Articles | Volume 19, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15587-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15587-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
20 Dec 2019
Review article |
| 20 Dec 2019
| 20 Dec 2019
Atmospheric mercury deposition over the land surfaces and the associated uncertainties in observations and simulations: a critical review
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue,
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,
Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Peisheng Zhou
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue,
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Shuzhen Cao
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue,
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Yu Zhao
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue,
Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,
Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Related authors
Jinya Yang, Yutong Wang, Lei Zhang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2649–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a modeling framework to predict future ozone concentrations (till the 2060s) in China following an IPCC scenario. We evaluate the contributions of climatic, anthropogenic, and biogenic factors by season and region. We find persistent emission controls will alter the nonlinear response of ozone to its precursors and dominate the declining ozone level. The outcomes highlight the importance of human actions, even with a climate penalty on air quality.
Chen Gu, Lei Zhang, Zidie Xu, Sijia Xia, Yutong Wang, Li Li, Zeren Wang, Qiuyue Zhao, Hanying Wang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4247–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrated the development of a high-resolution emission inventory and its application to evaluate the effectiveness of emission control actions, by incorporating the improved methodology, the best available data, and air quality modeling. We show that substantial efforts for emission controls indeed played an important role in air quality improvement even with worsened meteorological conditions and that the contributions of individual measures to emission reduction were greatly changing.
Yuqiang Zhang, Drew Shindell, Karl Seltzer, Lu Shen, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Qiang Zhang, Bo Zheng, Jia Xing, Zhe Jiang, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16051–16065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a global chemical transport model to simulate the effects on global air quality and human health due to emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017. By performing sensitivity analysis, we found that the air pollution control policies not only decrease the air pollutant concentration but also bring significant co-benefits in air quality to downwind regions. The benefits for the improved air pollution are dominated by PM2.5.
Yang Yang, Yu Zhao, Lei Zhang, Jie Zhang, Xin Huang, Xuefen Zhao, Yan Zhang, Mengxiao Xi, and Yi Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1191–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted new NOx emission estimation based on the satellite-derived NO2 column constraint and found reduced emissions compared to previous estimates for a developed region in east China. The subsequent improvement in air quality modeling was demonstrated based on available ground observations. With multiple emission reduction cases for various pollutants, we explored the effective control approaches for ozone and inorganic aerosol pollution.
Y. Yang, Y. Zhao, and L. Zhang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W9, 211–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W9-211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W9-211-2019, 2019
Yi Tang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Kaiyun Liu, Long Wang, Shu Li, Wei Gao, Lei Zhang, Haotian Zheng, Zhijian Li, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8279–8291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, 3-year measurements of atmospheric Hg were carried out at a rural site in East China. A significant downward trend was observed during the sampling period. This study used a new approach that considers both cluster frequency and the Hg concentration associated with each cluster, and we calculated that atmospheric Hg from the whole region of China has caused a 70 % decline of GEM concentration at the Chongming monitoring site due to strict air pollution control policies in China.
Jinya Yang, Yutong Wang, Lei Zhang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2649–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a modeling framework to predict future ozone concentrations (till the 2060s) in China following an IPCC scenario. We evaluate the contributions of climatic, anthropogenic, and biogenic factors by season and region. We find persistent emission controls will alter the nonlinear response of ozone to its precursors and dominate the declining ozone level. The outcomes highlight the importance of human actions, even with a climate penalty on air quality.
Mingrui Ma, Jiachen Cao, Dan Tong, Bo Zheng, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2147–2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined two global climate change pathways and three national emission control scenarios to analyze the future evolution of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition till the 2060s in China with air quality modeling. We show China’s clean air and carbon neutrality policies would overcome the adverse effects of climate change and efficiently reduce Nr deposition. The outflow of Nr fluxes from mainland China to the west Pacific would also be clearly reduced from continuous stringent emission controls.
Nana Wu, Guannan Geng, Ruochong Xu, Shigan Liu, Xiaodong Liu, Qinren Shi, Ying Zhou, Yu Zhao, Huan Liu, Yu Song, Junyu Zheng, Qiang Zhang, and Kebin He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2893–2915, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The commonly used method for developing large-scale air pollutant emission datasets for China faces challenges due to limited availability of detailed parameter information. In this study, we develop an efficient integrated framework to gather such information by harmonizing seven heterogeneous inventories from five research institutions. Emission characterizations are analyzed and validated, demonstrating that the dataset provides more accurate emission magnitudes and spatiotemporal patterns.
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
Kaiyue Zhou, Wen Xu, Lin Zhang, Mingrui Ma, Xuejun Liu, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8531–8551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a dataset of the long-term (2005–2020) variabilities of China’s nitrogen and sulfur deposition, with multiple statistical models that combine available observations and chemistry transport modeling. We demonstrated the strong impact of human activities and national pollution control actions on the spatiotemporal changes in deposition and indicated a relatively small benefit of emission abatement on deposition (and thereby ecological risk) for China compared to Europe and the USA.
Chen Gu, Lei Zhang, Zidie Xu, Sijia Xia, Yutong Wang, Li Li, Zeren Wang, Qiuyue Zhao, Hanying Wang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4247–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrated the development of a high-resolution emission inventory and its application to evaluate the effectiveness of emission control actions, by incorporating the improved methodology, the best available data, and air quality modeling. We show that substantial efforts for emission controls indeed played an important role in air quality improvement even with worsened meteorological conditions and that the contributions of individual measures to emission reduction were greatly changing.
Yuqiang Zhang, Drew Shindell, Karl Seltzer, Lu Shen, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Qiang Zhang, Bo Zheng, Jia Xing, Zhe Jiang, and Lei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16051–16065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a global chemical transport model to simulate the effects on global air quality and human health due to emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017. By performing sensitivity analysis, we found that the air pollution control policies not only decrease the air pollutant concentration but also bring significant co-benefits in air quality to downwind regions. The benefits for the improved air pollution are dominated by PM2.5.
Yan Zhang, Yu Zhao, Meng Gao, Xin Bo, and Chris P. Nielsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6411–6430, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combined air quality and exposure response models to analyze the benefits for air quality and human health of China’s ultra-low emission policy in one of its most developed regions. Atmospheric observations and the air quality model were also used to demonstrate improvement of emission inventories incorporating online emission monitoring data. With implementation of the policy in both power and industrial sectors, the attributable deaths due to PM2.5 exposure are estimated to decrease 5.5 %.
Yang Yang, Yu Zhao, Lei Zhang, Jie Zhang, Xin Huang, Xuefen Zhao, Yan Zhang, Mengxiao Xi, and Yi Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1191–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted new NOx emission estimation based on the satellite-derived NO2 column constraint and found reduced emissions compared to previous estimates for a developed region in east China. The subsequent improvement in air quality modeling was demonstrated based on available ground observations. With multiple emission reduction cases for various pollutants, we explored the effective control approaches for ozone and inorganic aerosol pollution.
Dong Chen, Yu Zhao, Jie Zhang, Huan Yu, and Xingna Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10193–10210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10193-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10193-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics and sources of aerosol scattering for Nanjing. The method of aerosol scattering estimation was optimized based on field measurements, and the impacts of aerosol size and composition were quantified. To explore the reasons for the reduced visibility, source apportionment of aerosol scattering was conducted by pollution level. This work stressed the linkage between aerosols and visibility and improved the understanding of emissions and their role in air quality.
Yu Zhao, Mengchen Yuan, Xin Huang, Feng Chen, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4275–4294, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4275-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4275-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated the ammonia emissions based on the constant emission factors and those characterizing the agricultural processes for the Yangtze River Delta, China. The discrepancies between the two estimates and their causes were analyzed. Based on ground and satellite observations, the two estimates were evaluated with air quality modeling. This work indicates ways to improve the emission estimation and helps better understand the necessity of multi-pollutant control strategy.
Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Yuxuan Wang, Steven C. Wofsy, Yu Zhao, Thomas Nehrkorn, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy, and Rachel Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3569–3588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3569-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3569-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
China has pledged to reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP by 60–65 % relative to 2005 levels, and to peak carbon emissions overall by 2030. Disagreement among available inventories of Chinese emissions makes it difficult for China to track progress toward its goals and evaluate the efficacy of regional control measures. This study uses a unique set of historical atmospheric observations for the key period from 2005 to 2009 to independently evaluate three different CO2 emission estimates.
Y. Yang, Y. Zhao, and L. Zhang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W9, 211–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W9-211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W9-211-2019, 2019
Xuefen Zhao, Yu Zhao, Dong Chen, Chunyan Li, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2095–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2095-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2095-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work captured the changes in black carbon (BC) emissions from tightened pollution controls in a city cluster in eastern China through a top-down approach that incorporated available ground observations, a chemistry transport model, and a multiple regression model. The uncertainty from the a priori emission input and wet deposition was evaluated to be moderate. More ground measurements with better spatiotemporal coverage were recommended for constraining BC emissions effectively.
Yang Yang and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 327–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-327-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-327-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated and evaluated the air pollutant emissions from open biomass burning in the Yangtze River Delta with three methods. Chemistry transport modeling indicated that the constraining method provided the best emissions. The traditional bottom-up method could often overestimate emissions and could hardly track their interannual trends. The emissions based on fire radiative power might be underestimated, which is attributed to the satellite detection limit on small fires.
Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Steven C. Wofsy, Yuxuan Wang, Thomas Nehrkorn, Yu Zhao, Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, and Kristina Luus
Biogeosciences, 15, 6713–6729, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6713-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6713-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Accounting for the vegetation signal is critical for comprehensive CO2 budget assessment in China. We model and evaluate hourly vegetation carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (mass per unit area per unit time) in northern China from 2005 to 2009. The model is driven by satellite and meteorological data, is linked to ground-level ecosystem observations, and is applicable to other time periods. We find vegetation uptake of CO2 in summer is comparable to emissions from fossil fuels in northern China.
Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Yuxuan Wang, Steven C. Wofsy, Yu Zhao, Thomas Nehrkorn, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy, and Rachel Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-632, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-632, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
China has pledged reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP by 60–65 % relative to 2005 levels, and to peak carbon emissions overall by 2030. Disagreement among available inventories of Chinese emissions makes it difficult for China to track progress toward its goals and evaluate the efficacy of regional control measures. This study uses a unique set of historical atmospheric observations for the key period from 2005–2009 to independently evaluate three different CO2 emissions estimates.
Wen Xu, Lei Liu, Miaomiao Cheng, Yuanhong Zhao, Lin Zhang, Yuepeng Pan, Xiuming Zhang, Baojing Gu, Yi Li, Xiuying Zhang, Jianlin Shen, Li Lu, Xiaosheng Luo, Yu Zhao, Zhaozhong Feng, Jeffrey L. Collett Jr., Fusuo Zhang, and Xuejun Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10931–10954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10931-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10931-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our main results demonstrate that atmospheric Nr pollution in eastern China is more serious in the northern region than in the southern region. Any effects of current emission controls are not yet apparent in Nr pollution. NH3 emissions from fertilizer use were the largest contributor (36 %) to total inorganic Nr deposition. Our results provide useful information for policy-makers that mitigation of NH3 emissions should be a priority to tackle serious N deposition.
Yi Tang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Kaiyun Liu, Long Wang, Shu Li, Wei Gao, Lei Zhang, Haotian Zheng, Zhijian Li, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8279–8291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8279-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, 3-year measurements of atmospheric Hg were carried out at a rural site in East China. A significant downward trend was observed during the sampling period. This study used a new approach that considers both cluster frequency and the Hg concentration associated with each cluster, and we calculated that atmospheric Hg from the whole region of China has caused a 70 % decline of GEM concentration at the Chongming monitoring site due to strict air pollution control policies in China.
Yu Zhao, Pan Mao, Yaduan Zhou, Yang Yang, Jie Zhang, Shekou Wang, Yanping Dong, Fangjian Xie, Yiyong Yu, and Wenqing Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7733–7756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7733-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7733-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We improve and evaluate an NMVOC emission inventory for Jiangsu. Field measurements were conducted to obtain NMVOC source profiles of typical chemical engineering processes. The emission inventory of NMVOCs with chemistry profiles was developed for 2005–2014, and the uncertainties were quantified. The discrepancies between various inventories in source profiles and spatial patterns were evaluated. A chemistry transport model was applied to test the improvement of the provincial NMVOC inventory.
Eri Saikawa, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, Zbigniew Klimont, Fabian Wagner, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze differences in existing air pollutant emission estimates to better understand the magnitude of emissions as well as the source regions and sectors of air pollution in China. We find large disagreements among the inventories, and we show that these differences have a significant impact on regional air quality simulations. Better understanding of air pollutant emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for air pollution mitigation in China.
Yaduan Zhou, Yu Zhao, Pan Mao, Qiang Zhang, Jie Zhang, Liping Qiu, and Yang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 211–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-211-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-211-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution emission inventory was developed for Jiangsu, China, using the bottom-up approach. Through comparisons with other national and regional inventories, the best agreement between available ground observation and air quality simulation was found when the provincial inventory was applied. The result implied the advantage of improved emission inventory at local scale for high-resolution air quality modeling.
Jianlin Hu, Peng Wang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianjun Chen, Xinlei Ge, Xinghua Li, Jingkun Jiang, Shuxiao Wang, Jie Zhang, Yu Zhao, and Yingyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-77-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-77-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An annual simulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations in China with updated SOA formation pathways reveals that SOA can be a significant contributor to PM2.5 in major urban areas. Summer SOA is dominated by emissions from biogenic sources, while winter SOA is dominated by anthropogenic emissions such as alkanes and aromatic compounds. Reactive surface uptake of dicarbonyls throughout the year and isoprene epoxides in summer is the most important contributor.
Hui Zhong, Yu Zhao, Marilena Muntean, Lei Zhang, and Jie Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15119–15134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15119-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15119-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of the discrepancies in multi-scale emission inventories could provide indications for their limitations and further improvements. We develop a bottom-up inventory of Hg emissions for Jiangsu, China. Compared to the national and global inventories, the largest total Hg emissions and fraction of Hg2+ are estimated. The crucial parameters responsible for the differences include Hg contents in coals/materials, abatement rates of emission control devices, and activity levels.
Min Zhong, Eri Saikawa, Yang Liu, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, Masayuki Takigawa, Yu Zhao, Neng-Huei Lin, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1201–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1201-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1201-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Large discrepancies exist among emission inventories (e.g., REAS and EDGAR) at the provincial level in China. We use WRF-Chem to evaluate the impact of the difference in existing emission inventories and find that emissions inputs significantly affect our air pollutant simulation results. Our study highlights the importance of constraining emissions at the provincial level for regional air quality modeling over East Asia.
Y. Zhao, L. P. Qiu, R. Y. Xu, F. J. Xie, Q. Zhang, Y. Y. Yu, C. P. Nielsen, H. X. Qin, H. K. Wang, X. C. Wu, W. Q. Li, and J. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12623–12644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12623-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12623-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution emission inventory of air pollutants and CO2 for Nanjing, a typical city in eastern China, is developed, incorporating the best available local information from on-site surveys. The temporal and spatial distribution of the emissions and the correlation between specific species of the inventory are assessed by comparisons with observations and other inventories at larger spatial scale. The emission inventory provides a basis to consider the quality of instrumental observations.
H. Cui, P. Mao, Y. Zhao, C. P. Nielsen, and J. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8657–8678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8657-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8657-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present an emission inventory with quantified uncertainties of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in China. New emission factors from local measurements lead to lower OC emissions than previous studies. We use ground observations to test the levels, trends, and spatial pattern of the emissions. The improvement over prior inventories is indicated by inter-annual comparison and correlation analysis between emissions and observations. Sources with high primary OC/EC are underestimate.
Y. Zhao, H. Zhong, J. Zhang, and C. P. Nielsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4317–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4317-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4317-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
China’s atmospheric Hg emissions of anthropogenic origin have been effectively restrained through the national policy of air pollution control. Expansion of technologies with high energy efficiencies and air pollutant removal rates leads to a much slower growth of Hg emissions than that of energy and economy. However, increased uncertainties of Hg emissions are quantified from 2005 to 2012, attributed to the unclear operation status or small sample size of field tests on those technologies.
Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, and C. P. Nielsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8849–8868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8849-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8849-2014, 2014
Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, and C. P. Nielsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Characterization of nitrous acid and its potential effects on secondary pollution in the warm season in Beijing urban areas
Vertical changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and impacts on photochemical ozone formation
Diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in δ(18O) of atmospheric O2 and its application to evaluate natural and anthropogenic changes in oxygen, carbon, and water cycles
Cloud processing of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation products limits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) production in the eastern North Atlantic marine boundary layer
Atmospheric carbonyl compounds are crucial in regional ozone heavy pollution: insights from the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration, China
Understanding summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its relation to aerosol pollution: insights from high-resolution measurements and modeling
Measurement report: Exploring the variations in ambient BTEX in urban Europe and their environmental health implications
Seasonal air concentration variability, gas–particle partitioning, precipitation scavenging, and air–water equilibrium of organophosphate esters in southern Canada
Measurement report: Surface exchange fluxes of HONO during the growth process of paddy fields in the Huaihe River Basin, China
Marine emissions and trade winds control the atmospheric nitrous oxide in the Galapagos Islands
Molecular and seasonal characteristics of organic vapors in urban Beijing: insights from Vocus-PTR measurements
The variations in volatile organic compounds based on the policy change for Omicron in the traffic hub of Zhengzhou
On the dynamics of ozone depletion events at Villum Research Station in the High Arctic
Measurement report: Long-term measurements of surface ozone and trends in semi-natural sub-Saharan African ecosystems
Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products in a stressed spruce-dominated forest close to a biogas power plant
Reactive chlorine-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds impact atmospheric chemistry in the megacity of Delhi during both clean and extremely polluted seasons
Analysis of the day-to-day variability of ozone vertical profiles in the lower troposphere during the 2022 Paris ACROSS campaign
Ozone deposition measurements over wheat fields in the North China Plain: variability and related factors of deposition flux and velocity
Emissions of Intermediate- and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (I/SVOCs) from Different Cumulative Mileage Diesel Vehicles under Various Ambient Temperatures
The impact of organic nitrates on summer ozone formation in Shanghai, China
Consistency evaluation of tropospheric ozone from ozonesonde and IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) observations: vertical distribution, ozonesonde types, and station–airport distance
CO2 and CO temporal variability over Mexico City from ground-based total column and surface measurements
Investigating carbonyl compounds above the Amazon rainforest using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) with NO+ chemical ionization
Measurement report: In-flight and ground-based measurements of nitrogen oxide emissions from latest-generation jet engines and 100 % sustainable aviation fuel
Mechanistic insights into chloroacetic acid production from atmospheric multiphase VOC-chlorine chemistry
Differences in key volatile organic compound species in ozone formation between their initial and measured concentrations
Measurement report: Sources, sinks, and lifetime of NOx in a suburban temperate forest at night
Measurement report: Urban ammonia and amines in Houston, Texas
Biomass-burning sources control ambient particulate matter, but traffic and industrial sources control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and secondary-pollutant formation during extreme pollution events in Delhi
Multi-year observations of variable incomplete combustion in the New York megacity
Observations of the vertical distributions of summertime atmospheric pollutants in Nam Co: OH production and source analysis
Measurement report: Elevated atmospheric ammonia may promote particle pH and HONO formation – insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Measurement report: Vertical and temporal variability in the near-surface ozone production rate and sensitivity in an urban area in the Pearl River Delta region, China
Elevated oxidized mercury in the free troposphere: analytical advances and application at a remote continental mountaintop site
Accurate Elucidation of Oxidation Under Heavy Ozone Pollution: A Full Suite of Radical Measurement In the Chemical-complex Atmosphere
Using observed urban NOx sinks to constrain VOC reactivity and the ozone and radical budget in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Real-world emission characteristics of VOCs from typical cargo ships and their potential contributions to secondary organic aerosol and O3 under low-sulfur fuel policies
NO3 reactivity during a summer period in a temperate forest below and above the canopy
The role of oceanic ventilation and terrestrial outflow in atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons over the Chinese marginal seas
Concentration and source changes of nitrous acid (HONO) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing
Characteristics and sources of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and O3–NOx–NMVOC relationships in Zhengzhou, China
Measurement report: TURBAN observation campaign combining street-level low-cost air quality sensors and meteorological profile measurements in Prague
Deciphering anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to selected non-methane volatile organic compound emissions in an urban area
Emission characteristics of reactive organic gases (ROGs) from industrial volatile chemical products (VCPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China
Measurement report: Enhanced photochemical formation of formic and isocyanic acids in urban regions aloft – insights from tower-based online gradient measurements
Sources of organic gases and aerosol particles and their roles in nighttime particle growth at a rural forested site in southwest Germany
Surface snow bromide and nitrate at Eureka, Canada, in early spring and implications for polar boundary layer chemistry
Opinion: Strengthening research in the Global South – atmospheric science opportunities in South America and Africa
Shipping and algae emissions have a major impact on ambient air mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and methanethiol on Utö Island in the Baltic Sea
Contribution of cooking emissions to the urban volatile organic compounds in Las Vegas, NV
Junling Li, Chaofan Lian, Mingyuan Liu, Hao Zhang, Yongxin Yan, Yufei Song, Chun Chen, Jiaqi Wang, Haijie Zhang, Yanqin Ren, Yucong Guo, Weigang Wang, Yisheng Xu, Hong Li, Jian Gao, and Maofa Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2551–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2551-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2551-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
As a key source of hydroxyl (OH) radical, nitrous acid (HONO) has attracted much attention for its important role in the atmospheric oxidant capacity (AOC) increase. In this study, we made a comparison of the ambient levels, variation patterns, sources, and formation pathway in the warm season on the basis of continuous intensive observations at an urban site of Beijing. This work highlights the importance of HONO for the AOC in the warm season.
Xiao-Bing Li, Bin Yuan, Yibo Huangfu, Suxia Yang, Xin Song, Jipeng Qi, Xianjun He, Sihang Wang, Yubin Chen, Qing Yang, Yongxin Song, Yuwen Peng, Guiqian Tang, Jian Gao, Dasa Gu, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2459–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2459-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2459-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Online vertical gradient measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, and NOx were conducted based on a 325 m tall tower in urban Beijing. Vertical changes in the concentrations, compositions, key drivers, and environmental impacts of VOCs were analyzed in this study. We find that VOC species display differentiated vertical variation patterns and distinct roles in contributing to photochemical ozone formation with increasing height in the urban planetary boundary layer.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, and Atsushi Okazaki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1965–1987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 18O/16O ratio of atmospheric oxygen, δatm(18O), is higher than that of ocean water due to isotopic effects during biospheric activities. This is known as the Dole–Morita effect, and its millennial-scale variations are recorded in ice cores. However, small variations of δatm(18O) in the present day have never been detected so far. This paper presents the first observations of diurnal, seasonal, and secular variations in δatm(18O) and applies them to evaluate oxygen, carbon, and water cycles.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Christopher M. Jernigan, Olga Garmash, Sneha Aggarwal, Shengqian Zhou, Claudia Mohr, Matt E. Salter, Joel A. Thornton, Jian Wang, Paul Zieger, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1931–1947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We report simultaneous measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) in the eastern North Atlantic. We use an observationally constrained box model to show that cloud loss is the dominant sink of HPMTF in this region over 6 weeks, resulting in large reductions in DMS-derived products that contribute to aerosol formation and growth. Our findings indicate that fast cloud processing of HPMTF must be included in global models to accurately capture the sulfur cycle.
Jiemeng Bao, Xin Zhang, Zhenhai Wu, Li Zhou, Jun Qian, Qinwen Tan, Fumo Yang, Junhui Chen, Yunfeng Li, Hefan Liu, Liqun Deng, and Hong Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1899–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1899-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1899-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied carbonyl compounds' role in ozone pollution in the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration, China. During heavy pollution in August 2019, we measured carbonyls at nine sites and analyzed their impact. Areas with higher carbonyl levels, like Chengdu, had worse ozone pollution. While their abundance matters, chemical reactions with other pollutants are the main drivers. Our findings show regional cooperation is vital to reducing ozone pollution effectively.
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
Xiansheng Liu, Xun Zhang, Marvin Dufresne, Tao Wang, Lijie Wu, Rosa Lara, Roger Seco, Marta Monge, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Marie Gohy, Paul Petit, Audrey Chevalier, Marie-Pierre Vagnot, Yann Fortier, Alexia Baudic, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Valérie Gros, Leïla Simon, Heidi Héllen, Stefan Reimann, Zoé Le Bras, Michelle Jessy Müller, David Beddows, Siqi Hou, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, William Bloss, James Dernie, Stéphane Sauvage, Philip K. Hopke, Xiaoli Duan, Taicheng An, Alastair C. Lewis, James R. Hopkins, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Xiaohu Zhang, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, and Thérèse Salameh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 625–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) pollution in urban areas across seven European countries. Analyzing data from 22 monitoring sites, we found traffic and industrial activities significantly impact BTEX levels, with peaks during rush hours. The risk from BTEX exposure remains moderate, especially in high-traffic and industrial zones, highlighting the need for targeted air quality management to protect public health and improve urban air quality.
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Jenny Oh, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 459–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-459-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-459-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organophosphate esters are important humanmade trace contaminants. Measuring them in the atmospheric gas phase, particles, precipitation, and surface water in Canada, we explore seasonal concentration variability, gas–particle partitioning, precipitation scavenging, and the air–water equilibrium. Whereas higher summer concentrations and efficient precipitation scavenging conform with expectations, the lack of a relationship between compound volatility and gas–particle partitioning is puzzling.
Fanhao Meng, Baobin Han, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Ke Tang, Dou Shao, Zhitang Liao, Jun Duan, Yan Feng, Yong Huang, Ting Ni, and Pinhua Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14191–14208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observations of HONO and NOx fluxes were conducted over paddy fields in the Huaihe River Basin. Consecutive peaks in HONO and NO fluxes suggest a potentially enhanced release of HONO and NO due to soil tillage, whereas waterlogged soil may inhibit microbial nitrification processes following irrigation. Notably, biological processes and light-driven NO2 reactions at the surface may serve as sources of HONO and influence the local HONO budget during rotary tillage.
Timur Cinay, Dickon Young, Nazaret Narváez Jimenez, Cristina Vintimilla-Palacios, Ariel Pila Alonso, Paul B. Krummel, William Vizuete, and Andrew R. Babbin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3769, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3769, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the initial 15 months of nitrous oxide measurements from the Galapagos Emissions Monitoring Station. The observed variability in atmospheric mole fractions during this period can be linked to several factors: seasonal variations in trade wind speed and direction across the eastern Pacific, differences in the transport history of air masses sampled, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in regional marine nitrous oxide emissions from coastal upwelling systems of Peru and Chile.
Zhaojin An, Rujing Yin, Xinyan Zhao, Xiaoxiao Li, Yuyang Li, Yi Yuan, Junchen Guo, Yiqi Zhao, Xue Li, Dandan Li, Yaowei Li, Dongbin Wang, Chao Yan, Kebin He, Douglas R. Worsnop, Frank N. Keutsch, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13793–13810, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Online Vocus-PTR measurements show the compositions and seasonal variations in organic vapors in urban Beijing. With enhanced sensitivity and mass resolution, various species at a level of sub-parts per trillion (ppt) and organics with multiple oxygens (≥ 3) were observed. The fast photooxidation process in summer leads to an increase in both concentration and proportion of organics with multiple oxygens, while, in other seasons, the variations in them could be influenced by mixed sources.
Bowen Zhang, Dong Zhang, Zhe Dong, Xinshuai Song, Ruiqin Zhang, and Xiao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13587–13601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To gain insight into the impact of changes due to epidemic control policies, we undertook continuous online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site in Zhengzhou over a 2-month period. This study examines the characteristics of VOCs, their sources, and their temporal evolution. It also assesses the impact of the policy change on VOC pollution during the monitoring period, thus providing a basis for further research on VOC pollution and source control.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lise Lotte Sørensen, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13603–13631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) occur every spring and have vast implications for the oxidizing capacity, radiative balance, and mercury oxidation. In this study, we analyze ozone, ODEs, and their connection to meteorological and air mass history variables through statistical analyses, back trajectories, and machine learning (ML) at Villum Research Station. ODEs are favorable under sunny, calm conditions with air masses arriving from northerly wind directions with sea ice contact.
Hagninou Elagnon Venance Donnou, Aristide Barthélémy Akpo, Money Ossohou, Claire Delon, Véronique Yoboué, Dungall Laouali, Marie Ouafo-Leumbe, Pieter Gideon Van Zyl, Ousmane Ndiaye, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias-Alves, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13151–13182, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13151-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13151-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a secondary air pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. A better understanding of its chemical evolution is a challenge for Africa, where it is still undersampled. Out of 14 sites examined (1995–2020), high levels of O3 are reported in southern Africa. The dominant chemical processes leading to O3 formation are identified. A decrease in O3 is observed at Katibougou (Mali) and Banizoumbou (Niger), and an increase is found at Zoétélé (Cameroon) and Skukuza (South Africa).
Junwei Song, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ralf Tillmann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13199–13217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and organic aerosol (OA) particles were measured online in a stressed spruce-dominated forest. OA was mainly attributed to the monoterpene oxidation products. The mixing ratios of BVOCs were higher than the values previously measured in other temperate forests. The results demonstrate that BVOCs are influenced not only by meteorology and biogenic emissions but also by local anthropogenic emissions and subsequent chemical transformation processes.
Sachin Mishra, Vinayak Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Arpit Awasthi, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Baerbel Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13129–13150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified 111 gases using mass spectrometry to understand how seasonal and emission changes lead from clean air in the monsoon season to extremely polluted air in the post-monsoon season in Delhi. Averaged total mass concentrations (260 µg m-3) were > 4 times in polluted periods, driven by biomass burning emissions and reduced atmospheric ventilation. Reactive gaseous nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur compounds hitherto unreported from such a polluted environment were discovered.
Gérard Ancellet, Camille Viatte, Anne Boynard, François Ravetta, Jacques Pelon, Cristelle Cailteau-Fischbach, Pascal Genau, Julie Capo, Axel Roy, and Philippe Nédélec
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12963–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of ozone pollution in urban areas benefited from a measurement campaign in summer 2022 in the Paris region. The analysis is based on 21 d of lidar and aircraft observations. The main objective is an analysis of the sensitivity of ozone pollution to the micrometeorological processes in the urban atmospheric boundary layer and the transport of regional pollution. The paper also discusses to what extent satellite observations can track observed ozone plumes.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
Shuwen Guo, Xuan Zheng, Xiao He, Lewei Zeng, Liqiang He, Xian Wu, Yifei Dai, Zihao Huang, Ting Chen, Shupei Xiao, Yan You, Sheng Xiang, Shaojun Zhang, Jingkun Jiang, and Ye Wu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3290, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3290, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We considered two potential influencing factors of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions that are rarely mentioned in the literature: cumulative mileage and ambient temperatures. The results suggest that the prolong use of the heavy-duty diesel vehicles and low ambient temperatures lead to reduced engine combustion efficiency, which in turn increases tailpipe emissions significantly.
Chunmeng Li, Xiaorui Chen, Haichao Wang, Tianyu Zhai, Xuefei Ma, Xinping Yang, Shiyi Chen, Min Zhou, Shengrong Lou, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, and Keding Lu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3337, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3337, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports an observation of organic nitrate (including total peroxy nitrates and total alkyl nitrates) in Shanghai, China during the summer of 2021, by a homemade thermal dissociation cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (TD-CEAS, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4033–4051, 2021). The distribution of organic nitrates and their effects on local ozone production are analyzed based on the field observation in conjunction with model simulation.
Honglei Wang, David W. Tarasick, Jane Liu, Herman G. J. Smit, Roeland Van Malderen, Lijuan Shen, Romain Blot, and Tianliang Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11927–11942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we identify 23 suitable pairs of sites from World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) and In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) datasets (1995 to 2021), compare the average vertical distributions of tropospheric O3 from ozonesonde and aircraft measurements, and analyze the differences based on ozonesonde type and station–airport distance.
Noémie Taquet, Wolfgang Stremme, María Eugenia González del Castillo, Victor Almanza, Alejandro Bezanilla, Olivier Laurent, Carlos Alberti, Frank Hase, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, Ke Che, and Michel Grutter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11823–11848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterize the variability in CO and CO2 emissions over Mexico City from long-term time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy solar absorption and surface measurements from 2013 to 2021. Using the average intraday CO growth rate from total columns, the average CO / CO2 ratio and TROPOMI data, we estimate the interannual variability in the CO and CO2 anthropogenic emissions of Mexico City, highlighting the effect of an unprecedented drop in activity due to the COVID-19 lockdown.
Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, Christopher Poehlker, Marta O. Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11883–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the average height distribution of separately observed aldehydes and ketones over a day and discuss their rainforest-specific sources and sinks as well as their seasonal changes above the Amazon. Ketones have much longer atmospheric lifetimes than aldehydes and thus different implications for atmospheric chemistry. However, they are commonly observed together, which we overcome by measuring with a NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the first time in the Amazon rainforest.
Theresa Harlass, Rebecca Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Raphael Märkl, Daniel Sauer, Monika Scheibe, Paul Stock, Tiziana Bräuer, Andreas Dörnbrack, Anke Roiger, Hans Schlager, Ulrich Schumann, Magdalena Pühl, Tobias Schripp, Tobias Grein, Linda Bondorf, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Mark Johnson, Darren Luff, Paul Madden, Peter Swann, Denise Ahrens, Reetu Sallinen, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11807–11822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft have a direct impact on our climate. Here, we present airborne and ground-based measurement data of nitrogen oxides that were collected in the exhaust of an Airbus aircraft. We study the impact of burning fossil and sustainable aviation fuel on nitrogen oxide emissions at different engine settings related to combustor temperature, pressure and fuel flow. Further, we compare observations with engine emission models.
Mingxue Li, Men Xia, Chunshui Lin, Yifan Jiang, Weihang Sun, Yurun Wang, Yingnan Zhang, Maoxia He, and Tao Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3137, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3137, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our field campaigns observed a strong diel pattern of chloroacetic acid as well as a strong correlation between its level and those of reactive chlorine species at a coastal site. Using quantum chemical calculations and box model simulation with updated MCM, we found that the formation pathway of chloroacetic acid involved multiphase processes. Our study deepens the understanding of atmospheric VOC-Cl chemistry and highlights the crucial role of multiphase reactions in atmospheric chemistry.
Xudong Zheng and Shaodong Xie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2568, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties in identifying key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affecting ozone (O3) formation, this study focused on identifying key species based on initial VOC concentrations. Using reaction rates and observed VOCs concentrations, we calculated initial VOCs concentrations during the day and the night. Initial concentrations of alkenes and aromatics were higher than observed ones. Conversely, initial oxygenated VOC concentrations were lower than observed concentrations.
Simone T. Andersen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Tobias Seubert, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Lucy J. Carpenter, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11603–11618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements of various trace gases in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we were able to gain insight into the sources and sinks of NOx (NO+NO2) with a special focus on their nighttime chemical and physical loss processes. NO was observed as a result of nighttime soil emissions when O3 levels were strongly depleted by deposition. NO oxidation products were not observed at night, indicating that soil and/or foliar surfaces are an efficient sink of reactive N.
Lee Tiszenkel, James H. Flynn, and Shan-Hu Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11351–11363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia and amines are important ingredients for aerosol formation in urban environments, but the measurements of these compounds are extremely challenging. Our observations show that urban ammonia and amines in Houston are emitted from urban sources, and diurnal variations in their concentrations are likely governed by gas-to-particle conversion and emissions.
Arpit Awasthi, Baerbel Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Sachin Mishra, Varkrishna Mummidivarapu, Gurmanjot Singh, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Vinayak Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10279–10304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use 111 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM10, and PM2.5 in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to resolve 11 pollution sources validated with chemical fingerprints. Crop residue burning and heating account for ~ 50 % of the PM, while traffic and industrial emissions dominate the gas-phase VOC burden and formation potential of secondary organic aerosols (> 60 %). Non-tailpipe emissions from compressed-natural-gas-fuelled commercial vehicles dominate the transport sector's PM burden.
Luke D. Schiferl, Cong Cao, Bronte Dalton, Andrew Hallward-Driemeier, Ricardo Toledo-Crow, and Róisín Commane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10129–10142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant and an important indicator of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in cities. Using 4 years of winter and spring observations in New York City, we found that both the magnitude and variability of CO from the metropolitan area are greater than expected. Transportation emissions cannot explain the missing and variable CO, which points to energy from buildings as a likely underappreciated source of urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Chengzhi Xing, Cheng Liu, Chunxiang Ye, Jingkai Xue, Hongyu Wu, Xiangguang Ji, Jinping Ou, and Qihou Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10093–10112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the contributions of ozone (O3) and nitrous acid (HONO) to the production rates of hydroxide (OH) in vertical space on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A new insight was offered: the contributions of HONO and O3 to the production rates of OH on the TP are even greater than in lower-altitudes areas. This study enriches the understanding of vertical distribution of atmospheric components and explains the strong atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) on the TP.
Xinyuan Zhang, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Shuangliang Ma, Shenbo Wang, Ruiqin Zhang, Dong Zhang, Mingkai Wang, and Hongyu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9885–9898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of the redox reaction of NO2 with SO2 based on actual atmospheric observations. The particle pH in future China is expected to rise steadily. Consequently, this reaction could become a significant source of HONO in China. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions to avoid a rapid increase in the particle pH.
Jun Zhou, Chunsheng Zhang, Aiming Liu, Bin Yuan, Yan Wang, Wenjie Wang, Jie-Ping Zhou, Yixin Hao, Xiao-Bing Li, Xianjun He, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Suxia Yang, Shuchun Yang, Yanfeng Wu, Bin Jiang, Shan Huang, Junwen Liu, Yuwen Peng, Jipeng Qi, Minhui Deng, Bowen Zhong, Yibo Huangfu, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9805–9826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In-depth understanding of the near-ground vertical variability in photochemical ozone (O3) formation is crucial for mitigating O3 pollution. Utilizing a self-built vertical observation system, a direct net photochemical O3 production rate detection system, and an observation-based model, we diagnosed the vertical distributions and formation mechanism of net photochemical O3 production rates and sensitivity in the Pearl River Delta region, one of the most O3-polluted areas in China.
Eleanor J. Derry, Tyler R. Elgiar, Taylor Y. Wilmot, Nicholas W. Hoch, Noah S. Hirshorn, Peter Weiss-Penzias, Christopher F. Lee, John C. Lin, A. Gannet Hallar, Rainer Volkamer, Seth N. Lyman, and Lynne E. Gratz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9615–9643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) is a globally distributed neurotoxic pollutant. Atmospheric deposition is the main source of Hg in ecosystems. However, measurement biases hinder understanding of the origins and abundance of the more bioavailable oxidized form. We used an improved, calibrated measurement system to study air mass composition and transport of atmospheric Hg at a remote mountaintop site in the central US. Oxidized Hg originated upwind in the low to middle free troposphere under clean, dry conditions.
Renzhi Hu, Guoxian Zhang, Haotian Cai, Jingyi Guo, Keding Lu, Xin Li, Shengrong Lou, Zhaofeng Tan, Changjin Hu, Pinhua Xie, and Wenqing Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2494, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A full suite of radical measurements (OH, HO2, RO2, and kOH) was established to accurately elucidate the limitations of oxidation in chemical-complex atmosphere. Sensitivity tests revealed that the incorporation of complex processes enabled a balance in both radical concentrations and coordinate ratios, and effectively addressing the deficiency in the ozone generation mechanism. The full-chain radical detection untangled a gap-bridge between the photochemistry and the intensive oxidation level.
Benjamin A. Nault, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Donald R. Blake, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Kyung-Eun Min, Young Ro Lee, Isobel J. Simpson, Kirk Ullmann, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9573–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) is a pollutant formed from the reactions of gases emitted from various sources. In urban areas, the density of human activities can increase the O3 formation rate (P(O3)), thus impacting air quality and health. Observations collected over Seoul, South Korea, are used to constrain P(O3). A high local P(O3) was found; however, local P(O3) was partly reduced due to compounds typically ignored. These observations also provide constraints for unmeasured compounds that will impact P(O3).
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scope of a field campaign in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we measured the reactivity of the nitrate radical NO3 towards biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs; e.g. monoterpenes) mainly below but also above the canopy. NO3 reactivity was the highest during nights with strong temperature inversions and decreased strongly with height. Reactions with BVOCs were the main removal process of NO3 throughout the diel cycle below the canopy.
Jian Wang, Lei Xue, Qianyao Ma, Feng Xu, Gaobin Xu, Shibo Yan, Jiawei Zhang, Jianlong Li, Honghai Zhang, Guiling Zhang, and Zhaohui Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8721–8736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the distribution and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the lower atmosphere over the marginal seas of China. NMHCs, a subset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Derived from systematic atmospheric sampling in coastal cities and marginal sea regions, this study offers valuable insights into the interaction between land and sea in shaping offshore atmospheric NMHCs.
Yusheng Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Zemin Feng, Chaofan Lian, Weigang Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Ma, Zhuohui Lin, Chang Li, Gen Zhang, Chao Yan, Ying Zhang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Federico Bianch, Tuukka Petäjä, Juha Kangasluoma, Markku Kulmala, and Yongchun Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8569–8587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nitrous acid (HONO) budget was validated during a COVID-19 lockdown event. The main conclusions are (1) HONO concentrations showed a significant decrease from 0.97 to 0.53 ppb during lockdown; (2) vehicle emissions accounted for 53 % of nighttime sources, with the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground surfaces more important than aerosol; and (3) the dominant daytime source shifted from the homogenous reaction between NO and OH (51 %) to nitrate photolysis (53 %) during lockdown.
Dong Zhang, Xiao Li, Minghao Yuan, Yifei Xu, Qixiang Xu, Fangcheng Su, Shenbo Wang, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8549–8567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing concentration of O3 precursors and unfavorable meteorological conditions are key factors in the formation of O3 pollution in Zhengzhou. Vehicular exhausts (28 %), solvent usage (27 %), and industrial production (22 %) are identified as the main sources of NMVOCs. Moreover, O3 formation in Zhengzhou is found to be in an anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC)-limited regime. Thus, to reduce O3 formation, a minimum AVOCs / NOx reduction ratio ≥ 3 : 1 is recommended.
Petra Bauerová, Josef Keder, Adriana Šindelářová, Ondřej Vlček, William Patiño, Jaroslav Resler, Pavel Krč, Jan Geletič, Hynek Řezníček, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Michal Belda, Jelena Radović, Vladimír Fuka, Radek Jareš, and Igor Ezau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1222, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented an observation campaign focused on street-level air quality and vertical meteorological profile measurement in Prague using low-cost sensors and remote sensing devices. Low-cost sensors have undergone long-term field testing, own data correction and drift evaluation procedures. A high level of NO2 pollution was confirmed due to the traffic load in streets, peaks of aerosol pollution appeared more under inversion conditions. The data will be further used for PALM model validation.
Arianna Peron, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Christian Lamprecht, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Thomas Karl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7063–7083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic fraction of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions associated with biogenic sources (e.g., terpenes) is investigated based on eddy covariance observations. The anthropogenic fraction of terpene emissions is strongly dependent on season. When analyzing volatile chemical product (VCP) emissions in urban environments, we caution that observations from short-term campaigns might over-/underestimate their significance depending on local and seasonal circumstances.
Sihang Wang, Bin Yuan, Xianjun He, Ru Cui, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Caihong Wu, Chaomin Wang, Yibo Huangfu, Xiao-Bing Li, Boguang Wang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7101–7121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of reactive organic gases from industrial volatile chemical product sources are measured. There are large differences among these industrial sources. We show that oxygenated species account for significant contributions to reactive organic gas emissions, especially for industrial sources utilizing water-borne chemicals.
Qing Yang, Xiao-Bing Li, Bin Yuan, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Yibo Huangfu, Lei Yang, Xianjun He, Jipeng Qi, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6865–6882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Online vertical gradient measurements of formic and isocyanic acids were made based on a 320 m tower in a megacity. Vertical variations and sources of the two acids were analyzed in this study. We find that formic and isocyanic acids exhibited positive vertical gradients and were mainly contributed by photochemical formations. The formation of formic and isocyanic acids was also significantly enhanced in urban regions aloft.
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6699–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forested site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contributed significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help us to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in central European rural forested environments.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison S. Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley A. Walker, Sara M. Morris, and Peter Effertz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5863–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses snow samples collected from a Canadian high Arctic site, Eureka, to demonstrate that surface snow in early spring is a net sink of atmospheric bromine and nitrogen. Surface snow bromide and nitrate are significantly correlated, indicating the oxidation of reactive nitrogen is accelerated by reactive bromine. In addition, we show evidence that snow photochemical release of reactive bromine is very weak, and its emission flux is much smaller than the deposition flux of bromide.
Rebecca M. Garland, Katye E. Altieri, Laura Dawidowski, Laura Gallardo, Aderiana Mbandi, Nestor Y. Rojas, and N'datchoh E. Touré
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5757–5764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This opinion piece focuses on two geographical areas in the Global South where the authors are based that are underrepresented in atmospheric science. This opinion provides context on common challenges and constraints, with suggestions on how the community can address these. The focus is on the strengths of atmospheric science research in these regions. It is these strengths, we believe, that highlight the critical role of Global South researchers in the future of atmospheric science research.
Heidi Hellén, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Kaisa Kraft, Jukka Seppälä, Mika Vestenius, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lauri Laakso, and Hannele Hakola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4717–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing ratios of C2-C5 NMHCs and methanethiol were measured on an island in the Baltic Sea using an in situ gas chromatograph. Shipping emissions were found to be an important source of ethene, ethyne, propene, and benzene. High summertime mixing ratios of methanethiol and dependence of mixing ratios on seawater temperature and height indicated the biogenic origin to possibly be phytoplankton or macroalgae. These emissions may have a strong impact on SO2 production and new particle formation.
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Lu Xu, Jeff Peischl, Jessica B. Gilman, Aaron Lamplugh, Henry J. Bowman, Kenneth Aikin, Colin Harkins, Qindan Zhu, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Jian He, Meng Li, Karl Seltzer, Brian McDonald, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4289–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Residential and commercial cooking emits pollutants that degrade air quality. Here, ambient observations show that cooking is an important contributor to anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in Las Vegas, NV. These emissions are not fully presented in air quality models, and more work may be needed to quantify emissions from important sources, such as commercial restaurants.
Cited articles
Aas, W. (Ed.): Data quality 2004, quality assurance, and field comparisons,
C587 EMEP/CCC-Report 4/2006, NILU, Kjeller, Norway, 2006.
Agnan, Y., Le Dantec, T., Moore, C. W., Edwards, G. C., and Obrist, D.: New
constraints on terrestrial surface atmosphere fluxes of gaseous elemental
mercury using a global database, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 507–524,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04013, 2016.
Ahn, M. C., Yi, S. M., Holsen, T. M., and Han, Y. J.: Mercury wet deposition
in rural Korea: concentrations and fluxes, J. Environ. Monitor., 13,
2748–2754, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10014a, 2011.
Åkerblom, S., Meili, M., and Bishop, K.: Organic matter in rain: an
overlooked influence on mercury deposition, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 2,
128–132, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00009, 2015.
Bash, J. O.: Description and initial simulation of a dynamic bidirectional
air-surface exchange model for mercury in Community Multiscale Air Quality
(CMAQ) model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D06305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012834, 2010.
Baya, A. P. and Van Heyst, B.: Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behaviour of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8617–8628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8617-2010, 2010.
Benoit, J. M., Cato, D. A., Denison, K. C., and Moreira, A. E.: Seasonal
mercury dynamics in a New England vernal pool, Wetlands, 33, 887–894,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0447-4, 2013.
Bieser, J., De Simone, F., Gencarelli, C., Geyer, B., Hedgecock, I.,
Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., and Weigelt, A.: A diagnostic evaluation of
modeled mercury wet depositions in Europe using atmospheric speciated
high-resolution observations, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 21, 9995–10012,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2, 2014.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Using foliar and forest floor mercury
concentrations to assess spatial patterns of mercury deposition, Environ.
Pollut., 202, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.036, 2015a.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Deposition of mercury in forests
along a montane elevation gradient, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 5363–5370,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es505928w, 2015b.
Brunke, E.-G., Walters, C., Mkololo, T., Martin, L., Labuschagne, C.,
Silwana, B., Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., and Somerset, V.:
Mercury in the atmosphere and in rainwater at Cape Point, South Africa,
Atmos. Environ., 125, 24–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.059, 2016.
Buch, A. C., Correia, M. E., Teixeira, D. C., and Silva-Filho, E. V.:
Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric
deposition in Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, J. Environ. Sci., 32,
217–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.009, 2015.
Bullock, O. R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A.,
Davignon, D., Ku, J. Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T. C., Park, R. J., Seigneur,
C., Selin, N. E., Sistla, G., and Vijayaraghavan, K.: The North American
Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and
modelto-model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D17310,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009803, 2008.
Bullock, O. R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A.,
Davignon, D., Ku, J.-Y., Lohman, K., Myers, T. C., Park, R. J., Seigneur,
C., Selin, N. E, Sistla, G., and Vijayaraghavan, K.: An analysis of
simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model
Intercomparison Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D08301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011224, 2009.
Bushey, J. T., Nallana, A. G., Montesdeoca, M. R., and Driscoll, C. T.:
Mercury dynamics of a northern hardwood canopy, Atmos. Environ., 42,
6905–6914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.043, 2008.
Castelle, S., Schäfer, J., Blanc, G., Dabrin, A., Lanceleur, L., and
Masson, M.: Gaseous mercury at the air–water interface of a highly turbid
estuary (Gironde Estuary, France), Mar. Chem., 117, 42–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.005, 2009.
Castro, M. S., Moore, C., Sherwell, J., and Brooks, S. B.: Dry deposition of
gaseous oxidized mercury in Western Maryland, Sci. Total Environ., 417–418,
232–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.044, 2012.
Chen, L., Li, Y., Liu, C., Guo, L., and Wang, X.: Wet deposition of mercury
in Qingdao, a coastal urban city in China: Concentrations, fluxes, and
influencing factors, Atmos. Environ., 174, 204–213,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.059, 2018.
Cheng, I. and Zhang, L.: Uncertainty assessment of gaseous oxidized mercury
measurements collected by Atmospheric Mercury Network, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 51, 855–862, 2017.
Cheng, I., Zhang, L., and Mao, H.: Relative contributions of gaseous
oxidized mercury and fine and coarse particle-bound mercury to mercury wet
deposition at nine monitoring sites in North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 8549–8562, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023769, 2015.
Cheng, Z. L., Luo, Y., Zhang, T., and Duan, L.: Deposition of Sulfur,
Nitrogen and Mercury in Two Typical Forest Ecosystems in Southern China,
Environ. Sci., 38, 5004–5011, https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201705103, 2017 (in Chinese).
Choi, H.-D., Sharac, T. J., and Holsen, T. M.: Mercury deposition in the
Adirondacks: A comparison between precipitation and throughfall, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 1818–1827, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.036, 2008.
Ci, Z., Peng, F., Xue, X., and Zhang, X.: Air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury over permafrost soil: an investigation at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14741–14754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14741-2016, 2016.
Ci, Z. J., Zhang, X. S., and Wang, Z. W.: Enhancing atmospheric mercury
research in China to improve the current understanding of the global mercury
cycle: The need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 46, 5636–5642, 2012.
Connan, O., Maro, D., Hébert, D., Roupsard, P., Goujon, R., Letellier,
B., and Le Cavelier, S.: Wet and dry deposition of particles associated
metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg) in a rural wetland site, Marais Vernier, France,
Atmos. Environ., 67, 394–403, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.029, 2013.
Converse, A. D., Riscassi, A. L., and Scanlon, T. M.: Seasonal variability
in gaseous mercury fluxes measured in a high-elevation meadow, Atmos.
Environ., 44, 2176–2185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.024, 2010.
Converse, A. D., Riscassi, A. L., and Scanlon, T. M.: Seasonal contribution
of dewfall to mercury deposition determined using a micrometeorological
technique and dew chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 284–292,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020491, 2014.
Dastoor, A. P. and Larocque, Y.: Global circulation of atmospheric mercury:
a modelling study, Atmos. Environ., 38, 147–161,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.037, 2004.
Dutt, U., Nelson, P. F., Morrison, A. L., and Strezov, V.: Mercury wet
deposition and coal-fired power station contributions: An Australian study,
Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 1354–1359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.06.019, 2009.
Enrico, M., Roux, G. L., Marusczak, N., Heimburger, L. E., Claustres, A.,
Fu, X., Sun, R., and Sonke, J. E.: Atmospheric mercury transfer to peat bogs
dominated by gaseous elemental mercury dry deposition, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 2405–2412, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06058, 2016.
Fang, G.-C., Tsai, J.-H., Lin, Y.-H., and Chang, C.-Y.: Dry deposition of
atmospheric particle-bound mercury in the Middle Taiwan, Aerosol Air Qual.
Res., 12, 1298–1308, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0093, 2012a.
Fang, G. C., Zhang, L., and Huang, C. S.: Measurements of size-fractionated
concentration and bulk dry deposition of atmospheric particulate bound
mercury, Atmos. Environ., 61, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.052,
2012b.
Fang, G.-C., Lin, Y.-H., and Chang, C.-Y.: Use of mercury dry deposition
samplers to quantify dry deposition of particulate-bound mercury and
reactive gaseous mercury at a traffic sampling site, Environ. Forensics, 14,
182–186, https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2013.814177, 2013.
Fernandez, D., Torregrosa, A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Zhang, B. J., Sorensen, D.,
Cohen, R. E., McKinley, G. H., Kleingartner, L., Oliphant, A., and Bowman, M.: Fog
Water Collection Effectiveness: Mesh Intercomparisons, Aerosol Air Qual.
Res., 18, 270–283, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.01.0040, 2018.
Fisher, L. S. and Wolfe, M. H.: Examination of mercury inputs by
throughfall and litterfall in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
Atmos. Environ., 47, 554–559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.017, 2012.
Fostier, A. H., Melendez-Perez, J. J., and Richter, L.: Litter mercury
deposition in the Amazonian rainforest, Environ. Pollut., 206, 605–610,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.010, 2015.
Fragoso, C. P., Bernini, E., Araújo, B. F., Almeida, M. G. D., and
Rezende, C. E. D.: Mercury in litterfall and sediment using elemental and
isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the mangrove of Southeastern
Brazil, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 202, 30–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.12.005, 2018.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., Zeeman, M., Conen, F., Eugster, W., and Alewell,
C.: Elemental mercury fluxes over a sub-alpine grassland determined with two
micrometeorological methods, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2922–2933,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.055, 2008.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Zhu, W., Zheng, W., Wang, S., and Lu, J. Y.: Total
particulate and reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air on the eastern slope
of the Mt. Gongga area, China, Appl. Geochem., 23, 408–418,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.018, 2008.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Zhu, W., Rothenberg, S., Yao, H., and Zhang, H.: Elevated
atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of
southwestern China, Environ. Pollut., 158, 2324–2333,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.032, 2010a.
Fu, X. W., Feng, X., Dong, Z. Q., Yin, R. S., Wang, J. X., Yang, Z. R., and Zhang, H.: Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and mercury depositions at a high-altitude mountain peak in south China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2425–2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2425-2010, 2010b.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Sommar, J., and Wang, S.: A review of studies on
atmospheric mercury in China, Sci. Total Environ., 421–422, 73–81,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.089, 2012.
Fu, X., Yang, X., Lang, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, H., Yu, B., Yan, H., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Atmospheric wet and litterfall mercury deposition at urban and rural sites in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11547–11562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, 2016a.
Fu, X., Marusczak, N., Heimbürger, L.-E., Sauvage, B., Gheusi, F., Prestbo, E. M., and Sonke, J. E.: Atmospheric mercury speciation dynamics at the high-altitude Pic du Midi Observatory, southern France, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5623–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5623-2016, 2016b.
Gerson, J. R., Driscoll, C. T., Demers, J. D., Sauer, A. K., Blackwell, B.
D., Montesdeoca, M. R., Shanley, J. B., and Ross, D. S.: Deposition of
mercury in forests across a montane elevation gradient: Elevational and
seasonal patterns in methylmercury inputs and production, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1922–1939, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jg003721, 2017.
Gichuki, S. W. and Mason, R. P.: Mercury and metals in South African
precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 79, 286–298,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.009, 2013.
Gichuki, S. W. and Mason, R. P.: Wet and dry deposition of mercury in
Bermuda, Atmos. Environ., 87, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.025,
2014.
Gong, P., Wang, X. P., Xue, Y. G., Xu, B. Q., and Yao, T. D.: Mercury
distribution in the foliage and soil profiles of the Tibetan forest:
processes and implications for regional cycling, Environ. Pollut., 188,
94–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.020, 2014.
Gratz, L. E. and Keeler, G. J.: Sources of mercury in precipitation to
Underhill, VT, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5440–5449,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.001, 2011.
Guo, J., Kang, S., Huang, J., Zhang, Q., Rupakheti, M., Sun, S., Tripathee,
L., Rupakheti, D., Panday, A. K., Sillanpaa, M., and Paudyal, R.:
Characterizations of atmospheric particulate-bound mercury in the Kathmandu
Valley of Nepal, South Asia, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1240–1248,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.110, 2017.
Guo, Y., Feng, X., Li, Z., He, T., Yan, H., Meng, B., Zhang, J., and Qiu,
G.: Distribution and wet deposition fluxes of total and methyl mercury in
Wujiang River Basin, Guizhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7096–7103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.006, 2008.
Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., and Weisberg, P. J.: An update on the
natural sources and sinks of atmospheric mercury, Appl. Geochem., 23,
482–493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.010, 2008.
Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., Peterson, C., Jaffe, D. A.,
Ambrose, J., Finley, B. D., Lyman, S. N., Call, K., Talbot, R., Feddersen,
D., Mao, H., and Lindberg, S. E.: Do we understand what the mercury
speciation instruments are actually measuring? Results of RAMIX, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 47, 7295–7306, https://doi.org/10.1021/es3039104, 2013.
Gustin, M. S., Amos, H. M., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., and Heidecorn, K.: Measuring and modeling mercury in the atmosphere: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5697–5713, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5697-2015, 2015.
Hall, N. L., Dvonch, J. T., Marsik, F. J., Barres, J. A., and Landis, M. S.:
An artificial turf-based surrogate surface collector for the direct
measurement of atmospheric mercury dry deposition, Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public Health, 14, 173, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020173, 2017.
Han, J.-S., Seo, Y.-S., Kim, M.-K., Holsen, T. M., and Yi, S.-M.: Total atmospheric mercury deposition in forested areas in South Korea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7653–7662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7653-2016, 2016.
Hansen, A. M. and Gay, D. A.: Observations of mercury wet deposition in
Mexico, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. Int., 20, 8316–8325,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2012-3, 2013.
Holloway, T., Voigt, C., Morton, J., Spak, S. N., Rutter, A. P., and Schauer, J. J.: An assessment of atmospheric mercury in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model at an urban site and a rural site in the Great Lakes Region of North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7117–7133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7117-2012, 2012.
Holmes, H. A., Pardyjak, E. R., Perry, K. D., and Abbott, M. L.: Gaseous dry
deposition of atmospheric mercury: A comparison of two surface resistance
models for deposition to semiarid vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 116,
S14306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015182, 2011.
Horowitz, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Zhang, Y., Dibble, T. S., Slemr, F., Amos, H. M., Schmidt, J. A., Corbitt, E. S., Marais, E. A., and Sunderland, E. M.: A new mechanism for atmospheric mercury redox chemistry: implications for the global mercury budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6353–6371, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6353-2017, 2017.
Huang, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Use of passive sampling methods and models to
understand sources of mercury deposition to high elevation sites in the
Western United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 432–441,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es502836w, 2015a.
Huang, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Uncertainties of gaseous oxidized mercury
measurements using KCl-coated denuders, cation-exchange membranes, and nylon
membranes: Humidity influences, Environ. Technol., 49, 6102–6108,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00098, 2015b.
Huang, J., Choi, H. D., Landis, M. S., and Holsen, T. M.: An application of
passive samplers to understand atmospheric mercury concentration and dry
deposition spatial distributions, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 2976–2982,
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30514c, 2012a.
Huang, J., Kang, S. C., Zhang, Q. G., Yan, H. Y., Guo, J. M., Jenkins, M.
G., Zhang, G. S., and Wang, K.: Wet deposition of mercury at a remote site
in the Tibetan Plateau: Concentrations, speciation, and fluxes, Atmos.
Environ., 62, 540–550, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.003, 2012b.
Huang, J., Kang, S., Wang, S., Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Guo, J., Wang, K.,
Zhang, G., and Tripathee, L.: Wet deposition of mercury at Lhasa, the
capital city of Tibet, Sci. Total Environ., 447, 123–132,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.003, 2013a.
Huang, J. Y., Miller, M. B., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Gustin, M. S.:
Comparison of Gaseous Oxidized Hg Measured by KCl-Coated Denuders, and Nylon
and Cation Exchange Membranes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7307–7316,
2013b.
Huang, J., Lyman, S. N., Hartman, J. S., and Gustin, M. S.: A review of
passive sampling systems for ambient air mercury measurements,
Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 16, 374–392, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00501a, 2014.
Huang, J., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Guo, J., Sillanpaa, M., Wang, Y., Sun, S.,
Sun, X., and Tripathee, L.: Characterizations of wet mercury deposition on a
remote high-elevation site in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Environ.
Pollut., 206, 518–526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.024, 2015.
Huang, J., Kang, S., Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Cong, Z., Sillanpää, M.,
Zhang, G., Sun, S., and Tripathee, L.: Atmospheric particulate mercury in
Lhasa city, Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Environ., 142, 433–441,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.021, 2016.
Huang, J., Miller, M. B., Edgerton, E., and Sexauer Gustin, M.: Deciphering potential chemical compounds of gaseous oxidized mercury in Florida, USA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1689–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1689-2017, 2017.
Jaffe, D. A., Lyman, S., Amos, H. M., Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Selin, N.
E., Levin, L., ter Schure, A., Mason, R. P., Talbot, R., Rutter, A., Finley,
B., Jaeglé, L., Shah, V., McClure, C., Ambrose, J., Gratz, L., Lindberg,
S., Weiss-Penzias, P., Sheu, G.-R., Feddersen, D., Horvat, M., Dastoor, A.,
Hynes, A. J., Mao, H., Sonke, J. E., Slemr, F., Fisher, J. A., Ebinghaus,
R., Zhang, Y., and Edwards, G.: Progress on Understanding Atmospheric
Mercury Hampered by Uncertain Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48,
7204–7206, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5026432, 2014.
Juillerat, J. I., Ross, D. S., and Bank, M. S.: Mercury in litterfall and
upper soil horizons in forested ecosystems in Vermont, USA, Environ.
Toxicol. Chem., 31, 1720–1729, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1896, 2012.
Katata, G.: Fogwater deposition modeling for terrestrial ecosystems: A
review of developments and measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 8137–8159,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021669, 2014.
Kim, M.-G., Lee, B.-K., and Kim, H.-J.: Cloud/fog water chemistry at a high
elevation site in South Korea, J. Atmos. Chem., 55, 13–29,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-005-9004-8, 2006.
Lai, S. O., Huang, J., Hopke, P. K., and Holsen, T. M.: An evaluation of
direct measurement techniques for mercury dry deposition, Sci. Total
Environ., 409, 1320–1327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.032, 2011.
Larssen, T., de Wit, H. A., Wiker, M., and Halse, K.: Mercury budget of a
small forested boreal catchment in southeast Norway, Sci. Total Environ.,
404, 290–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.013, 2008.
Lawson, S. T., Scherbatskoy, T. D., Malcolm, E. G., and Keeler, G. J.: Cloud
water and throughfall deposition of mercury and trace elements in a high
elevation spruce–fir forest at Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, J. Environ. Monitor.,
5, 578–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/b210125d, 2003.
Lin, C.-J., Pongprueksa, P., Lindberg, S. E., Pehkonen, S. O., Byun, D., and
Jang, C.: Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models I: Model
science evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2911–2928, 2006.
Lin, C.-J., Pongprueksa, P., Lindberg, S. E., Pehkonen, S. O., Jang, C.,
Braverman, T., and Ho, T. C.: Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric
mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS domain, Atmos.
Environ., 41, 6544–6560, 2007.
Lin, C.-J., Pan, L., Streets, D. G., Shetty, S. K., Jang, C., Feng, X., Chu, H.-W., and Ho, T. C.: Estimating mercury emission outflow from East Asia using CMAQ-Hg, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1853–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1853-2010, 2010.
Lindberg, S. and Meyers, T.: Development of an automated micrometeorological
method for measuring the emission of mercury vapor from wetland vegetation,
Wetl. Ecol. Manag., 9, 333–347, 2001.
Lindberg, S. E., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X. B.,
Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., and Seigneur, C.: A synthesis of
progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in
deposition, Ambio, 36, 19–32, 2007.
Lombard, M. A. S., Bryce, J. G., Mao, H., and Talbot, R.: Mercury deposition in Southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7657–7668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7657-2011, 2011.
Lu, A. and Liu, H.: Study on the time distribution characteristics and
source of wet deposition mercury in weinan city, Journal of Arid Land
Resources and Environment, 32, 62–67, https://doi.org/10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2018.108, 2018 (in Chinese).
Luo, Y., Duan, L., Driscoll, C. T., Xu, G. Y., Shao, M. S., Taylor, M.,
Wang, S. X., and Hao, J. M.: Foliage/atmosphere exchange of mercury in a
subtropical coniferous forest in south China, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121,
2006–2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jg003388, 2016.
Lyman, S. N., Gustin, M. S., Prestbo, E. M., and Marsik, F. J.: Estimation
of dry deposition of atmospheric mercury in Nevada by direct and indirect
methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1970–1976, 2007.
Lyman, S. N., Gustin, M. S., Prestbo, E. M., Kilner, P. I., Edgerton, E.,
and Hartsell, B.: Testing and application of surrogate surfaces for
understanding potential gaseous oxidized mercury dry deposition, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 43, 6235–6241, 2009.
Lyman, S. N., Jaffe, D. A., and Gustin, M. S.: Release of mercury halides from KCl denuders in the presence of ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8197–8204, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8197-2010, 2010.
Lynam, M., Dvonch, J. T., Barres, J., and Percy, K.: Atmospheric wet
deposition of mercury to the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada,
Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 11, 83–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0524-6, 2017.
Lynam, M. M., Dvonch, J. T., Hall, N. L., Morishita, M., and Barres, J. A.:
Spatial patterns in wet and dry deposition of atmospheric mercury and trace
elements in central Illinois, USA, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. Int., 21,
4032–4043, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2011-4, 2014.
Ma, M., Wang, D., Du, H., Sun, T., Zhao, Z., and Wei, S.: Atmospheric
mercury deposition and its contribution of the regional atmospheric
transport to mercury pollution at a national forest nature reserve,
southwest China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. Int., 22, 20007–20018,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5152-9, 2015.
Ma, M., Wang, D., Du, H., Sun, T., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., and Wei, S.: Mercury dynamics and mass balance in a subtropical forest, southwestern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4529–4537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4529-2016, 2016.
Malcolm, E. G. and Keeler, G. J.: Measurements of Mercury in Dew:
Atmospheric Removal of Mercury Species to a Wetted Surface, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 36, 2815–2821, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011174z, 2002.
Malcolm, E. G., Keeler, G. J., Lawson, S. T., and Sherbatskoy, T. D.:
Mercury and trace elements in cloud water and precipitation collected on Mt.
Mansfield, Vermont, J. Environ. Monitor., 5, 584–590, https://doi.org/10.1039/b210124f, 2003.
Marsik, F. J., Keeler, G. J., and Landis, M. S.: The dry-deposition of
speciated mercury to the Florida Everglades: Measurements and modeling,
Atmos. Environ., 41, 136–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.032, 2007.
Marumoto, K. and Matsuyama, A.: Mercury speciation in wet deposition
samples collected from a coastal area of Minamata Bay, Atmos. Environ., 86,
220–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.011, 2014.
McClure, C. D., Jaffe, D. A., and Edgerton, E. S.: Evaluation of the KCl
denuder method for gaseous oxidized mercury using HgBr2 at an in-service
AMNet site, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11437–11444, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502545k,
2014.
Meier, C. E., Stanturf, J. A., and Gardiner, E. S.: Litterfall in the hardwood
forest of a minor alluvial floodplain, Forest Ecol. Manag., 234, 60–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.06.026, 2006.
Meyers, T. P., Hall, M. E., Lindberg, S. E., and Kim, K.: Use of the
modified Bowen-ratio technique to measure fluxes of trace gases, Atmos.
Environ., 30, 3321–3329, 1996.
Miller, M. B., Gustin, M. S., and Eckley, C. S.: Measurement and scaling of
air-surface mercury exchange from substrates in the vicinity of two Nevada
gold mines, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 3879–3886,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.040, 2011.
Montecinos, S., Carvajal, D., and Cereceda, P., Concha, M.: Collection
efficiency of fog events, Atmos. Res., 209, 163–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.04.004, 2018.
Navrátil, T., Shanley, J., Rohovec, J., Hojdová, M.,
Penížek, V., and Buchtová, J.: Distribution and pools of
mercury in Czech forest soils, Water Air Soil Poll., 225,
1829, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1829-1, 2014.
Nguyen, D. L., Kim, J. Y., Shim, S. G., Ghim, Y. S., and Zhang, X. S.:
Shipboard and ground measurements of atmospheric particulate mercury and
total mercury in precipitation over the Yellow Sea region, Environ. Pollut.,
219, 262–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.020, 2016.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Lindberg, S. E.: Mercury concentrations and pools in four Sierra Nevada forest sites, and relationships to organic carbon and nitrogen, Biogeosciences, 6, 765–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-765-2009, 2009.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Edmonds, R. L.: Effects of vegetation type
on mercury concentrations and pools in two adjacent coniferous and deciduous
forests, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 175, 68–77,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000415, 2012.
Obrist, D., Kirk, J. L., Zhang, L., Sunderland, E. M., Jiskra, M., and
Selin, N. E.: A review of global environmental mercury processes in response
to human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land
use, Ambio, 47, 116–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-1004-9, 2018.
Peterson, C., Alishahi, M., and Gustin, M. S.: Testing the use of passive
sampling systems for understanding air mercury concentrations and dry
deposition across Florida, USA, Sci. Total Environ., 424, 297–307,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.031, 2012.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Xu, X., and Zhang, H.: Atmospheric mercury
speciation and deposition in the Bay St. Francois wetlands, J. Geophys.
Res., 109, D11301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004364,2004.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Yumvihoze, E., and Lean, D.: Mercuryconcentrations
and foliage/atmosphere fluxes in a maple forestecosystem in Quebec, Canada,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 10307–10319,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009510, 2008.
Prestbo, E. M. and Gay, D. A.: Wet deposition of mercury in the US and
Canada, 1996–2005: Results and analysis of the NADP mercury deposition
network (MDN), Atmos. Environ., 43, 4223–4233,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.028, 2009.
Qin, C., Wang, Y., Peng, Y., and Wang, D.: Four-year record of mercury wet
deposition in one typical industrial city in southwest China, Atmos.
Environ., 142, 442–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.016, 2016.
Richardson, J. B. and Friedland, A. J.: Mercury in coniferous and deciduous upland forests in northern New England, USA: implications of climate change, Biogeosciences, 12, 6737–6749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6737-2015, 2015.
Risch, M. and Kenski, D.: Spatial Patterns and Temporal Changes in
Atmospheric-Mercury Deposition for the Midwestern USA, 2001–2016,
Atmosphere, 9, 29, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9010029, 2018.
Risch, M. R., DeWild, J. F., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Kolka, R. K., and Zhang,
L.: Mercury in Litterfall at Selected National Atmospheric Deposition
Program Mercury Deposition Network Sites in the Eastern United States,
2007–2009, Environ. Pollut., 161, 284–290, 2012.
Risch, M. R., DeWild, J. F., Gay, D. A., Zhang, L., Boyer, E. W., and
Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Atmospheric mercury deposition to forests in the eastern
USA, Environ. Pollut., 228, 8–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.004, 2017.
Ritchie, C. D., Richards, W., and Arp, P. A.: Mercury in fog on the Bay of
Fundy (Canada), Atmos. Environ., 40, 6321–6328,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.057, 2006.
Rutter, A. P. and Schauer, J. J.: The effect of temperature on the
gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury in atmospheric aerosols,
Atmos. Environ., 41, 8647–8657,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.024, 2007.
Sather, M. E., Mukerjee, S., Smith, L., Mathew, J., Jackson, C., Callison,
R., Scrapper, L., Hathcoat, A., Adam, J., Keese, D., Ketcher, P., Brunette,
R., Karlstrom, J., and Van der Jagt, G.: Gaseous oxidized mercury dry
deposition measurements in the Four Corners area and Eastern Oklahoma,
U.S.A, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 4, 168–180, https://doi.org/10.5094/apr.2013.017, 2013.
Sather, M. E., Mukerjee, S., Allen, K. L., Smith, L., Mathew, J., Jackson,
C., Callison, R., Scrapper, L., Hathcoat, A., Adam, J., Keese, D., Ketcher,
P., Brunette, R., Karlstrom, J., and Van der Jagt, G.: Gaseous oxidized
mercury dry deposition measurements in the southwestern USA: A comparison
between Texas, Eastern Oklahoma, and the Four Corners Area, Sci. World J.,
2014, 580723, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/580723, 2014.
Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury – An overview, Atmos.
Environ., 32, 809–822, 1998.
Schwab, J. J., Casson, P., Brandt, R., Husain, L., Dutkewicz, V., Wolfe, D.,
Demerjian, K. L., Civerolo, K. L., Rattigan, O. V., Felton, H. D., and
Dukett, J. E.: Atmospheric chemistry measurements at Whiteface Mountain, NY:
Cloud water chemistry, precipitation chemistry, and particulate matter,
Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 841–854, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0344, 2016.
Selin, N. E. and Jacob, D. J.: Seasonal and spatial patterns of mercury wet
deposition in the United States: Constraints on the contribution from North
American anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5193–5204,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.069, 2008.
Seo, Y.-S., Han, Y.-J., Choi, H.-D., Holsen, T. M., and Yi, S.-M.:
Characteristics of total mercury (TM) wet deposition: Scavenging of
atmospheric mercury species, Atmos. Environ., 49, 69–76,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.031, 2012.
Sexauer Gustin, M., Weiss-Penzias, P. S., and Peterson, C.: Investigating sources of gaseous oxidized mercury in dry deposition at three sites across Florida, USA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9201–9219, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9201-2012, 2012.
Shen, G., Chen, D., Wu, Y., Liu, L., and Liu, C.: Spatial patterns and
estimates of global forest litterfall, Ecosphere, 10, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2587, 2019.
Sheu, G.-R. and Lin, N.-H.: Mercury in cloud water collected on Mt. Bamboo
in northern Taiwan during the northeast monsoon season, Atmos. Environ., 45,
4454–4462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.036, 2011.
Sheu, G.-R. and Lin, N.-H.: Characterizations of wet mercury deposition to
a remote islet (Pengjiayu) in the subtropical Northwest Pacific Ocean,
Atmos. Environ., 77, 474–481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.038, 2013.
Sheu, G.-R., Gay, D. A., Schmeltz, D., Olson, M., Chang, S.-C., Lin, D.-W.,
and Nguyen, L. S. P.: A new monitoring effort for Asia: the Asia Pacific
Mercury Monitoring Network (APMMN), Atmosphere, 10, 481, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090481, 2019.
Siudek, P., Kurzyca, I., and Siepak, J.: Atmospheric deposition of mercury
in central Poland: Sources and seasonal trends, Atmos. Res., 170, 14–22,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.11.004, 2016.
Skov, H., Brooks, S. B., Goodsite, M. E., Lindberg, S. E., Meyers, T. P.,
Landis, M. S., Larsen, M. R. B., Jensen, B., McConville, G., and
Christensen, J.: Fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury measured with a newly
developed method using relaxed eddy accumulation, Atmos. Environ., 40,
5452–5463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.061, 2006.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Field approaches to measure
Hg exchange between natural surfaces and the atmosphere – A review,
Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 43, 1657–1739, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2012.671733,
2013a.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Shang, L., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Seasonal variations in metallic mercury (Hg0) vapor exchange over biannual wheat–corn rotation cropland in the North China Plain, Biogeosciences, 13, 2029–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, 2016.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Angot, H., Barbante, C., Brunke, E.-G., Arcega-Cabrera, F., Cairns, W., Comero, S., Diéguez, M. D. C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X. B., Fu, X., Garcia, P. E., Gawlik, B. M., Hageström, U., Hansson, K., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Labuschagne, C., Magand, O., Martin, L., Mashyanov, N., Mkololo, T., Munthe, J., Obolkin, V., Ramirez Islas, M., Sena, F., Somerset, V., Spandow, P., Vardè, M., Walters, C., Wängberg, I., Weigelt, A., Yang, X., and Zhang, H.: Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017.
Stankwitz, C., Kaste, J. M., and Friedland, A. J.: Threshold increases in
soil lead and mercury from tropospheric deposition across an elevational
gradient, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8061–8068, https://doi.org/10.1021/es204208w, 2012.
Streets, D. G., Hao, J. M., Wu, Y., Jiang, J. K., Chan, M., Tian, H. Z., and
Feng, X. B.: Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China, Atmos. Environ., 39,
7789–7806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.029, 2005.
Teixeira, D. C., Montezuma, R. C., Oliveira, R. R., and Silva-Filho, E. V.:
Litterfall mercury deposition in Atlantic forest ecosystem from SE-Brazil,
Environ. Pollut., 164, 11–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.032, 2012.
Teixeira, D. C., Lacerda, L. D., and Silva-Filho, E. V.: Mercury
sequestration by rainforests: The influence of microclimate and different
successional stages, Chemosphere, 168, 1186–1193,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.081, 2017.
Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.
Travnikov, O., Angot, H., Artaxo, P., Bencardino, M., Bieser, J., D'Amore, F., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., Diéguez, M. D. C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X. B., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgecock, I. M., Magand, O., Martin, L., Matthias, V., Mashyanov, N., Pirrone, N., Ramachandran, R., Read, K. A., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N. E., Sena, F., Song, S., Sprovieri, F., Wip, D., Wängberg, I., and Yang, X.: Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: atmospheric processes and model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017.
UN Environment: Global Mercury Assessment 2018, UN Environment Programme,
Chemicals and Health Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019.
USEPA: Method 1631, Revision E: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 10–46, available at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/metals/mercury/index.cfm (last access: 27 December 2014), 2002.
Wan, Q., Feng, X., Lu, J., Zheng, W., Song, X., Li, P., Han, S., and Xu, H.:
Atmospheric mercury in Changbai Mountain area, northeastern China II. The
distribution of reactive gaseous mercury and particulate mercury and mercury
deposition fluxes, Environ. Res., 109, 721–727,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.05.006, 2009.
Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Sensitivity analysis of an updated bidirectional air–surface exchange model for elemental mercury vapor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6273–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, 2014.
Wang, X., Bao, Z., Lin, C. J., Yuan, W., and Feng, X.: Assessment of global
mercury deposition through litterfall, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50,
8548–8557, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06351, 2016a.
Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., Lu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., and Feng, X.: Enhanced
accumulation and storage of mercury on subtropical evergreen forest floor:
Implications on mercury budget in global forest ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 2096–2109, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jg003446, 2016b.
Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Xiao, J., Ci, Z., and Yu, P.: Mercury fluxes and pools
in three subtropical forested catchments, southwest China, Environ. Pollut.,
157, 801–808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.018, 2009.
Weiss-Penzias, P., Fernandez, D., Moranville, R., and Saltikov, C.: A low
cost system for detecting fog events and triggering an active fog water
collector, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 18, 214–233, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.11.0508,
2018.
Weiss-Penzias, P. S., Gustin, M. S., and Lyman, S. N.: Sources of gaseous
oxidized mercury and mercury dry deposition at two southeastern U.S. sites,
Atmos. Environ., 45, 4569–4579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.069, 2011.
Weiss-Penzias, P. S., Gay, D. A., Brigham, M. E., Parsons, M. T., Gustin, M.
S., and Ter Schure, A.: Trends in mercury wet deposition and mercury air
concentrations across the U.S. and Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 568,
546–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.061, 2016a.
Weiss-Penzias, P., Coale, K., Heim, W., Fernandez, D., Oliphant, A., Dodge, C., Hoskins,
D., Farlin, J., Moranville, R., and Olson, A.: Total- and monomethyl-mercury and major
ions in coastal California fog water: Results from two years of sampling on
land and at sea, Elem. Sci. Anth., 4, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000101, 2016b.
Wetang'ula: Preliminary assessment of total mercury in bulk precipitation
around Olkaria Area, Kenya, Journal of Environmental Science and
Engineering, 1585–1595, 2011.
Wetherbee, G. A.: Precipitation collector bias and its effects on temporal
trends and spatial variability in National Atmospheric Deposition
Program/National Trends Network data, Environ. Pollut., 223, 90–101,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.036, 2017.
Wetherbee, G. A. and Martin, R. A.: External Quality Assurance Project Report
for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program's National Trends Network
and Mercury Deposition Network, 2015–2016, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston,
Virginia, 2018.
Wetherbee, G. A., Latysh, N. E., Gordon, J. D., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.:
Spatial and temporal variability of the overall error of National
Atmospheric Deposition Program measurements determined by the USGS
co-located–sampler program, water years 1989–2001, Environ. Pollut., 135,
407–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.014, 2005.
Wright, G., Gustin, M. S., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Miller, M. B.:
Investigation of mercury deposition and potential sources at six sites from
the Pacific Coast to the Great Basin, USA, Sci. Total Environ., 470–471,
1099–1113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.071, 2014.
Wright, L. P. and Zhang, L.: An approach estimating bidirectional
air-surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 7, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ms000367, 2015.
Wright, L. P., Zhang, L., and Marsik, F. J.: Overview of mercury dry deposition, litterfall, and throughfall studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13399-2016, 2016.
Xu, L., Chen, J., Yang, L., Yin, L., Yu, J., Qiu, T., and Hong, Y.:
Characteristics of total and methyl mercury in wet deposition in a coastal
city, Xiamen, China: Concentrations, fluxes and influencing factors on Hg
distribution in precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 99, 10–16,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.054, 2014.
Yu, Q., Luo, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Hao, J., and Duan, L.: Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) fluxes over canopy of two typical subtropical forests in south China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 495–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-495-2018, 2018.
Zhang, H. H., Poissant, L., Xu, X. H., and Pilote, M.: Explorative and
innovative dynamic flux bag method development and testing for mercury
air-vegetation gas exchange fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7481–7493,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.068, 2005.
Zhang, L. and He, Z.: Technical Note: An empirical algorithm estimating dry deposition velocity of fine, coarse and giant particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3729–3737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3729-2014, 2014.
Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003, 2003.
Zhang, L., Blanchard, P., Gay, D. A., Prestbo, E. M., Risch, M. R., Johnson, D., Narayan, J., Zsolway, R., Holsen, T. M., Miller, E. K., Castro, M. S., Graydon, J. A., Louis, V. L. St., and Dalziel, J.: Estimation of speciated and total mercury dry deposition at monitoring locations in eastern and central North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4327–4340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4327-2012, 2012.
Zhang, L., Wang, S. X., Wang, L., and Hao, J. M.: Atmospheric mercury concentration and chemical speciation at a rural site in Beijing, China: implications of mercury emission sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10505–10516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10505-2013, 2013.
Zhang, L., Wang, S., Wu, Q., Wang, F., Lin, C.-J., Zhang, L., Hui, M., Yang, M., Su, H., and Hao, J.: Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2417–2433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, 2016a.
Zhang, L., Wu, Z., Cheng, I., Wright, L. P., Olson, M. L., Gay, D. A.,
Risch, M. R., Brooks, S., Castro, M. S., Conley, G. D., Edgerton, E. S.,
Holsen, T. M., Luke, W., Tordon, R., and Weiss-Penzias, P.: The estimated
six-year mercury dry deposition across North America, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 12864–12873, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04276, 2016b.
Zhang, L. M., Gong, S. L., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated
particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos.
Environ., 35, 549–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00326-5, 2001.
Zhang, L. M., Moran, M. D., Makar, P. A., Brook, J. R., and Gong, S. L.:
Modelling gaseous dry deposition in AURAMS: A unified regional air-quality
modelling system, Atmos. Environ., 36, 537–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00447-2, 2002.
Zhang, L. M., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current
knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ.,
43, 5853–5864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.019, 2009.
Zhang, Y., Jaeglé, L., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Holmes, C. D., Amos, H. M., Wang, Q., Talbot, R., Artz, R., Brooks, S., Luke, W., Holsen, T. M., Felton, D., Miller, E. K., Perry, K. D., Schmeltz, D., Steffen, A., Tordon, R., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Zsolway, R.: Nested-grid simulation of mercury over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6095–6111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6095-2012, 2012.
Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Wang, Y., Cui, X., and Qi, J.: Change characteristic of
atmospheric particulate mercury during dust weather of spring in Qingdao,
China, Atmos. Environ., 102, 376–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.005, 2015.
Zhang, Y., Jacob, D. J., Horowitz, H. M., Chen, L., Amos, H. M.,
Krabbenhoft, D. P., Slemr, F., St Louis, V. L., and Sunderland, E. M.:
Observed decrease in atmospheric mercury explained by global decline in
anthropogenic emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 526–531,
2016.
Zhao, L. S., Xu, L. L., Wu, X., Zhao, G. Q., Jiao, L., Chen, J. S., Hong Y. W.,
Deng J. J., Chen, Y. T., Yang, K., Hu, G. R., and Yu, R. L.: Characteristics and
sources of mercury in precipitation collected at the urban, suburban and
rural sites in a city of Southeast China, Atmos. Res., 211, 21–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.04.019, 2018.
Zhao, Z., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Mu, Z., and Zhu, J.: Wet deposition flux and
runoff output flux of mercury in a typical small agricultural watershed in
Three Gorges Reservoir areas, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. Int., 22,
5538–5551, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3701-2, 2015.
Zhou, J., Wang, Z., Sun, T., Zhang, H., and Zhang, X.: Mercury in
terrestrial forested systems with highly elevated mercury deposition in
southwestern China: The risk to insects and potential release from
wildfires, Environ. Pollut., 212, 188–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.003,
2016.
Zhou, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., and Gao, Y.: Mercury concentrations and pools
in four adjacent coniferous and deciduous upland forests in Beijing, China,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1260–1274, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jg003776, 2017.
Zhu, J., Wang, T., Talbot, R., Mao, H., Yang, X., Fu, C., Sun, J., Zhuang, B., Li, S., Han, Y., and Xie, M.: Characteristics of atmospheric mercury deposition and size-fractionated particulate mercury in urban Nanjing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2233–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2233-2014, 2014.
Zhu, J., Wang, T., Bieser, J., and Matthias, V.: Source attribution and process analysis for atmospheric mercury in eastern China simulated by CMAQ-Hg, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8767–8779, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015, 2015.
Zhu, W., Sommar, J., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Mercury vapor air–surface exchange measured by collocated micrometeorological and enclosure methods – Part I: Data comparability and method characteristics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 685–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, 2015.
Zhu, W., Lin, C.-J., Wang, X., Sommar, J., Fu, X., and Feng, X.: Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4451–4480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016, 2016.
Short summary
One of the most important processes in the global mercury biogeochemical cycling is the deposition of atmospheric mercury to the land surfaces. In this paper, results of wet, dry, and forest Hg deposition from global observation networks, individual monitoring studies, and observation-based simulations are reviewed. Uncertainties in the observation and simulation of global speciated atmospheric Hg deposition to the land surfaces are systemically estimated.
One of the most important processes in the global mercury biogeochemical cycling is the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint