Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7941-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7941-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Jun 2017
Research article |
| 30 Jun 2017
Case study of wave breaking with high-resolution turbulence measurements with LITOS and WRF simulations
Andreas Schneider
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock (IAP), Kühlungsborn, Germany
now at: SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Johannes Wagner
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IPA), Wessling, Germany
Jens Faber
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock (IAP), Kühlungsborn, Germany
Michael Gerding
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock (IAP), Kühlungsborn, Germany
Franz-Josef Lübken
Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Rostock (IAP), Kühlungsborn, Germany
Related authors
Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Andreas Schneider, Tobias Borsdorff, Joost aan de Brugh, Alba Lorente, Franziska Aemisegger, David Noone, Dean Henze, Rigel Kivi, and Jochen Landgraf
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2251–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an extended H₂O/HDO total column dataset from short-wave infrared measurements by TROPOMI including cloudy and clear-sky scenes. Coverage is tremendously increased compared to previous TROPOMI HDO datasets. The new dataset is validated against recent ground-based FTIR measurements from TCCON and against aircraft measurements over the ocean. The use of the new dataset is demonstrated with a case study of a cold air outbreak in January 2020.
Tobias Küchler, Stefan Noël, Heinrich Bovensmann, John Philip Burrows, Thomas Wagner, Christian Borger, Tobias Borsdorff, and Andreas Schneider
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 297–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-297-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-297-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We applied the air-mass-corrected differential optical absorption spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) method to derive total column water vapour (TCWV) from Sentinel-5P measurements and compared it to independent data sets. The correlation coefficients of typically more than 0.9 and the small deviations up to 2.5 kg m−2 reveal good agreement between our data product and other TCWV data sets. In particular for the different Sentinel-5P water vapour products, the deviations are around 1 kg m−2.
Luis Guanter, Cédric Bacour, Andreas Schneider, Ilse Aben, Tim A. van Kempen, Fabienne Maignan, Christian Retscher, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, Joanna Joiner, and Yongguang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5423–5440, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is an electromagnetic signal emitted by plants in the red and far-red parts of the spectrum. It has a functional link to photosynthesis and can be measured by satellite instruments, which makes it an important variable for the remote monitoring of the photosynthetic activity of vegetation ecosystems around the world. In this contribution we present a SIF dataset derived from the new Sentinel-5P TROPOMI missions.
Ronald Eixmann, Thorben H. Lüke-Mense, Jan Froh, Michael Gerding, Josef Höffner, Christian Löns, Robin Wing, Christian von Savigny, and Gerd Baumgarten
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 5309–5324, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5309-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-5309-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new lidar-based measurement technique that can observe small particles in the middle atmosphere, up to 30 km altitude, both during the day and at night. The compact instrument, with a volume of about one cubic meter, provides high-accuracy vertical profiles of aerosols and can be deployed at different locations worldwide. Comparisons with satellite data show strong agreement, highlighting its potential for longterm monitoring of stratospheric aerosols.
Ralph Latteck and Franz-Josef Lübken
Adv. Radio Sci., 24, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-24-1-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-24-1-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Using 30 years of radar observations at Andøya, this study presents the world’s longest record of a rare summer phenomenon high above the Arctic. The season lasts about 104 days and is gradually starting earlier and ending later. Even after accounting for solar and geomagnetic effects, a small but steady rise remains. The strongest signals occur about 84 km up and show no long-term change, offering new insight into ongoing shifts in the upper atmosphere.
Jens Fiedler, Gerd Baumgarten, Michael Gerding, Torsten Köpnick, Reik Ostermann, and Bernd Kaifler
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 15, 17–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-17-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-17-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a system for frequency control and monitoring of pulsed high-power lasers. It works in real-time, controls the laser cavity length, and performs a spectral analyzes of each individual laser pulse. The motivation for this work was to improve the retrieval of Doppler winds measured by lidar in the middle atmosphere by taking the frequency stability of the lidar transmitter into account.
Mohamed Mossad, Irina Strelnikova, Robin Wing, Gerd Baumgarten, and Michael Gerding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14839–14864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14839-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14839-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied gravity waves using a unique lidar that measures both temperature and wind. This is the first long-term study of how their energies vary with height and season in the middle atmosphere near the Arctic. Waves were stronger and varied more in winter, while in summer slow waves tied to Earth's rotation dominated. We also observed new patterns in how energy is shared between both energy types and height-dependent changes in wave behaviour. These results refine our view of such waves.
Michael Gerding, Robin Wing, Eframir Franco-Diaz, Gerd Baumgarten, Jens Fiedler, Torsten Köpnick, and Reik Ostermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2789–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a new lidar system developed in Germany intended to study wind and temperature at night in the middle atmosphere. The paper explains how we have set up the system to work automatically and gives technical details for anyone who wants to build a similar system. We present a case study showing temperatures and winds at different altitudes. In a future article, we will present how we process the data and deal with uncertainties.
Thorben H. Mense, Josef Höffner, Gerd Baumgarten, Ronald Eixmann, Jan Froh, Alsu Mauer, Alexander Munk, Robin Wing, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel lidar system with five beams measured horizontal and vertical winds together, reaching altitudes up to 25 km. Developed in Germany, it revealed accurate horizontal wind data compared to forecasts, but vertical wind estimates differed. The lidar's capability to detect small-scale wind patterns was highlighted, advancing atmospheric research.
Eframir Franco-Diaz, Michael Gerding, Laura Holt, Irina Strelnikova, Robin Wing, Gerd Baumgarten, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1543–1558, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1543-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1543-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite, lidar, and ECMWF data to study storm-related waves that propagate above Kühlungsborn, Germany, during summer. Although these events occur in roughly half of the years of the satellite data we analyzed, we focus our study on two case study years (2014 and 2015). These events could contribute significantly to middle atmospheric circulation and are not accounted for in weather and climate models.
Jens Faber, Michael Gerding, and Torsten Köpnick
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4183–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Weather forecasters around the world use uncrewed balloons to measure wind and temperature for their weather models. In these measurements, wind is recorded from the shift of the balloon by the moving air. However, the balloons and the measurement devices also move by themselves in still air. This creates artificial wind measurements that are normally removed from the data. We show new techniques to avoid these movements and increase the altitude resolution of the wind measurement by 6 times.
Ashique Vellalassery, Gerd Baumgarten, Mykhaylo Grygalashvyly, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Ann. Geophys., 41, 289–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The solar cycle affects the H2O concentration in the upper mesosphere mainly in two ways: directly through photolysis and, at the time and place of NLC formation, indirectly through temperature changes. The H2O–Lyman-α response is modified by NLC formation, resulting in a positive response at the ice formation region (due to the temperature change effect on the ice formation rate) and a negative response at the sublimation zone (due to the photolysis effect).
Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Julian Quimbayo-Duarte, Johannes Wagner, Norman Wildmann, Thomas Gerz, and Juerg Schmidli
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5195–5209, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ultimate objective of this model evaluation is to improve boundary layer flow representation over complex terrain. The numerical model is tested against observations retrieved during the Perdigão 2017 field campaign (moderate complex terrain). We observed that the inclusion of a forest parameterization in the numerical model significantly improves the representation of the wind field in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Andreas Schneider, Tobias Borsdorff, Joost aan de Brugh, Alba Lorente, Franziska Aemisegger, David Noone, Dean Henze, Rigel Kivi, and Jochen Landgraf
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2251–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an extended H₂O/HDO total column dataset from short-wave infrared measurements by TROPOMI including cloudy and clear-sky scenes. Coverage is tremendously increased compared to previous TROPOMI HDO datasets. The new dataset is validated against recent ground-based FTIR measurements from TCCON and against aircraft measurements over the ocean. The use of the new dataset is demonstrated with a case study of a cold air outbreak in January 2020.
Tobias Küchler, Stefan Noël, Heinrich Bovensmann, John Philip Burrows, Thomas Wagner, Christian Borger, Tobias Borsdorff, and Andreas Schneider
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 297–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-297-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-297-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We applied the air-mass-corrected differential optical absorption spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) method to derive total column water vapour (TCWV) from Sentinel-5P measurements and compared it to independent data sets. The correlation coefficients of typically more than 0.9 and the small deviations up to 2.5 kg m−2 reveal good agreement between our data product and other TCWV data sets. In particular for the different Sentinel-5P water vapour products, the deviations are around 1 kg m−2.
Luis Guanter, Cédric Bacour, Andreas Schneider, Ilse Aben, Tim A. van Kempen, Fabienne Maignan, Christian Retscher, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, Joanna Joiner, and Yongguang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5423–5440, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is an electromagnetic signal emitted by plants in the red and far-red parts of the spectrum. It has a functional link to photosynthesis and can be measured by satellite instruments, which makes it an important variable for the remote monitoring of the photosynthetic activity of vegetation ecosystems around the world. In this contribution we present a SIF dataset derived from the new Sentinel-5P TROPOMI missions.
Cited articles
Achatz, U.: On the role of optimal perturbations in the instability of monochromatic gravity waves, Phys. Fluids, 17, 094107, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2046709, 2005.
Andreassen, O., Wasberg, C. E., Fritts, D. C., and Isler, J. R.: Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions: 1. Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8095–8108, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03435, 1994.
Balsley, B. B., Svensson, G., and Tjernström, M.: On the Scale-dependence of the Gradient Richardson Number in the Residual Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 127, 57–72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9251-0, 2008.
Barat, J.: Some characteristics of clear-air turbulence in the middle stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2553–2564, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2553:SCOCAT>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Barat, J., Cot, C., and Sidi, C.: On the measurement of turbulence dissipation rate from rising balloons, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 1, 270–275, 1984.
Birner, T.: Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006301, 2006.
Birner, T., Dörnbrack, A., and Schumann, U.: How sharp is the tropopause at midlatitudes?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 45-1–45-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015142, 2002.
Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere: chemistry and physics of the stratosphere and mesosphere, 2nd Edn., Atmospheric sciences library, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System, Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Cho, J. Y. N., Newell, R. E., Anderson, B. E., Barrick, J. D. W., and Thornhill, K. L.: Characterizations of tropospheric turbulence and stability layers from aircraft observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8784, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002820, 2003.
Chou, M. D. and Suarez, M. J.: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models, NASA Tech. Memo., 104606, 85 pp., 1994.
Clayson, C. A. and Kantha, L.: On Turbulence and Mixing in the Free Atmosphere Inferred from High-Resolution Soundings, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 833–852, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA992.1, 2008.
Cot, C. and Barat, J.: Wave-turbulence interaction in the stratosphere: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2749–2756, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD02p02749, 1986.
Dalaudier, F., Sidi, C., Crochet, M., and Vernin, J.: Direct Evidence of “Sheets” in the Atmospheric Temperature Field, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 237–248, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0237:DEOITA>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Ehard, B., Achtert, P., Dörnbrack, A., Gisinger, S., Gumbel, J., Khaplanov, M., Rapp, M., and Wagner, J. S.: Combination of lidar and model data for studying deep gravity wave propagation, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 77–98, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00405.1, 2016.
Franke, P. M. and Collins, R. L.: Evidence of gravity wave breaking in lidar data from the mesopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014477, 1155, 2003.
Fritts, D. C. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003.
Fritts, D. C. and Wang, L.: Gravity Wave–Fine Structure Interactions, Part II: Energy Dissipation Evolutions, Statistics, and Implications, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3735–3755, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-059.1, 2013.
Fritts, D. C., Wang, L., Geller, M. A., Lawrence, D. A., Werne, J., and Balsley, B. B.: Numerical Modeling of Multiscale Dynamics at a High Reynolds Number: Instabilities, Turbulence, and an Assessment of Ozmidov and Thorpe Scales, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 555–578, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0343.1, 2016.
Galperin, B., Sukoriansky, S., and Anderson, P. S.: On the critical Richardson number in stably stratified turbulence, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 8, 65–69, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.153, 2007.
Gavrilov, N. M.: Estimates of turbulent diffusivities and energy dissipation rates from satellite measurements of spectra of stratospheric refractivity perturbations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12107–12116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12107-2013, 2013.
Haack, A., Gerding, M., and Lübken, F.-J.: Characteristics of stratospheric turbulent layers measured by LITOS and their relation to the Richardson number, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10605–10618, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021008, 2014.
Hauf, T.: Aircraft Observation of Convection Waves over Southern Germany – A Case Study, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 3282–3290, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<3282:AOOCWO>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Heisenberg, W.: Zur statistischen Theorie der Turbulenz, Z. Phys., 124, 628–657, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01668899, 1948.
Hines, C. O.: Generation of Turbulence by Atmospheric Gravity Waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1269–1278, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<1269:GOTBAG>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Hines, C. O.: The Saturation of Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere, Part I: Critique of Linear-Instability Theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1348–1360, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1348:TSOGWI>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Hocking, W. K.: A review of Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere (MST) radar developments and studies, circa 1997–2008, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 73, 848–882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.12.009, 2011.
Hodges, R. R.: Generation of turbulence in the upper atmosphere by internal gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 3455–3458, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ072i013p03455, 1967.
Hong, S.-Y. and Lim, J.-O. J.: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129–151, 2006.
Howard, L. N.: Note on a paper of John W. Miles, J. Fluid Mech., 10, 509–512, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000317, 1961.
Kain, J. S. and Fritsch, J. M.: A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784–2802, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., and Hassiotis, A. D.: An Upper Gravity-Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 3987–4004, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2596.1, 2008.
Lilly, D. K., Waco, D. E., and Adelfang, S. I.: Stratospheric Mixing Estimated from High-Altitude Turbulence Measurements, J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 488–493, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0488:SMEFHA>2.0.CO;2, 1974.
Lindzen, R. S.: Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707–9714, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC10p09707, 1981.
Lübken, F.-J. and Hillert, W.: Measurements of turbulent energy dissipation rates applying spectral models, in: Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Kluwer Press, Loen, Norway, 345–351, 1992.
Luce, H., Fukao, S., Dalaudier, F., and Crochet, M.: Strong Mixing Events Observed near the Tropopause with the MU Radar and High-Resolution Balloon Techniques, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2885–2896, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2885:SMEONT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Miles, J. W.: On the stability of heterogeneous shear flows, J. Fluid Mech., 10, 496–508, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112061000305, 1961.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237, 1997.
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: Development of an Improved Turbulence Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87, 895–912, http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007465760/en/, 2009.
Nappo, C. J.: An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves, International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, San Diego, Vol. 85, 2002.
Osman, M., Hocking, W., and Tarasick, D.: Parameterization of large-scale turbulent diffusion in the presence of both well-mixed and weakly mixed patchy layers, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 143–144, 14–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.02.025, 2016.
Paoli, R., Thouron, O., Escobar, J., Picot, J., and Cariolle, D.: High-resolution large-eddy simulations of stably stratified flows: application to subkilometer-scale turbulence in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5037–5055, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5037-2014, 2014.
Pavelin, E., Whiteway, J. A., and Vaughan, G.: Observation of gravity wave generation and breaking in the lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5173–5179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900480, 2001.
Pope, S. B.: Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
Schneider, A., Gerding, M., and Lübken, F.-J.: Comparing turbulent parameters obtained from LITOS and radiosonde measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2159–2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2159-2015, 2015.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR technical note, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA, http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf, 2008.
Tatarskii, V. I.: The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, translated from Russian, 1971.
Theuerkauf, A., Gerding, M., and Lübken, F.-J.: LITOS – a new balloon-borne instrument for fine-scale turbulence soundings in the stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 55–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-55-2011, 2011.
Wilson, R.: Turbulent diffusivity in the free atmosphere inferred from MST radar measurements: a review, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3869–3887, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3869-2004, 2004.
Wilson, R., Luce, H., Hashiguchi, H., Nishi, N., and Yabuki, Y.: Energetics of persistent turbulent layers underneath mid-level clouds estimated from concurrent radar and radiosonde data, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 118, 78–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.01.005, 2014.
Worthington, R. M.: Tropopausal turbulence caused by the breaking of mountain waves, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 60, 1543–1547, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00105-9, 1998.
Yamanaka, M. D., Tanaka, H., Hirosawa, H., Matsuzaka, Y., Yamagami, T., and Nishimura, J.: Measurement of Stratospheric Turbulence by Balloon-Borne “Glow-Discharge” Anemometer, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan Ser. II, 63, 483–489, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj1965/63/3/63_3_483/_article, 1985.
Short summary
Wave breaking is studied with a combination of high-resolution turbulence observations with the balloon-borne instrument LITOS and mesoscale simulations with the WRF model. A relation between observed turbulent energy dissipation rates and the occurrence of wave patterns in modelled vertical winds is found, which is interpreted as the effect of wave saturation. The change of stability plays less of a role for mean dissipation for the flights examined.
Wave breaking is studied with a combination of high-resolution turbulence observations with the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint