Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-371-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-371-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Exploration of the atmospheric chemistry of nitrous acid in a coastal city of southeastern China: results from measurements across four seasons
Baoye Hu
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control,
Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and
Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031,
China
Youwei Hong
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Lingling Xu
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Mengren Li
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Yahui Bian
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Min Qin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031,
China
Wu Fang
Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031,
China
Pinhua Xie
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031,
China
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute
of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yuping Chen, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Ziyi Lin, Chen Yang, Gaojie Chen, Ronghua Zheng, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Yanru Zhang, and Jinsheng Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2042, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the molecular characteristics and chemical evolution of organic aerosol (OA) in contrasting urban and seaside environments by offline Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Urban OA was enriched in aromatic species, while seaside OA featured aliphatic and highly oxidized compounds. Marine-influenced humid air masses, combined with active photochemical conditions, promoted aqueous-phase OA formation, leading to higher oxidation states, particularly at the seaside site.
Gaojie Chen, Xiaolong Fan, Haichao Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Ziyi Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Lingling Xu, Baoye Hu, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7815–7828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7815-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7815-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study revealed that the nighttime heterogeneous dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) uptake process was the major contributor of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) sources, while nitrate photolysis may promote the elevation of daytime ClNO2 concentrations. The rates of alkane oxidation by chlorine (Cl) radical in the early morning exceeded those by OH radical, significantly promoted the formation of ROx and ozone (O3), and further enhanced the atmospheric oxidation capacity levels.
Lingjun Li, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Yuping Chen, Ziyi Lin, Anqi Hou, Siqing Zhang, Ronghua Zheng, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3669–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3669-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3669-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we show differences and variations in the aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor (f(RH)) between new particle formation (NPF) and non-NPF days and the effect of aerosol chemical compositions on f(RH) in Xiamen with in situ observations. The findings are helpful for the further understanding of aerosol hygroscopicity in a coastal city and the use of hygroscopic growth factors in models of air quality and climate change.
Renzhi Hu, Guoxian Zhang, Haotian Cai, Jingyi Guo, Keding Lu, Xin Li, Shengrong Lou, Zhaofeng Tan, Changjin Hu, Pinhua Xie, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3011–3028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3011-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3011-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A full suite of radical measurements (OH, HO2, RO2, and kOH) was established to accurately elucidate the limitations of oxidation in a chemically complex atmosphere. Sensitivity tests revealed that the incorporation of complex processes enabled a balance in both radical concentrations and coordinate ratios, effectively addressing the deficiency in the ozone generation mechanism. The full-chain radical detection bridged the gap between the photochemistry and the intensive oxidation level.
Jiangman Xu, Ang Li, Zhaokun Hu, Hairong Zhang, and Min Qin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 865–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-865-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article introduces an experimental system for rapidly acquiring trace gas profiles using multi-channel spectroscopy, significantly enhancing the time resolution of spectral collection. The fast synchronous multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (FS MAX-DOAS) successfully obtains gas profiles. This work can also be integrated with mobile platforms for navigational observation research, which is crucial for making mobile MAX-DOAS profile measurements.
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
Fanhao Meng, Baobin Han, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Ke Tang, Dou Shao, Zhitang Liao, Jun Duan, Yan Feng, Yong Huang, Ting Ni, and Pinhua Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14191–14208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observations of HONO and NOx fluxes were conducted over paddy fields in the Huaihe River Basin. Consecutive peaks in HONO and NO fluxes suggest a potentially enhanced release of HONO and NO due to soil tillage, whereas waterlogged soil may inhibit microbial nitrification processes following irrigation. Notably, biological processes and light-driven NO2 reactions at the surface may serve as sources of HONO and influence the local HONO budget during rotary tillage.
Guoxian Zhang, Renzhi Hu, Pinhua Xie, Changjin Hu, Xiaoyan Liu, Liujun Zhong, Haotian Cai, Bo Zhu, Shiyong Xia, Xiaofeng Huang, Xin Li, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1825–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observation of HOx radicals was conducted at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta. Radical chemistry was influenced by different air masses in a time-dependent way. Land mass promotes a more active photochemical process, with daily averages of 7.1 × 106 and 5.2 × 108 cm−3 for OH and HO2 respectively. The rapid oxidation process was accompanied by a higher diurnal HONO concentration, which influences the ozone-sensitive system and eventually magnifies the background ozone.
Yuhang Zhang, Jintai Lin, Jhoon Kim, Hanlim Lee, Junsung Park, Hyunkee Hong, Michel Van Roozendael, Francois Hendrick, Ting Wang, Pucai Wang, Qin He, Kai Qin, Yongjoo Choi, Yugo Kanaya, Jin Xu, Pinhua Xie, Xin Tian, Sanbao Zhang, Shanshan Wang, Siyang Cheng, Xinghong Cheng, Jianzhong Ma, Thomas Wagner, Robert Spurr, Lulu Chen, Hao Kong, and Mengyao Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4643–4665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our tropospheric NO2 vertical column density product with high spatiotemporal resolution is based on the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) and named POMINO–GEMS. Strong hotspot signals and NO2 diurnal variations are clearly seen. Validations with multiple satellite products and ground-based, mobile car and surface measurements exhibit the overall great performance of the POMINO–GEMS product, indicating its capability for application in environmental studies.
Youwei Hong, Keran Zhang, Dan Liao, Gaojie Chen, Min Zhao, Yiling Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Yu Wu, Ruilian Yu, Gongren Hu, Sung-Deuk Choi, Likun Xue, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10795–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particle uptakes of HCHO and the impacts on PM2.5 and O3 production remain highly uncertain. Based on the investigation of co-occurring wintertime O3 and PM2.5 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China, we found enhanced heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) and increased ROx concentrations and net O3 production rates. The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the mechanisms of key precursors for co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
Jiayan Shi, Yuping Chen, Lingling Xu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Liqian Yin, Yanting Chen, Chen Yang, Gaojie Chen, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11187–11202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was observed in Southeast China over the period 2012–2020. The observed GEM concentrations showed no distinct inter-annual variation trends. The interpretation rate of transportation and meteorology on GEM variations displayed an increasing trend. In contrast, anthropogenic emissions have shown a decreasing interpretation rate since 2012, indicating the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures in reducing GEM concentrations in the study region.
Youwei Hong, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7827–7841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) simulation remains uncertain, due to the unknown SOA formation mechanisms. Aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected, along with online measurements of aerosol chemical compositions and meteorological parameters. We found that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of biogenic SOA (BSOA). The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the missed SOA sources.
Taotao Liu, Yiling Lin, Jinsheng Chen, Gaojie Chen, Chen Yang, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Yanting Chen, Liqian Yin, Yuping Chen, Xiaoting Ji, Ziyi Lin, Fuwang Zhang, Hong Wang, and Youwei Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations and models analysis were carried out in a coastal city to study HCHO formation mechanism and its impacts on photochemistry. HCHO contributed to atmospheric oxidation by around 10 %, reflecting its significance in photochemistry. Disabling HCHO mechanism made net O3 production rates decrease by 31 %, which were dominated by the reductions of pathways relating to radical reactions, indicating the HCHO affected O3 mainly by controlling the efficiencies of radical propagation.
Taotao Liu, Gaojie Chen, Jinsheng Chen, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Youwei Hong, Yanting Chen, Xiaoting Ji, Chen Yang, Yuping Chen, Weiguo Huang, Quanjia Huang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4339–4353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4339-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4339-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We clarified the seasonal variations of PAN pollution, influencing factors, its mechanisms, and impacts on O3 based on OBM and GAM models. PAN presented inhibition and promotion effects on O3 under low and high ROx levels. Monitoring of PAN and its precursors, and the quantification of its impacts on O3 formation, significantly guide photochemical pollution control. The analysis methods used in this study provide a reference for study of the formation mechanisms of PAN and O3 in other regions.
Taotao Liu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Lingling Xu, Jinsheng Chen, Yahui Bian, Chen Yang, Yangbin Dan, Yingnan Zhang, Likun Xue, Min Zhao, Zhi Huang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2173–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the OBM-MCM model analyses, the study aims to clarify (1) the pollution characteristics of O3 and its precursors, (2) the atmospheric oxidation capacity and radical chemistry, and (3) the O3 formation mechanism and sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to enhance the understanding of the O3 formation mechanism with low O3 precursor levels and provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control in coastal cities.
Lingling Xu, Jiayan Shi, Yuping Chen, Yanru Zhang, Mengrong Yang, Yanting Chen, Liqian Yin, Lei Tong, Hang Xiao, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18543–18555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18543-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18543-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) isotopic compositions in aerosols are the mixed results of emission sources and atmospheric processes. This study presents Hg isotopic compositions in PM2.5 from different types of locations and total Hg from offshore surface seawater. The results indicate that atmospheric transformations induce significant mass independent fractionation of Hg isotopes, which obscures Hg isotopic signatures of initial emissions.
Xin Tian, Yang Wang, Steffen Beirle, Pinhua Xie, Thomas Wagner, Jin Xu, Ang Li, Steffen Dörner, Bo Ren, and Xiaomei Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12867–12894, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The performances of two MAX-DOAS inversion algorithms were evaluated for various aerosol pollution scenarios. One inversion algorithm is based on optimal estimation; the other uses a parameterized approach. In this analysis, three types of profile shapes for aerosols and NO2 were considered: exponential, Boltzmann, and Gaussian. The evaluation results can effectively guide the application of the two inversion algorithms in the actual atmosphere and improve the accuracy of the actual inversion.
Youwen Sun, Hao Yin, Cheng Liu, Emmanuel Mahieu, Justus Notholt, Yao Té, Xiao Lu, Mathias Palm, Wei Wang, Changgong Shan, Qihou Hu, Min Qin, Yuan Tian, and Bo Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11759–11779, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The variability, sources, and transport of ethane (C2H6) over eastern China from 2015 to 2020 were studied using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and GEOS-Chem simulations. C2H6 variability is driven by both meteorological and emission factors. The reduction in C2H6 in recent years over eastern China points to air quality improvement in China.
Youwen Sun, Hao Yin, Cheng Liu, Lin Zhang, Yuan Cheng, Mathias Palm, Justus Notholt, Xiao Lu, Corinne Vigouroux, Bo Zheng, Wei Wang, Nicholas Jones, Changong Shan, Min Qin, Yuan Tian, Qihou Hu, Fanhao Meng, and Jianguo Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6365–6387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6365-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6365-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study mapped the drivers of HCHO variability from 2015 to 2019 over eastern China. Hydroxyl (OH) radical production rates from HCHO photolysis were evaluated. The relative contributions of emitted and photochemical sources to the observed HCHO abundance were analyzed. Contributions of various emission sources and geographical regions to the observed HCHO summertime enhancements were determined.
Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Udo Frieß, François Hendrick, Carlos Alberti, Marc Allaart, Arnoud Apituley, Alkis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Stijn Berkhout, Kristof Bognar, Tim Bösch, Ilya Bruchkouski, Alexander Cede, Ka Lok Chan, Mirjam den Hoed, Sebastian Donner, Theano Drosoglou, Caroline Fayt, Martina M. Friedrich, Arnoud Frumau, Lou Gast, Clio Gielen, Laura Gomez-Martín, Nan Hao, Arjan Hensen, Bas Henzing, Christian Hermans, Junli Jin, Karin Kreher, Jonas Kuhn, Johannes Lampel, Ang Li, Cheng Liu, Haoran Liu, Jianzhong Ma, Alexis Merlaud, Enno Peters, Gaia Pinardi, Ankie Piters, Ulrich Platt, Olga Puentedura, Andreas Richter, Stefan Schmitt, Elena Spinei, Deborah Stein Zweers, Kimberly Strong, Daan Swart, Frederik Tack, Martin Tiefengraber, René van der Hoff, Michel van Roozendael, Tim Vlemmix, Jan Vonk, Thomas Wagner, Yang Wang, Zhuoru Wang, Mark Wenig, Matthias Wiegner, Folkard Wittrock, Pinhua Xie, Chengzhi Xing, Jin Xu, Margarita Yela, Chengxin Zhang, and Xiaoyi Zhao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a ground-based remote sensing measurement technique that derives atmospheric aerosol and trace gas vertical profiles from skylight spectra. In this study, consistency and reliability of MAX-DOAS profiles are assessed by applying nine different evaluation algorithms to spectral data recorded during an intercomparison campaign in the Netherlands and by comparing the results to colocated supporting observations.
Ke Tang, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Jun Duan, Fanhao Meng, Kaidi Ye, Helu Zhang, Pinhua Xie, Yabai He, Wenbin Xu, Jianguo Liu, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6487–6499, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an improved instrument for the simultaneous detection of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The robustness of the system is verified by simulating the influence of the relative change in light intensity on the measurement results. The instrument's capability to make fast high-sensitivity measurements of HONO and NO2 is of great significance for understanding the source of HONO and studying its role in atmospheric chemistry.
Yeyuan Huang, Ang Li, Thomas Wagner, Yang Wang, Zhaokun Hu, Pinhua Xie, Jin Xu, Hongmei Ren, Julia Remmers, Xiaoyi Fang, and Bing Dang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6025–6051, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6025-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mobile DOAS has become an important tool for the quantification of emission sources. In this study, we focused on the error budget of mobile DOAS measurements from NOx and SO2 point sources based on the model simulations, and we also offered recommendations for the optimum settings of such measurements.
Yang Wang, Arnoud Apituley, Alkiviadis Bais, Steffen Beirle, Nuria Benavent, Alexander Borovski, Ilya Bruchkouski, Ka Lok Chan, Sebastian Donner, Theano Drosoglou, Henning Finkenzeller, Martina M. Friedrich, Udo Frieß, David Garcia-Nieto, Laura Gómez-Martín, François Hendrick, Andreas Hilboll, Junli Jin, Paul Johnston, Theodore K. Koenig, Karin Kreher, Vinod Kumar, Aleksandra Kyuberis, Johannes Lampel, Cheng Liu, Haoran Liu, Jianzhong Ma, Oleg L. Polyansky, Oleg Postylyakov, Richard Querel, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Stefan Schmitt, Xin Tian, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Michel Van Roozendael, Rainer Volkamer, Zhuoru Wang, Pinhua Xie, Chengzhi Xing, Jin Xu, Margarita Yela, Chengxin Zhang, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5087–5116, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5087-2020, 2020
Baoye Hu, Jun Duan, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Yahui Bian, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Pinhua Xie, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-880, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a lack of research into HONO in coastal cities with low concentrations of NOx and PM2.5, but strong sunlight and high humidity. Insufficient research on coastal cities with good air quality has resulted in certain obstacles to assessing the photochemical processes in these areas. Furthermore, HONO contributes to the atmospheric photochemistry depending on the season. Therefore, observations of HONO across four seasons in the southeastern coastal area of China are urgently needed.
Cited articles
Acker, K., Febo, A., Trick, S., Perrino, C., Bruno, P., Wiesen, P.,
Möller, D., Wieprecht, W., Auel, R., Giusto, M., Geyer, A., Platt, U.,
and Allegrini, I.: Nitrous acid in the urban area of Rome, Atmos. Environ.,
40, 3123–3133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.028, 2006.
Alicke, B.: Impact of nitrous acid photolysis on the total hydroxyl radical
budget during the Limitation of Oxidant Production/Pianura Padana Produzione
di Ozono study in Milan, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8196, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000075, 2002.
Ammann, M., Kalberer, M., Jost, D. T., Tobler, L., Rössler, E., Piguet, D., Gäggeler, H. W., and
Baltensperger, U.: Heterogeneous production of nitrous acid on soot in
polluted air masses, Nature, 395, 157–160, 1998.
Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I – gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.
Aubin, D. G. and Abbatt, J. P.: Interaction of NO2 with hydrocarbon
soot: Focus on HONO yield, surface modification, and mechanism, J. Phys.
Chem. A, 111, 6263–6273, 2007.
Chang, Y., Zou, Z., Deng, C., Huang, K., Collett, J. L., Lin, J., and Zhuang, G.: The importance of vehicle emissions as a source of atmospheric ammonia in the megacity of Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3577–3594, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3577-2016, 2016.
Cui, L., Li, R., Zhang, Y., Meng, Y., Fu, H., and Chen, J.: An observational
study of nitrous acid (HONO) in Shanghai, China: The aerosol impact on HONO
formation during the haze episodes, Sci. Total. Environ., 630, 1057–1070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.063, 2018.
Duan, J., Qin, M., Ouyang, B., Fang, W., Li, X., Lu, K., Tang, K., Liang, S., Meng, F., Hu, Z., Xie, P., Liu, W., and Häsler, R.: Development of an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for in situ measurements of HONO and NO2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4531–4543, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4531-2018, 2018.
Elshorbany, Y. F., Kurtenbach, R., Wiesen, P., Lissi, E., Rubio, M., Villena, G., Gramsch, E., Rickard, A. R., Pilling, M. J., and Kleffmann, J.: Oxidation capacity of the city air of Santiago, Chile, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2257–2273, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2257-2009, 2009.
Elshorbany, Y. F., Steil, B., Brühl, C., and Lelieveld, J.: Impact of HONO on global atmospheric chemistry calculated with an empirical parameterization in the EMAC model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9977–10000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9977-2012, 2012.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Wingen, L. M., Sumner, A. L., Syomin, D., and
Ramazan, K. A.: The heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in laboratory systems
and in outdoor and indoor atmospheres: An integrated mechanism, Phys. Chem.
Chem. Phys., 5, 223–242, https://doi.org/10.1039/b208564j, 2003.
Fu, X., Wang, T., Zhang, L., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Xia, M., Yun, H., Wang, W., Yu, C., Yue, D., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., and Han, R.: The significant contribution of HONO to secondary pollutants during a severe winter pollution event in southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1-2019, 2019.
Gao, J.: An analysis of some pollution weather conditions, Journal of
Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 18, 55–62, 1999.
Ge, S., Wang, G., Zhang, S., Li, D., Xie, Y., Wu, C., Yuan, Q., Chen, J.,
and Zhang, H.: Abundant NH3 in China Enhances Atmospheric HONO Production by
Promoting the Heterogeneous Reaction of SO2 with NO2, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 53, 14339–14347, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04196, 2019.
George, C., Strekowski, R. S., Kleffmann, J., Stemmler, K., and Ammann, M.:
Photoenhanced uptake of gaseous NO2 on solid organic compounds: a
photochemical source of HONO?, Faraday Discuss., 130, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1039/b417888m, 2005.
Gil, J., Kim, J., Lee, M., Lee, G., Lee, D., Jung, J., An, J., Hong, J., Cho, S., Lee, J., and Long, R.: The role of HONO in O3 formation and insight into its formation mechanism during the KORUS-AQ Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-1012, 2019.
Gligorovski, S., Strekowski, R., Barbati, S., and Vione, D.: Environmental
Implications of Hydroxyl Radicals (⚫OH), Chem. Rev., 115, 13051–13092, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500310b, 2015.
Gutzwiller, L., Arens, F., Baltensperger, U., Gäggeler,
H. W., and Ammann, M.: Significance of Semivolatile Diesel Exhaust Organics
for Secondary HONO Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 677–682, 2002.
He, Y., Zhou, X., Hou, J., Gao, H., and Bertman, S. B.: Importance of dew in
controlling the air-surface exchange of HONO in rural forested environments,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024348, 2006.
Hofzumahaus, A., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C.-C.,
Fuchs, H., Holland, F., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Lou, S., Shao, M.,
Zeng, L., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Amplified Trace Gas Removal in the
Troposphere, Science, 324, 1702–1704, 2009.
Hou, S., Tong, S., Ge, M., and An, J.: Comparison of atmospheric nitrous
acid during severe haze and clean periods in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 124, 199–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.023, 2016.
Hu, B., Liu, T., Hong, Y., Xu, L., Li, M., Wu, X., Wang, H., Chen, J., and
Chen, J.: Characteristics of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a coastal city of
southeastern China: Photochemical mechanism and pollution process, Sci.
Total Environ., 719, 137493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137493, 2020.
Huang, R. J., Yang, L., Cao, J., Wang, Q., Tie, X., Ho, K. F., Shen, Z.,
Zhang, R., Li, G., Zhu, C., Zhang, N., Dai, W., Zhou, J., Liu, S., Chen, Y.,
Chen, J., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Concentration and sources of atmospheric
nitrous acid (HONO) at an urban site in Western China, Sci. Total Environ.,
593–594, 165–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.166, 2017.
Jenkin, M. E., Cox, R. A., and Williams, D. J.: Laboratory studies of the
kinetics of formation of nitrous acid from the thermal reaction of nitrogen
dioxide and water vapour, Atmos. Environ., 22, 487–498, 1988.
Kasibhatla, P., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Reed, C., Alexander, B., Chen, Q., Sulprizio, M. P., Lee, J. D., Read, K. A., Bloss, W., Crilley, L. R., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., and Hodzic, A.: Global impact of nitrate photolysis in sea-salt aerosol on NOx, OH, and O3 in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11185–11203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11185-2018, 2018.
Kirchner, U., Scheer, V., and Vogt, R.: FTIR Spectroscopic Investigation of
the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reactions of NO2 and HNO3
with Soot, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 8908–8915, 2000.
Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., and Littlejohn, D.: Measurement of
Nitrous Acid in Motor Vehicle Exhaust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30,
2843–2849, 1996.
Kleffmann, J.: Daytime formation of nitrous acid: A major source of OH
radicals in a forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022524, 2005.
Kleffmann, J.: Daytime sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmospheric
boundary layer, Chem. Phys. Chem, 8, 1137–1144, https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200700016,
2007.
Kleffmann, J., Becker, K., and Wiesen, P.: Heterogeneous NO2 conversion
processes on acid surfaces: Possible atmospheric implications, Atmos.
Environ., 32, 2721–2729,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00065-X, 1998.
Kramer, L. J., Crilley, L. R., Adams, T. J., Ball, S. M., Pope, F. D., and Bloss, W. J.: Nitrous acid (HONO) emissions under real-world driving conditions from vehicles in a UK road tunnel, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5231–5248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5231-2020, 2020.
Kurtenbacha, R., Beckera, K. H., Gomesa, J. A. G., Kleffmanna, J., L.orzera,
J. C., Spittlera, M., Wiesena, P., Ackermannb, R., Geyerb, A., and Plattb,
U.: Investigations of emissions and heterogeneous formation of HONO in a
road traffic tunnel, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3385–3394, 2001.
Lee, B. H., Wood, E. C., Herndon, S. C., Lefer, B. L., Luke, W. T., Brune,
W. H., Nelson, D. D., Zahniser, M. S., and Munger, J. W.: Urban measurements
of atmospheric nitrous acid: A caveat on the interpretation of the HONO
photostationary state, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 12274–212281, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020341, 2013.
Lee, J. D., Whalley, L. K., Heard, D. E., Stone, D., Dunmore, R. E., Hamilton, J. F., Young, D. E., Allan, J. D., Laufs, S., and Kleffmann, J.: Detailed budget analysis of HONO in central London reveals a missing daytime source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2747–2764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2747-2016, 2016.
Lei, L., Zhiyao, D., Hui Li, Chongqin Zhu, Graeme Henkelman, Joseph S.
Franciscoa, and Zeng, X. C.: Formation of HONO from the NH3-promoted
hydrolysis of NO2 dimers in the atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
115, 7236–7241, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807719115, 2018.
Li, D., Xue, L., Wen, L., Wang, X., Chen, T., Mellouki, A., Chen, J., and
Wang, W.: Characteristics and sources of nitrous acid in an urban atmosphere
of northern China: Results from 1-yr continuous observations, Atmos.
Environ., 182, 296–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.033, 2018.
Li, G., Lei, W., Zavala, M., Volkamer, R., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P., and Molina, L. T.: Impacts of HONO sources on the photochemistry in Mexico City during the MCMA-2006/MILAGO Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6551–6567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6551-2010, 2010.
Li, L., Duan, Z., Li, H., Zhu, C., Henkelman, G., Francisco, J. S., and
Zeng, X. C.: Formation of HONO from the NH3-promoted hydrolysis of NO2
dimers in the atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 7236–7241, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807719115, 2018.
Li, S., Matthews, J., and Sinha, A.: Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical Production
from Electronically Excited NO2 and H2O, Science, 319, 1657–1660, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151443, 2008.
Li, X., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B., Fuchs, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Lou, S., Lu, K. D., Rohrer, F., Hu, M., Zeng, L. M., Zhang, Y. H., Garland, R. M., Su, H., Nowak, A., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Shao, M., and Wahner, A.: Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of nitrous acid (HONO) at a rural site in Southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1497-2012, 2012.
Li, X., Rohrer, F., Hofzumahaus, A., Brauers, T., Häseler, R., Bohn, B.,
Broch, S., Fuchs, H., Gomm, S., Holland, F., Jäger, J., Kaiser, J.,
Keutsch, F. N., Lohse, I., Lu, K., Tillmann, R., Wegener, R., Wolfe, G. M.,
Mentel, T. F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., and Wahner, A.: Missing Gas-Phase Source
of HONO Inferred from Zeppelin Measurements in the Troposphere, Science,
344, 292–296, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248999, 2014.
Liu, Y.: Observations and parameterized modelling of ambient nitrous acid
(HONO) in the megacity areas of the eastern China, PhD thesis, Peking University, China,
161 pp., 2017.
Liu, Y., Nie, W., Xu, Z., Wang, T., Wang, R., Li, Y., Wang, L., Chi, X., and Ding, A.: Semi-quantitative understanding of source contribution to nitrous acid (HONO) based on 1 year of continuous observation at the SORPES station in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13289–13308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13289-2019, 2019a.
Liu, Y., Lu, K., Li, X., Dong, H., Tan, Z., Wang, H., Zou, Q., Wu, Y., Zeng,
L., Hu, M., Min, K. E., Kecorius, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, Y.: A
Comprehensive Model Test of the HONO Sources Constrained to Field
Measurements at Rural North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 3517–3525, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06367, 2019b.
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Costabile, F., Amoroso, A., Zhao, C., Huey, L. G.,
Stickel, R., Liao, J., and Zhu, T.: Evidence of aerosols as a media for
rapid daytime HONO production over China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48,
14386–14391, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504163z, 2014.
Lu, K. D., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Fuchs, H., Hu, M., Häseler, R., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Lou, S. R., Oebel, A., Shao, M., Zeng, L. M., Wahner, A., Zhu, T., Zhang, Y. H., and Rohrer, F.: Missing OH source in a suburban environment near Beijing: observed and modelled OH and HO2 concentrations in summer 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1057–1080, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1057-2013, 2013.
Makkonen, U., Virkkula, A., Mäntykenttä, J., Hakola, H., Keronen, P., Vakkari, V., and Aalto, P. P.: Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site: comparisons with filters, nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases, and aerosol acidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5617–5631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5617-2012, 2012.
McFall, A. S., Edwards, K. C., and Anastasio, C.: Nitrate Photochemistry at
the Air-Ice Interface and in Other Ice Reservoirs, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
52, 5710–5717, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00095, 2018.
Meusel, H., Kuhn, U., Reiffs, A., Mallik, C., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Schuladen, J., Bohn, B., Parchatka, U., Crowley, J. N., Fischer, H., Tomsche, L., Novelli, A., Hoffmann, T., Janssen, R. H. H., Hartogensis, O., Pikridas, M., Vrekoussis, M., Bourtsoukidis, E., Weber, B., Lelieveld, J., Williams, J., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y., and Su, H.: Daytime formation of nitrous acid at a coastal remote site in Cyprus indicating a common ground source of atmospheric HONO and NO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14475–14493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14475-2016, 2016.
Michoud, V., Colomb, A., Borbon, A., Miet, K., Beekmann, M., Camredon, M., Aumont, B., Perrier, S., Zapf, P., Siour, G., Ait-Helal, W., Afif, C., Kukui, A., Furger, M., Dupont, J. C., Haeffelin, M., and Doussin, J. F.: Study of the unknown HONO daytime source at a European suburban site during the MEGAPOLI summer and winter field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2805–2822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2805-2014, 2014.
Min, K.-E., Washenfelder, R. A., Dubé, W. P., Langford, A. O., Edwards, P. M., Zarzana, K. J., Stutz, J., Lu, K., Rohrer, F., Zhang, Y., and Brown, S. S.: A broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for aircraft measurements of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 423–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-423-2016, 2016.
Monge, M. E., D'Anna, B., Mazri, L., Giroir-Fendler, A., Ammann, M.,
Donaldson, D. J., and George, C.: Light changes the atmospheric reactivity
of soot, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6605–6609, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908341107, 2010.
Ndour, M., D'Anna, B., George, C., Ka, O., Balkanski, Y., Kleffmann, J.,
Stemmler, K., and Ammann, M.: Photoenhanced uptake of NO2 on mineral
dust: Laboratory experiments and model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032006, 2008.
Nie, W., Ding, A. J., Xie, Y. N., Xu, Z., Mao, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Zheng, L. F., Qi, X. M., Huang, X., Yang, X.-Q., Sun, J. N., Herrmann, E., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Fu, C. B.: Influence of biomass burning plumes on HONO chemistry in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1147–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1147-2015, 2015.
Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Ermel, M., Wu, D., Su, H., Cheng, Y., Breuninger,
C., Moravek, A., Mougin, E., Delon, C., Loubet, B., Pommerening-Roser, A.,
Sorgel, M., Pöschl, U., Hoffmann, T., Andreae, M. O., Meixner, F. X., and
Trebs, I.: HONO emissions from soil bacteria as a major source of
atmospheric reactive nitrogen, Science, 341, 1233–1235, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242266, 2013.
Park, S. S., Hong, S. B., Jung, Y. G., and Lee, J. H.: Measurements of
PM10 aerosol and gas-phase nitrous acid during fall season in a
semi-urban atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 38, 293–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.041, 2004.
Perner, D. and Platt, U.: Detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by
differential optical absorption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 917–920,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL006i012p00917, 1979.
Qin, M., Xie, P., Su, H., Gu, J., Peng, F., Li, S., Zeng, L., Liu, J., Liu,
W., and Zhang, Y.: An observational study of the HONO–NO2 coupling at an
urban site in Guangzhou City, South China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5731–5742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.017, 2009.
Rappenglück, B., Lubertino, G., Alvarez, S., Golovko, J., Czader, B.,
and Ackermann, L.: Radical precursors and related species from traffic as
observed and modeled at an urban highway junction, J. Air Waste Ma., 63, 1270–1286, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.822438, 2013.
Röckmann, T., Walter, S., Bohn, B., Wegener, R., Spahn, H., Brauers, T., Tillmann, R., Schlosser, E., Koppmann, R., and Rohrer, F.: Isotope effect in the formation of H2 from H2CO studied at the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5343–5357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5343-2010, 2010.
Romer, P. S., Wooldridge, P. J., Crounse, J. D., Kim, M. J., Wennberg, P.
O., Dibb, J. E., Scheuer, E., Blake, D. R., Meinardi, S., Brosius, A. L.,
Thames, A. B., Miller, D. O., Brune, W. H., Hall, S. R., Ryerson, T. B., and
Cohen, R. C.: Constraints on Aerosol Nitrate Photolysis as a Potential
Source of HONO and NOx, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 13738–13746, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03861,
2018.
Ryan, R. G., Rhodes, S., Tully, M., Wilson, S., Jones, N., Frieß, U., and Schofield, R.: Daytime HONO, NO2 and aerosol distributions from MAX-DOAS observations in Melbourne, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13969–13985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13969-2018, 2018.
Scharko, N. K., Berke, A. E., and Raff, J. D.: Release of Nitrous Acid and
Nitrogen Dioxide from Nitrate Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11991–12001, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503088x, 2014.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Changes, Wiley-Interscience, 1232 pp., ISBN 9780471720188, 1998.
Shi, X., Ge, Y., Zheng, J., Ma, Y., Ren, X., and Zhang, Y.: Budget of
nitrous acid and its impacts on atmospheric oxidative capacity at an urban
site in the central Yangtze River Delta region of China, Atmos. Environ.,
238, 117725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117725, 2020.
Slanina, J., ten Brink, H. M., Otjes, R. P., Even, A., Jongejan, P.,
Khlystov, A., WaijersIjpelaan, A., and Hu, M.: The continuous analysis of
nitrate and ammonium in aerosols by the steam jet aerosol collector (SJAC):
extension and validation of the methodology, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2319–2330,
2001.
Sörgel, M., Regelin, E., Bozem, H., Diesch, J.-M., Drewnick, F., Fischer, H., Harder, H., Held, A., Hosaynali-Beygi, Z., Martinez, M., and Zetzsch, C.: Quantification of the unknown HONO daytime source and its relation to NO2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10433–10447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10433-2011, 2011.
Spataro, F., Ianniello, A., Esposito, G., Allegrini, I., Zhu, T., and Hu,
M.: Occurrence of atmospheric nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing
(China), Sci. Total Environ., 447, 210–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.065,
2013.
Stemmler, K., Ammann, M., Donders, C., Kleffmann, J., and George, C.:
Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of
nitrous acid, Nature, 440, 195–198, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04603, 2006.
Stutz, J., Alicke, B., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., Wang, S., White, A. B.,
Williams, E. J., Spicer, C. W., and Fast, J. D.: Relative humidity
dependence of HONO chemistry in urban areas, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D03307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004135, 2004.
Su, H., Cheng, Y. F., Shao, M., Gao, D. F., Yu, Z. Y., Zeng, L. M., Slanina,
J., Zhang, Y. H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Nitrous acid (HONO) and its daytime
sources at a rural site during the 2004 PRIDE-PRD experiment in China, J.
Geophys. Res., 113, D14312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009060, 2008a.
Su, H., Cheng, Y. F., Cheng, P., Zhang, Y. H., Dong, S., Zeng, L. M., Wang,
X., Slanina, J., Shao, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Observation of nighttime
nitrous acid (HONO) formation at a non-urban site during PRIDE-PRD2004 in
China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6219–6232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.006,
2008b.
Su, H., Cheng, Y., Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Trebs, I., Meixner, F. X.,
Andreae, M. O., Cheng, P., Zhang, Y., and Pöschl, U.: Soil nitrite as a
source of atmospheric HONO and OH radicals, Science, 333, 1616–1618, 2011.
Tan, Z., Fuchs, H., Lu, K., Hofzumahaus, A., Bohn, B., Broch, S., Dong, H., Gomm, S., Häseler, R., He, L., Holland, F., Li, X., Liu, Y., Lu, S., Rohrer, F., Shao, M., Wang, B., Wang, M., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Zhang, Y., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Radical chemistry at a rural site (Wangdu) in the North China Plain: observation and model calculations of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 663–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-663-2017, 2017.
Tang, K., Qin, M., Duan, J., Fang, W., Meng, F., Liang, S., Xie, P., Liu,
J., Liu, W., Xue, C., and Mu, Y.: A dual dynamic chamber system based on
IBBCEAS for measuring fluxes of nitrous acid in agricultural fields in the
North China Plain, Atmos. Environ., 196, 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.059, 2019.
Underwood, G. M., Song, C. H., Phadnis, M., Carmichael, G. R., and Grassian,
V. H.: Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and HNO3 on oxides and mineral dust: A
combined laboratory and modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
18055–18066, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900552, 2001.
VandenBoer, T. C., Brown, S. S., Murphy, J. G., Keene, W. C., Young, C. J.,
Pszenny, A. A. P., Kim, S., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Maben, J. R.,
Wagner, N. L., Riedel, T. P., Thornton, J. A., Wolfe, D. E., Dubé, W.
P., Öztürk, F., Brock, C. A., Grossberg, N., Lefer, B., Lerner, B.,
Middlebrook, A. M., and Roberts, J. M.: Understanding the role of the ground
surface in HONO vertical structure: High resolution vertical profiles during
NACHTT-11, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10155–110171, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50721, 2013.
VandenBoer, T. C., Young, C. J., Talukdar, R. K., Markovic, M. Z., Brown, S.
S., Roberts, J. M., and Murphy, J. G.: Nocturnal loss and daytime source of
nitrous acid through reactive uptake and displacement, Nat. Geosci., 8,
55–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2298, 2014.
Villena, G., Bejan, I., Kurtenbach, R., Wiesen, P., and Kleffmann, J.: Interferences of commercial NO2 instruments in the urban atmosphere and in a smog chamber, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 149–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-149-2012, 2012.
Wang, H., Lyu, X., Guo, H., Wang, Y., Zou, S., Ling, Z., Wang, X., Jiang, F., Zeren, Y., Pan, W., Huang, X., and Shen, J.: Ozone pollution around a coastal region of South China Sea: interaction between marine and continental air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4277–4295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4277-2018, 2018.
Wang, J., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Wang, Z., and Zhang, M.: Observation of
nitrous acid (HONO) in Beijing, China: Seasonal variation, nocturnal
formation and daytime budget, Sci. Total Environ., 587–588, 350–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.159, 2017.
Wang, L., Wen, L., Xu, C., Chen, J., Wang, X., Yang, L., Wang, W., Yang, X.,
Sui, X., Yao, L., and Zhang, Q.: HONO and its potential source particulate
nitrite at an urban site in North China during the cold season, Sci. Total
Environ., 538, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.032, 2015.
Wang, S., Ackermann, R., Spicer, C. W., Fast, J. D., Schmeling, M., and Stutz, J.: Atmospheric observations of enhanced NO2-HONO conversion on
mineral dust particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1595, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017014, 2003.
Wang, S., Zhou, R., Zhao, H., Wang, Z., Chen, L., and Zhou, B.: Long-term
observation of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) and its implication to local
NO2 levels in Shanghai, China, Atmos. Environ., 77, 718–724, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.071, 2013.
Wen, L., Chen, T., Zheng, P., Wu, L., Wang, X., Mellouki, A., Xue, L., and
Wang, W.: Nitrous acid in marine boundary layer over eastern Bohai Sea,
China: Characteristics, sources, and implications, Sci. Total Environ., 670, 282–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.225, 2019.
Wong, K. W., Oh, H.-J., Lefer, B. L., Rappenglück, B., and Stutz, J.: Vertical profiles of nitrous acid in the nocturnal urban atmosphere of Houston, TX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3595–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3595-2011, 2011.
Wyers, G. P., Oties, R. P., and Slanina, J.: A continuous-flow denuder for
the measurement of ambient concentrations and surface-exchange fluxes of
ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 27, 2085–2090, 1993.
Xia, D., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Tong, S., Xie, H. B., Wang, Z., Xu, T., Ge,
M., and Allen, D. T.: Heterogeneous Formation of HONO Catalyzed by CO2,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 12215–12222, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02706, 2021.
Xu, W., Kuang, Y., Zhao, C., Tao, J., Zhao, G., Bian, Y., Yang, W., Yu, Y., Shen, C., Liang, L., Zhang, G., Lin, W., and Xu, X.: NH3-promoted hydrolysis of NO2 induces explosive growth in HONO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10557–10570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10557-2019, 2019.
Xu, Z., Wang, T., Wu, J., Xue, L., Chan, J., Zha, Q., Zhou, S., Louie, P. K.
K., and Luk, C. W. Y.: Nitrous acid (HONO) in a polluted subtropical
atmosphere: Seasonal variability, direct vehicle emissions and heterogeneous
production at ground surface, Atmos. Environ., 39, 100–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.061, 2015.
Xun, A., Huang, H., and Chen, D.: The observation and characteristic
analysis of sea-land breeze circulation in Xiamen area, Straits Science, 12,
3–7, 2017.
Yabushita, A., Enami, S., Sakamoto, Y., Kawasaki, M., Hoffmann, M. R., and
Colussi, A. J.: Anion-Catalyzed Dissolution of NO2 on Aqueous Microdroplets,
J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 4844–4848, 2009.
Ye, C., Zhou, X., Pu, D., Stutz, J., Festa, J., Spolaor, M., Tsai, C.,
Cantrell, C., Mauldin III, R. L., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., Hornbrook, R.
S., Apel, E. C., Guenther, A., Kaser, L., Yuan, B., Karl, T., Haggerty, J.,
Hall, S., Ullmann, K., Smith, J. N., Ortega, J., and Knote, C.: Rapid
cycling of reactive nitrogen in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 532,
489–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17195, 2016.
Ye, C., Zhang, N., Gao, H., and Zhou, X.: Photolysis of Particulate Nitrate
as a Source of HONO and NOx, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6849–6856, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00387, 2017.
Yu, Y., Galle, B., Panday, A., Hodson, E., Prinn, R., and Wang, S.: Observations of high rates of NO2-HONO conversion in the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer in Kathmandu, Nepal, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6401–6415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6401-2009, 2009.
Zhang, B. and Tao, F.-M.: Direct homogeneous nucleation of NO2,
H2O, and NH3 for the production of ammonium nitrate particles and
HONO gas, Chem. Phys. Lett., 489, 143–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2010.02.059,
2010.
Zheng, J., Shi, X., Ma, Y., Ren, X., Jabbour, H., Diao, Y., Wang, W., Ge, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, W.: Contribution of nitrous acid to the atmospheric oxidation capacity in an industrial zone in the Yangtze River Delta region of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5457–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5457-2020, 2020.
Zhou, L., Wang, W., Hou, S., Tong, S., and Ge, M.: Heterogeneous uptake of
nitrogen dioxide on Chinese mineral dust, J. Environ. Sci.-China, 38,
110–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.017, 2015.
Zhou, X., Huang, G., Civerolo, K., Roychowdhury, U., and Demerjian, K. L.:
Summertime observations of HONO, HCHO, and O3 at the summit of
Whiteface Mountain, New York, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007256,
2007.
Zhou, X., Zhang, N., TerAvest, M., Tang, D., Hou, J., Bertman, S.,
Alaghmand, M., Shepson, P. B., Carroll, M. A., Griffith, S., Dusanter, S.,
and Stevens, P. S.: Nitric acid photolysis on forest canopy surface as a
source for tropospheric nitrous acid, Nat. Geosci., 4, 440–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1164, 2011.
Short summary
There has been a lack of research into HONO in coastal cities with low concentrations of PM2.5, but strong sunlight and high humidity. Insufficient research on coastal cities with good air quality has resulted in certain obstacles to assessing the photochemical processes in these areas. Furthermore, HONO contributes to the atmospheric photochemistry depending on the season. Therefore, observations of HONO across four seasons in the southeastern coastal area of China are urgently needed.
There has been a lack of research into HONO in coastal cities with low concentrations of PM2.5,...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint