe the main structure and functionalities and demonstrate it in a simple academic case.
Dac-Loc Nguyen, Hendryk Czech, Simone M. Pieber, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Martin Steinbacher, Jürgen Orasche, Stephan Henne, Olga B. Popovicheva, Gülcin Abbaszade, Guenter Engling, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Nhat-Anh Nguyen, Xuan-Anh Nguyen, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8293–8312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Southeast Asia is well-known for emission-intense and recurring wildfires and after-harvest crop residue burning during the pre-monsoon season from February to April. We describe a biomass burning (BB) plume arriving at remote Pha Din meteorological station, outline its carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) constituents based on more than 50 target compounds and discuss possible BB sources. This study adds valuable information on chemical PM composition for a region with scarce data availability.
Wenche Aas, Thérèse Salameh, Robert Wegener, Heidi Hellén, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pontus Roldin, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Andres Alastuey, Crist Amelynck, Jgor Arduini, Benjamin Bergmans, Marie Bertrand, Agnes Borbon, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Laetitia Bouvier, David Butterfield, Iris Buxbaum, Darius Ceburnis, Anja Claude, Aurélie Colomb, Sophie Darfeuil, James Dernie, Maximilien Desservettaz, Elías Díaz-Ramiro, Marvin Dufresne, René Dubus, Mario Duval, Marie Dury, Anna Font, Kirsten Fossum, Evelyn Freney, Gotzon Gangoiti, Yao Ge, Maria Carmen Gomez, Francisco J. Gómez-Moreno, Marie Gohy, Valérie Gros, Paul Hamer, Bryan Hellack, Hartmut Herrmann, Robert Holla, Adéla Holubová, Niels Jensen, Tuija Jokinen, Matthew Jones, Uwe Käfer, Lukas Kesper, Dieter Klemp, Dagmar Kubistin, Angela Marinoni, Martina Mazzini, Vy Ngoc Thuy Dinh, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Tuukka Petäjä, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Jitka Přívozníková, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Stefan Reimann, Laura Renzi, Veronique Riffault, Stuart Ritchie, Chris Robins, Begoña Artíñano Rodríguez de Torres, Laurent Poulain, Julian Rüdiger, Agnieszka Sanocka, Estibaliz Saez de Camara Oleaga, Niels Schoon, Roger Seco, Ivan Simmons, Leïla Simon, David Simpson, Emmanuel Tison, August Thomasson, Svetlana Tsyro, Marsailidh Twigg, Toni Tykkä, Bert Verreyken, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Sverre Solberg, Karen Yeung, Ilona Ylivinkka, Karl Espen Yttri, Ågot Watne, and Katie Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6166, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
A one-week intensive VOC and organic-tracer campaign during the 2022 European heatwave showed contributions from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources to ozone and SOA peaks, while model–observation differences underline the need for better characterization of sources and formation pathways.
Benjamin Püschel, Martin Vojta, Luise Kandler, Molly Crotwell, Andreas Engel, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Ronald G. Prinn, Kieran M. Stanley, Isaac Vimont, Martin K. Vollmer, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Ray F. Weiss, Dickon Young, and Andreas Stohl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5656, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present global and regionally resolved emissions of the two highly potent greenhouse gases CF4 and C2F6 from 2006 to 2023, based on atmospheric measurements and transport modeling. In nearly all regions studied, our results show that national reports and industry-based data underestimate emissions. While emissions in Europe and the U.S. declined, we find rising emissions in South, Southeast, and East Asia. China and India are the major contributors to global emissions in recent years.
Luke M. Western, Stephen Bourguet, Molly Crotwell, Lei Hu, Paul B. Krummel, Hélène De Longueville, Alistair J. Manning, Jens Mühle, Dominique Rust, Isaac Vimont, Martin K. Vollmer, Minde An, Jgor Arduini, Andreas Engel, Paul J. Fraser, Anita L. Ganesan, Christina M. Harth, Chris Lunder, Michela Maione, Stephen A. Montzka, David Nance, Simon O'Doherty, Sunyoung Park, Stefan Reimann, Peter K. Salameh, Roland Schmidt, Kieran M. Stanley, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Dickon Young, Matt Rigby, Ronald G. Prinn, and Ray F. Weiss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17761–17778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17761-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17761-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used atmospheric measurements to estimate emissions of two hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) gases, called HCFC-123 and HCFC-124, that harm the ozone layer. Despite international regulation to stop their production, their emissions have not fallen. This may be linked to how they are used to make other chemicals. Our findings show that some banned substances are still reaching the atmosphere, likely through leaks during chemical production, which could slow the recovery of the ozone layer.
Luke M. Western, Matthew Rigby, Jens Mühle, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Simon O'Doherty, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, Dickon Young, Ben Adam, Paul J. Fraser, Anita L. Ganesan, Christina M. Harth, Ove Hermansen, Jooil Kim, Ray L. Langenfelds, Zoë M. Loh, Blagoj Mitrevski, Joseph R. Pitt, Peter K. Salameh, Roland Schmidt, Kieran Stanley, Ann R. Stavert, Hsiang-Jui Wang, Ray F. Weiss, and Ronald G. Prinn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6557–6582, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6557-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6557-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used global measurements and an atmospheric model to estimate how emissions and abundances of 42 chemically and radiatively important trace gases have changed over time. These gases affect the Earth's radiative balance and the ozone layer. Our data sets help track progress in reducing emissions of these gases to the atmosphere. This work supports international efforts to protect the environment by providing clear, long-term, consistent data on how these gases are changing in the atmosphere.
Leonie Bernet, Benjamin T. Brem, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Stephan Henne, Jörg Klausen, Mathew Mutuku, David Njiru, Patricia Nying'uro, Christoph Zellweger, and Martin Steinbacher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5272, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term atmospheric measurements are crucial to understanding climate change but remain scarce across Africa. We monitored atmospheric species at Mt. Kenya from 2020 to 2024. Our data reveal equatorial seasonal and daily variability and show that models miss local patterns. Emissions at Mt. Kenya mainly come from households, industry, and agriculture, though with large uncertainties. These findings stress the need for more ground stations to improve climate models and emission estimates.
Enrico Mancinelli, Saurabh Annadate, Paolo Cristofanelli, Umberto Giostra, Michela Maione, Stefan Reimann, and Jgor Arduini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5098, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5098, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Propane is the second most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon in the atmosphere and is mainly emitted by anthropogenic activities. Despite playing a significant role in atmospheric chemistry, propane emission sources are poorly defined. Analysis of high-frequency long-term measurements at the GAW-WMO station of Monte Cimone Italy make some improvements in identifications of different contributions at the regional scale.
Fabian Maier, Eva Falge, Maksym Gachkivskyi, Stephan Henne, Ute Karstens, Dafina Kikaj, Ingeborg Levin, Alistair Manning, Christian Rödenbeck, and Christoph Gerbig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12779–12809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12779-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12779-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The radioactive noble gas radon (222Rn) is a suitable natural tracer for atmospheric transport and mixing processes that can be used to validate and calibrate atmospheric transport models. However, this requires accurate estimates of the 222Rn flux from the soil into the atmosphere. In our study, we evaluate the reliability of process-based 222Rn flux maps for Europe using a 222Rn inversion. Our inversion results can give some indications on how to improve the process-based 222Rn flux maps.
Martin K. Vollmer, Joseph R. Pitt, Dickon Young, Stephan Henne, Blagoj Mitrevski, Jens Mühle, Anita Ganesan, Jgor Arduini, Alistair J. Manning, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Alison L. Redington, Brendan Murphy, Ray Gluckmann, Kieran M. Stanley, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Jaegeun Yun, Dominique Rust, Angelina Wenger, Myriam Guillevic, Jooil Kim, Ray H. J. Wang, Tae Siek Rhee, Lionel Constantin, Arnoud Frumau, Christina M. Harth, Peter K. Salameh, Ove Hermansen, Andreas Engel, Simon O'Doherty, Sunyoung Park, Michela Maione, Paul J. Fraser, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, and Stefan Reimann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4824, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We provide atmospheric measurements of halogenated olefins from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiments and we calculate NorthWest European Emissions.
Kirstin Gerrand, Elena Fillola, Alistair J. Manning, Jgor Arduini, Paul B. Krummel, Chris R. Lunder, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Sunyoung Park, Ronald G. Prinn, Stefan Reimann, Dickon Young, and Matthew Rigby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4137, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4137, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
To analyse long-term trends in atmospheric trace gas concentrations, it is important to identify data points minimally affected by local pollution sources or air masses carried from other latitudes or altitudes. Traditional methods for detecting these “baselines” are computationally expensive or lack a basis in physical principles. This paper introduces a machine-learning method that uses meteorological data and offers significantly lower computational costs compared to physics-based techniques.
Martine Collaud Coen, Benjamin Tobias Brem, Martin Gysel-Beer, Robin Modini, Stephan Henne, Martin Steinbacher, Davide Putero, Maria I. Gini, and Kostantinos Eleftheriadis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4162, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4162, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Saharan dust is transported over long distances by large-scale atmospheric circulation and it reaches 30 to 150 times per year the Jungfraujoch high-altitude station. The study analyzes the influence of the instrument types on SD detected by the single scattering albedo spectral dependence. This method is then compared to detection methods based on the size distribution and the back-trajectories. A source sensitivity and a 23-year climatology of the dust frequency and mass are also performed.
Zoé Le Bras, Pascal Rubli, Christoph Hueglin, and Stefan Reimann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3241, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3241, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Since 1994, harmful air pollutants called BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) have declined by up to 89 % in the suburban area of Zurich thanks to the introduction of various air quality directives in Switzerland and in Europe. Although their contribution to ozone formation became less abundant, they still significantly contribute to the formation of airborne particles. While this study shows clear improvements in air quality, it also highlights the need for further efforts.
Stephan Räss, Peter Nyfeler, Paul Wheeler, Will Price, and Markus Christian Leuenberger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3691–3714, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3691-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3691-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clumped-isotope signals obtained through gas source mass spectrometry are typically small and require pressure baseline corrections. While such corrections have been developed for square-shaped peaks, we present an approach for correcting peaks with complex shapes. Our method is demonstrated using oxygen clumped isotopes measured in pure oxygen, where the peak tops are linearly increasing and/or negatively curved.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Steven van Heuven, Joram Hooghiem, Rigel Kivi, Thomas Laemmel, Michel Ramonet, Markus Leuenberger, Peter Nyfeler, Sophia Louise Baartman, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3079, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3079, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous vertical profiles and discrete stratospheric samples of carbonyl sulfide (COS) were collected deploying the balloon-borne AirCore, LISA and BigLISA samplers and measured on a Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer (QCLS). Our measurements show good accordance with previous COS observations. Moreover, laboratory tests of ozone (O3) scrubbers proved squalene to remove O3 very efficiently without biasing the measurements of other trace gases.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, William H. Aeberhard, Michele Volpi, Eliza Harris, Benjamin Hohermuth, Sakiko Ishino, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Stephan Henne, Ulas Im, Patricia K. Quinn, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6497–6537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate methanesulfonic acid (MSAp) is vital for the Arctic climate system. Numerical models struggle to reproduce the MSAp seasonal cycle. We evaluate three numerical models and one reanalysis product’s ability to simulate MSAp. We develop data-driven models for MSAp at four Arctic stations. The data-driven models outperform the numerical models and reanalysis product and identified precursor source-, chemical-processing-, and removal-related features as being important for modeling MSAp.
Joël Thanwerdas, Antoine Berchet, Lionel Constantin, Aki Tsuruta, Michael Steiner, Friedemann Reum, Stephan Henne, and Dominik Brunner
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1505–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Inversion Framework (CIF) brings together methods for estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from atmospheric observations. The initial ensemble method implemented in CIF was found to be incomplete and could hardly be compared to other ensemble methods employed in the inversion community. In this paper, we present and evaluate a new implementation of the ensemble mode, building upon the initial developments.
Maitane Iturrate-Garcia, Thérèse Salameh, Paul Schlauri, Annarita Baldan, Martin K. Vollmer, Evdokia Stratigou, Sebastien Dusanter, Jianrong Li, Stefan Persijn, Anja Claude, Rupert Holzinger, Christophe Sutour, Tatiana Macé, Yasin Elshorbany, Andreas Ackermann, Céline Pascale, and Stefan Reimann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 371–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-371-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-371-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and comparable measurements of oxygenated organic compounds (OVOCs) are crucial in assessing tropospheric ozone burdens and trends. However, the monitoring of many OVOCs remains challenging because of their low atmospheric abundance and lack of stable and traceable calibration standards. This paper describes the calibration standards developed for OVOCs at a low amount of substance fractions (<100 nmol mol-1) to transfer traceability of the International System of Units to the field.
Xiansheng Liu, Xun Zhang, Marvin Dufresne, Tao Wang, Lijie Wu, Rosa Lara, Roger Seco, Marta Monge, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Marie Gohy, Paul Petit, Audrey Chevalier, Marie-Pierre Vagnot, Yann Fortier, Alexia Baudic, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Valérie Gros, Leïla Simon, Heidi Héllen, Stefan Reimann, Zoé Le Bras, Michelle Jessy Müller, David Beddows, Siqi Hou, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, William Bloss, James Dernie, Stéphane Sauvage, Philip K. Hopke, Xiaoli Duan, Taicheng An, Alastair C. Lewis, James R. Hopkins, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Xiaohu Zhang, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, and Thérèse Salameh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 625–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) pollution in urban areas across seven European countries. Analyzing data from 22 monitoring sites, we found traffic and industrial activities significantly impact BTEX levels, with peaks during rush hours. The risk from BTEX exposure remains moderate, especially in high-traffic and industrial zones, highlighting the need for targeted air quality management to protect public health and improve urban air quality.
Michael Steiner, Luca Cantarello, Stephan Henne, and Dominik Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12447–12463, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric greenhouse gas inversions have great potential to independently check reported bottom-up emissions; however they are subject to large uncertainties. It is paramount to address and reduce the largest source of uncertainty, which stems from the representation of atmospheric transport in the models. In this study, we show that the use of a temporally varying flow-dependent atmospheric transport uncertainty can enhance the accuracy of emission estimation in an idealized experiment.
Lucie Bakels, Daria Tatsii, Anne Tipka, Rona Thompson, Marina Dütsch, Michael Blaschek, Petra Seibert, Katharina Baier, Silvia Bucci, Massimo Cassiani, Sabine Eckhardt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Stephan Henne, Pirmin Kaufmann, Vincent Lechner, Christian Maurer, Marie D. Mulder, Ignacio Pisso, Andreas Plach, Rakesh Subramanian, Martin Vojta, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7595–7627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models are essential for improving our understanding of how gases and particles move in the atmosphere. We present an update of the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART. FLEXPART 11 is more accurate due to a reduced number of interpolations and a new scheme for wet deposition. It can simulate non-spherical aerosols and includes linear chemical reactions. It is parallelised using OpenMP and includes new user options. A new user manual details how to use FLEXPART 11.
Yao Ge, Sverre Solberg, Mathew R. Heal, Stefan Reimann, Willem van Caspel, Bryan Hellack, Thérèse Salameh, and David Simpson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7699–7729, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute many species, acting as precursors to ozone and aerosol. Given the uncertainties in VOC emissions, lack of evaluation studies, and recent changes in emissions, this work adapts the EMEP MSC-W to evaluate emission inventories in Europe. We focus on the varying agreement between modelled and measured VOCs across different species and underscore potential inaccuracies in total and sector-specific emission estimates.
Michael Steiner, Wouter Peters, Ingrid Luijkx, Stephan Henne, Huilin Chen, Samuel Hammer, and Dominik Brunner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2759–2782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paris Agreement increased interest in estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of individual countries, but top-down emission estimation is not yet considered policy-relevant. It is therefore paramount to reduce large errors and to build systems that are based on the newest atmospheric transport models. In this study, we present the first application of ICON-ART in the inverse modeling of GHG fluxes with an ensemble Kalman filter and present our results for European CH4 emissions.
Rona L. Thompson, Stephen A. Montzka, Martin K. Vollmer, Jgor Arduini, Molly Crotwell, Paul B. Krummel, Chris Lunder, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Ronald G. Prinn, Stefan Reimann, Isaac Vimont, Hsiang Wang, Ray F. Weiss, and Dickon Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1415–1427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical determines the atmospheric lifetimes of numerous species including methane. Since OH is very short-lived, it is not possible to directly measure its concentration on scales relevant for understanding its effect on other species. Here, OH is inferred by looking at changes in hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). We find that OH levels have been fairly stable over our study period (2004 to 2021), suggesting that OH is not the main driver of the recent increase in atmospheric methane.
Ioannis Katharopoulos, Dominique Rust, Martin K. Vollmer, Dominik Brunner, Stefan Reimann, Simon J. O'Doherty, Dickon Young, Kieran M. Stanley, Tanja Schuck, Jgor Arduini, Lukas Emmenegger, and Stephan Henne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14159–14186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14159-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14159-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The effectiveness of climate change mitigation needs to be scrutinized by monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Countries report their emissions to the UN in a bottom-up manner. By combining atmospheric observations and transport models someone can independently validate emission estimates in a top-down fashion. We report Swiss emissions of synthetic GHGs based on kilometer-scale transport and inverse modeling, highlighting the role of appropriate resolution in complex terrain.
Marie Bouchet, Amaëlle Landais, Antoine Grisart, Frédéric Parrenin, Frédéric Prié, Roxanne Jacob, Elise Fourré, Emilie Capron, Dominique Raynaud, Vladimir Ya Lipenkov, Marie-France Loutre, Thomas Extier, Anders Svensson, Etienne Legrain, Patricia Martinerie, Markus Leuenberger, Wei Jiang, Florian Ritterbusch, Zheng-Tian Lu, and Guo-Min Yang
Clim. Past, 19, 2257–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2257-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new federative chronology for five deep polar ice cores retrieves 800 000 years of past climate variations with improved accuracy. Precise ice core timescales are key to studying the mechanisms linking changes in the Earth’s orbit to the diverse climatic responses (temperature and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations). To construct the chronology, new measurements from the oldest continuous ice core as well as glaciological modeling estimates were combined in a statistical model.
Stephan Räss, Peter Nyfeler, Paul Wheeler, Will Price, and Markus Christian Leuenberger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4489–4505, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4489-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4489-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Due to technological advances clumped-isotope studies have gained importance in recent years. Typically, these studies are performed with high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMSs) along with a changeover-valve-based dual-inlet system (DIS). We are taking a different approach, namely performing clumped-isotope measurements with a compact low-resolution IRMS with an open-split-based DIS. Currently, we are working with pure-oxygen gas for which we are providing a proof of concept.
Jenny Maccali, Anna Nele Meckler, Stein-Erik Lauritzen, Torill Brekken, Helen Aase Rokkan, Alvaro Fernandez, Yves Krüger, Jane Adigun, Stéphane Affolter, and Markus Leuenberger
Clim. Past, 19, 1847–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The southern coast of South Africa hosts some key archeological sites for the study of early human evolution. Here we present a short but high-resolution record of past changes in the hydroclimate and temperature on the southern coast of South Africa based on the study of a speleothem collected from Bloukrantz Cave. Overall, the paleoclimate indicators suggest stable temperature from 48.3 to 45.2 ka, whereas precipitation was variable, with marked short drier episodes.
Alison L. Redington, Alistair J. Manning, Stephan Henne, Francesco Graziosi, Luke M. Western, Jgor Arduini, Anita L. Ganesan, Christina M. Harth, Michela Maione, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Joseph Pitt, Stefan Reimann, Matthew Rigby, Peter K. Salameh, Peter G. Simmonds, T. Gerard Spain, Kieran Stanley, Martin K. Vollmer, Ray F. Weiss, and Dickon Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7383–7398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in Europe pre-1990, damaging the stratospheric ozone layer. Legislation has controlled production and use, and global emissions have decreased sharply. The global rate of decline in CFC-11 recently slowed and was partly attributed to illegal emission in eastern China. This study concludes that emissions of CFC-11 in western Europe have not contributed to the unexplained part of the global increase in CFC-11 observed in the last decade.
Dominik Brunner, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Stephan Henne, Erik Koene, Bastian Kern, Sebastian Wolff, Christiane Voigt, Patrick Jöckel, Christoph Kiemle, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Heinrich Bovensmann, Jakob Borchardt, Michal Galkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, Andrzej Klonecki, Pascal Prunet, Robert Hanfland, Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Andrzej Wyszogrodzki, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2699–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated six atmospheric transport models for their capability to simulate the CO2 plumes from two of the largest power plants in Europe by comparing the models against aircraft observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) campaign in 2018. The study analyzed how realistically such plumes can be simulated at different model resolutions and how well the planned European satellite mission CO2M will be able to quantify emissions from power plants.
Andreas Plach, Rolf Rüfenacht, Simone Kotthaus, and Markus Leuenberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1019, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases emissions are contributing to global warming and it is essential to better understand where they originate from and how they are transported. In this study we analyze greenhouse gas observations at a Swiss tall tower where measurements are taken more than 200 m above ground and investigate their origin by looking at the condition of the atmosphere at the time of the observations. We find that most pollution at this site is caused from emissions transported from further away.
Peter Bergamaschi, Arjo Segers, Dominik Brunner, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Michel Ramonet, Tim Arnold, Tobias Biermann, Huilin Chen, Sebastien Conil, Marc Delmotte, Grant Forster, Arnoud Frumau, Dagmar Kubistin, Xin Lan, Markus Leuenberger, Matthias Lindauer, Morgan Lopez, Giovanni Manca, Jennifer Müller-Williams, Simon O'Doherty, Bert Scheeren, Martin Steinbacher, Pamela Trisolino, Gabriela Vítková, and Camille Yver Kwok
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13243–13268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system, "FLEXVAR", and its application for the inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions in 2018. The new system combines a high spatial resolution of 7 km x 7 km with a variational data assimilation technique, which allows CH4 emissions to be optimized from individual model grid cells. The high resolution allows the observations to be better reproduced, while the derived emissions show overall good consistency with two existing models.
Megan Jeramaz Lickley, John S. Daniel, Eric L. Fleming, Stefan Reimann, and Susan Solomon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11125–11136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Halocarbons contained in equipment continue to be emitted after production has ceased. These
banksmust be carefully accounted for in evaluating compliance with the Montreal Protocol. We extend a Bayesian model to the suite of regulated chemicals subject to banking. We find that banks are substantially larger than previous estimates, and we identify banks by chemical and equipment type whose future emissions will contribute to global warming and delay ozone-hole recovery if left unrecovered.
Simone M. Pieber, Béla Tuzson, Stephan Henne, Ute Karstens, Christoph Gerbig, Frank-Thomas Koch, Dominik Brunner, Martin Steinbacher, and Lukas Emmenegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10721–10749, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding regional greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is a prerequisite to mitigate climate change. In this study, we investigated the regional contributions of carbon dioxide (CO2) at the location of the high Alpine observatory Jungfraujoch (JFJ, Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.). To this purpose, we combined receptor-oriented atmospheric transport simulations for CO2 concentration in the period 2009–2017 with stable carbon isotope (δ13C–CO2) information.
Luke M. Western, Alison L. Redington, Alistair J. Manning, Cathy M. Trudinger, Lei Hu, Stephan Henne, Xuekun Fang, Lambert J. M. Kuijpers, Christina Theodoridi, David S. Godwin, Jgor Arduini, Bronwyn Dunse, Andreas Engel, Paul J. Fraser, Christina M. Harth, Paul B. Krummel, Michela Maione, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Hyeri Park, Sunyoung Park, Stefan Reimann, Peter K. Salameh, Daniel Say, Roland Schmidt, Tanja Schuck, Carolina Siso, Kieran M. Stanley, Isaac Vimont, Martin K. Vollmer, Dickon Young, Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, Stephen A. Montzka, and Matthew Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9601–9616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9601-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The production of ozone-destroying gases is being phased out. Even though production of one of the main ozone-depleting gases, called HCFC-141b, has been declining for many years, the amount that is being released to the atmosphere has been increasing since 2017. We do not know for sure why this is. A possible explanation is that HCFC-141b that was used to make insulating foams many years ago is only now escaping to the atmosphere, or a large part of its production is not being reported.
Horim Kim, Michael Müller, Stephan Henne, and Christoph Hüglin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2979–2992, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the performance of electrochemical sensors for NO and NO2 for measuring air quality was determined over a longer operating period. The performance of NO sensors remained reliable for more than 18 months. However, the NO2 sensors showed decreasing performance over time. During deployment, we found that the NO2 sensors can distinguish general pollution levels, but they proved unsuitable for accurate measurements due to significant biases.
Dominique Rust, Ioannis Katharopoulos, Martin K. Vollmer, Stephan Henne, Simon O'Doherty, Daniel Say, Lukas Emmenegger, Renato Zenobi, and Stefan Reimann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2447–2466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2447-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2447-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Artificial halocarbons contribute to ozone layer depletion and to global warming. We measured the atmospheric concentrations of halocarbons at the Beromünster tower, modelled the Swiss emissions, and compared the results to the internationally reported Swiss emissions inventory. For most of the halocarbons, we found good agreement, whereas one refrigerant might be overestimated in the inventory. In addition, we present first emission estimates of the newest types of halocarbons.
Cyril Brunner, Benjamin T. Brem, Martine Collaud Coen, Franz Conen, Maxime Hervo, Stephan Henne, Martin Steinbacher, Martin Gysel-Beer, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18029–18053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18029-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18029-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Special microscopic particles called ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are essential for ice crystals to form in the atmosphere. INPs are sparse and their atmospheric concentration and properties are not well understood. Mineral dust particles make up a significant fraction of INPs but how much remains unknown. Here, we address this knowledge gap by studying periods when mineral particles are present in large quantities at a mountaintop station in central Europe.
Larissa Lacher, Hans-Christian Clemen, Xiaoli Shen, Stephan Mertes, Martin Gysel-Beer, Alireza Moallemi, Martin Steinbacher, Stephan Henne, Harald Saathoff, Ottmar Möhler, Kristina Höhler, Thea Schiebel, Daniel Weber, Jann Schrod, Johannes Schneider, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16925–16953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice-nucleating particle properties at Jungfraujoch during the 2017 joint INUIT/CLACE field campaign, to improve the knowledge about those rare particles in a cloud-relevant environment. By quantifying ice-nucleating particles in parallel to single-particle mass spectrometry measurements, we find that mineral dust and aged sea spray particles are potential candidates for ice-nucleating particles. Our findings are supported by ice residual analysis and source region modeling.
Alistair J. Manning, Alison L. Redington, Daniel Say, Simon O'Doherty, Dickon Young, Peter G. Simmonds, Martin K. Vollmer, Jens Mühle, Jgor Arduini, Gerard Spain, Adam Wisher, Michela Maione, Tanja J. Schuck, Kieran Stanley, Stefan Reimann, Andreas Engel, Paul B. Krummel, Paul J. Fraser, Christina M. Harth, Peter K. Salameh, Ray F. Weiss, Ray Gluckman, Peter N. Brown, John D. Watterson, and Tim Arnold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12739–12755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12739-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12739-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper estimates UK emissions of important greenhouse gases (hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)) using high-quality atmospheric observations and atmospheric modelling. We compare these estimates with those submitted by the UK to the United Nations. We conclude that global concentrations of these gases are still increasing. Our estimates for the UK are 73 % of those reported and that the UK emissions are now falling, demonstrating an impact of UK government policy.
Antoine Berchet, Espen Sollum, Rona L. Thompson, Isabelle Pison, Joël Thanwerdas, Grégoire Broquet, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Adrien Berchet, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Richard Engelen, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christoph Gerbig, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Stephan Henne, Sander Houweling, Ute Karstens, Werner L. Kutsch, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Guillaume Monteil, Paul I. Palmer, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Elise Potier, Christian Rödenbeck, Marielle Saunois, Marko Scholze, Aki Tsuruta, and Yuanhong Zhao
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5331–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers.
The ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source Python-based tool. We describe the main structure and functionalities and demonstrate it in a simple academic case.
Dac-Loc Nguyen, Hendryk Czech, Simone M. Pieber, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Martin Steinbacher, Jürgen Orasche, Stephan Henne, Olga B. Popovicheva, Gülcin Abbaszade, Guenter Engling, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Nhat-Anh Nguyen, Xuan-Anh Nguyen, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8293–8312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Southeast Asia is well-known for emission-intense and recurring wildfires and after-harvest crop residue burning during the pre-monsoon season from February to April. We describe a biomass burning (BB) plume arriving at remote Pha Din meteorological station, outline its carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) constituents based on more than 50 target compounds and discuss possible BB sources. This study adds valuable information on chemical PM composition for a region with scarce data availability.
Daniel Say, Alistair J. Manning, Luke M. Western, Dickon Young, Adam Wisher, Matthew Rigby, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, Michela Maione, Jgor Arduini, Paul B. Krummel, Jens Mühle, Christina M. Harth, Brendan Evans, Ray F. Weiss, Ronald G. Prinn, and Simon O'Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2149–2164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are potent greenhouse gases with exceedingly long lifetimes. We used atmospheric measurements from a global monitoring network to track the accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere. In the case of the two most abundant PFCs, recent measurements indicate that global emissions are increasing. In Europe, we used a model to estimate regional PFC emissions. Our results show that there was no significant decline in northwest European PFC emissions between 2010 and 2019.
Cited articles
Adlunger, K., Anke, J. M., Bachem, G., Banning, H., Biegel-Engler, A., Blondzik, K., Braun, U., Eckhardt, A., Gildemeister, D., Hilliges, F., Hoffmann, G., Jentzsch, F., Klitzke, S., Kuckelkorn, J., Martens, K., Müller, A., Pickl, C., Pirntke, U., Rechenberg, J., Sättler, D., Schmidt, U., Speichert, G., Warnke, I., Wehner, J., and Wischer, R.: Reducing the input of chemicals into waters: trifuloroacetate (TFA) as a persistent and mobile substance with many sources, Tech. rep., UBA – Umweltbundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/reducing-the-input-of-chemicals-into-waters (last access: 24 February 2025), 2021. a, b
Améduri, B.: Fluoropolymers as Unique and Irreplaceable Materials: Challenges and Future Trends in These Specific Per or Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances, Molecules, 28, 7564, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227564, 2023. a, b
Arp, H. P. H., Gredelj, A., Glüge, J., Scheringer, M., and Cousins, I. T.: The Global Threat from the Irreversible Accumulation of Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA), Environmental Science & Technology, 58, 19925–19935, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c06189, 2024. a, b, c, d
Bakels, L., Tatsii, D., Tipka, A., Thompson, R., Dütsch, M., Blaschek, M., Seibert, P., Baier, K., Bucci, S., Cassiani, M., Eckhardt, S., Groot Zwaaftink, C., Henne, S., Kaufmann, P., Lechner, V., Maurer, C., Mulder, M. D., Pisso, I., Plach, A., Subramanian, R., Vojta, M., and Stohl, A.: FLEXPART version 11: improved accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7595–7627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, 2024. a
Bates, D. and Watts, D.: Nonlinear Regression: Iterative Estimation and Linear Approximations, in: Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its Applications, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, Wiley, 32–66, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316757.ch2, 1988. a
Baumann, F., Fernholz, C., Lelieveld, J., and Crowley, J. N.: Kinetics of the reaction of CF3CHO with OH between 204 K and 361 K, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 27, 18907–18916, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP02871J, 2025. a
Behringer, D., Heydel, F., Gschrey, B., Osterheld, S., Schwarz, W., Warncke, K., Freeling, F., Nölder, K., Henne, S., Reimann, S., Blepp, M., Jörss, W., Liu, R., Ludig, S., Rüdenauer, I., and Gartiser, S.: Persistent degradation products of halogenated refrigerants and blowing agents in the environment: type, environmental concentrations, and fate with particular regard to new halogenated substitutes with low global warming potential, Tech. rep., German Environment Agency, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/persistent-degradation-products-of-halogenated (last access: 11 November 2025), 2021. a, b, c, d
Benesch, J. A. and Gustin, M. S.: Uptake of trifluoroacetate by Pinus ponderosa via atmospheric pathway, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1233–1235, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00562-3, 2002. a
Berends, A. G., Boutonnet, J. C., Rooij, C. G. D., and Thompson, R. S.: Toxicity of trifluoroacetate to aquatic organisms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 1053–1059, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180533, 1999. a
Berg, M., Müller, S. R., Mühlemann, J., Wiedmer, A., and Schwarzenbach, R. P.: Concentrations and mass fluxes of chloroacetic acids and trifluoroacetic acid in rain and natural waters in Switzerland, Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 2675–2683, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990855f, 2000. a, b, c, d, e
Boutonnet, J. C., Bingham, P., Calamari, D., Rooij, C. D., Franklin, J., Kawano, T., Libre, J.-M., McCulloch, A., Malinverno, G., Odom, J. M., Rusch, G. M., Smythe, K., Sobolev, I., Thompson, R., and Tiedje, J. M.: Environmental Risk Assessment of Trifluoroacetic Acid, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 5, 59–124, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039991289644, 1999. a
Burtscher-Schaden, H., Langemann, S., Lyssimachou, A., and Roynel, S.: Message from the bottle, https://www.pan-europe.info/sites/pan-europe.info/files/public/resources/reports/Message%20from%20the%20bottle_TFA%20in%20wine%20_23042025.pdf (last access: 11 November 2025), 2025. a
Cahill, T. M.: Increases in Trifluoroacetate Concentrations in Surface Waters over Two Decades, Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 9428–9434, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01826, 2022. a
Cahill, T. M.: Assessment of Potential Accumulation of Trifluoroacetate in Terminal Lakes, Environmental Science & Technology, 58, 2966–2972, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c08822, 2024. a
Canton Du Valais: Ehemalige Aluminium-Produktionsstätten Chippis und Steg – Abschluss der Sanierungsarbeiten, https://www.vs.ch/de/web/communication/detail?groupId=529400&articleId=3549767 (last access: 3 June 2025), 2018. a
Commission internationale pour la protection des eaux du Léman: Rapport de la Commission internationale pour la protection des eaux du Léman, Campagne 2023, https://www.cipel.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/fiche-signaletique-leman-2024.pdf (last access: 11 November 2025), 2024. a
Conversio: Fluoropolymer waste in Europe 2020 – End-of-life (EOL) analysis of fluoropolymer applications, products and associated waste streams, Tech. rep., Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH, https://www.ft.dk/samling/20222/almdel/euu/spm/49/svar/1951975/2698345.pdf (last access: 26 January 2025), 2022. a
Dekant, W. and Dekant, R.: Mammalian toxicity of trifluoroacetate and assessment of human health risks due to environmental exposures, Archives of Toxicology, 97, 1069–1077, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03454-y, 2023. a
Döscher, A., Gäggeler, H. W., Schotterer, U., and Schwikowski, M.: A130 years deposition record of sulfate, nitrate and chloride from a high-alpine glacier, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 603–609, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00476895, 1995. a
Döscher, A., Gäggeler, H. W., Schotterer, U., and Schwikowski, M.: A historical record of ammonium concentrations from a glacier in the Alps, Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2741–2744, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02615, 1996. a
EFSA: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas, (last access: 24 February 2025), 2024. a
Ellis, D. A., Hanson, M. L., Sibley, P. K., Shahid, T., Fineberg, N. A., Solomon, K. R., Muir, D. C. G., and Mabury, S. A.: The fate and persistence of trifluoroacetic and chloroacetic acids in pond waters, Chemosphere, 42, 309–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00066-7, 2001a. a
Ellis, D. A., Mabury, S. A., Martin, J. W., and Muir, D. C. G.: Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment, Nature, 412, 321–324, https://doi.org/10.1038/35085548, 2001b. a, b
Ellis, D. A., Martin, J. W., Muir, D. C. G., and Mabury, S. A.: The use of 19F NMR and mass spectrometry for the elucidation of novel fluorinated acids and atmospheric fluoroacid precursors evolved in the thermolysis of fluoropolymers, Analyst, 128, 756–764, https://doi.org/10.1039/B212658C, 2003. a
Emptage, M., Tabinowski, J., and Odom, J. M.: Effect of fluoroacetates on methanogenesis in samples from selected methanogenic environments, Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 732–734, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9603822, 1997. a
European Parliament and Council: Regulation (EU) 2024/573 of the European parliament and of the council on fluorinated greenhouse gases, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/573/oj (last access: 24 February 2025), 2024. a
Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L. W., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Stevenson, D. S., Szopa, S., Van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglustaine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 114, D04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009. a
Frank, H., Renschen, D., Klein, A., and Scholl, H.: Trace analysis of airborne haloacetates, Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 18, 83–88, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240180203, 1995. a
Frank, H., Klein, A., and Renschen, D.: Environmental trifluoroacetate, Nature, 382, 34–34, https://doi.org/10.1038/382034a0, 1996. a
Freeling, F., Behringer, D., Heydel, F., Scheurer, M., Ternes, T. A., and Nödler, K.: Trifluoroacetate in Precipitation: Deriving a Benchmark Data Set, Environmental Science & Technology, 54, 11210–11219, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02910, 2020. a
Freeling, F., Scheurer, M., Koschorreck, J., Hoffmann, G., Ternes, T. A., and Nödler, K.: Levels and Temporal Trends of Trifluoroacetate (TFA) in Archived Plants: Evidence for Increasing Emissions of Gaseous TFA Precursors over the Last Decades, Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 9, 400–405, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00164, 2022. a
Garavagno, M. d. l. A., Holland, R., Khan, M. A. H., Orr-Ewing, A. J., and Shallcross, D. E.: Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects, Sustainability, 16, 2382, https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062382, 2024. a, b, c
García, A. N., Viciano, N., and Font, R.: Products obtained in the fuel-rich combustion of PTFE at high temperature, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 80, 85–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.01.004, 2007. a
George, C., Saison, J. Y., Ponche, J. L., and Mirabel, P.: Kinetics of Mass-Transfer of Carbonyl Fluoride, Trifluoroacetyl Fluoride, and Trifluoroacetyl Chloride at the Air/Water Interface, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, 10857–10862, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100093a029, 1994. a
Hanson, M. L., Madronich, S., Solomon, K., Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., and Wallington, T. J.: Trifluoroacetic Acid in the Environment: Consensus, Gaps, and Next Steps, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43, 2091–2093, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5963, 2024. a
Hartz, W. F., Björnsdotter, M. K., Yeung, L. W. Y., Hodson, A., Thomas, E. R., Humby, J. D., Day, C., Jogsten, I. E., Kärrman, A., and Kallenborn, R.: Levels and distribution profiles of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a high Arctic Svalbard ice core, Science of The Total Environment, 871, 161830, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161830, 2023. a, b
Henne, S.: FLEXPART IFS 9.2 Empa – TFA 1.0: Atmospheric Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model for regional to global HFO to TFA degradation (9.2_TFA_1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17316292, 2025. a
Henne, S., Shallcross, D. E., Reimann, S., Xiao, P., Boulos, S., Gerecke, A. C., and Brunner, D.: Environmental Impacts of HFO-1234yf and Other HFOs, in: Ashrae/Nist Refrigerants Conference, Amer Soc Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engs, Atlanta, Proceedings Paper ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference 29–30 October 2012, Gaithersburg, Atlanta, USA, 182–194, ISBN 9781936504381, 2012a. a
Henne, S., Shallcross, D. E., Reimann, S., Xiao, P., Brunner, D., O'Doherty, S., and Buchmann, B.: Future Emissions and Atmospheric Fate of HFC-1234yf from Mobile Air Conditioners in Europe, Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 1650–1658, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2034608, 2012b. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Henne, S., Brunner, D., Oney, B., Leuenberger, M., Eugster, W., Bamberger, I., Meinhardt, F., Steinbacher, M., and Emmenegger, L.: Validation of the Swiss methane emission inventory by atmospheric observations and inverse modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3683–3710, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3683-2016, 2016. a
Henne, S., Storck, F. R., Wöhrnschimmel, H., Leuenberger, M. C., Vollmer, M. K., and Reimann, S.: Observations and Atmospheric Simulations of Trifluoroacetate (TFA) in Precipitation and Surface Waters in Switzerland, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17220023, 2025. a
Holland, R., Khan, M. A. H., Driscoll, I., Chhantyal-Pun, R., Derwent, R. G., Taatjes, C. A., Orr-Ewing, A. J., Percival, C. J., and Shallcross, D. E.: Investigation of the Production of Trifluoroacetic Acid from Two Halocarbons, HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf and Its Fates Using a Global Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5, 849–857, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00355, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Hurley, M. D., Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., Wallington, T. J., Ellis, D. A., Martin, J. W., and Mabury, S. A.: Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids: Reaction with OH Radicals and Atmospheric Lifetimes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 108, 615–620, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036343b, 2004. a
Hurley, M. D., Wallington, T. J., Javadi, M. S., and Nielsen, O. J.: Atmospheric chemistry of CF3CF=CH2: Products and mechanisms of Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation, Chemical Physics Letters, 450, 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.051, 2008. a, b, c, d
International Atomic Energy Agency: Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/gnip (last access: 20 September 2025), 2025. a
Joerss, H., Freeling, F., van Leeuwen, S., Hollender, J., Liu, X., Nödler, K., Wang, Z., Yu, B., Zahn, D., and Sigmund, G.: Pesticides can be a substantial source of trifluoroacetate (TFA) to water resources, Environment International, 193, 109061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109061, 2024. a
Jordan, A. and Frank, H.: Trifluoroacetate in the environment. Evidence for sources other than HFC/HCFCs, Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 522–527, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980674y, 1999. a, b
Joudan, S., De Silva, A. O., and Young, C. J.: Insufficient evidence for the existence of natural trifluoroacetic acid, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 23, 1641–1649, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EM00306B, 2021. a
Kanakidou, M., Dentener, F. J., and Crutzen, P. J.: A global three-dimensional study of the fate of HCFCs and HFC-134a in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18781–18801, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01919, 1995. a, b, c, d
Kotamarthi, V. R., Rodriguez, J. M., Ko, M. K. W., Tromp, T. K., Sze, N. D., and Prather, M. J.: Trifluoroacetic acid from degradation of HCFCs and HFCs: A three-dimensional modeling study, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103, 5747–5758, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02988, 1998. a, b, c, d, e
Leuenberger, M. C. and Ranjan, S.: Disentangle Kinetic From Equilibrium Fractionation Using Primary (δ17O, δ18O, δD) and Secondary (Δ17O, dex) Stable Isotope Parameters on Samples From the Swiss Precipitation Network, Frontiers in Earth Science, 9-2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.598061, 2021. a
Lifongo, L. L., Bowden, D. J., and Brimblecombe, P.: Thermal degradation of haloacetic acids in water, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5, 738–747, https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/article-full-text-pdf/5F760EB26778 (last access: 11 November 2025), 2010. a
Lindley, A. A.: An Inventory of Fluorspar Production, Industrial Use, and Emissions of Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) in the Period 1930 to 1999, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 11, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.113001, 2023. a
Luecken, D. J., Waterland, R. L., Papasavva, S., Taddonio, K. N., Hutzell, W. T., Rugh, J. P., and Andersen, S. O.: Ozone and TFA Impacts in North America from Degradation of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), A Potential Greenhouse Gas Replacement, Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 343–348, 2010. a, b, c, d
Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Longstreth, J. D., Schikowski, T., Andersen, M. P. S., Solomon, K. R., and Wilson, S. R.: Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 22, 1129–1176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Mashino, M., Ninomiya, Y., Kawasaki, M., Wallington, T. J., and Hurley, M. D.: Atmospheric Chemistry of CF3CF=CF2: Kinetics and Mechanism of Its Reactions with OH Radicals, Cl Atoms, and Ozone, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 104, 7255–7260, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp000498r, 2000. a
Miller, B. R., Weiss, R. F., Salameh, P. K., Tanhua, T., Greally, B. R., Mühle, J., and Simmonds, P. G.: Medusa: A Sample Preconcentration and GC/MS Detector System for in Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Compounds, Analytical Chemistry, 80, 1536–1545, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac702084k, 2008. a
Montzka, S. A., Velders, G. J. M., Krummel, P. B., Mühle, J., Orkin, V. L., Park, S., Shah, N., and Walter-Terrinoni, H.: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessmetn of Ozone Depletion: 2018, Tech. Rep. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report No. 58, World Meteorological Organization, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/56362 (last access: 11 November 2025), 2018. a, b
Neale, P. J., Hylander, S., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D.-P., Rose, K. C., Vione, D., Wängberg, S.-A., Jansen, M. A. K., Busquets, R., Andersen, M. P. S., Madronich, S., Hanson, M. L., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Wallington, T. J., Heikkilä, A. M., Pandey, K. K., Andrady, A. L., Bruckman, L. S., White, C. C., Zhu, L., Bernhard, G. H., Bais, A., Aucamp, P. J., Chiodo, G., Cordero, R. R., Petropavlovskikh, I., Neale, R. E., Olsen, C. M., Hales, S., Lal, A., Lingham, G., Rhodes, L. E., Young, A. R., Robson, T. M., Robinson, S. A., Barnes, P. W., Bornman, J. F., Harper, A. B., Lee, H., Calderón, R. M., Ossola, R., Paul, N. D., Revell, L. E., Wang, Q.-W., and Zepp, R. G.: Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 24, 357–392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-025-00687-x, 2025. a
Nielsen, O. J., Andersen, M. P. S., and Franklin, J.: Comment on “Assessing the atmospheric fate of trifluoroacetaldehyde (CF3CHO) and its potential as a new source of fluoroform (HFC-23) using the AtChem2 box model” by Pérez-Peña et al., Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 2023, 3, 1767–1777, DOI: 10.1039/D3EA00120B, Environmental Science: Atmospheres, 5, 530–534, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00123K, 2025. a
OECD: Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance, Tech. Rep. OECD Series on Risk Management – No. 61, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, https://doi.org/10.1787/e458e796-en, 2021. a
Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives: Air Pollution Prevention And Controlsubchapter VII-American Innovation And Manufacturing, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7675 (last access: 24 February 2025), 2020. a
Orkin, V. L., Martynova, L. E., and Ilichev, A. N.: High-Accuracy Measurements of OH Reaction Rate Constants and IR Absorption Spectra: CH2=CF−CF3 and trans-CHF=CH−CF3, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 114, 5967–5979, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9092817, 2010. a
Papadimitriou, V. C., Talukdar, R. K., Portmann, R. W., Ravishankara, A. R., and Burkholder, J. B.: CF3CF=CH2 and
Pickard, H. M., Criscitiello, A. S., Persaud, D., Spencer, C., Muir, D. C. G., Lehnherr, I., Sharp, M. J., De Silva, A. O., and Young, C. J.: Ice Core Record of Persistent Short-Chain Fluorinated Alkyl Acids: Evidence of the Impact From Global Environmental Regulations, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2020GL087535, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087535, 2020. a, b, c
Pisso, I., Sollum, E., Grythe, H., Kristiansen, N. I., Cassiani, M., Eckhardt, S., Arnold, D., Morton, D., Thompson, R. L., Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Evangeliou, N., Sodemann, H., Haimberger, L., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Burkhart, J. F., Fouilloux, A., Brioude, J., Philipp, A., Seibert, P., and Stohl, A.: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 10.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4955–4997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4955-2019, 2019. a
Poiger, T., Baumgartner, D., and Balmer, M.: Maximum formation potential of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) calculated based on annual sales data for pesticide active ingredients in Switzerland from 2008 to 2023 (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15497861, 2025. a
Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Arduini, J., Arnold, T., DeWitt, H. L., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Gasore, J., Harth, C. M., Hermansen, O., Kim, J., Krummel, P. B., Li, S., Loh, Z. M., Lunder, C. R., Maione, M., Manning, A. J., Miller, B. R., Mitrevski, B., Mühle, J., O'Doherty, S., Park, S., Reimann, S., Rigby, M., Saito, T., Salameh, P. K., Schmidt, R., Simmonds, P. G., Steele, L. P., Vollmer, M. K., Wang, R. H., Yao, B., Yokouchi, Y., Young, D., and Zhou, L.: History of chemically and radiatively important atmospheric gases from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 985–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-985-2018, 2018. a, b
Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Hill, M., Schlauri, P., Guillevic, M., Brunner, D., Henne, S., Rust, D., and Emmenegger, L.: Long-term Observations of Atmospheric Halogenated Organic Trace Gases, Chimia, 74, 136–141, https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.136, 2020. a
Reynard, L. M. and Donaldson, D. J.: Overtone-Induced Chemistry of Trifluoroacetic Acid: An Experimental and Theoretical Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 106, 8651–8657, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp021084w, 2002. a
Rigby, M., Prinn, R. G., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., Langenfelds, R. L., Huang, J., Cunnold, D. M., Steele, L. P., Krummel, P. B., Weiss, R. F., O'Doherty, S., Salameh, P. K., Wang, H. J., Harth, C. M., Mühle, J., and Porter, L. W.: Renewed growth of atmospheric methane, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L22805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036037, 2008. a, b, c
RIVM: https://www.rivm.nl/documenten/bijlage-bij-rivm-brief-aan-ilt-indicatieve-drinkwaterrichtwaarde-trifluorazijnzuur-tfa, (last access: 10 March 2025), 2025. a, b
RIWA-Rijn: Jaarrapport 2023 – De Rijn, Tech. rep., RIWA-Rijn, Vereniging van Rivierwaterbedrijven, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, https://www.riwa-rijn.org/publicatie/jaarrapport-2022-de-rijn/ (last access: 11 November 2025), 2024. a
Rollins, A., Barber, J., Elliott, R., and Wood, B.: Xenobiotic Monitoring in Plants by 19F and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Uptake of Trifluoroacetic Acid in Lycopersicon esculentum, Plant Physiology, 91, 1243–1246, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.4.1243, 1989. a
Rumble, J. R., ed.: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 105th edn., CRC Press, https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/chemical/ChemicalSearch.xhtml (last access: 11 November 2025), 2024. a
Russell, M. H., Hoogeweg, G., Webster, E. M., Ellis, D. A., Waterland, R. L., and Hoke, R. A.: TFA from HFO-1234yf: Accumulation and aquatic risk in terminal water bodies, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31, 1957–1965, https://doi.org/10.1002/Etc.1925, 2012. a
Rust, D., Katharopoulos, I., Vollmer, M. K., Henne, S., O'Doherty, S., Say, D., Emmenegger, L., Zenobi, R., and Reimann, S.: Swiss halocarbon emissions for 2019 to 2020 assessed from regional atmospheric observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2447–2466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2447-2022, 2022. a
Rust, D., Vollmer, M. K., Henne, S., Bühlmann, T., Frumau, A., van den Bulk, P., Emmenegger, L., Zenobi, R., and Reimann, S.: First Atmospheric Measurements and Emission Estimates of HFO-1336mzz(Z), Environmental Science & Technology, 57, 11903–11912, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01826, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f
Scheurer, M. and Nödler, K.: Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substance trifluoroacetate (TFA) in beer and tea – An unintended aqueous extraction, Food Chemistry, 351, 129304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129304, 2021. a
Scheurer, M., Nödler, K., Freeling, F., Janda, J., Happel, O., Riegel, M., Müller, U., Storck, F. R., Fleig, M., Lange, F. T., Brunsch, A., and Brauch, H.-J.: Small, mobile, persistent: Trifluoroacetate in the water cycle – Overlooked sources, pathways, and consequences for drinking water supply, Water Research, 126, 460–471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.045, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f
Schotterer, U., Schürch, M., Rickli, R., and Stichler, W.: Water Isotopes in Switzerland. Latest Findings of the National ISOT Network, Gas Wasser Abwasser, 2010, 1073–1081, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270573867_Water_Isotopes_in_Switzerland_Latest_Findings_of_the_National_ISOT_Network (last access: 11 November 2025), 2010. a, b, c
Schürch, M., Kozel, R., Schotterer, U., and Tripet, J.-P.: Observation of isotopes in the water cycle – the Swiss National Network (NISOT), Environmental Geology, 45, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0843-9, 2003. a
Seiber, J. N. and Cahill, T. M.: Trifluoroacetic Acid from CFC Replacements: An Atmospheric Toxicant Becomes a Terrestrial Problem, in: Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, CRC Press, ISBN 9781003217602, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003217602-9, 2021. a
Solomon, K. R., Velders, G. J. M., Wilson, S. R., Madronich, S., Longstreth, J., Aucamp, P. J., and Bornman, J. F.: Sources, fates, toxicity, and risks of trifluoroacetic acid and its salts: Relevance to substances regulated under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19, 289–304, https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2016.1175981, 2016. a
Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461–2474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005, 2005. a
Storck, F. R.: Klimawandel und Risikobewältigung bei der Wasserversorgung mit Uferfiltrateinfluss, in: Veröffentlichungen aus dem DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, edited by: TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Band 80, Entwicklungstrends für die Wasserversorgung, 22. TZW-Kolloquium, 5 December 2017, TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, 81–90, ISSN 1434-5765, 2017. a, b
Storck, F. R., Riva, A., Stähli, M., Schönenberger, U., Freudemann, D., Stamm, C., Hug, S. J., Dolf, R., Mazacek, J., Zobrist, J., and Randlett, M.-È.: 50 Jahre NADUF Nationale Daueruntersuchung der Fliessgewässer, Aqua & Gas: Fachzeitschrift für Wasser, Gas und Wärme (A&G), 102, 34–41, https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A32298/datastream/PDF/Storck-2022-50_Jahre_NADUF._Nationale_Daueruntersuchung-%28published_version%29.pdf (last access: 11 November 2025), 2022. a
Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., Madronich, S., Ohide, J. M., Frausig, M., and Nielsen, O. J.: Photolysis of CF3CHO at 254 nm and potential contribution to the atmospheric abundance of HFC-23, Atmospheric Environment, 314, 120087, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120087, 2023. a
Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture: Quantities of active substances in plant protection products sold in Switzerland, https://www.blw.admin.ch/de/verkaufsmengen-der-pflanzenschutzmittel-wirkstoffe, (last access: 12 May 2025), 2025. a
Swiss Federal Office for the Environment: TFA in groundwater, https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/water/groundwater/groundwater-quality/tfa-im-grundwasser.html (last access: 25 February 2025), 2024a. a
Swiss Federal Office for the Environment: Switzerland's greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2022, National Inventory Document, Submission of April 2021 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol, Tech. rep., Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), https://unfccc.int/documents/637871 (last access: 11 November 2025), 2024b. a
Swiss Federal Office of Energy: Water levels of reservoirs, https://www.uvek-gis.admin.ch/BFE/storymaps/AP_FuellungsgradSpeicherseen/?lang=en, (last access: 31 March 2025), 2025. a
Swiss Federal Statistical Office: Swiss Land Use Statistics, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/territory-environment/land-use-cover/agricultural-areas.assetdetail.32267705.html, (last access: 10 March 2025), 2025. a
Thackray, C. P., Selin, N. E., and Young, C. J.: A global atmospheric chemistry model for the fate and transport of PFCAs and their precursors, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 22, 285–293, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EM00326F, 2020. a
Tokuhashi, K., Takizawa, K., and Kondo, S.: Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with CF3CX=CY2 (X=H, F, CF3, Y=H, F, Cl), Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 15204–15215, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1700-4, 2018. a, b
UBA: Ableitung eines gesundheitlichen Leitwertes für Trifluoressigsäure (TFA), Tech. rep., UBA – Umweltbundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/5620/dokumente/ableitung_eines_gesundheitlichen_leitwertes_fuer_trifluoressigsaeure_fuer_uba-homepage-20250731.pdf (last access: 11 November 2025), 2020a. a
UBA: Trifluoressigsäure (TFA) – Gewässerschutz im Spannungsfeld von toxikologischem Leitwert, Trinkwasserhygiene und Eintragsminimierung, Tech. rep., UBA – Umweltbundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/362/dokumente/2020_10_20_uba_einordnung_tfa_leitwert.pdf (last access: 24 February 2025), 2020b. a
UBA: Untersuchung von aktuellen Meerwasserproben auf Trifluoressigsäure, Tech. rep., UBA – Umweltbundesamt, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/untersuchung-von-aktuellen-meerwasserproben-auf (last access: 22 September 2025), 2024. a
UBA: Press release from 26 May 2025, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/press/pressinformation/german-agencies-classify-tfa-as-toxic-substance (last access: 6 June 2025), 2025. a
Velders, G. J. M., Daniel, J. S., Montzka, S. A., Vimont, I., Rigby, M., Krummel, P. B., Muhle, J., O'Doherty, S., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., and Young, D.: Projections of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6087–6101, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6087-2022, 2022. a
Visscher, P. T., Culbertson, C. W., and Oremland, R. S.: Degradation of trifluoroacetate in oxic and anoxic sediments, Nature, 369, 729–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/369729a0, 1994. a
Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Hill, M., and Brunner, D.: First Observations of the Fourth Generation Synthetic Halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the Atmosphere, Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 2703–2708, https://doi.org/10.1021/es505123x, 2015. a, b
Vollmer, M. K., Pitt, J. R., Young, D., Henne, S., Mitrevski, B., Mühle, J., Ganesan, A., Arduini, J., Manning, A. J., Wagenhäuser, T., Redington, A. L., Murphy, B., Gluckmann, R., Stanley, K. M., Krummel, P. B., Lunder, C. R., Yun, J., Rust, D., Wenger, A., Guillevic, M., Kim, J., Wang, R. H. J., Rhee, T. S., Constantin, L., Frumau, A., Harth, C. M., Salameh, P. K., Hermansen, O., Engel, A., O'Doherty, S., Park, S., Maione, M., Fraser, P. J., Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., and Reimann, S.: Global Observations and European emissions of the halogenated olefins HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and HCFO-1233zd(E) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4824, 2025. a, b, c, d, e
Wahlström, M., Pohjalainen, E., Yli-Rantala, E., Behringer, D., Herzke, D., Mudge, S. M., Beekmann, M., de Blaeij, A., Devilee, J., Gabbert, S., van Kuppevelt, M., Jeddi, M. Z., Trier, X., and Gabrielsen, P.: Fluorinated polymers in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy, European Topic Centre Waste and Materials in a Green Economy, 145 pp., https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-wmge/products/etc-wmge-reports/fluorinated-polymers-in-a-low-carbon-circular-and-toxic-free-economy (last access: 2025-01-26 January 2025), 2021. a
Wallington, T. J., Hurley, M. D., Fracheboud, J. M., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., Sehested, J., Møgelberg, T. E., and Nielsen, O. J.: Role of Excited CF3CFHO Radicals in the Atmospheric Chemistry of HFC-134a, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 18116–18122, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9624764, 1996. a, b
Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Li, J., Henne, S., Zhang, B., Hu, J., and Zhang, J.: Impacts of the Degradation of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene into Trifluoroacetic Acid from Its Application in Automobile Air Conditioners in China, the United States, and Europe, Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 2819–2826, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05960, 2018. a, b, c
Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of Surface Resistances to Gaseous Dry Deposition in Regional-Scale Numerical-Models, Atmospheric Environment, 23, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989. a
Western, L. M., Rigby, M., Mühle, J., Krummel, P. B., Lunder, C. R., O'Doherty, S., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Young, D., Adam, B., Fraser, P. J., Ganesan, A. L., Harth, C. M., Hermansen, O., Kim, J., Langenfelds, R. L., Loh, Z. M., Mitrevski, B., Pitt, J. R., Salameh, P. K., Schmidt, R., Stanley, K., Stavert, A. R., Wang, H.-J., Weiss, R. F., and Prinn, R. G.: Global Emissions and Abundances of Chemically and Radiatively Important Trace Gases from the AGAGE Network, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-348, in review, 2025. a
Zhang, L., Sun, H., Wang, Q., Chen, H., Yao, Y., Zhao, Z., and Alder, A. C.: Uptake mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.), Science of The Total Environment, 654, 19–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.443, 2019. a
Short summary
We observed the persistent, man-made trifluoroacetate (TFA) in precipitation and surface waters. Atmospheric simulations attributed TFA to precursor gases in the atmosphere. Although recently increasing concentrations could be followed, gaps in the budget indicate limited understanding of the atmospheric degradation of widely used fluorocarbons. Without additional regulation, environmental TFA concentrations are expected to rise strongly, necessitating continued monitoring and risk assessment.
We observed the persistent, man-made trifluoroacetate (TFA) in precipitation and surface waters....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint