Articles | Volume 20, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-333-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-333-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Jan 2020
Research article |
| 09 Jan 2020
| 09 Jan 2020
Modelled effects of temperature gradients and waves on the hydroxyl rotational distribution in ground-based airglow measurements
Christoph Franzen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim,
7491, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science (BCSS), Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
Patrick Joseph Espy
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim,
7491, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science (BCSS), Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
Robert Edward Hibbins
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim,
7491, Norway
Birkeland Centre for Space Science (BCSS), Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
Related authors
Christoph Franzen, Robert Edward Hibbins, Patrick Joseph Espy, and Anlaug Amanda Djupvik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3093–3101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3093-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3093-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss a technique to extract the hydroxyl (OH) airglow signal from routine astronomical spectroscopic observations from the Nordic Optical Telescope. Emission spectra from the vibrational manifold from v′ = 9 down to v′ = 3. The fitted rotational temperature distribution with v′ agrees with model conditions and the preponderance of previous work. We highlight the potential for archived and future observations with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions.
Sabine Wüst, Michael Bittner, Patrick J. Espy, W. John R. French, and Frank J. Mulligan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1599–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1599-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1599-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based OH* airglow measurements have been carried out for almost 100 years. Advanced detector technology has greatly simplified the automatic operation of OH* airglow observing instruments and significantly improved the temporal and/or spatial resolution. Studies based on long-term measurements or including a network of instruments are reviewed, especially in the context of deriving gravity wave properties. Scientific and technical challenges for the next few years are described.
Stefan Bender, Patrick J. Espy, and Larry J. Paxton
Ann. Geophys., 39, 899–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The coupling of the atmosphere to the space environment has become recognized as an important driver of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. We have validated the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) products for average electron energy and electron energy flux by comparison to EISCAT electron density profiles. The good agreement shows that SSUSI far-UV observations can be used to provide ionization rate profiles throughout the auroral region.
Gunter Stober, Alexander Kozlovsky, Alan Liu, Zishun Qiao, Masaki Tsutsumi, Chris Hall, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6509–6532, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind observations at the edge to space, 70–110 km altitude, are challenging. Meteor radars have become a widely used instrument to obtain mean wind profiles above an instrument for these heights. We describe an advanced mathematical concept and present a tomographic analysis using several meteor radars located in Finland, Sweden and Norway, as well as Chile, to derive the three-dimensional flow field. We show an example of a gravity wave decelerating the mean flow.
Ekaterina Vorobeva, Marine De Carlo, Alexis Le Pichon, Patrick Joseph Espy, and Sven Peter Näsholm
Ann. Geophys., 39, 515–531, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our approach compares infrasound data and simulated microbarom soundscapes in multiple directions. Data recorded during 2014–2019 at Infrasound Station 37 in Norway were processed and compared to model results in different aspects (directional distribution, signal amplitude, and ability to track atmospheric changes during extreme events). The results reveal good agreement between the model and data. The approach has potential for near-real-time atmospheric and microbarom diagnostics.
Willem E. van Caspel, Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and John P. McCormack
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1257–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1257-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1257-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Global-scale wind measurements from the upper regions of the atmosphere are used to isolate those atmospheric waves that follow the apparent motion of the sun over the course of a day. We present 16 years of near-continuous measurements, demonstrating the unique capabilities of the array of high-latitude SuperDARN radars. The validation steps outlined in our work also provide a methodology for future studies using wind measurements from the (expanding) network of SuperDARN radars.
Stefan Bender, Miriam Sinnhuber, Patrick J. Espy, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2135–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present an empirical model for nitric oxide (NO) in the mesosphere (60–90 km) derived from SCIAMACHY limb scan data. Our model relates the daily (longitudinally) averaged NO number densities from SCIAMACHY as a function of geomagnetic latitude to the solar Lyman-alpha and the geomagnetic AE indices. We use a non-linear regression model, incorporating a finite and seasonally varying lifetime for the geomagnetically induced NO.
Christoph Franzen, Robert Edward Hibbins, Patrick Joseph Espy, and Anlaug Amanda Djupvik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3093–3101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3093-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3093-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss a technique to extract the hydroxyl (OH) airglow signal from routine astronomical spectroscopic observations from the Nordic Optical Telescope. Emission spectra from the vibrational manifold from v′ = 9 down to v′ = 3. The fitted rotational temperature distribution with v′ agrees with model conditions and the preponderance of previous work. We highlight the potential for archived and future observations with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions.
Stefan Lossow, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Gerald E. Nedoluha, Faiza Azam, Klaus Bramstedt, John. P. Burrows, Bianca M. Dinelli, Patrick Eriksson, Patrick J. Espy, Maya García-Comas, John C. Gille, Michael Kiefer, Stefan Noël, Piera Raspollini, William G. Read, Karen H. Rosenlof, Alexei Rozanov, Christopher E. Sioris, Gabriele P. Stiller, Kaley A. Walker, and Katja Weigel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1111–1137, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1111-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1111-2017, 2017
N. H. Stray, Y. J. Orsolini, P. J. Espy, V. Limpasuvan, and R. E. Hibbins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4997–5005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4997-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4997-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Planetary wave activity measured in the mesosphere to lower thermosphere is shown to increase drastically after strong stratospheric polar cap wind reversals associated with sudden stratospheric warmings. In addition, a moderate but significant correlation was found between planetary wave enhancement in the mesosphere to lower thermosphere and all stratospheric polar cap wind reversals, irrespective of the strength of the reversal.
R. J. de Wit, R. E. Hibbins, P. J. Espy, and E. A. Hennum
Ann. Geophys., 33, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-309-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-309-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are a natural laboratory to study vertical and horizontal coupling throughout the whole atmosphere. This study presents MLS derived pole-to-pole temperature anomalies associated with the 2013 major SSW. The results provide observational evidence for interhemispheric coupling, and the wave-mean flow interactions thought to be responsible for the formation of temperature anomalies in the summer hemisphere.
T. D. Demissie, P. J. Espy, N. H. Kleinknecht, M. Hatlen, N. Kaifler, and G. Baumgarten
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12133–12142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12133-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12133-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime gravity waves detected in noctilucent clouds (NLCs) between 64◦ and 74◦N are found to have a similar climatology to those observed between 60◦ and 64◦N, and their direction of propagation is to the north and northeast as observed south of 64◦N. However, a unique population of fast, short wavelength waves propagating towards the SW is observed in the NLC. The sources of the prominent wave structures observed in the NLC are likely to be from waves propagating from near the tropopause.
M. Daae, C. Straub, P. J. Espy, and D. A. Newnham
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-105-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-105-2014, 2014
T. D. Demissie, N. H. Kleinknecht, R. E. Hibbins, P. J. Espy, and C. Straub
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1279–1284, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1279-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1279-2013, 2013
C. Straub, P. J. Espy, R. E. Hibbins, and D. A. Newnham
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-199-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-199-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Dynamics | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Mesosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Numerical modelling of relative contribution of planetary waves to the atmospheric circulation
Simulated Long-term Evolution of the Thermosphere during the Holocene: 1. Neutral Density and Temperature
Impact of a strong volcanic eruption on the summer middle atmosphere in UA-ICON simulations
Decay times of atmospheric acoustic–gravity waves after deactivation of wave forcing
Suppressed migrating diurnal tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region during El Niño in northern winter and its possible mechanism
Intercomparison of middle atmospheric meteorological analyses for the Northern Hemisphere winter 2009–2010
Self-consistent global transport of metallic ions with WACCM-X
Does the coupling of the semiannual oscillation with the quasi-biennial oscillation provide predictability of Antarctic sudden stratospheric warmings?
The sporadic sodium layer: a possible tracer for the conjunction between the upper and lower atmospheres
A study of the dynamical characteristics of inertia–gravity waves in the Antarctic mesosphere combining the PANSY radar and a non-hydrostatic general circulation model
Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide
Local time dependence of polar mesospheric clouds: a model study
The role of the winter residual circulation in the summer mesopause regions in WACCM
Influence of the sudden stratospheric warming on quasi-2-day waves
On the impact of the temporal variability of the collisional quenching process on the mesospheric OH emission layer: a study based on SD-WACCM4 and SABER
Environmental influences on the intensity changes of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific
Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry
The genesis of Typhoon Nuri as observed during the Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (TCS08) field experiment – Part 2: Observations of the convective environment
CO at 40–80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Andrey V. Koval, Olga N. Toptunova, Maxim A. Motsakov, Ksenia A. Didenko, Tatiana S. Ermakova, Nikolai M. Gavrilov, and Eugene V. Rozanov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4105–4114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Periodic changes in all hydrodynamic parameters are constantly observed in the atmosphere. The amplitude of these fluctuations increases with height due to a decrease in the atmospheric density. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, waves are the dominant form of motion. We use a model of the general circulation of the atmosphere to study the contribution to the formation of the dynamic and temperature regimes of the middle and upper atmosphere made by different global-scale atmospheric waves.
Yihui Cai, Xinan Yue, Xu Zhou, Zhipeng Ren, Yong Wei, and Yongxin Pan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-233, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-233, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On timescales longer than the solar cycle, secular changes in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field play a key role in influencing the thermosphere. We performed four sets of ~12000 years control runs with the coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model to examine the effects of the geomagnetic field, CO2, and solar activity on thermospheric density and temperature, deepening our understanding of long-term changes in the thermosphere and making projections for future thermospheric changes.
Sandra Wallis, Hauke Schmidt, and Christian von Savigny
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-20, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Strong volcanic eruptions are able to alter the temperature and the circulation of the middle atmosphere. This study simulates the atmospheric response to an idealized strong tropical eruption and focuses on the impact on the mesosphere. The simulations show a warming of the polar summer mesopause in the first November after the eruption. Our study indicate that this is mainly due to dynamical coupling in the summer hemisphere with a potential contribution from interhemispheric coupling.
Nikolai M. Gavrilov, Sergey P. Kshevetskii, and Andrey V. Koval
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13713–13724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We make high-resolution simulations of poorly understood decays of nonlinear atmospheric acoustic–gravity waves (AGWs) after deactivations of the wave forcing. The standard deviations of AGW perturbations, after fast dispersions of traveling modes, experience slower exponential decreases. AGW decay times are estimated for the first time and are 20–100 h in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This requires slow, quasi-standing and secondary modes in parameterizations of AGW impacts to be considered.
Yetao Cen, Chengyun Yang, Tao Li, James M. Russell III, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7861–7874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MLT DW1 amplitude is suppressed during El Niño winters in both satellite observation and SD-WACCM simulations. The suppressed Hough mode (1, 1) in the tropopause region propagates vertically to the MLT region, leading to decreased DW1 amplitude. The latitudinal zonal wind shear anomalies during El Niño winters would narrow the waveguide and prevent the vertical propagation of DW1. The gravity wave drag excited by ENSO-induced anomalous convection could also modulate the MLT DW1 amplitude.
John P. McCormack, V. Lynn Harvey, Cora E. Randall, Nicholas Pedatella, Dai Koshin, Kaoru Sato, Lawrence Coy, Shingo Watanabe, Fabrizio Sassi, and Laura A. Holt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17577–17605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to have confidence in atmospheric predictions, it is important to know how well different numerical model simulations of the Earth’s atmosphere agree with one another. This work compares four different data assimilation models that extend to or beyond the mesosphere. Results shown here demonstrate that while the models are in close agreement below ~50 km, large differences arise at higher altitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere that will need to be reconciled in the future.
Jianfei Wu, Wuhu Feng, Han-Li Liu, Xianghui Xue, Daniel Robert Marsh, and John Maurice Campbell Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15619–15630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Metal layers occur in the MLT region (80–120 km) from the ablation of cosmic dust. The latest lidar observations show these metals can reach a height approaching 200 km, which is challenging to explain. We have developed the first global simulation incorporating the full life cycle of metal atoms and ions. The model results compare well with lidar and satellite observations of the seasonal and diurnal variation of the metals and demonstrate the importance of ion mass and ion-neutral coupling.
Viktoria J. Nordström and Annika Seppälä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12835–12853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The winter winds over Antarctica form a stable vortex. However, in 2019 the vortex was disrupted and the temperature in the polar stratosphere rose by 50°C. This event, called a sudden stratospheric warming, is a rare event in the Southern Hemisphere, with the only known major event having taken place in 2002. The 2019 event helps us unravel its causes, which are largely unknown. We have discovered a unique behaviour of the equatorial winds in 2002 and 2019 that may signal an impending SH SSW.
Shican Qiu, Ning Wang, Willie Soon, Gaopeng Lu, Mingjiao Jia, Xingjin Wang, Xianghui Xue, Tao Li, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11927–11940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our results suggest that lightning strokes would probably influence the ionosphere and thus give rise to the occurrence of a sporadic sodium layer (NaS), with the overturning of the electric field playing an important role. Model simulation results show that the calculated first-order rate coefficient could explain the efficient recombination of Na+→Na in this NaS case study. A conjunction between the lower and upper atmospheres could be established by these inter-connected phenomena.
Ryosuke Shibuya and Kaoru Sato
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3395–3415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3395-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3395-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The first long-term simulation using the high-top non-hydrostatic general circulation model (NICAM) was executed to analyze mesospheric gravity waves. A new finding in this paper is that the spectrum of the vertical fluxes of the zonal momentum has an isolated peak at frequencies slightly lower than f at latitudes from 30 to 75° S at a height of 70 km. This study discusses the physical mechanism for an explanation of the existence of the isolated spectrum peak in the mesosphere.
Friederike Lilienthal, Christoph Jacobi, and Christoph Geißler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15725–15742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The terdiurnal solar tide is an atmospheric wave, owing to the daily variation of solar heating with a period of 8 h. Here, we present model simulations of this tide and investigate the relative importance of possible forcing mechanisms because they are still under debate. These are, besides direct solar heating, nonlinear interactions between other tides and gravity wave–tide interactions. As a result, solar heating is most important and nonlinear effects partly counteract this forcing.
Francie Schmidt, Gerd Baumgarten, Uwe Berger, Jens Fiedler, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8893–8908, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8893-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8893-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Local time variations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) in the Northern Hemisphere are studied using a combination of a global circulation model and a microphysical model. We investigate the brightness, altitude, and occurrence of the clouds and find a good agreement between model and observations. The variations are caused by tidal structures in background parameters. The temperature varies by about 2 K and water vapor by about 3 ppmv at the altitude of ice particle sublimation near 81.5 km.
Maartje Sanne Kuilman and Bodil Karlsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4217–4228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4217-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4217-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the role of the winter residual circulation in the summer mesopause region using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. In addition, we study the role of the summer stratosphere in shaping the conditions of the summer polar mesosphere. We strengthen the evidence that the variability in the summer mesopause region is mainly driven by changes in the summer mesosphere rather than in the summer stratosphere.
Sheng-Yang Gu, Han-Li Liu, Xiankang Dou, and Tao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4885–4896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4885-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4885-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The influences of sudden stratospheric warming in the Northern Hemisphere on quasi-2-day waves are studied with both observations and simulations. We found the energy of W3 is transferred to W2 through the nonlinear interaction with SPW1 and the instability at winter mesopause could provide additional amplification for W3. The summer easterly is enhanced during SSW, which is more favorable for the propagation of quasi-2-day waves.
S. Kowalewski, C. von Savigny, M. Palm, I. C. McDade, and J. Notholt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10193–10210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10193-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10193-2014, 2014
Shoujuan Shu, Fuqing Zhang, Jie Ming, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6329–6342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6329-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6329-2014, 2014
S. Palit, T. Basak, S. K. Mondal, S. Pal, and S. K. Chakrabarti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9159–9168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9159-2013, 2013
M. T. Montgomery and R. K. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4001–4009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4001-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4001-2012, 2012
C. G. Hoffmann, D. E. Kinnison, R. R. Garcia, M. Palm, J. Notholt, U. Raffalski, and G. Hochschild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3261–3271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3261-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3261-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Adler-Golden, S.: Kinetic parameters for OH nightglow modeling consistent
with recent laboratory measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 102, 19969–19976,
1997.
Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I – gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.
Baker, D. J. and Stair, J. A. T.: Rocket measurements of the altitude
distributions of the hydroxyl airglow, Phys. Scripta, 37, 611–622, 1988.
Chalamala, B. R. and Copeland, R. A.: Collision dynamics of OH(X2Π,
v=9), J. Chem. Phys., 99, 5807–5811, 1993.
Cosby, P. C. and Slanger, T. G.: OH spectroscopy and chemistry investigated
with astronomical sky spectra, Can. J. Phys., 85, 77–99, 2007.
Davis, R. N., Du, J., Smith, A. K., Ward, W. E., and Mitchell, N. J.: The diurnal and semidiurnal tides over Ascension Island (∘ S, 14∘ W) and their interaction with the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation: studies with meteor radar, eCMAM and WACCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9543–9564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, 2013.
Dodd, J. A., Lipson, S. J., and Blumberg, W. A. M.: Formation and
vibrational relaxation of OH (X2Πi,v) by O2 and CO2, J. Chem. Phys.,
95, 5752–5762, 1991.
Dodd, J. A., Lipson, S. J., Lowell, J. R., Armstrong, P. S., Blumberg, W. A.
M., Nadile, R. M., Adler-Golden, S. M., Marinelli, W. J., Holtzclaw, K. W.,
and Green, B. D.: Analysis of hydroxyl earthlimb airglow emissions: Kinetic
model for state-to-state dynamics of OH (υ,N), J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 99, 3559–3585, 1994.
Dyer, M. J., Knutsen, K., and Copeland, R. A.: Energy transfer in the ground
state of OH: Measurements of OH(υ=8,10,11) removal, J. Chem.
Phys., 107, 7809–7815, 1997.
Espy, P. J. and Hammond, M. R.: Atmospheric transmission coefficients for
hydroxyl rotational lines used in rotational temperature determinations, J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 54, 879–889, 1995.
Franzen, C., Hibbins, R. E., Espy, P. J., and Djupvik, A. A.: Optimizing hydroxyl airglow retrievals from long-slit astronomical spectroscopic observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3093–3101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3093-2017, 2017.
French, W. J. R. and Mulligan, F. J.: Stability of temperatures from TIMED/SABER v1.07 (2002–2009) and Aura/MLS v2.2 (2004–2009) compared with OH(6-2) temperatures observed at Davis Station, Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11439–11446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11439-2010, 2010.
Hagan, M. E., Burrage, M. D., Forbes, J. M., Hackney, J., Randel, W. J., and
Zhang, X.: GSWM-98: Results for migrating solar tides, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
104, 6813–6827, 1999.
Harrison, A. W., Llewellyn, E. J., and Nicholls, D. C.: Night airglow
hydroxyl rotational temperatures, Can. J. Phys., 48, 1766–1768, 1970.
Harrison, A. W., Evans, W. F. J., and Llewellyn, E. J.: Study of the (4–1)
and (5–2) Hydroxyl Bands in the Night Airglow, Can. J. Phys., 49,
2509–2517, 1971.
Herzberg, G.: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. I. Spectra of the
Diatomic Molecule, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York, 1950.
Holton, J. R.: The Role of Gravity Wave Induced Drag and Diffusion in the
Momentum Budget of the Mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 791–799, 1982.
Kalogerakis, K. S.: Technical note: Bimodality in mesospheric OH rotational population distributions and implications for temperature measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2629–2634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2629-2019, 2019.
Kalogerakis, K. S., Matsiev, D., Cosby, P. C., Dodd, J. A., Falcinelli, S., Hedin, J., Kutepov, A. A., Noll, S., Panka, P. A., Romanescu, C., and Thiebaud, J. E.: New insights for mesospheric OH: multi-quantum vibrational relaxation as a driver for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium, Ann. Geophys., 36, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-13-2018, 2018.
Knutsen, K., Dyer, M., and Copeland, R.: Collisional removal of OH (X 2Π,ν=7) by O2, N2, CO2, and N2O, J. Chem. Phys., 104, 5798–5802, 1996.
Langhoff, S. R., Werner, H. J., and Rosmus, P.: Theoretical transition
probabilities for the OH meinel system, I. Mol. Spectrosc., 118, 507–529,
1986.
Llewellyn, E. J., Long, B. H., and Solheim, B. H.: The Quenching of OH* in the Atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 525–531, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(78)90043-0, 1978.
Maylotte, D. H., Polanyi, J. C., and Woodall, K. B.: Energy Distribution
Among Reaction Products. IV. X+HY (X = Cl,Br;Y = Br,I), Cl+DI, J.
Chem. Phys., 57, 1547–1560, 1972.
McDade, I. C. and Llewellyn, E. J.: Kinetic parameters related to sources
and sinks of vibrationally excited OH in the nightglow, J. Geophys. Res.-Space,
92, 7643–7650, 1987.
Mlynczak, M. G.: Energetics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and the
SABER experiment, Adv. Space Res., 20, 1177–1183, 1997.
Mlynczak, M. G. and Solomon, S.: A detailed evaluation of the heating
efficiency in the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 10517–10541,
1993.
Noll, S., Kausch, W., Kimeswenger, S., Unterguggenberger, S., and Jones, A. M.: OH populations and temperatures from simultaneous spectroscopic observations of 25 bands, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3647–3669, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3647-2015, 2015.
Noll, S., Proxauf, B., Kausch, W., and Kimeswenger, S.: Mechanisms for
varying non-LTE contributions to OH rotational temperatures from
measurements and modelling. II. Kinetic model, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phys., 175, 100–119, 2018.
Oberheide, J., Forbes, J. M., Zhang, X., and Bruinsma, S. L.: Climatology of
upward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides in the thermosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011ja016784, 2011.
Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Scuderi, S., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Lapenna, E., and Pedani, M.: Lines and Continuum Sky Emission in the near Infrared: Observational Constraints from Deep High Spectral Resolution Spectra with Giano-Tng, A&A, 581, A47, 2015.
Pendleton, W. R., Espy, P. J., Baker, D., Steed, A., Fetrow, M., and
Henriksen, K.: Observation of OH Meinel (7,4) P(N=13) transitions in the
night airglow, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 94, 505–510, 1989.
Pendleton, W. R., Espy, P. J., and Hammond, M. R.: Evidence for
non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium rotation in the OH nightglow, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 98, 11567–11579, 1993.
Perminov, V. I., Semenov, A. I., and Shefov, N. N.: On rotational
temperature of the hydroxyl emission, Geomagn. Aeronmy+, 47, 756–763, 2007.
Picard, R. H., Wintersteiner, P. P., Winick, J. R., Mertens, C. J.,
Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Ward, W. E., She, C. Y., and
O'Neil, R. R.: Tidal and layer structure in the mesosphere and lower
thermosphere from TIMED/SABER CO2 15-µm emission, SPIE, 2004.
Picone, J. M., Hedin, A. E., Drob, D. P., and Aikin, A. C.: NRLMSISE-00
empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific
issues, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 107, 1468, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002.
Polanyi, J. C. and Sloan, J. J.: Detailed rate constants for the reactions H
+ O3 –>OH(nu',J') + O2 and H + NO2 –>OH(nu”,J') + NO, United States, 1975-01-01 1975, 1975.
Polanyi, J. C. and Woodall, K. B.: Energy Distribution Among Reaction
Products. VI. F+H2, D2, J. Chem. Phys., 57, 1574–1586,
1972.
Rothman, L. S., Gordon, I. E., Babikov, Y., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D.,
Bernath, P. F., Birk, M., Bizzocchi, L., Boudon, V., Brown, L. R.,
Campargue, A., Chance, K., Cohen, E. A., Coudert, L. H., Devi, V. M.,
Drouin, B. J., Fayt, A., Flaud, J. M., Gamache, R. R., Harrison, J. J.,
Hartmann, J. M., Hill, C., Hodges, J. T., Jacquemart, D., Jolly, A.,
Lamouroux, J., Le Roy, R. J., Li, G., Long, D. A., Lyulin, O. M., Mackie, C.
J., Massie, S. T., Mikhailenko, S., Müller, H. S. P., Naumenko, O. V.,
Nikitin, A. V., Orphal, J., Perevalov, V., Perrin, A., Polovtseva, E. R.,
Richard, C., Smith, M. A. H., Starikova, E., Sung, K., Tashkun, S.,
Tennyson, J., Toon, G. C., Tyuterev, V. G., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN2012
molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 130, 4–50, 2013.
Russell, J. M., Mlynczak, M. G., Gordley, L. L., Tansock, J., and Esplin,
R.: An overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration results,
in: Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and
Space Research Iii, edited by: Larar, A. M., Proceedings of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Spie), Spie-Int Soc Optical
Engineering, Bellingham, 1999.
Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M., Huie, R., Orkin,
V., Moortgat, G., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M., and
Finlayson-Pitts, B.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in
Atmosheric Studies, JPL Publication 02-25, 2003.
Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., DeMore, W. B., Ravishankara, A. R., and Kolb,
C. E.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric
Modeling Supplement to Evaluation 12: Update of Key Reactions, 2019.
She, C. Y., Chen, S., Williams, B. P., Hu, Z., Krueger, D. A., and Hagan, M.
E.: Tides in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41∘
N, 105∘ W) based on lidar temperature observations covering full
diurnal cycles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL 4-1–ACL 4-12, 2002.
Shepherd, M. and Fricke-Begemann, C.: Study of the tidal variations in mesospheric temperature at low and mid latitudes from WINDII and potassium lidar observations, Ann. Geophys., 22, 1513–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1513-2004, 2004.
Sivjee, G. G. and Hamwey, R. M.: Temperature and chemistry of the polar
mesopause OH, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 92, 4663–4672, 1987.
Sivjee, G. G., Dick, K. A., and Feldman, P. D.: Temporal variations in
night-time hydroxyl rotational temperature, Planet. Space Sci., 20, 261–269,
1972.
Smith, S. M., Baumgardner, J., Mertens, C. J., Russell, J. M., Mlynczak, M.
G., and Mendillo, M.: Mesospheric OH temperatures: Simultaneous ground-based
and SABER OH measurements over Millstone Hill, Adv. Space Res., 45, 239–246,
2010.
Vincent, R. A.: Gravity-wave motions in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr.
Phys., 46, 119–128, 1984.
von Savigny, C., McDade, I. C., Eichmann, K.-U., and Burrows, J. P.: On the dependence of the OH* Meinel emission altitude on vibrational level: SCIAMACHY observations and model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8813–8828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8813-2012, 2012.
Xu, J., Gao, H., Smith, A. K., and Zhu, Y.: Using TIMED/SABER nightglow
observations to investigate hydroxyl emission mechanisms in the mesopause
region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–22, 2012.
Zhang, X., Forbes, J. M., Hagan, M. E., Russell III, J. M., Palo, S. E.,
Mertens, C. J., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Monthly tidal temperatures 20–120 km
from TIMED/SABER, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, 0148-0227, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005ja011504, 2006.
Short summary
Ground-based observations of the hydroxyl (OH) airglow have indicated that the rotational energy levels may not be in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding gas. Here we use simulations of the OH airglow to show that temperature changes across the extended airglow layer, either climatological or those temporarily caused by atmospheric waves, can mimic this effect for thermalized OH. Thus, these must be considered in order to quantify the non-thermal nature of the OH airglow.
Ground-based observations of the hydroxyl (OH) airglow have indicated that the rotational energy...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint