Articles | Volume 22, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15867-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15867-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
An assessment of land energy balance over East Asia from multiple lines of evidence and the roles of the Tibet Plateau, aerosols, and clouds
Qiuyan Wang
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of
Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092
Zurich, Switzerland
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of
Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Su Yang
National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological
Administration, Beijing 100081, China
Qi Chen
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Xixun Zhou
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Bing Xie
Laboratory for Climate Studies of China Meteorological
Administration, National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China
Yuying Wang
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of
Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Guangyu Shi
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of
Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences
and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Martin Wild
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092
Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Yuying Wang, Rong Hu, Qiuyan Wang, Zhanqing Li, Maureen Cribb, Yele Sun, Xiaorui Song, Yi Shang, Yixuan Wu, Xin Huang, and Yuxiang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14133–14146, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14133-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14133-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mixing state of size-resolved soot particles and their influencing factors were investigated. The results suggest anthropogenic emissions and aging processes have diverse impacts on the mixing state of soot particles in different modes. Considering that the mixing state of soot particles is crucial to model aerosol absorption, this finding is important to study particle growth and the warming effect of black carbon aerosols.
Yuying Wang, Zhanqing Li, Qiuyan Wang, Xiaoai Jin, Peng Yan, Maureen Cribb, Yanan Li, Cheng Yuan, Hao Wu, Tong Wu, Rongmin Ren, and Zhaoxin Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 915–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unexpected increase in surface ozone concentration was found along with the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the 2019 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing. The enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity could promote the formation of secondary aerosols, especially sulfate, which offset the decrease in PM2.5 mass concentration. This phenomenon was likely to exist throughout the entire Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region to be a contributing factor to the haze during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Jialu Xu, Yingjie Zhang, Yuying Wang, Xing Yan, Bin Zhu, Chunsong Lu, Yuanjian Yang, Yele Sun, Junhui Zhang, Xiaofan Zuo, Zhanghanshu Han, and Rui Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3184, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a year-long study in Nanjing to explore how the height of the atmospheric boundary layer affects fine particle pollution. We found that low boundary layers in winter trap pollutants like nitrate and primary particles, while higher layers in summer help form secondary pollutants like sulfate and organic aerosols. These findings show that boundary layer dynamics are key to understanding and managing seasonal air pollution.
Junhui Zhang, Yuying Wang, Jialu Xu, Xiaofan Zuo, Chunsong Lu, Bin Zhu, Yuanjian Yang, Xing Yan, and Yele Sun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3186, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a year-long study in Nanjing to understand how tiny airborne particles take up water, which affects air quality and climate. We found that particle water uptake varies by season and size, with lower values in summer due to more organic materials. Local pollution mainly influences smaller particles, while larger ones are shaped by air mass transport. These findings help improve climate models and support better air pollution control in fast-growing cities.
Ruiyu Song, Bin Zhu, Lina Sha, Peng Qian, Fei Wang, Chunsong Lu, Yan Yin, and Yuying Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-43, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how anthropogenic aerosols affect rainfall during the early summer in China’s Yangtze River Delta. Using the WRF-Chem model, we found that moderate emissions increase rainfall by boosting cloud formation. However, high emissions reduce rainfall due to smaller cloud droplets, which hinder their growth. These findings highlight the complex impact of aerosol concentrations on precipitation and provide valuable data for future research on aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Lucas Ferreira Correa, Doris Folini, Boriana Chtirkova, and Martin Wild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8797–8819, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8797-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8797-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the causes of the decadal trends of solar radiation measured at 34 stations in Brazil in the first 2 decades of the 21st century. We observed strong negative trends in north and northeast Brazil associated with changes in both atmospheric absorption (anthropogenic) and cloud cover (natural). In other parts of the country no strong trends were observed as a result of competing effects. This provides a better understanding of the energy balance in the region.
Junli Yang, Weijun Quan, Li Zhang, Jianglin Hu, Qiying Chen, and Martin Wild
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-74, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-74, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the difficulties involved in the measurements of the Downward long-wave irradiance (DnLWI), the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have been developed to obtain the DnLWI indirectly. In this study, a long-term high time-resolution (1 min) observational dataset of the DnLWI in China was used to evaluate the radiation scheme in the CMA-MESO model over various underlying surfaces and climate zones.
Shuai Li, Hua Zhang, Yonghang Chen, Zhili Wang, Xiangyu Li, Yuan Li, and Yuanyuan Xue
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2011–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, Xinjiang was the test area, and nine evaluation indexes of FY-2F/CTA, including precision rate, false rate, missing rate, consistency rate, strong rate, weak rate, bias, AE, and RMSE, were calculated and analyzed under complex underlying surface (subsurface types, temperature and altitude conditions) and different weather conditions (dust effects and different cloud cover levels). The precision, consistency, and error indexes of FY-2F/CTA were tested and evaluated.
Weijun Quan, Zhenfa Wang, Lin Qiao, Xiangdong Zheng, Junli Jin, Yinruo Li, Xiaomei Yin, Zhiqiang Ma, and Martin Wild
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Radiation components play important roles in various fields such as the Earth’s surface radiation budget, ecosystem productivity, and human health. In this study, a dataset consisting of quality-assured daily data of nine radiation components is presented based on the in situ measurements at the Shangdianzi regional GAW station in China during 2013–2022. The dataset can be applied in the validation of satellite products and numerical models and investigation of atmospheric radiation.
Min Zhao, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Hao Wang, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 235–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During a springtime pollution input from South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau, we combined atmospheric chemistry modeling and data assimilation methods to assimilate and forecast aerosols from South Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. Assimilation of observations over a whole time window leads to a more reasonable distribution of daily variations in the aerosol forecast field. We also find that aerosol assimilation can improve the surface solar energy forecast in the Tibetan Plateau region.
Boyang Jiao, Yucheng Su, Qingxiang Li, Veronica Manara, and Martin Wild
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4519–4535, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4519-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4519-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper develops an observational integrated and homogenized global-terrestrial (except for Antarctica) SSRIH station. This is interpolated into a 5° × 5° SSRIH grid and reconstructed into a long-term (1955–2018) global land (except for Antarctica) 5° × 2.5° SSR anomaly dataset (SSRIH20CR) by an improved partial convolutional neural network deep-learning method. SSRIH20CR yields trends of −1.276 W m−2 per decade over the dimming period and 0.697 W m−2 per decade over the brightening period.
Yuan Wang, Silvia Henning, Laurent Poulain, Chunsong Lu, Frank Stratmann, Yuying Wang, Shengjie Niu, Mira L. Pöhlker, Hartmut Herrmann, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15943–15962, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particle activation affects cloud, precipitation, radiation, and thus the global climate. Its long-term measurements are important but still scarce. In this study, more than 4 years of measurements at a central European station were analyzed. The overall characteristics and seasonal changes of aerosol particle activation are summarized. The power-law fit between particle hygroscopicity factor and diameter was recommended for predicting cloud
condensation nuclei number concentration.
Rui Zhang, Yuying Wang, Zhanqing Li, Zhibin Wang, Russell R. Dickerson, Xinrong Ren, Hao He, Fei Wang, Ying Gao, Xi Chen, Jialu Xu, Yafang Cheng, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14879–14891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14879-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14879-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Factors of cloud condensation nuclei number concentration (NCCN) profiles determined in the North China Plain include air mass sources, temperature structure, anthropogenic emissions, and terrain distribution. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra suggest that the ability of aerosol activation into CCN is stronger in southeasterly than in northwesterly air masses and stronger in the free atmosphere than near the surface. A good method to parameterize NCCN from aerosol optical data is found.
Yuying Wang, Rong Hu, Qiuyan Wang, Zhanqing Li, Maureen Cribb, Yele Sun, Xiaorui Song, Yi Shang, Yixuan Wu, Xin Huang, and Yuxiang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14133–14146, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14133-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14133-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mixing state of size-resolved soot particles and their influencing factors were investigated. The results suggest anthropogenic emissions and aging processes have diverse impacts on the mixing state of soot particles in different modes. Considering that the mixing state of soot particles is crucial to model aerosol absorption, this finding is important to study particle growth and the warming effect of black carbon aerosols.
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
Xinyuan Hou, Martin Wild, Doris Folini, Stelios Kazadzis, and Jan Wohland
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1099–1113, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Solar photovoltaics (PV) matters for the carbon neutrality goal. We use climate scenarios to quantify climate risk for PV in Europe and find higher PV potential. The seasonal cycle of PV generation changes in most places. We find an increase in the spatial correlations of daily PV production, implying that PV power balancing through redistribution will be more difficult in the future. Thus, changes in the spatiotemporal structure of PV generation should be included in power system design.
Rongmin Ren, Zhanqing Li, Peng Yan, Yuying Wang, Hao Wu, Maureen Cribb, Wei Wang, Xiao'ai Jin, Yanan Li, and Dongmei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9977–9994, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the effect of the proportion of components making up the chemical composition of aerosols on f(RH) in southern Beijing in 2019. Nitrate played a more significant role in affecting f(RH) than sulfate. The ratio of the sulfate mass fraction to the nitrate mass fraction (mostly higher than ~ 4) was a sign of the deliquescence of aerosol. A piecewise parameterized scheme was proposed, which could better describe deliquescence and reduce uncertainties in simulating aerosol hygroscopicity.
Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Nilton Manuel Évora Rosário, Samantha Novaes Santos Martins Almeida, and Martin Wild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6593–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Spatio-temporal disparity to assess global dimming and brightening phenomena has been a critical topic. For instance, few studies addressed surface solar irradiation (SSR) long-term trend in South America. In this study, SSR, sunshine duration (SD) and the diurnal temperature range (DTR) are analysed for São Paulo, Brazil. We found a dimming phase, identified by SSR, SD and DTR, extending till 1983. Then, while SSR is still declining, consistent with cloud increasing, SD and DTR are increasing.
Tie Dai, Yueming Cheng, Daisuke Goto, Yingruo Li, Xiao Tang, Guangyu Shi, and Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4357–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over China has significantly declined as a consequence of the clean air actions. We have developed a new emission inversion system to dynamically update the SO2 emission grid by grid over China by assimilating ground-based SO2 observations. The inverted SO2 emission over China in November 2016 on average had declined by 49.4 % since 2010, which is well in agreement with the bottom-up estimation of 48.0 %.
Yuying Wang, Zhanqing Li, Qiuyan Wang, Xiaoai Jin, Peng Yan, Maureen Cribb, Yanan Li, Cheng Yuan, Hao Wu, Tong Wu, Rongmin Ren, and Zhaoxin Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 915–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unexpected increase in surface ozone concentration was found along with the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the 2019 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing. The enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity could promote the formation of secondary aerosols, especially sulfate, which offset the decrease in PM2.5 mass concentration. This phenomenon was likely to exist throughout the entire Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region to be a contributing factor to the haze during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Kine Onsum Moseid, Michael Schulz, Trude Storelvmo, Ingeborg Rian Julsrud, Dirk Olivié, Pierre Nabat, Martin Wild, Jason N. S. Cole, Toshihiko Takemura, Naga Oshima, Susanne E. Bauer, and Guillaume Gastineau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16023–16040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16023-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16023-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we compare solar radiation at the surface from observations and Earth system models from 1961 to 2014. We find that the models do not reproduce the so-called
global dimmingas found in observations. Only model experiments with anthropogenic aerosol emissions display any dimming at all. The discrepancies between observations and models are largest in China, which we suggest is in part due to erroneous aerosol precursor emission inventories in the emission dataset used for CMIP6.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Jiming Li, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15307–15322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15307-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15307-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present the analysis of the aerosol vertical features observed by CATS collected from 2015 to 2017 over three selected regions (North China, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Tarim Basin) over different timescales. This comprehensive information provides insights into the seasonal variations and diurnal cycles of the aerosol vertical features across East Asia.
Sarah E. Benish, Hao He, Xinrong Ren, Sandra J. Roberts, Ross J. Salawitch, Zhanqing Li, Fei Wang, Yuying Wang, Fang Zhang, Min Shao, Sihua Lu, and Russell R. Dickerson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14523–14545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne observations of ozone and related pollutants show smog was pervasive in spring 2016 over Hebei Province, China. We find high amounts of ozone precursors throughout and even above the PBL, continuing to generate ozone at high rates to be potentially transported downwind. Concentrations even in the rural areas of this highly industrialized province promote widespread ozone production, and we show that to improve air quality over Hebei both NOx and VOCs should be targeted.
Augustin Mortier, Jonas Gliß, Michael Schulz, Wenche Aas, Elisabeth Andrews, Huisheng Bian, Mian Chin, Paul Ginoux, Jenny Hand, Brent Holben, Hua Zhang, Zak Kipling, Alf Kirkevåg, Paolo Laj, Thibault Lurton, Gunnar Myhre, David Neubauer, Dirk Olivié, Knut von Salzen, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Simone Tilmes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13355–13378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13355-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13355-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a multiparameter analysis of the aerosol trends over the last 2 decades in the different regions of the world. In most of the regions, ground-based observations show a decrease in aerosol content in both the total atmospheric column and at the surface. The use of climate models, assessed against these observations, reveals however an increase in the total aerosol load, which is not seen with the sole use of observation due to partial coverage in space and time.
Xiaochao Yu, Zhili Wang, Hua Zhang, Jianjun He, and Ying Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10279–10293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10279-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10279-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There are statistically significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, between winter haze days (WHDs) in China's Jing-Jin-Ji region and eastern Pacific and central Pacific El Niño events. These opposite changes in WHDs are attributable to the anomalies of both large-scale circulation and local synoptic conditions corresponding to two types of El Niño. Our study highlights the importance of distinguishing the impacts of two types of El Niño on winter haze pollution in this region.
Cited articles
Boeke, R. C. and Taylor, P. C.: Evaluation of the Arctic surface radiation budget in CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 8525–8548, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025099, 2016.
CERES: Data Products, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [data set], https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/data/, last access: 20 March 2022.
Christensen, M. W., Behrangi, A., L'Ecuyer, T. S., Wood, N. B., Lebsock, M.
D., and Stephens, G. L.: Arctic observation and reanalysis integrated
system: A new data product for validation and climate study, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 97, 907–916, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00273.1, 2016.
CMA: Surface observational radiation data, China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Center [data set], http://data.cma.cn/enl, last access: 10 February 2022.
CMIP6: Climate models, The World Climate Research Programme [data set], https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/, last access: 14 April 2022.
de Leeuw, G., Sogacheva, L., Rodriguez, E., Kourtidis, K., Georgoulias, A. K., Alexandri, G., Amiridis, V., Proestakis, E., Marinou, E., Xue, Y., and van der A, R.: Two decades of satellite observations of AOD over mainland China using ATSR-2, AATSR and MODIS/Terra: data set evaluation and large-scale patterns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1573–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1573-2018, 2018.
Dolinar, E. K., Dong, X., Xi, B., Jiang, J. H., and Su, H.: Evaluation of
CMIP5 simulated clouds and TOA radiation budgets using NASA satellite
observations, Clim. Dynam., 44, 2229–2247,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2158-9, 2015.
ECMWF: ERA5 Reanalysis, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts [data set], https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5, last access: 22 May 2022.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Fan, T., Zhao, C., Dong, X., Liu, X., Yang, X., Zhang, F., Shi, C., Wang,
Y., and Wu, F.: Quantify contribution of aerosol errors to cloud fraction
biases in CMIP5 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations, Int.
J. Climatol., 38, 3140–3156, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5490, 2018.
Fasullo, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: The annual cycle of the energy budget.
Part I: Global mean and land-ocean exchanges, J. Climate, 21, 2297–2312,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1935.1, 2008a.
Fasullo, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: The annual cycle of the energy budget.
Part II: Meridional structures and poleward transports, J. Climate, 21,
2313–2325, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1936.1, 2008b.
GEBA: Surface measured energy fluxes, ETH Zurich (Switzerland) [data set], https://geba.ethz.ch/data-retrieval.html, last access: 25 February 2022.
Ghan, S. J., Liu, X., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R., Rasch, P. J., Yoon, J.-H,
and Eaton, B.: Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate
models: Comparative decomposition of aerosol direct, semidirect, and
indirect radiative forcing, J. Climate, 25, 6461–6476,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00650.1, 2012.
Gilgen, H., Wild, M., and Ohmura, A.: Means and trends of shortwave
irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive data,
J. Climate, 11, 2042–2061,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2042:MATOSI>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
He, Y., Wang, K., Zhou, C., and Wild, M.: A revisit of global dimming and
brightening based on the sunshine duration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
4281–4289, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077424, 2018.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay,
P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Huang, G., Li, Z., Li, X., Liang, S., Yang, K., Wang, D., and Zhang, Y.:
Estimating surface solar irradiance from satellites: Past, present, and
future perspectives, Remote Sens. Environ., 233, 111371,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111371, 2019.
Kato, S., Rose, F. G., Rutan, D. A., Thorsen, T. J., Loeb, N. G., Doelling,
D. R., Huang, X., Smith, W. L., Su, W., and Ham, S.: Surface Irradiances of
Edition 4.0 Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy
Balanced and Filled (EBAF) data product, J. Climate, 31, 4501–4527,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0523.1, 2018.
Kim, B. and Lee, K.: Radiation component calculation and energy budget
snalysis for the Korean Peninsula region, Remote Sens., 10, 1147,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071147, 2018.
King, M. D., Platnick, S., Menzel, W. P., Ackerman, S. A., and Hubanks, P.
A.: Spatial and temporal distribution of clouds observed by MODIS onboard
the Terra and Aqua satellites, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 51, 3826–3852,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2227333, 2013.
L'Ecuyer, T. S., Beaudoing, H. K., Rodell, M., Olson, W., Lin, B., Kato, S.,
Clayson, C. A., Wood, E., Sheffield, J., Adler, R., Huffman, G., Bosilovich,
M., Gu, G., Robertson, F., Houser, P. R., Chambers, D., Famiglietti, J. S.,
Fetzer, E., Liu, W. T., Gao, X., Schlosser, C. A., Clark, E., Lettenmaier,
D. P., and Hilburn, K.: The observed state of the energy budget in the early
twenty-First century, J. Climate, 28, 8319–8346,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00556.1, 2015.
Lei, Y., Letu, H., Shang, H., and Shi, J.: Cloud cover over the Tibetan
Plateau and eastern China: a comparison of ERA5 and ERA-Interim with
satellite observations, Clim. Dynam., 54, 2941–2957,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05149-x, 2020.
Letu, H., Nakajima, T. Y., Wang, T., Shang, H., Ma, R., Yang, K., Baran,
A. J., Riedi, J., Ishimoto, H., and Yoshida, M.: A new benchmark for surface
radiation products over the East Asia-Pacific region retrieved from the
Himawari-8/AHI next-generation geostationary satellite, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 103, E873–E888, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0148.1, 2022.
Li, J. and Mao, J.: A preliminary evaluation of global and East Asian cloud
radiative effects in reanalyses, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 8, 100–106,
https://doi.org/10.3878/AOSL20140093, 2015.
Li, J., Mao, J., and Wang, F.: Comparative study of five current reanalyses
in characterizing total cloud fraction and top-of-the-atmosphere cloud
radiative effects over the Asian monsoon region, Int. J. Climatol., 37,
5047–5067, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5143, 2017.
Li, J.-L. F., Waliser, D. E., Stephens, G., Lee, S., L'Ecuyer, T., Kato,
S., Loeb, N., and Ma, H.: Characterizing and understanding radiation budget
biases in CMIP3/CMIP5 GCMs, contemporary GCM, and reanalysis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 118, 8166–8184, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50378, 2013.
Li, Z., Niu, F., Fan, J., Liu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Ding, Y.: Long-term
impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation,
Nat. Geosci., 4, 888–894, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1313, 2011.
Liao, H., Chang, W., and Yang, Y.: Climatic effects of air pollutants over
china: A review, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32, 115–139,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-0013-x, 2015.
Lin, B., Stackhouse Jr., P. W., Minnis, P., Wielicki, B. A., Hu, Y., Sun,
W., Fan, T., and Hinkelman, L. M.: Assessment of global annual atmospheric
energy balance from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D16114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009869, 2008.
Liu, Y., Bao, Q., Duan, A., Qian, Z. A., and Wu, G.: Recent progress in the
impact of the Tibetan Plateau on climate in China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 24,
1060–1076, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-007-1060-3, 2007.
Loeb, N. G., Doelling, D. R., Wang, H., Su, W., Nguyen, C., Corbett, J. G.,
Liang, L., Mitrescu, C., Rose, F. G., and Kato, S.: Clouds and the Earth's
Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF)
Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Edition-4.0 data product, J. Climate, 31, 895–918,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0208.1, 2018.
Mayer, M., Tietsche, S., Haimberger, L., Tsubouchi, T., Mayer, J., and Zuo,
H.: An improved estimate of the coupled Arctic energy budget, J. Climate,
32, 7915–7934, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0233.1, 2019.
Mercado, L. M., Bellouin, N., Sitch, S., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., Wild,
M., and Cox, P. M.: Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global
land carbon sink, Nature, 458, 1014–1017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07949, 2009.
Ohmura, A.: Cryosphere During the Twentieth Century, The state of the
planet: frontiers and challenges in geophysics, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 150,
239–257, https://doi.org/10.1029/150gm19, 2004.
Previdi, M., Smith, K. L., and Polvani, L. M.: How well do the CMIP5 models
simulate the Antarctic atmospheric energy budget?, J. Climate, 28,
7933–7942, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0027.1, 2015.
Raschke, E., Kinne, S., Rossow, W. B., Stackhouse, P. W., and Wild, M.:
Comparison of radiative energy flows in observational datasets and climate
modeling, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 55, 93–117,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0281.1, 2016.
Simmons, A. J., Jones, P. D., Da Costa Bechtold, V., Beljaars, A. C. M.,
Kållberg, P. W., Saarinen, S., Uppala, S. M., Viterbo, P., and Wedi, N.:
Comparison of trends and low-frequency variability in CRU, ERA-40, and
NCEP/NCAR analyses of surface air temperature, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D24115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005306, 2004.
Stephens, G. L.: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review,
J. Climate, 18, 237–273, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-3243.1, 2005.
Stephens, G. L., Li, J., Wild, M., Clayson, C. A., Loeb, N., Kato, S.,
L'Ecuyer, T., Stackhouse, P. W., Lebsock, M., and Andrews, T.: An update on
Earth's energy balance in light of the latest global observations, Nat.
Geosci., 5, 691–696, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1580, 2012.
Tang, W.-J., Yang, K., Qin, J., Cheng, C. C. K., and He, J.: Solar radiation trend across China in recent decades: a revisit with quality-controlled data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 393–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-393-2011, 2011.
Tang, W. J., Qin, J., Yang, K., Zhu, F., and Zhou, X.: Does ERA5 outperform
satellite products in estimating atmospheric downward longwave radiation at
the surface?, Atmos. Res., 252, 105453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105453, 2021.
Thomas, C. M., Dong, B., and Haines, K.: Inverse modeling of global and
regional energy and water cycle fluxes using earth observation data, J.
Climate, 33, 1707–1723, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0343.1, 2020.
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J.: Earth's global energy
budget, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 311–324, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1, 2009.
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Balmaseda, M. A.: Earth's energy
imbalance, J. Climate, 27, 3129–3144, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00294.1, 2014.
Trolliet, M., Walawender, J. P., Bourlès, B., Boilley, A., Trentmann, J., Blanc, P., Lefèvre, M., and Wald, L.: Downwelling surface solar irradiance in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: a comparison of re-analyses and satellite-derived data sets to PIRATA measurements, Ocean Sci., 14, 1021–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1021-2018, 2018.
Urraca, R., Huld, T., Gracia-Amillo, A., Martinez-de-Pison, F. J., Kaspar,
F., and Sanz-Garcia, A.: Evaluation of global horizontal irradiance
estimates from ERA5 and COSMO-REA6 reanalyses using ground and
satellite-based data, Sol. Energy, 164, 339–354,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.059, 2018.
Wang, H., Zhang, H., Xie, B., Jing, X., He, J., and Liu, Y.: Evaluating the
Impacts of Cloud Microphysical and Overlap Parameters on Simulated Clouds in
Global Climate Models, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2172–2187, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0369-7, 2021.
Wang, K.: Measurement biases explain discrepancies between the observed and
simulated decadal variability of surface incident solar radiation, Sci.
Rep., 4, 6144, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06144, 2014.
Wang, K., Ma, Q., Li, Z., and Wang, J.: Decadal variability of surface
incident solar radiation over China: Observations, satellite retrievals, and
reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6500–6514,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023420, 2015.
Wang, Q., Zhang, H., Yang, S., Chen, Q., Zhou, X., Shi, G., Cheng, Y., and
Wild, M.: Potential driving factors on surface solar radiation trends over
China in recent years, Remote Sens., 13, 704, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040704, 2021.
Wang, Y. and Wild, M.: A new look at solar dimming and brightening in
China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11777–11785, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071009, 2016.
Wang, Y., Trentmann, J., Yuan, W., and Wild, M.: Validation of CM SAF
CLARA-A2 and SARAH-E surface solar radiation datasets over China, Remote
Sens., 10, 1977, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121977, 2018.
Wang, Y., Wild, M., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., and Manara, V.: Urbanization effect on trends in sunshine duration in China, Ann. Geophys., 35, 839–851, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-839-2017, 2017.
Wang, Z., Lin, L., Xu, Y., Che, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Dong, W., Wang,
C., Gui, K., and Xie, B.: Incorrect Asian aerosols affecting the attribution
and projection of regional climate change in CMIP6 models, npj Clim. Atmos.
Sci., 4, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-00159-2, 2021.
Wei, J., Peng, Y., Guo, J., and Sun, L.: Performance of MODIS Collection 6.1
Level 3 aerosol products in spatial-temporal variations over land, Atmos.
Environ., 206, 30–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.001, 2019.
Wild, M.: Progress and challenges in the estimation of the global energy
balance, AIP Conf. Proc., 1810, 20004, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975500, 2017a.
Wild, M.: Towards global estimates of the surface energy budget, Curr. Clim.
Change Rep., 3, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0058-x, 2017b.
Wild, M.: The global energy balance as represented in CMIP6 climate models,
Clim. Dynam., 55, 553–577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05282-7, 2020.
Wild, M., Ohmura, A., Gilgen, H., and Roeckner, E.: Validation of general
circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations, J. Climate,
8, 1309–1324, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1309:VOGCMR>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Wild, M., Grieser, J., and Schär, C.: Combined surface solar brightening
and increasing greenhouse effect support recent intensification of the
global land-based hydrological cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17706,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034842, 2008.
Wild, M., Folini, D., Schär, C., Loeb, N., Dutton, E. G., and
König-Langlo, G.: The global energy balance from a surface perspective,
Clim. Dynam., 40, 3107–3134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1569-8, 2013a.
Wild, M., Folini, D., Schär, C., Loeb, N., Dutton, E. G., and
König-Langlo, G.: A new diagram of the global energy balance, AIP
Conf. Proc., 1531, 628–631, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804848, 2013b.
Wild, M., Folini, D., Hakuba, M. Z., Schär, C., Seneviratne, S. I.,
Kato, S., Rutan, D., Ammann, C., Wood, E. F., and König-Langlo, G.: The
energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct
observations and CMIP5 climate models, Clim. Dynam., 44, 3393–3429,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2430-z, 2015.
Wild, M., Hakuba, M. Z., Folini, D., Schär, C., and Long, C.: New
estimates of the Earth radiation budget under cloud-free conditions and
cloud radiative effects, AIP Conf. Proc., 1810, 90012, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975552, 2017.
Wild, M., Hakuba, M. Z., Folini, D., Dörig-Ott, P., Schär, C., Kato,
S., and Long, C. N.: The cloud-free global energy balance and inferred cloud
radiative effects: an assessment based on direct observations and climate
models, Clim. Dynam., 52, 4787–4812, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4413-y, 2019.
Wu, G., Duan, A., Liu, Y., Mao, J., Ren, R., Bao, Q., He, B., Liu, B., and
Hu, W.: Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: recent research progress and
outlook, Natl. Sci. Rev., 2, 100–116, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwu045, 2015.
Xu, J., Liang, S., and Jiang, B.: A global long-term (1981–2019) daily land surface radiation budget product from AVHRR satellite data using a residual convolutional neural network, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2315–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2315-2022, 2022.
Xu, X., Lu, C., Shi, X., and Gao, S.: World water tower: An atmospheric
perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035867,
2008a.
Xu, X., Zhang, R., Koike, T., Lu, C., Shi, X., Zhang, S., Bian, L., Cheng,
X., Li, P., and Ding, G.: A new integrated observational system over the
Tibetan Plateau, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 1492–1496, 2008b.
Yang, S., Wang, X. L., and Wild, M.: Homogenization and trend analysis of
the 1958–2016 in situ surface solar radiation records in China, J. Climate,
31, 4529–4541, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0891.1, 2018.
Yang, S., Wang, X. L., and Wild, M.: Causes of dimming and brightening in
China inferred from homogenized daily clear-sky and all-sky in situ surface
solar radiation records (1958–2016), J. Climate, 32, 5901–5913,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0666.1, 2019.
You, Q., Liu, J., and Pepin, N.: Changes of summer cloud water content in
China from ERA-Interim reanalysis, Global Planet. Change, 175, 201–210,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.02.014, 2019.
Zhang, H., Zhao, M., Chen, Q., Wang, Q., Zhao, S., Zhou, X., and Peng, J.:
Water and ice cloud optical thickness changes and radiative effects in East
Asia, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 254, 107213,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107213, 2020.
Short summary
The present-day land energy balance over East Asia is estimated for the first time. Results indicate that high aerosol loadings, clouds, and the Tibet Plateau (TP) over East Asia play vital roles in the shortwave budgets, while the TP is responsible for the longwave budgets during this regional energy budget assessment. This study provides a perspective to understand fully how the potential factors influence the diversifying regional energy budget assessments.
The present-day land energy balance over East Asia is estimated for the first time. Results...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint