Articles | Volume 17, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11491-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11491-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Sep 2017
Research article |
| 27 Sep 2017
Sources of non-fossil-fuel emissions in carbonaceous aerosols during early winter in Chinese cities
Di Liu
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Zhineng Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Guangcai Zhong
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Sanyuan Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Ping Ding
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Chengde Shen
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Chongguo Tian
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
Yingjun Chen
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Guorui Zhi
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
Gan Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Caiqing Yan, Haibiao Chen, Buqing Xu, Gan Zhang, Bin Jiang, Qinglong Fu, Ruiyu Li, Xuehua Zhou, and Mei Zheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5498, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Relative humidity (RH) affects brown carbon (BrC) light absorption and radiative forcing, but this relationship is still unclear. Using field observations across wide RH and pollution ranges with molecular-level measurements, this study shows that RH non-linearly affects water-soluble BrC absorption, with magnitude varying by pollution level. Molecular analysis reveals the mechanisms, improving understanding of BrC radiative effects and aiding humidity-dependent absorption in climate models.
Xiaocong Peng, Wei Song, Guohua Zhang, Qinhao Lin, Jianlin Cheng, Yang Li, Xinru Huang, Baoyi Chen, Jianzhong Song, Yingjun Chen, Gan Zhang, Ping’an Peng, Xinming Wang, and Xinhui Bi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5314, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Burning biomass releases black carbon (BC), but its precursors are unclear. We burned two fuels at three temperatures, measuring particles, gases, and BC. Furans, oxygenated aromatics, single-ring aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons correlated with BC in the particle phase. Higher temperatures boosted BC—not by producing more precursors, but by converting them efficiently. Different fuels also produced distinct molecular fingerprints. These explain why BC emissions vary so much.
Yi Shen, Guorui Zhi, Wenjing Jin, Yao Kong, Yuzhe Zhang, Zhengying Li, Jianzhong Sun, Yuankai Wang, and Zhijian Liang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 13303–13318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13303-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13303-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A novel PAX-ISS method apportions aerosol light absorption to black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and the lensing effect. Field measurements reveal BC dominance, ~10 % annual BrC contribution, and a 40.0 % average lensing role in light absorption with strong spectral-seasonal variations. We provide observational indications of BrC's shortwave "blocking effect", which offsets lensing. This approach offers robust constraints for aerosol optics and climate modeling.
Yuchen Li, Zheng Zong, Xiaoping Wang, Xiaolan Shi, Zeyu Sun, Zhineng Cheng, Ziyang Zhang, Xuehua Yin, Zhifeng Lou, Rong Sun, Roland Kallenborn, and Chongguo Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3299, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3299, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term measurements at Tuoji Island show that fine-particle pollution in coastal North China is not characterised solely by mass decline under emission controls. Primary-combustion and sulfate signals weakened, but nitrate was increasingly amplified in high-PM2.5 samples, pointing to a growing need for coordinated control of NOx and NH3, with attention to VOC-related oxidation chemistry and humid cold-season conditions.
Jiao Tang, Shujie Hu, Xiao Wang, Jiaqi Wang, Shaojun Lv, Xiaofei Geng, Guangcai Zhong, Yangzhi Mo, Surat Bualert, Jun Li, Shizhen Zhao, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 8341–8353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8341-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8341-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in coastal aerosols is critical for atmospheric chemistry and climate processes. This Bangkok study found sea-spray aerosol (SSA) is an important contributor to coastal aerosol WSON under marine air, its contribution surging from 3.8 % (continental) to 34 %. SSA-associated WSON strongly correlated (r=0.96) with trajectory-based air-mass exposure to chlorophyll-a, which is consistent with marine-biogenic enhancement.
Chongguo Tian, Xuehua Yin, Xuena Yang, Xiaoxia Yu, Zhengjie Li, Zheng Zong, Xinpeng Tian, Yuchen Li, Roland Kallenborn, and Yi-Fan Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5799–5811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5799-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5799-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the neglected role of atmospheric deposition in δ15N4a-3s (δ15N difference between NH4+ and source NH3), a key parameter in atmospheric NH4+ source tracing. We develop an integrated model coupling these two processes and find that the difference in δ15N4a-3s between the combined effect and the pure fractionation scenario increases with f (NH4+/NHx molar ratio). This work provides a new idea for precise NH4+ source partitioning.
Pingyang Li, Boji Lin, Zhineng Cheng, Jing Li, Jun Li, Duohong Chen, Tao Zhang, Run Lin, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Liu, Yujun Lin, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Zhenchuan Niu, Ping Ding, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5085–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5085-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5085-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our study indicates fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) reductions in Chinese megacities via atmospheric Δ(14CO2) and δ(13CO2) measurements, driven by coal-to-gas transitions and combustion efficiency improvement. The 24-year record show steeper declined urban RCO/CO2ff ratios than inventory estimates, implying underestimation of efficiency improvements and CO reductions. Integrating top-down observations with inventories is critical to track policy-driven emission shifts and optimize co-benefit strategies.
Hongxing Jiang, Yuanghang Deng, Yunxi Huo, Fengwen Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Hai Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13711–13727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13711-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13711-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined the use of a series of online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometer to characterize the chemical composition and sources of organic aerosols in a background site of south China from bulk to molecular levels. We suggested that anthropogenic source dominated the OA origins, and the gas-phase and particle-phase oxidation processes are conducive to the formation of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing compounds, respectively.
Tao Cao, Cuncun Xu, Hao Chen, Jianzhong Song, Jun Li, Haiyan Song, Bin Jiang, Yin Zhong, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11597–11610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11597-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11597-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the evolution of biomass and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) derived from coal combustion during an aqueous photochemical process. The results indicate that photochemical aging induces distinct changes in the optical and molecular properties of WSOM. More pronounced alterations were observed during OH photooxidation than direct photolysis. Our results also demonstrate that atmospheric photooxidation may represent a significant source of black-carbon-like substances.
Pingyang Li, Boji Lin, Zhihua Zhou, Jing Li, Zhineng Cheng, Jun Li, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3882, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3882, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Urban areas exhibit high carbon footprints yet significant mitigation potential, requiring precise quantification of CO2 sources for effective carbon budgeting. While previous studies focused predominantly on fossil fuel CO2, biogenic CO2 (CO2bio) dynamics remain less understood. Here we show that Δ14CO2 tracers – combined with multi-source data – enable partitioning of CO2bio into three components and identification of their seasonal drivers, advancing our understanding of urban carbon budgets.
Yuying Wu, Yuhan Wang, Wenzheng Yang, Jie Zhang, Yanhong Wu, Jun Li, Gan Zhang, and Haijian Bing
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4779–4797, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4779-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4779-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a large, open-access dataset of mountain soil chemistry in China, based on over 1,300 samples from 166 sites across diverse climates and vegetation types. The dataset includes concentrations of 24 elements and key environmental variables like temperature, rainfall, and soil properties. This dataset offers a valuable resource for studying mountain ecosystems, supporting Earth system modeling, and predicting how soils respond to environmental change.
Yanjie Lu, Xinxin Feng, Yanli Feng, Minjun Jiang, Yu Peng, Tian Chen, and Yingjun Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8043–8059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8043-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8043-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Through lab tests and field measurements from typical sources, we found that carbonyl compounds from biomass burning are an order of magnitude higher than those from vehicles. The formation of carbonyl compounds in solid and liquid fuel is governed by combustion temperature and emission standards, respectively. Fuel type determines the chemical composition. Biomass burning and farm machinery are key drivers of atmospheric oxidation capacity. This study provides actionable solutions to safeguard public health.
Binyu Xiao, Fan Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Rui Li, Can Wu, Xinyi Wan, Yi Wang, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Libo Zhang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7053–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic compounds in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts are enhanced due to the switch of fuels from low sulfur to ultra-low sulfur. The findings indicate that optimization is necessary for the forthcoming global implementation of an ultra-low-sulfur oil policy. Besides, we find that organic diagnostic markers of hopanes in conjunction with the ratio of octadecanoic to tetradecanoic could be considered potential tracers for heavy fuel oil exhausts.
Zihan Song, Leiming Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Qiang Fu, Zhenxing Shen, Renjian Zhang, Dong Liu, and Song Cui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13101–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel concept integrating crop cycle information into fire spot extraction was proposed. Spatiotemporal variations of open straw burning in Northeast China are revealed. Open straw burning in Northeast China emitted a total of 218 Tg of CO2-eq during 2001–2020. The policy of banning straw burning effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
Zeyu Sun, Zheng Zong, Yang Tan, Chongguo Tian, Zeyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Rong Sun, Yingjun Chen, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12851–12865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results showed that δ15N–NOx from ships was −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰ and increased monotonically with tightening emission regulations. The selective catalytic reduction system was the most vital factor. The temporal variation in δ15N–NOx was evaluated and can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx for a more accurate assessment of the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx.
Mengying Bao, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Yihang Hong, Yu-Chi Lin, Mingyuan Yu, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Rongshuang Xu, and Xiaoying Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8305–8324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction between the sources and molecular compositions of humic-like substances (HULIS) at Nanjing, China, was explored. Significant fossil fuel source contributions to HULIS were found in the 14C results from biomass burnng and traffic emissions. Increasing biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products and anthropogenic aromatic compounds were detected in summer and winter, respectively.
Xiangyun Zhang, Jun Li, Sanyuan Zhu, Junwen Liu, Ping Ding, Shutao Gao, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, Ping'an Peng, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7495–7502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results show that 14C elemental carbon (EC) was not only related to the isolation method but also to the types and proportions of the biomass sources in the sample. The hydropyrolysis (Hypy) method, which can be used to isolate a highly stable portion of ECHypy and avoid charring, is a more effective and stable approach for the matrix-independent 14C quantification of EC in aerosols, and the 13C–ECHypy and non-fossil ECHypy values of SRM1649b were –24.9 ‰ and 11 %, respectively.
Tingting Li, Jun Li, Zeyu Sun, Hongxing Jiang, Chongguo Tian, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6395–6407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were vital components in nitrogenous aerosols and contributed 69 % to total nitrogen in PM2.5. Coal combustion was still the most important source of urban atmospheric NO3-. However, the non-agriculture sources play an increasingly important role in NH4+ emissions.
Jiao Tang, Jun Li, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Yangzhi Mo, Hongxing Jiang, Bin Jiang, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Chongguo Tian, Zheng Zong, Jabir Hussain Syed, Jianzhong Song, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive molecular identification of atmospheric common fluorescent components and deciphers their related formation pathways. The fluorescent components varied in molecular composition, and a dominant oxidation pathway for the formation of humic-like fluorescent components was suggested, notwithstanding their different precursor types. Our findings are expected to be helpful to further studies using the EEM-PARAFAC as a tool to study atmospheric BrC.
Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Cuncun Xu, Jianzhong Song, Xingjun Fan, Jun Li, Wanglu Jia, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2613–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work comprehensively investigated the fluorescence data of light-absorbing organic compounds, water-soluble organic matter in different types of aerosol samples, soil dust, and fulvic and humic acids using an excitation–emission matrix (EEM) method and parallel factor modeling. The results revealed which light-absorbing species can be detected by EEM and also provided important information for identifying the chemical composition and possible sources of these species in atmospheric samples.
Buqing Xu, Jiao Tang, Tiangang Tang, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1565–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed compound-specific dual-carbon isotope signatures (Δ14C and δ13C) of dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracer molecules (i.e., oxalic acid) to investigate the fates of SOAs in the atmosphere at five emission hotspots in China. The results indicated that SOA carbon sources and chemical processes producing SOAs vary spatially and seasonally, and these variations need to be included in Chinese climate projection models and air quality management practices.
Chunlin Zou, Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Jianzhong Song, Bin Jiang, Wanglu Jia, Jun Li, Xiang Ding, Zhiqiang Yu, Gan Zhang, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 963–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, PM2.5 samples were obtained during a winter haze event in Guangzhou, China, and light absorption and molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. The findings obtained present some differences from the results reported in other regions of China and significantly enhanced our understanding of HULIS evolution during haze bloom-decay processes in the subtropic region of southern China.
Hongxing Jiang, Jun Li, Jiao Tang, Min Cui, Shizhen Zhao, Yangzhi Mo, Chongguo Tian, Xiangyun Zhang, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6919–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted field observation employing Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to characterize the molecular composition and major formation pathways or sources of organosulfur compounds in Guangzhou, where is heavily influenced by biogenic–anthropogenic interactions and has high relative humidity and temperature. We suggested that heterogeneous reactions such as SO2 uptake and heterogeneous oxidations are important to the molecular variations of organosulfur compounds.
Cited articles
Barrett, T. E., Robinson, E. M., Usenko, S., and Sheesley, R. J.: Source Contributions to Wintertime Elemental and Organic Carbon in the Western Arctic Based on Radiocarbon and Tracer Apportionment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 11631–11639, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03081, 2015.
Bernardoni, V., Calzolai, G., Chiari, M., Fedi, M., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Riccobono, F., Taccetti, F., Valli, G., and Vecchi, R.: Radiocarbon analysis on organic and elemental carbon in aerosol samples and source apportionment at an urban site in Northern Italy, J. Aerosol Sci., 56, 88–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.06.001, 2013.
Bove, M. C., Brotto, P., Cassola, F., Cuccia, E., Massabò, D., Mazzino, A., Piazzalunga, A., and Prati, P.: An integrated PM2.5 source apportionment study: Positive Matrix Factorisation vs. the chemical transport model CAMx, Atmos. Environ., 94, 274–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.039, 2014.
Chen, B., Andersson, A., Lee, M., Kirillova, E. N., Xiao, Q., Kruså, M., Shi, M., Hu, K., Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Du, K., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Source Forensics of Black Carbon Aerosols from China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 9102–9108, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401599r, 2013.
Choi, J.-K., Heo, J.-B., Ban, S.-J., Yi, S.-M., and Zoh, K.-D.: Chemical characteristics of PM2. 5 aerosol in Incheon, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 60, 583–592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.078, 2012.
Colvile, R. N., Gómez-Perales, J. E., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J.: Use of dispersion modelling to assess road-user exposure to PM2. 5 and its source apportionment, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2773–2782, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00217-6, 2003.
Dan, M., Zhuang, G., Li, X., Tao, H., and Zhuang, Y.: The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM2. 5 in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 38, 3443–3452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.052, 2004.
Deng, X., Tie, X., Wu, D., Zhou, X., Bi, X., Tan, H., Li, F., and Jiang, C.: Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1424–1435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.025, 2008.
Ding, X., Zheng, M., Edgerton, E. S., Jansen, J. J., and Wang, X.: Contemporary or Fossil Origin: Split of Estimated Secondary Organic Carbon in the Southeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9122–9128, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802115t, 2008.
Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Grover, B. D., Eatough, D. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655–7662, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8008166, 2008.
Fine, P. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R.: Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from fireplace combustion of woods grown in the northeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2665–2675, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001466k, 2001.
Fine, P. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R.: Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of woods grown in the southern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1442–1451, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0108988, 2002.
Fine, P. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R.: Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of wood types grown in the Midwestern and Western United States, Environ. Eng. Sci., 21, 387–409, https://doi.org/10.1089/109287504323067021, 2004.
Gao, S., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Kirchstetter, T. W., Magi, B. I., and Sadilek, M.: Water-soluble organic components in aerosols associated with savanna fires in southern Africa: Identification, evolution, and distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8491, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002324, 2003.
Gelencsér, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sánchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.
Gnauk, T., Brüggemann, E., Müller, K., Chemnitzer, R., Rüd, C., Galgon, D., Wiedensohler, A., Acker, K., Auel, R., Wieprecht, W., Möller, D., Jaeschke, W., and Herrmann, H.: Aerosol characterisation at the FEBUKO upwind station Goldlauter (I): Particle mass, main ionic components, OCEC, and mass closure, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4209–4218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.007, 2005.
He, H., Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Ma, J., Chu, B., Ji, D., Tang, G., Liu, C., Zhang, H., and Hao, J.: Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days, Scientific Reports, 4, 4172, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04172, 2014.
He, L.-Y., Hu, M., Zhang, Y.-H., Huang, X.-F., and Yao, T.-T.: Fine Particle Emissions from On-Road Vehicles in the Zhujiang Tunnel, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4461–4466, https://doi.org/10.1021/es7022658, 2008.
He, Z., Kim, Y. J., Ogunjobi, K. O., Kim, J. E., and Ryu, S. Y.: Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics of PM2. 5 particles in Northeastern Asia in summer 2002, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1795–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.023, 2004.
Hedberg, E., Johansson, C., Johansson, L., Swietlicki, E., and Brorström-Lundén, E.: Is levoglucosan a suitable quantitative tracer for wood burning? Comparison with receptor modeling on trace elements in Lycksele, Sweden, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 1669–1678, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464572, 2006.
Huang, R.-J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P., Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G., Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., Haddad, I. E., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774, 2014.
Kam, W., Liacos, J. W., Schauer, J. J., Delfino, R. J., and Sioutas, C.: Size-segregated composition of particulate matter (PM) in major roadways and surface streets, Atmos. Environ., 55, 90–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.028, 2012.
Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005.
Kim, Y. P., Moon, K. C., and Hoon Lee, J.: Organic and elemental carbon in fine particles at Kosan, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3309–3317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00445-8, 2000.
Kleefeld, S., Hoffer, A., Krivácsy, Z., and Jennings, S. G.: Importance of organic and black carbon in atmospheric aerosols at Mace Head, on the West Coast of Ireland (53°19′ N, 9°54′ W), Atmos. Environ., 36, 4479–4490, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00346-1, 2002.
Krivácsy, Z., Hoffer, A., Sárvári, Z., Temesi, D., Baltensperger, U., Nyeki, S., Weingartner, E., Kleefeld, S., and Jennings, S. G.: Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6231–6244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00467-8, 2001.
Lee, S., Wang, Y., and Rusell, A. G.: Assessment of secondary organic carbon in the southeastern United States: A review, J. Air Waste Manage., 60, 1282–1292, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.11.1282, 2010.
Liu, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y. L., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Ding, P., Shen, C. D., Chen, Y. J., Tian, C. G., and Zhang, G.: The Use of Levoglucosan and Radiocarbon for Source Apportionment of PM2. 5 Carbonaceous Aerosols at a Background Site in East China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10454–10461, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401250k, 2013.
Liu, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Ding, P., Shen, C., Shen, K., He, Q., Ding, X., Wang, X., Chen, D., Szidat, S., and Zhang, G.: Source Apportionment Using Radiocarbon and Organic Tracers for PM2. 5 Carbonaceous Aerosols in Guangzhou, South China: Contrasting Local- and Regional-Scale Haze Events, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12002–12011, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503102w, 2014a.
Liu, J., Xu, Y., Li, J., Liu, D., Tian, C., Chaemfa, C., and Zhang, G.: The distribution and origin of PAHs over the Asian marginal seas, the Indian, and the Pacific Oceans: Implications for outflows from Asia and Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1949–1961, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020361, 2014b.
Liu, J., Li, J., Vonwiller, M., Liu, D., Cheng, H., Shen, K., Salazer, G., Agrios, K., Zhang, Y., He, Q., Ding, X., Zhong, G., Wang, X., Szidat, S., and Zhang, G.: The importance of non-fossil sources in carbonaceous aerosols in a megacity of central China during the 2013 winter haze episode: A source apportionment constrained by radiocarbon and organic tracers, Atmos. Environ., 144, 60–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.068, 2016a
Liu, J., Mo, Y., Li, J., Liu, D., Shen, C., Ding, P., Jiang, H., Cheng, Z., Zhang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., and Zhang, G.: Radiocarbon-derived source apportionment of fine carbonaceous aerosols before, during, and after the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 4177–4187, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd024865, 2016b.
Liu, X. G., Li, J., Qu, Y., Han, T., Hou, L., Gu, J., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, T., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., and Hu, M.: Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4501–4514, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4501-2013, 2013.
Marcazzan, G. M., Ceriani, M., Valli, G., and Vecchi, R.: Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2. 5 in Milan (Italy) using receptor modelling, Sci. Total Environ., 317, 137–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00368-1, 2003.
Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Guyon, P., Graham, B., Roberts, G., Andreae, M., Decesari, S., Facchini, M., Fuzzi, S., and Artaxo, P.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia, 2. Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000522, 2002.
Rattigan, O. V., Dirk Felton, H., Bae, M.-S., Schwab, J. J., and Demerjian, K. L.: Multi-year hourly PM2. 5 carbon measurements in New York: Diurnal, day of week and seasonal patterns, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2043–2053, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.019, 2010.
Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., and Rogge, W. F.: Photochemical oxidation and changes in molecular composition of organic aerosol in the regional context, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006265, 2006.
Rogge, W. F., Mazurek, M. A., Hildemann, L. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Quantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: Identification, abundance and seasonal variation, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 27, 1309–1330, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90257-Y, 1993.
Simoneit, B. R., Schauer, J. J., Nolte, C., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O., Fraser, M., Rogge, W., and Cass, G. R.: Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 173–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00145-9, 1999.
Singh, N., Murari, V., Kumar, M., Barman, S. C., and Banerjee, T.: Fine particulates over South Asia: Review and meta-analysis of PM2. 5 source apportionment through receptor model, Environ. Pollut., 223, 121–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.071, 2017.
Strader, R., Lurmann, F., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4849–4863, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00310-6, 1999.
Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., Bernardo-Bricker, A., Rogge, W. F., and Robinson, A. L.: Insights into the primary–secondary and regional–local contributions to organic aerosol and PM2. 5 mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7414–7433, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.058, 2007.
Sun, Y. L., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z. F., Fu, P. Q., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin, Y.: Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021641, 2014.
Szidat, S., Ruff, M., Perron, N., Wacker, L., Synal, H.-A., Hallquist, M., Shannigrahi, A. S., Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Simpson, D.: Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Göteborg, Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1521-2009, 2009.
Turpin, B. J. and Huntzicker, J. J.: Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS, Atmos. Environ., 29, 3527–3544, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q, 1995.
Wang, X., Ding, X., Fu, X., He, Q., Wang, S., Bernard, F., Zhao, X., and Wu, D.: Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, South China, J. Environ. Sci., 24, 72–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60730-4, 2012.
Wang, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, R., Ghan, S. J., Lin, Y., Hu, J., Pan, B., Levy, M., Jiang, J. H., and Molina, M. J.: Assessing the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on Pacific storm track using a multiscale global climate model, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6894–6899, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403364111, 2014.
Weber, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Peltier, R. E., Russell, A., Yan, B., Zheng, M., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Brock, C., Holloway, J. S., Atlas, E. L., and Edgerton, E.: A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008408, 2007.
Yang, F., He, K., Ye, B., Chen, X., Cha, L., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1449–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005, 2005.
Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Stenström, K., Puxbaum, H., and Svendby, T.: Source apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol in Norway – quantitative estimates based on 14C, thermal-optical and organic tracer analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9375–9394, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9375-2011, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Schauer, J. J., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Wei, Y., Liu, Y., and Shao, M.: Characteristics of Particulate Carbon Emissions from Real-World Chinese Coal Combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5068–5073, https://doi.org/10.1021/es7022576, 2008.
Zhang, Y., Zotter, P., Perron, N., Prévôt, A., Wacker, L., and Szidat, S.: Fossil and non-fossil sources of different carbonaceous fractions in fine and coarse particles by radiocarbon measurement, Radiocarbon, 55, 1510–1520, https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16278, 2013.
Zhang, Y., Ren, H., Sun, Y., Cao, F., Chang, Y., Liu, S., Lee, X., Agrios, K., Kawamura, K., Liu, D., Ren, L., Du, W., Wang, Z., Prévôt, A. S. H., Szidat, S., and Fu, P.: High Contribution of Nonfossil Sources to Submicrometer Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7842–7852, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01517, 2017.
Zhang, Y.-L., Li, J., Zhang, G., Zotter, P., Huang, R.-J., Tang, J.-H., Wacker, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Szidat, S.: Radiocarbon-Based Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols at a Regional Background Site on Hainan Island, South China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2651–2659, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4050852, 2014.
Zhang, Y.-L., Huang, R.-J., El Haddad, I., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y., Zotter, P., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., Salazar, G., Schwikowski, M., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Abbaszade, G., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Szidat, S.: Fossil vs. non-fossil sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols in four Chinese cities during the extreme winter haze episode of 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1299–1312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1299-2015, 2015a.
Zhang, Y.-L., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Abbaszade, G., Zimmermann, R., Zotter, P., Shen, R. R., Schafer, K., Shao, L., Prevot, A. S., and Szidat, S.: Source Apportionment of Elemental Carbon in Beijing, China: Insights from Radiocarbon and Organic Marker Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 8408–8415, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01944, 2015b.
Zhao, X. J., Zhao, P. S., Xu, J., Meng,, W., Pu, W. W., Dong, F., He, D., and Shi, Q. F.: Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5685–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5685-2013, 2013.
Zhou, R., Wang, S., Shi, C., Wang, W., Zhao, H., Liu, R., Chen, L., and Zhou, B.: Study on the Traffic Air Pollution inside and outside a Road Tunnel in Shanghai, China, Plos One, 9, e112195, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112195, 2014.
Zong, Z., Wang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Qu, L., Ji, L., Zhi, G., Li, J., and Zhang, G.: Source apportionment of PM2. 5 at a regional background site in North China using PMF linked with radiocarbon analysis: insight into the contribution of biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11249–11265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11249-2016, 2016.
Short summary
To elucidate the carbon sources of air pollution, source apportionment was conducted using radiocarbon and unique molecular organic tracers during the beginning of winter 2013 in 10 Chinese cities. The results indicated that non-fossil-fuel (NF) emissions were predominant. During haze episodes, there were no dramatic changes in the carbon source or composition in the cities under study, but the contribution of primary OC from both fossil fuel and NF increased significantly.
To elucidate the carbon sources of air pollution, source apportionment was conducted using...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint