Articles | Volume 15, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6183-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6183-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Jun 2015
Research article |
| 05 Jun 2015
Arctic microbial and next-generation sequencing approach for bacteria in snow and frost flowers: selected identification, abundance and freezing nucleation
R. Mortazavi
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
S. Attiya
Faculty of Medicine, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
P. A. Ariya
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
G. Kos, A. Ryzhkov, A. Dastoor, J. Narayan, A. Steffen, P. A. Ariya, and L. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4839–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4839-2013, 2013
J. Sun, H. Leighton, M. K. Yau, and P. Ariya
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12155–12164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12155-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12155-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Biosphere Interactions | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Interannual variability in the ecosystem CO2 fluxes at a paludified spruce forest and ombrotrophic bog in the southern taiga
Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective
Volatile organic compound fluxes over a winter wheat field by PTR-Qi-TOF-MS and eddy covariance
Volatile organic compound fluxes in a subarctic peatland and lake
OH and HO2 radical chemistry in a midlatitude forest: measurements and model comparisons
Consumption of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I and emission of CHCl3, CHBr3, and CH2Br2 from the forefield of a retreating Arctic glacier
PTR-TOF-MS eddy covariance measurements of isoprene and monoterpene fluxes from an eastern Amazonian rainforest
Significant emissions of dimethyl sulfide and monoterpenes by big-leaf mahogany trees: discovery of a missing dimethyl sulfide source to the atmospheric environment
Plant assemblages in atmospheric deposition
Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment
Investigation of coastal sea-fog formation using the WIBS (wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor) technique
Soil–atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide in a Mediterranean citrus orchard
Measurements of nitric oxide and ammonia soil fluxes from a wet savanna ecosystem site in West Africa during the DACCIWA field campaign
Physicochemical uptake and release of volatile organic compounds by soil in coated-wall flow tube experiments with ambient air
Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes
Impacts of an intense wildfire smoke episode on surface radiation, energy and carbon fluxes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada
Surface–atmosphere exchange of inorganic water-soluble gases and associated ions in bulk aerosol above agricultural grassland pre- and postfertilisation
Soil fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in a boreal forest in southern Finland
Drivers for spatial, temporal and long-term trends in atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the UK
Annual cycle of Scots pine photosynthesis
Ethene, propene, butene and isoprene emissions from a ponderosa pine forest measured by relaxed eddy accumulation
Adverse effects of increasing drought on air quality via natural processes
A synthesis of research needs for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling
Arctic regional methane fluxes by ecotope as derived using eddy covariance from a low-flying aircraft
Effect of mid-term drought on Quercus pubescens BVOCs' emission seasonality and their dependency on light and/or temperature
Field observations of volatile organic compound (VOC) exchange in red oaks
Terpenoid and carbonyl emissions from Norway spruce in Finland during the growing season
A top-down approach of surface carbonyl sulfide exchange by a Mediterranean oak forest ecosystem in southern France
Air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury over permafrost soil: an investigation at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Imbalanced phosphorus and nitrogen deposition in China's forests
Role of needle surface waxes in dynamic exchange of mono- and sesquiterpenes
Canopy-scale flux measurements and bottom-up emission estimates of volatile organic compounds from a mixed oak and hornbeam forest in northern Italy
Methanol and isoprene emissions from the fast growing tropical pioneer species Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. (Hypericaceae) in the central Amazon forest
Future vegetation–climate interactions in Eastern Siberia: an assessment of the competing effects of CO2 and secondary organic aerosols
Conceptual design of a measurement network of the global change
Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle
Introduction: The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) – multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research and capacity-building initiative
The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO): overview of pilot measurements on ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gases, and aerosols
An ecosystem-scale perspective of the net land methanol flux: synthesis of micrometeorological flux measurements
Diel and seasonal changes of biogenic volatile organic compounds within and above an Amazonian rainforest
Sources and fluxes of organic nitrogen in precipitation over the southern East Sea/Sea of Japan
Influence of local air pollution on the deposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate to a nutrient-poor natural grassland ecosystem
Variability of BVOC emissions from a Mediterranean mixed forest in southern France with a focus on Quercus pubescens
Forest canopy interactions with nucleation mode particles
The balances of mixing ratios and segregation intensity: a case study from the field (ECHO 2003)
Concentrations and fluxes of isoprene and oxygenated VOCs at a French Mediterranean oak forest
From emissions to ambient mixing ratios: online seasonal field measurements of volatile organic compounds over a Norway spruce-dominated forest in central Germany
Overview of the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory: site description and selected science results from 2008 to 2013
Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO2 over a ponderosa pine ecosystem: observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NOx
Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions during BEARPEX 2009 measured by eddy covariance and flux–gradient similarity methods
Vadim Mamkin, Vitaly Avilov, Dmitry Ivanov, Andrey Varlagin, and Julia Kurbatova
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2273–2291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We collected 6 years of flux measurements at two southern taiga peatland ecosystems, namely a paludified spruce forest and ombrotrophic bog located in the same landscape in western Russia, which showed that the interannual variability in the environmental conditions affect CO2 ecosystem–atmosphere exchange differently in forest and non-forest peatlands. We observed that an anomalously warm winter and spring led to increasing CO2 uptake at the paludified forest (more than at the bog).
Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka Petäjä, Timo Vihma, Jouni Räisänen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti Leppäranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana Bäck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar Köster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4413–4469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis.
Benjamin Loubet, Pauline Buysse, Lais Gonzaga-Gomez, Florence Lafouge, Raluca Ciuraru, Céline Decuq, Julien Kammer, Sandy Bsaibes, Christophe Boissard, Brigitte Durand, Jean-Christophe Gueudet, Olivier Fanucci, Olivier Zurfluh, Letizia Abis, Nora Zannoni, François Truong, Dominique Baisnée, Roland Sarda-Estève, Michael Staudt, and Valérie Gros
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2817–2842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are precursors of tropospheric pollutants like ozone or aerosols. Emission by agricultural land was still poorly characterized. We report experimental measurements of ecosystem-scale VOC fluxes above a wheat field with a highly sensitive proton transfer mass spectrometer. We report the fluxes of 123 compounds and confirm that methanol is the most emitted VOC by wheat. The second most emitted compound was C6H4O. Around 75 % of the compounds were deposited.
Roger Seco, Thomas Holst, Mikkel Sillesen Matzen, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Tao Li, Tihomir Simin, Joachim Jansen, Patrick Crill, Thomas Friborg, Janne Rinne, and Riikka Rinnan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Northern ecosystems exchange climate-relevant trace gases with the atmosphere, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured VOC fluxes from a subarctic permafrost-free fen and its adjacent lake in northern Sweden. The graminoid-dominated fen emitted mainly isoprene during the peak of the growing season, with a pronounced response to increasing temperatures stronger than assumed by biogenic emission models. The lake was a sink of acetone and acetaldehyde during both periods measured.
Michelle M. Lew, Pamela S. Rickly, Brandon P. Bottorff, Emily Reidy, Sofia Sklaveniti, Thierry Léonardis, Nadine Locoge, Sebastien Dusanter, Shuvashish Kundu, Ezra Wood, and Philip S. Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9209–9230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9209-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9209-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The OH radical is the primary oxidant in the atmosphere, and measurements of its concentration provide a rigorous test of our understanding of atmospheric chemistry. Previous measurements of OH concentrations in forest environments have shown large discrepancies with model predictions. In this paper, we present measurements of OH in a forest in Indiana, USA, and compare the results to model predictions to test our understanding of this important chemistry.
Moya L. Macdonald, Jemma L. Wadham, Dickon Young, Chris R. Lunder, Ove Hermansen, Guillaume Lamarche-Gagnon, and Simon O'Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7243–7258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7243-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7243-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change has caused glaciers in the Arctic to shrink, uncovering new soils. We used field measurements to study the exchange of a group of gases involved in ozone destruction, called halocarbons, between these new soils and the atmosphere. We found that mats of cyanobacteria, early colonisers of soils, are linked to a larger-than-expected exchange of halocarbons with the atmosphere. We also found that gases which are commonly thought to be marine in origin were released from these soils.
Chinmoy Sarkar, Alex B. Guenther, Jeong-Hoo Park, Roger Seco, Eliane Alves, Sarah Batalha, Raoni Santana, Saewung Kim, James Smith, Julio Tóta, and Oscar Vega
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7179–7191, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7179-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7179-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important components of the atmosphere due to their contribution to atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we report major BVOCs, e.g. isoprene and total monoterpene flux measurements with a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) using the eddy covariance (EC) method at a primary rainforest in eastern Amazonia. We used the measured data to evaluate the MEGAN2.1 model for the emission site.
Lejish Vettikkat, Vinayak Sinha, Savita Datta, Ashish Kumar, Haseeb Hakkim, Priya Yadav, and Baerbel Sinha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 375–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-375-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-375-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There are several widely grown tree species whose BVOC emission potentials are still unknown. Studies over the Amazon rainforest have reported presence of terrestrial dimethyl sulfide sources. Here, we show that mahogany, which is grown widely in several regions of the world, is a high emitter of dimethyl sulfide and monoterpenes. With future land use and land cover changes promoting plantations of this tree for economic purposes, its impact on air quality could be quite significant.
Ke Dong, Cheolwoon Woo, and Naomichi Yamamoto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11969–11983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The work reported here is the first, the most comprehensive molecularly based study of atmospheric deposition of plants. Plants disperse spores, pollen, and fragments into the atmosphere. The emitted plant particles return to the pedosphere by sedimentation (dry deposition) and/or by precipitation (wet deposition), comprising part of the Earth's cycling of substances. This study reports plant assemblages in dry and wet atmospheric deposits collected together at the same sampling point.
Meinrat O. Andreae
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning is one of the largest sources of atmospheric pollutants worldwide. This paper presents an up-to-date compilation of emission factors for over 120 trace gas and aerosol species from the different forms of open vegetation fires and domestic biofuel use, based on an analysis of over 370 published studies. Using these emission factors and current global burning activity data, the annual emissions of important species released by the various types of biomass burning are estimated.
Shane M. Daly, David J. O'Connor, David A. Healy, Stig Hellebust, Jovanna Arndt, Eoin J. McGillicuddy, Patrick Feeney, Michael Quirke, John C. Wenger, and John R. Sodeau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5737–5751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For a long time sea-salt particles were considered the only types of particles that drive sea-fog formation but recently iodine oxide particles released from kelp have been identified as a source. There are no previous field studies to provide a direct timeline link between molecular iodine release, particle formation and sea-fog formation. The present observations from Cork Harbour provide such a link. A stabilizing mechanism enhancing distribution of iodine in the troposphere is suggested.
Fulin Yang, Rafat Qubaja, Fyodor Tatarinov, Rafael Stern, and Dan Yakir
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3873–3883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3873-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3873-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The contribution of soil carbonyl sulfate (COS) flux is probably the major limitation to the application of COS as a novel tracer of canopy-scale CO2 uptake. We provide new, field-based high-resolution results on the spatial and temporal variations in soil COS flux, its relationships to CO2 exchange and the key factors influencing it. We furthermore provide the only study, to our knowledge, that validate the surface dynamic chamber approach, increasingly used, with soil concentration profiles.
Federica Pacifico, Claire Delon, Corinne Jambert, Pierre Durand, Eleanor Morris, Mat J. Evans, Fabienne Lohou, Solène Derrien, Venance H. E. Donnou, Arnaud V. Houeto, Irene Reinares Martínez, and Pierre-Etienne Brilouet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2299–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2299-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2299-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic fluxes from soil at a local and regional scale are crucial to study air pollution and climate. Here we present field measurements of soil fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) observed over four different land cover types, i.e. bare soil, grassland, maize field, and forest, at an inland rural site in Benin, West Africa, during the DACCIWA field campaign in
June and July 2016.
Guo Li, Yafang Cheng, Uwe Kuhn, Rongjuan Xu, Yudong Yang, Hannah Meusel, Zhibin Wang, Nan Ma, Yusheng Wu, Meng Li, Jonathan Williams, Thorsten Hoffmann, Markus Ammann, Ulrich Pöschl, Min Shao, and Hang Su
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2209–2232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2209-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
VOCs play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Emission and deposition on soil have been suggested as important sources and sinks of atmospheric trace gases. The exchange characteristics and heterogeneous chemistry of VOCs on soil, however, are not well understood. We used a newly designed differential coated-wall flow tube system to investigate the long-term variability of bidirectional air–soil exchange of 13 VOCs at ambient air conditions of an urban background site in Beijing.
Michael Boy, Erik S. Thomson, Juan-C. Acosta Navarro, Olafur Arnalds, Ekaterina Batchvarova, Jaana Bäck, Frank Berninger, Merete Bilde, Zoé Brasseur, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Dimitri Castarède, Maryam Dalirian, Gerrit de Leeuw, Monika Dragosics, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Jonathan Duplissy, Annica M. L. Ekman, Keyan Fang, Jean-Charles Gallet, Marianne Glasius, Sven-Erik Gryning, Henrik Grythe, Hans-Christen Hansson, Margareta Hansson, Elisabeth Isaksson, Trond Iversen, Ingibjorg Jonsdottir, Ville Kasurinen, Alf Kirkevåg, Atte Korhola, Radovan Krejci, Jon Egill Kristjansson, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Antti Lauri, Matti Leppäranta, Heikki Lihavainen, Risto Makkonen, Andreas Massling, Outi Meinander, E. Douglas Nilsson, Haraldur Olafsson, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Nønne L. Prisle, Ilona Riipinen, Pontus Roldin, Meri Ruppel, Matthew Salter, Maria Sand, Øyvind Seland, Heikki Seppä, Henrik Skov, Joana Soares, Andreas Stohl, Johan Ström, Jonas Svensson, Erik Swietlicki, Ksenia Tabakova, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Aki Virkkula, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Yusheng Wu, Paul Zieger, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2015–2061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2015-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011–2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date and aimed to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. The paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated and provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC.
Ian G. McKendry, Andreas Christen, Sung-Ching Lee, Madison Ferrara, Kevin B. Strawbridge, Norman O'Neill, and Andrew Black
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 835–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-835-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-835-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke in July 2015 had a significant impact on air quality, radiation, and energy budgets across British Columbia. With lighter smoke, a wetland and forested site showed enhanced photosynthetic activity (taking in carbon dioxide). However, with dense smoke the forested site became a strong source. These results suggest that smoke during the growing season potentially plays an important role in the carbon budget, and this effect will likely increase as climate changes.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Mathew R. Heal, Marsailidh M. Twigg, Nicholas Cowan, Matthew R. Jones, Sarah R. Leeson, William J. Bloss, Louisa J. Kramer, Leigh Crilley, Matthias Sörgel, Meinrat Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16953–16978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16953-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16953-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the impact of agricultural activities on the atmosphere requires more measurements of inorganic trace gases and associated aerosol counterparts. This research presents 1 month of measurements above agricultural grassland during a period of fertiliser application. It was found that emissions of the important trace gases ammonia and nitrous acid peaked after fertiliser use and that the velocity at which the measured aerosols were deposited was dependent upon their size.
Wu Sun, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kadmiel Maseyk, Huilin Chen, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Janne Levula, Helmi Keskinen, and Ulli Seibt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1363–1378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1363-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1363-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most soils consume carbonyl sulfide (COS) and CO due to microbial uptake, but whether boreal forest soils act like this is uncertain. We measured growing season soil COS and CO fluxes in a Finnish pine forest. The soil behaved as a consistent and relatively invariant sink of COS and CO. Uptake rates of COS and CO decrease with soil moisture due to diffusion limitation and increase with respiration because of microbial control. Using COS to infer photosynthesis is not affected by soil COS flux.
Yuk S. Tang, Christine F. Braban, Ulrike Dragosits, Anthony J. Dore, Ivan Simmons, Netty van Dijk, Janet Poskitt, Gloria Dos Santos Pereira, Patrick O. Keenan, Christopher Conolly, Keith Vincent, Rognvald I. Smith, Mathew R. Heal, and Mark A. Sutton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 705–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A unique long-term dataset of NH3 and NH4+ data from the NAMN is used to assess spatial, seasonal and long-term variability across the UK. NH3 is spatially variable, with distinct temporal profiles according to source types. NH4+ is spatially smoother, with peak concentrations in spring from long-range transport. Decrease in NH3 is smaller than emissions, but NH4+ decreased faster than NH3, due to a shift from stable (NH4)2SO4 to semi-volatile NH4NO3, increasing the atmospheric lifetime of NH3.
Pertti Hari, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Liisa Kulmala, Markku Kulmala, Steffen Noe, Tuukka Petäjä, Anni Vanhatalo, and Jaana Bäck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15045–15053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15045-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15045-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a theory on the seasonal behaviour of photosynthesis in natural conditions and tested the theory with intensive measurements. Light, temperature, water vapor and CO2 concentration explained the daily variation in photosynthesis, and the physiological state of the photosynthetic machinery explained the annual pattern of photosynthesis. The theory explained about 95 % of the variance of photosynthesis measured with chambers in the field in northern Finland.
Robert C. Rhew, Malte Julian Deventer, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Carsten Warneke, John Ortega, Steve Shen, Luis Martinez, Abigail Koss, Brian M. Lerner, Jessica B. Gilman, James N. Smith, Alex B. Guenther, and Joost A. de Gouw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13417–13438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Alkenes emanate from both natural and anthropogenic sources and can contribute to atmospheric ozone production. This study measured
lightalkene (ethene, propene and butene) fluxes from a ponderosa pine forest using a novel relaxed eddy accumulation method, revealing much larger emissions than previously estimated and accounting for a significant fraction of OH reactivity. Emissions have a diurnal cycle related to sunlight and temperature, and the forest canopy appears to be the source.
Yuxuan Wang, Yuanyu Xie, Wenhao Dong, Yi Ming, Jun Wang, and Lu Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12827–12843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12827-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12827-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Besides the well-known large impact on agriculture and water resources, drought is associated with significant adverse effects on air quality. Drought-induced degradation of air quality is largely due to natural processes, offsetting the effort of anthropogenic emission reduction during the past decades. Such adverse impacts should be included in modeling processes under current and future climate for mitigation policy.
Leiming Zhang, Seth Lyman, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, David A. Gay, Shuxiao Wang, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Xinbin Feng, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9133–9144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Future research needs are proposed for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation.
David S. Sayres, Ronald Dobosy, Claire Healy, Edward Dumas, John Kochendorfer, Jason Munster, Jordan Wilkerson, Bruce Baker, and James G. Anderson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8619–8633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8619-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8619-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic temperatures have risen faster than the global average, causing the depth of melting of the frozen ground to increase. Previously frozen organic carbon, once exposed to air, water, and microbes, is turned into carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are important greenhouse gases. Due to the large and varied surface area of the Arctic and the difficulty of making measurements there we use a low flying aircraft (<25 m) to measure the amount of methane released from different regions.
Amélie Saunier, Elena Ormeño, Christophe Boissard, Henri Wortham, Brice Temime-Roussel, Caroline Lecareux, Alexandre Armengaud, and Catherine Fernandez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7555–7566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7555-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7555-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the BVOC emissions variations of Quercus Pubescens, under natural and amplified drought, in situ, in order to determine the dependency to light and/or temperature of these emissions. Our results showed that all BVOC emissions were reduced with amplified drought.
Moreover, we highlighted two dependences: (i) light and temperature and (ii) light and temperature during the day and to temperature during the night. These results can be useful to enhance emission models.
Luca Cappellin, Alberto Algarra Alarcon, Irina Herdlinger-Blatt, Juaquin Sanchez, Franco Biasioli, Scot T. Martin, Francesco Loreto, and Karena A. McKinney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4189–4207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4189-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4189-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant interactions with the atmosphere is investigated through field observations of branch-level VOC exchange in a New England forest. The data reveal previously unknown sources and sinks of oxygenated VOCs. The emission of methyl ethyl ketone is linked to uptake of methyl vinyl ketone, suggesting the possibility of within-leaf isoprene oxidation. Bidirectional fluxes of some VOCs are also reported, including for benzaldehyde for the first time.
Hannele Hakola, Virpi Tarvainen, Arnaud P. Praplan, Kerneels Jaars, Marja Hemmilä, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, and Heidi Hellén
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3357–3370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3357-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3357-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present spring and summer VOC emission rate measurements from Norway spruce using an in situ gas chromatograph. Monoterpene and C4–C10 aldehyde emission rates reached maxima in July. SQT emissions increased at the end of July and in August SQT were the most abundant group. The MT emission pattern varied a lot from tree to tree and therefore emission fluxes on canopy level should be conducted for more representative measurements. However, leaf level measurements produce more reliable SQT data.
Sauveur Belviso, Ilja Marco Reiter, Benjamin Loubet, Valérie Gros, Juliette Lathière, David Montagne, Marc Delmotte, Michel Ramonet, Cerise Kalogridis, Benjamin Lebegue, Nicolas Bonnaire, Victor Kazan, Thierry Gauquelin, Catherine Fernandez, and Bernard Genty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14909–14923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14909-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14909-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The role that soil, foliage, and atmospheric dynamics have on surface OCS exchange in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem in southern France (O3HP) was investigated in June of 2012 and 2013 with essentially a top-down approach. Atmospheric data suggest that the site is appropriate for estimating GPP directly from eddy covariance measurements of OCS fluxes, but it is less adequate for scaling NEE to GPP from observations of vertical gradients of OCS relative to CO2 during the daytime.
Zhijia Ci, Fei Peng, Xian Xue, and Xiaoshan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14741–14754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14741-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14741-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We performed field measurements and controlled field experiments to examine the flux, temporal variation and influencing factors of air–surface Hg(0) exchange at a high-altitude and remote site in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. We found that the environmental conditions greatly influenced the air–surface Hg dynamics. Our results have important implications for the Hg biogeochemical cycle in the soils of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau under rapid climate warming and environmental change.
Enzai Du, Wim de Vries, Wenxuan Han, Xuejun Liu, Zhengbing Yan, and Yuan Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8571–8579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8571-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8571-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Accelerated N emissions in China may lead to an imbalance of atmospheric nutrient inputs in various ecosystems. Our assessment of P and N deposition in China's forests showed relatively high rates of P deposition, but they were accompanied by even much higher N deposition, resulting in high N : P deposition ratios. P and N deposition both showed a power-law increase with closer distance to the nearest large cities. Our results suggest an anthropogenic imbalance of regional N and P cycling.
Johanna Joensuu, Nuria Altimir, Hannele Hakola, Michael Rostás, Maarit Raivonen, Mika Vestenius, Hermanni Aaltonen, Markus Riederer, and Jaana Bäck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7813–7823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7813-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7813-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Plants produce volatile compounds (BVOCs) that have a major role in atmospheric chemistry. Our aim was to see if terpenes, a key group of BVOCs, can be found on surfaces of pine needles and, if so, how they compare with the emissions of the same tree. Both emissions and wax extracts were clearly dominated by monoterpenes, but there were also differences in the emission and wax spectra. The results support the existence of BVOCs on needle surfaces, with possible implications for air chemistry.
W. Joe F. Acton, Simon Schallhart, Ben Langford, Amy Valach, Pekka Rantala, Silvano Fares, Giulia Carriero, Ralf Tillmann, Sam J. Tomlinson, Ulrike Dragosits, Damiano Gianelle, C. Nicholas Hewitt, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7149–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7149-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7149-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a large source of reactive carbon in the atmosphere and hence have a significant impact on air quality. It is therefore important that we can accurately quantify their emission. In this paper we use three methods to determine the fluxes of reactive VOCs from a woodland canopy. We show that two different canopy-scale measurement methods give good agreement, whereas estimates based on leaf-level-based emission underestimate isoprene fluxes.
Kolby J. Jardine, Angela B. Jardine, Vinicius F. Souza, Vilany Carneiro, Joao V. Ceron, Bruno O. Gimenez, Cilene P. Soares, Flavia M. Durgante, Niro Higuchi, Antonio O. Manzi, José F. C. Gonçalves, Sabrina Garcia, Scot T. Martin, Raquel F. Zorzanelli, Luani R. Piva, and Jeff Q. Chambers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6441–6452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6441-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6441-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, high light-dependent isoprene emissions were observed from mature V. guianensis leaves in the central Amazon. As predicted by energetic models, isoprene emission increased nonlinearly with net photosynthesis. High leaf temperatures resulted in the classic uncoupling of net photosynthesis from isoprene emissions. Finally, leaf phenology differentially controlled methanol and isoprene emissions.
Almut Arneth, Risto Makkonen, Stefan Olin, Pauli Paasonen, Thomas Holst, Maija K. Kajos, Markku Kulmala, Trofim Maximov, Paul A. Miller, and Guy Schurgers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5243–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5243-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5243-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We study the potentially contrasting effects of enhanced ecosystem CO2 release in response to warmer temperatures vs. emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their formation of secondary organic aerosol through a combination of measurements and modelling at a remote location in Eastern Siberia. The study aims to highlight the number of potentially opposing processes and complex interactions between vegetation physiology, soil processes and trace-gas exchanges in the climate system.
P. Hari, T. Petäjä, J. Bäck, V.-M. Kerminen, H. K. Lappalainen, T. Vihma, T. Laurila, Y. Viisanen, T. Vesala, and M. Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1017–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1017-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1017-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript introduces a conceptual design of a global, hierarchical observation network which provides tools and increased understanding to tackle the inter-connected environmental and societal challenges that we will face in the coming decades. Each ecosystem type on the globe has its own characteristic features that need to be taken into consideration. The hierarchical network is able to tackle problems related to large spatial scales, heterogeneity of ecosystems and their complexity.
D. Fowler, C. E. Steadman, D. Stevenson, M. Coyle, R. M. Rees, U. M. Skiba, M. A. Sutton, J. N. Cape, A. J. Dore, M. Vieno, D. Simpson, S. Zaehle, B. D. Stocker, M. Rinaldi, M. C. Facchini, C. R. Flechard, E. Nemitz, M. Twigg, J. W. Erisman, K. Butterbach-Bahl, and J. N. Galloway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13849–13893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13849-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13849-2015, 2015
M. Kulmala, H. K. Lappalainen, T. Petäjä, T. Kurten, V.-M. Kerminen, Y. Viisanen, P. Hari, S. Sorvari, J. Bäck, V. Bondur, N. Kasimov, V. Kotlyakov, G. Matvienko, A. Baklanov, H. D. Guo, A. Ding, H.-C. Hansson, and S. Zilitinkevich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13085–13096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13085-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13085-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Pan-European Experiment (PEEX) is introduced. PEEX is a multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research, research infrastructure and capacity-building program. This paper outlines the mission, vision and objectives of PEEX and introduces its main components, including the research agenda, research infrastructure, knowledge transfer and potential impacts on society. The paper also summarizes the main scientific questions that PEEX is going to tackle in the future.
M. O. Andreae, O. C. Acevedo, A. Araùjo, P. Artaxo, C. G. G. Barbosa, H. M. J. Barbosa, J. Brito, S. Carbone, X. Chi, B. B. L. Cintra, N. F. da Silva, N. L. Dias, C. Q. Dias-Júnior, F. Ditas, R. Ditz, A. F. L. Godoi, R. H. M. Godoi, M. Heimann, T. Hoffmann, J. Kesselmeier, T. Könemann, M. L. Krüger, J. V. Lavric, A. O. Manzi, A. P. Lopes, D. L. Martins, E. F. Mikhailov, D. Moran-Zuloaga, B. W. Nelson, A. C. Nölscher, D. Santos Nogueira, M. T. F. Piedade, C. Pöhlker, U. Pöschl, C. A. Quesada, L. V. Rizzo, C.-U. Ro, N. Ruckteschler, L. D. A. Sá, M. de Oliveira Sá, C. B. Sales, R. M. N. dos Santos, J. Saturno, J. Schöngart, M. Sörgel, C. M. de Souza, R. A. F. de Souza, H. Su, N. Targhetta, J. Tóta, I. Trebs, S. Trumbore, A. van Eijck, D. Walter, Z. Wang, B. Weber, J. Williams, J. Winderlich, F. Wittmann, S. Wolff, and A. M. Yáñez-Serrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10723–10776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10723-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10723-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), a new atmosphere-biosphere observatory located in the remote Amazon Basin. It presents results from ecosystem ecology, meteorology, trace gas, and aerosol measurements collected at the ATTO site during the first 3 years of operation.
G. Wohlfahrt, C. Amelynck, C. Ammann, A. Arneth, I. Bamberger, A. H. Goldstein, L. Gu, A. Guenther, A. Hansel, B. Heinesch, T. Holst, L. Hörtnagl, T. Karl, Q. Laffineur, A. Neftel, K. McKinney, J. W. Munger, S. G. Pallardy, G. W. Schade, R. Seco, and N. Schoon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7413–7427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the troposphere and plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. While there is consensus about the dominant role of plants as the major source and the reaction with OH as the major sink, global methanol budgets diverge considerably in terms of source/sink estimates. Here we present micrometeorological methanol flux data from eight sites in order to provide a first cross-site synthesis of the terrestrial methanol exchange.
A. M. Yáñez-Serrano, A. C. Nölscher, J. Williams, S. Wolff, E. Alves, G. A. Martins, E. Bourtsoukidis, J. Brito, K. Jardine, P. Artaxo, and J. Kesselmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3359–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3359-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3359-2015, 2015
G. Yan and G. Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2761–2774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2761-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2761-2015, 2015
A. Moravek, P. Stella, T. Foken, and I. Trebs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 899–911, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-899-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-899-2015, 2015
A.-C. Genard-Zielinski, C. Boissard, C. Fernandez, C. Kalogridis, J. Lathière, V. Gros, N. Bonnaire, and E. Ormeño
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 431–446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-431-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-431-2015, 2015
S. C. Pryor, K. E. Hornsby, and K. A. Novick
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11985–11996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11985-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11985-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
What role do forests play in determining the concentration (and composition) of climate-relevant aerosol particles? This study seeks to address two aspects of this question. Firstly, we document high in-canopy removal of recently formed particles. Then we show evidence that growth rates of particles are a function of soil water availability via a reduction in canopy emissions of gases responsible for particle growth to climate-relevant sizes during drought conditions.
R. Dlugi, M. Berger, M. Zelger, A. Hofzumahaus, F. Rohrer, F. Holland, K. Lu, and G. Kramm
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10333–10362, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10333-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10333-2014, 2014
C. Kalogridis, V. Gros, R. Sarda-Esteve, B. Langford, B. Loubet, B. Bonsang, N. Bonnaire, E. Nemitz, A.-C. Genard, C. Boissard, C. Fernandez, E. Ormeño, D. Baisnée, I. Reiter, and J. Lathière
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10085–10102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10085-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10085-2014, 2014
E. Bourtsoukidis, J. Williams, J. Kesselmeier, S. Jacobi, and B. Bonn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6495–6510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6495-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6495-2014, 2014
J. Ortega, A. Turnipseed, A. B. Guenther, T. G. Karl, D. A. Day, D. Gochis, J. A. Huffman, A. J. Prenni, E. J. T. Levin, S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, Y. Tobo, E. G. Patton, A. Hodzic, Y. Y. Cui, P. C. Harley, R. S. Hornbrook, E. C. Apel, R. K. Monson, A. S. D. Eller, J. P. Greenberg, M. C. Barth, P. Campuzano-Jost, B. B. Palm, J. L. Jimenez, A. C. Aiken, M. K. Dubey, C. Geron, J. Offenberg, M. G. Ryan, P. J. Fornwalt, S. C. Pryor, F. N. Keutsch, J. P. DiGangi, A. W. H. Chan, A. H. Goldstein, G. M. Wolfe, S. Kim, L. Kaser, R. Schnitzhofer, A. Hansel, C. A. Cantrell, R. L. Mauldin, and J. N. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6345–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6345-2014, 2014
K.-E. Min, S. E. Pusede, E. C. Browne, B. W. LaFranchi, and R. C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5495–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5495-2014, 2014
J.-H. Park, S. Fares, R. Weber, and A. H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-231-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-231-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Amann, R. I., Ludwig, W., and Schleifer, K. H.: Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation, Microbiol. Rev., 59, 143–169, 1995.
Amato, P., Ménager, M., Sancelme, M., Laj, P., Mailhot, G., and Delort, A.-M.: Microbial population in cloud water at the Puy de Dôme: Implications for the chemistry of clouds, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4143–4153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.002, 2005.
Amato, P., Parazols, M., Sancelme, M., Laj, P., Mailhot, G., and Delort, A.-M.: Microorganisms isolated from the water phase of tropospheric clouds at the Puy de Dôme: major groups and growth abilities at low temperatures, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 59, 242–254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00199.x, 2007.
Amoroso, A., Domine, F., Esposito, G., Morin, S., Savarino, J., Nardino, M., Montagnoli, M., Bonneville, J. M., Clement, J. C., Ianniello, A., and Beine, H. J.: Microorganisms in Dry Polar Snow Are Involved in the Exchanges of Reactive Nitrogen Species with the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 714–719, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9027309, 2009.
Amoroso, A., Domine, F., Esposito, G., Morin, S., Savarino, J., Nardino, M., Montagnoli, M., Bonneville, J. M., Clement, J. C., Ianniello, A., and Beine, H. J.: Microorganisms in dry polar snow are involved in the exchanges of reactive nitrogen species with the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 714–719, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9027309, 2010.
Ariya, P. A., Nepotchatykh, O., Ignatova, O., and Amyot, M.: Microbiological degradation of atmospheric organic compounds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2077, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015637, 2002.
Ariya, P. A., Sun, J., Eltouny, N. A., Hudson, E. D., Hayes, C. T., and Kos, G.: Physical and chemical characterization of bioaerosols – Implications for nucleation processes, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 28, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1080/01442350802597438, 2009.
Ariya, P. A., Domine, F., Kos, G., Amyot, M., Côté, V., Vali, H., Lauzier, T., Kuhs, W. F., Techmer, K., Heinrichs, T., and Mortazavi, R.: Snow – a photobiochemical exchange platform for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds with the atmosphere, Environ. Chem., 8, 62–73, 2011.
Ariya, P. A., Kos, G., Mortazavi, R., Hudson, E. D., Kanthasamy, V., Eltouny, N., Sun, J., and Wilde, C.: Bio-Organic Materials in the Atmosphere and Snow: Measurement and Characterization, in: Atmospheric and Aerosol Chemistry, edited by: McNeill, V. F. and Ariya, P. A., Topics in Current Chemistry, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 145–199, 2014.
Bakermans, C., Tsapin, A. I., Souza-Egipsy, V., Gilichinsky, D. A., and Nealson, K. H.: Reproduction and metabolism at −10 °C of bacteria isolated from Siberian permafrost, Environ. Microbiol., 5, 321–326, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00419.x, 2003.
Barkan, J. and Alpert, P.: Synoptic analysis of a rare event of Saharan dust reaching the Arctic region, Weather, 65, 208–211, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.503, 2010.
Barret, M., Houdier, S., Gallet, J., Domine, F., Beine, H. J., and Jacobi, H.: Aldehydes in Artic Snow at Barrow (AK) during the Barrow 2009 Field Campaign, Eos. Trans. AGU, Fall. Meet., 14–18 December 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA, Suppl., 90, A31C-0117, 2009.
Bhatia, M., Sharp, M., and Foght, J.: Distinct bacterial communities exist beneath a high Arctic polythermal glacier, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5838–5845, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00595-06, 2006.
Bauer, H., Giebl, H., Hitzenberger, R., Kasper-Giebl, A., Reischl, G., Zibuschka, F., and Puxbaum, H.: Airborne bacteria as cloud condensation nuclei, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4658, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003545, 2003.
Beine, H. and Anastasio, C.: Absorption Spectra of Surface Snow, Sea Ice, and Frost Flowers at Barrow, Ak, AGU, Fall meeting: 14–18 December 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA, Session A03: Atmospheric Sciences General Contributions: Dynamics and Climate, A31C-0119, 2009.
Beine, H., Anastasio, C., Domine, F., Douglas, T., Barret, M., France, J., King, M., Hall, S., and Ullmann, K.: Soluble chromophores in marine snow, seawater, sea ice and frost flowers near Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00R15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016650, 2012.
Bopp, J. D. , Musser, A. K., and Nazarian, J. E.: Legionella, in: Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens, Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 919–928, 2011.
Bowman, J. S. and Deming, J. W.: Elevated bacterial abundance and exopolymers in saline frost flowers and implications for atmospheric chemistry and microbial dispersal, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043020, 2010.
Boyd, E. S., Lange, R. K., Mitchell, A. C., Havig, J. R., Hamilton, T. L., Lafreniere, M. J., Shock, E. L., Peters, J. W., and Skidmore, M.: Diversity, abundance, and potential activity of nitrifying and nitrate-reducing microbial assemblages in a subglacial ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 4778–4787, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00376-11, 2011.
Buesing, N. and Gessner, O. M.: Comparison of detachment procedures for direct counts of bacteria associated with sediment particles, plant litter and epiphytic biofilms, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 27, 29–36, 2002.
Carpenter, E. J., Lin, S., and Capone, D. G.: Bacterial activity in South Pole snow, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 4514–4517, 2000.
Chao, A.: Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a Population, Scand. J. Stat., 11, 265–270, available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4615964 (15 April 2014), 1984.
Choi, D.-S., Parkm, Y.-K., Oh, S.-K., Yoon, H.-J., Kim, J., Seo, W.-J., and Cha, S.-H.: Distribution of airborne microorganisms in yellow sands of Korea, J. Microbiol., 35, 1–9, 1977.
Cincinelli, A., Stortini, A. M., Checchini, L., Martellini, T., Del Bubba, M., and Lepri, L.: Enrichment of organic pollutants in the sea surface microlayer (SML) at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica: influence of SML on superficial snow composition, J. Environ. Monitor., 7, 1305–1312, https://doi.org/10.1039/b507321a, 2005.
Clarke, A. D., Collins, W. G., Rasch, P. J., Kapustin, V. N., Moore, K., Howell, S., and Fuelberg, H. E.: Dust and pollution transport on global scales: Aerosol measurements and model predictions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32555–32569, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900842, 2001.
Collins, R. E., Rocap, G., and Deming, J. W.: Persistence of bacterial and archaeal communities in sea ice through an Arctic winter, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 1828–1841, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02179.x, 2010.
Constantinidou, H. A., Hirano, S. S., Baker, L. S., and Upper, C. D.: Atmospheric dispersal of ice nucleation-active bacteria: the role of rain, Phytopathology, 80, 934–937, 1990.
Convey, P., Bindschadler, R., di Prisco, G., Fahrbach, E., Gutt, J., Hodgson, D. A., Mayewski, P. A., Summerhayes, C. P., and Turner, J.: Antarctic climate change and the environment, Antarct. Sci., 21, 541–563, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102009990642, 2009.
Convey, T.: Environmental overnance and the new arctic frontier: when the north opens and security declines, Carleton University Symposium, 2009–2010, Ottawa, Canada, 2010.
Cote, V., Kos, G., Mortazavi, R., and Ariya, P. A.: Microbial and "de novo" transformation of dicarboxylic acids by three airborne fungi, Sci. Total Environ., 390, 530–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.035, 2008.
DeMott, P. J., Cziczo, D. J., Prenni, A. J., Murphy, D. M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Thomson, D. S., Borys, R., and Rogers, D. C.: Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 14655–14660, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2532677100, 2003.
Douglas, T. A., Domine, F., Barret, M., Anastasio, C., Beine, H. J., Bottenheim, J., Grannas, A., Houdier, S., Netcheva, S., Rowland, G., Staebler, R., and Steffen, A.: Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean-atmosphere-sea ice-snow interface: 1. Chemical composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00R09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016460, 2012.
Dowdall, M., Vicat, K., Frearson, I., Gerland, S., Lind, B., and Shaw, G.: Assessment of the radiological impacts of historical coal mining operations on the environment of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 71, 101–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(03)00144-9, 2004.
Dunion, J. P. and Velden, C. S.: The Impact of the Saharan Air Layer on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 353–365, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-3-353, 2004.
Ellis, R. J., Morgan, P., Weightman, A. J., and Fry, J. C.: Cultivation-Dependent and -Independent Approaches for Determining Bacterial Diversity in Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soil, Appl. Environ. Microb., 69, 3223–3230, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3223-3230.2003, 2003.
Emmerson, C. and Lahn, G.: Arctic opening: Opportunity and Risk in the High North, London: Chatham House-Lloyd's Risk Insight Report, available at: www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/182839 (last access: 1 February 2015), 2012.
Erel, Y., Dayan, U., Rabi, R., Rudich, Y., and Stein, M.: Trans boundary transport of pollutants by atmospheric mineral dust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2996–3005, 2006.
Fierz, C., Armstrong, R. L., Durand, Y., Etchevers, P., Greene, E., McClung, D. M., Nishimura, K., Satyawali, P. K. A., and Sokratov, S. A.: The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology no. 83, IACS Contribution no. 1, UNESCO-IHP, Paris., 80 pp., 2009.
Finneran, K. T., Housewright, M. E., and Lovley, D. R.: Multiple influences of nitrate on uranium solubility during bioremediation of uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments, Environ. Microbiol., 4, 510–516, 2002.
Frette, L., Johnsen, K., Jørgensen, N. O., Nybroe, O., and Kroer, N.: Functional characteristics of culturable bacterioplankton from marine and estuarine environments, Int. Microbiol., 7, 219–227, 2004.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., and Barrie, L. A.: Photochemical and Other Sources of Organic Compounds in the Canadian High Arctic Aerosol Pollution during Winter-Spring, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 286–292, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803046q, 2008.
Fujii, M., Takano, Y., Kojima, H., Hoshino, T., Tanaka, R., and Fukui, M.: Microbial community structure, pigment composition, and nitrogen source of red snow in Antarctica, Microb. Ecol., 59, 466–475, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9594-9, 2010.
Gantner, S., Andersson, A. F., Alonso-Saez, L., and Bertilsson, S.: Novel primers for 16S rRNA-based archaeal community analyses in environmental samples, J. Microbiol. Meth., 84, 12–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.10.001, 2011.
Gharaibeh, D. N., Hasegawa, H., and Hase, C. C.: Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Vibrio tubiashii targeting the metalloprotease gene, J. Microbiol. Meth., 76, 262–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2008.12.001, 2009.
Gilichinsky, D., Wagener, S., and Vishnivetskaya, T.: Permafrost microbiology, Permafrost Periglac., 6, 281–291, 1995.
Glossary of Meteorology: "Snow", American Meteorological Society, available at: http://glossary.ametsoc.org/?p=1&query=snow., last access: 28 June 2009.
Grenfell, T. C. and Maykut, G. A.: The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin,, J. Glaciol., 18, 445–463, 1977.
Grenfell, T. C. and Perovich, D. K.: Spectral albedos of sea ice and incident solar irradiance in the southern Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 89, 3573–3580, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC03p03573, 1984.
Grenfell, T. C. and Perovich, D. K.: Seasonal and spatial evolution of albedo in a snow-ice-land-ocean environment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C01001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001866, 2004.
Griffin, D. W.: Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20, 459–477, https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00039-06, 2007.
Griffin, D. W., Garrison, V., Herman, J., and Shinn, E.: African desert dust in the Caribbean atmosphere: Microbiology and public health, Aerobiologia, 17, 203–213, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011868218901, 2001.
Griffin, D. W., Kellogg, C., Garrison, V., Lisle, J., Borden, T., and Shinn, E.: Atmospheric microbiology in the northern Caribbean during African dust events, Aerobiologia, 19, 143–157, 2003.
Griffin, D. W., Westphal, D., and Gray, M.: Airborne microorganisms in the African desert dust corridor over the mid-Atrantic ridge, Ocean Drilling Program, Leg209, Aerobiologia, 22, 211–226, 2006.
Griffin, D. W., Kubilay, N., Kocak, M., Gray, M., Borden, T., and Shinn, A.: Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4050–4062, 2007.
Grousset, F. E., Ginoux, P., Bory, A., and Biscaye, P. E.: Case study of a Chinese dust plume reaching the French Alps, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1277, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016833, 2003.
Hanesiak, J. M., Yackel, J. J., and Barber, D. G.: Effect of melt ponds on first-year sea ice ablation – Integration of RADARSAT-1 and thermodynamic modelling, Can. J. Remote sens., 27, 433–442, 2001.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., and Medina-Elizade, M.: Global temperature change, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 14288–14293, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606291103, 2006.
Hansson, M., Hansson, H., Jonsson, S., and Heintzenberg, J.: Chemical composition of insoluble particles in superimposed ice on Storøya, Svalbard, Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Report CM-82, 1993.
Harding, T., Jungblut, A. D., Lovejoy, C., and Vincent, W. F.: Microbes in high arctic snow and implications for the cold biosphere, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 3234–3243, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02611-10, 2011.
Hinkley, T. K.: Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 3245–3254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90052-3, 1994.
Ho, H.-M., Rao, C. Y., Hsu, H.-H., Chiu, Y.-H., Liu, C.-M., and Chao, H.: Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien, Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5839–5850, 2005.
Hoshino, T., Tronsmo, A. M., Matsumoto, N., Araki, T., Georges, F., Goda, T., Ohgiya, S., and Ishizaki, K.: Freezing resistance among isolates of a psychrophilic fungus, typhula ishikariensis, from Norway (19th Symposium on Polar Biology), Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology, 11, 112–118, 1998.
Jayaweera, K. and Flanagan, P.: Investigations on biogenic ice nuclei in the Arctic atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 94–97, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i001p00094, 1982.
Jickells, T.: The inputs of dust derived elements to the Sargasso Sea: A synthesis, Mar. Chem., 68, 5–14, 1999.
Joly, M., Attard, E., Sancelme, M., Deguillaume, L., Guilbaud, C., Morris, C. E., Amato, P., and Delort, A.-M.: Ice nucleation activity of bacteria isolated from cloud water, Atmos. Environ., 70, 392–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.027, 2013.
Joly, P. , Falconnet, P. A. , Andre, J. , Weill, N. , Reyrolle, M. , Vandenesch, F. , Maurin, M. , Etienne, J., and Jarraud, S.: Quantitative real-time Legionella PCR for environmental water samples: data interpretation, Appl. Environ. Microb., 72, 2801–2808, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2801-2808.2006, 2006.
Junge, K., Eicken, H., and Deming, J. W.: Bacterial activity at- 2 to- 20 C in Arctic wintertime sea ice, Appl. Environ. Microb., 70, 550–557, 2004.
Kaleschke, L., Richter, A., Burrows, J., Afe, O., Heygster, G., Notholt, J., Rankin, A. M., Roscoe, H. K., Hollwedel, J., Wagner, T., and Jacobi, H. W.: Frost flowers on sea ice as a source of sea salt and their influence on tropospheric halogen chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020655, 2004.
Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Dubovik, O., Karnieli, A., and Remer, L. A.: Absorption of sunlight by dust as inferred from satellite and ground-based remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1479–1482, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012647, 2001.
Kawahara, H., Nakano, Y., Omiya, K., Muryoi, N., Nishikawa, J., and Obata, H.: Production of two types of ice crystal-controlling proteins in Antarctic bacterium, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 98, 220–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1723(04)00271-3, 2004.
Kellogg, C., Griffin, D., Garrison, V., Peak, K., Royall, N., Smith, R., and Shinn, E.: Characterization of aerosolized bacteria and fungi from desert dust events in Mali, West Africa, Aerobiologia, 20, 99–110, 2004.
Kesberg, A. I. and Schleheck, D.: Improved protocol for recovery of bacterial DNA from water filters: Sonication and backflushing of commercial syringe filters, J. Microbiol. Meth., 93, 55–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2013.02.001, 2013.
Kieft, T. and Ahmadjian, V.: Biological ice nucleation activity in lichen mycobionts and photobionts, Lichenologist, 21, 355–362, 1989.
Kim, H. K., Orser, C., Lindow, S. E., and Sands, D. C.: Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens strains active in ice nucleation, Plant Disease, 71, 994–997, https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-71-0994, 1987.
Kos, G., Kanthasami, V., Adechina, N., and Ariya, P. A.: Volatile organic compounds in Arctic snow: concentrations and implications for atmospheric processes, Environmental science, Processes & Impacts, 16, 2592–2603, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00410h, 2014.
Lindow, S. E., Amy, D. C., and Upper, C. D.: Erwinia herbicola: a bacterial ice nucleus active in increasing frost injury to corn, Phytopathology, 68, 523–527, 1978.
Liu, Y., Yao, T., Jiao, N., Tian, L., Hu, A., Yu, W., and Li, S.: Microbial diversity in the snow, a moraine lake and a stream in Himalayan glacier, Extremophiles, 15, 411–421, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-011-0372-5, 2011.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715–737, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-715-2005, 2005.
Loman, N. J., Constantinidou, C., Chan, J. Z., Halachev, M., Sergeant, M., Penn, C. W., Robinson, E. R., and Pallen, M. J.: High-throughput bacterial genome sequencing: an embarrassment of choice, a world of opportunity, Nat. Rev., Microbiol., 10, 599–606, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2850, 2012a.
Loman, N. J., Misra, R. V., Dallman, T. J., Constantinidou, C., Gharbia, S. E., Wain, J., and Pallen, M. J.: Performance comparison of benchtop high-throughput sequencing platforms, Nat. Biotechnol., 30, 434–439, https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2198, 2012b.
Lovley, D. R.: Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, Microbiol. Rev., 55, 259–287, 1991.
Maki, L. R. and Willoughby, K. J.: Bacteria as Biogenic Sources of Freezing Nuclei, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 1049–1053, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<1049:BABSOF>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Martin, S., Drucker, R., and Fort, M.: A laboratory study of frost flower growth on the surface of young sea ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 7027–7036, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC03243, 1995.
Medinger, R., Nolte, V., Pandey, R. V., Jost, S., Ottenwalder, B., Schlotterer, C., and Boenigk, J.: Diversity in a hidden world: potential and limitation of next-generation sequencing for surveys of molecular diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms, Mol. Ecol., 19, 32–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04478.x, 2010.
Miteva, V.: Bacteria in Snow and Glacier Ice, in: Psychrophiles: from Biodiversity to Biotechnology, edited by: Margesin, R., Schinner, F., Marx, J.-C., and Gerday, C., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 31–50, 2008.
Miteva, V., Sowers, T., and Brenchley, J.: Production of N2O by Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria at Subfreezing Temperatures as a Model for Assessing the N2O Anomalies in the Vostok Ice Core, Geomicrobiol. J., 24, 451–459, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450701437693, 2007.
Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007, 2007.
Möhler, O., Georgakopoulos, D. G., Morris, C. E., Benz, S., Ebert, V., Hunsmann, S., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., and Wagner, R.: Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of bacteria: new laboratory experiments at simulated cloud conditions, Biogeosciences, 5, 1425–1435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1425-2008, 2008.
Moller, A. K., Barkay, T., Abu Al-Soud, W., Sorensen, S. J., Skov, H., and Kroer, N.: Diversity and characterization of mercury-resistant bacteria in snow, freshwater and sea-ice brine from the High Arctic, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 75, 390–401, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01016.x, 2011.
Monsen, T., Lovgren, E., Widerstrom, M., and Wallinder, L.: In vitro effect of ultrasound on bacteria and suggested protocol for sonication and diagnosis of prosthetic infections, J. Clin. Microbiol., 47, 2496–2501, https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02316-08, 2009.
Moran, A. C., Hengst, M. B., De La Iglesia, R., Andrade, S., Correa, J. A., and Gonzalez, B.: Changes in bacterial community structure associated with coastal copper enrichment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 2239–2245, 10.1897/08-112.1, 2008.
Mortazavi, R., Hayes, C. T., and Ariya, P. A.: Ice nucleation activity of bacteria isolated from snow compared with organic and inorganic substrates, Environ. Chem., 5, 373–381, 2008.
Nemecek-Marshall, M., LaDuca, R., and Fall, R.: High-level expression of ice nuclei in a Pseudomonas syringae strain is induced by nutrient limitation and low temperature, J. Bacteriol., 175, 4062–4070, 1993.
Obbard, R. W., Roscoe, H. K., Wolff, E. W., and Atkinson, H. M.: Frost flower surface area and chemistry as a function of salinity and temperature, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D20305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012481, 2009.
Onstott, T. C., Phelps, T. J., Colwell, F. S., Ringelberg, D., White, D. C., and Boone, D. R.: Observations pertaining to the origin and ecology of microorganisms recovered from the deep subsurface of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, Geomicrobiol. J., 15, 353–385, 1998.
Orser, C., Staskawicz, B. J., Panopoulos, N. J., Dahlbeck, D., and Lindow, S. E.: Cloning and expression of bacterial ice nucleation genes in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol., 164, 359–366, 1985.
Panikov, N. S. and Sizova, M. V.: Growth kinetics of microorganisms isolated from Alaskan soil and permafrost in solid media frozen down to −35°C, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 59, 500–512, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00210.x, 2007.
Paulin, J. P. and Luisetti, J. : Ice nucleation activity among phytopathogenic bacteria, In Proc. 4th mt. Conf on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (Station de Pathologic Vegetale et Phytobacteriologie), 27 August–2 September 1978, Angers, France, Vol. II, 725–733, 1978.
Perovich, D. K. and Richter-Menge, J. A.: Surface characteristics of lead ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 99, 16341–16350, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01194, 1994.
Pinhassi, J., Zweifel, U. L., and Hagstrom, A.: Dominant marine bacterioplankton species found among colony-forming bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 3359–3366, 1997.
Piper, K. E., Jacobson, M. J., Cofield, R. H., Sperling, J. W., Sanchez-Sotelo, J., Osmon, D. R., McDowell, A., Patrick, S., Steckelberg, J. M., Mandrekar, J. N., Fernandez Sampedro, M., and Patel, R.: Microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection by use of implant sonication, J. Clin. Microbiol., 47, 1878–1884, https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01686-08, 2009.
Pouleur, S., Richard, C., Martin, J. G., and Antoun, H.: Ice Nucleation Activity in Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 2960–2964, 1992.
Prospero, J. M.: Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 15917–15927, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900072, 1999.
Prospero, J. M., Blades, E., Mathison, G., and Naidu, R.: Interhemispheric Transport of Viable Fungi and Bacteria from Africa to the Caribbean with Soil Dust, Aerobiologia, 21, 1–19, 2005.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Bacterira can act as cloud condensation nuclei (7, 25, 56) and/or ice nuclei (IN) 19, 41, 56, 57, 61, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1997.
Rahn, K., Boyrs, R. D., Shaw, G. E., Schutz, L., and Jaenicke, R.: Long-range Impact of Desert Aerosol on Atmospheric Chemistry: Two Examples, in: Saharan Dust, edited by: Fenner, F., Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 243–266, 1977.
Rankin, A. M., Wolff, E. W., and Martin, S.: Frost flowers: Implications for tropospheric chemistry and ice core interpretation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4683, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002492, 2002.
Rehnstam, A.-S., Bäckman, S., Smith, D. C., Azam, F., and Hagström, Å.: Blooms of sequence-specific culturable bacteria in the sea, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 102, 161–166, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05806.x, 1993.
Rybnikar, A.: Growth, Colonial Size and Sporulation of Lyophilized Cultures of the Genus Trichophyton on Agar Media, Acta Vet. Brno, 2, 73–80, 1986.
Sampedro, M. F., Huddleston, P. M., Piper, K. E., Karau, M. J., Dekutoski, M. B., Yaszemski, M. J., Currier, B. L., Mandrekar, J. N., Osmon, D. R., McDowell, A., Patrick, S., Steckelberg, J. M., and Patel, R.: A biofilm approach to detect bacteria on removed spinal implants, Spine, 35, 1218–1224, https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c3b2f3, 2010.
Satsumabayashi, H., Nishizawa, H., Yokouchi, Y., and Ueda, H.: Pinonaldehyde and some other organics in rain and snow in central Japan, Chemosphere, 45, 887–891, 2001.
Schloss, P. D., Westcott, S. L., Ryabin, T., Hall, J. R., Hartmann, M., Hollister, E. B., Lesniewski, R. A., Oakley, B. B., Parks, D. H., Robinson, C. J., Sahl, J. W., Stres, B., Thallinger, G. G., Van Horn, D. J., and Weber, C. F.: Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 7537–7541, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01541-09, 2009.
Schloss, P. D., Gevers, D., and Westcott, S. L.: Reducing the effects of PCR amplification and sequencing artifacts on 16S rRNA-based studies, PloS one, 6, e27310, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027310, 2011.
Segawa, T., Miyamoto, K., Ushida, K., Agata, K., Okada, N., and Kohshima, S.: Seasonal change in bacterial flora and biomass in mountain snow from the Tateyama Mountains, Japan, analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 123–130, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.1.123-130.2005, 2005.
Sempere, R. and Kawamura, K.: Comparative distributions of dicarboxylic acids and related polar compounds in snow, rain and aerosols from urban atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 28, 449–459, 1994.
Shridhar, V., Khillare, P. S., Agarwal, T., and Ray, S.: Metallic species in ambient particulate matter at rural and urban location of Delhi, J. Hazard. Mater., 175, 600–607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.047, 2010.
Smith, D., Griffin, D., and Schuerger, A.: Stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean, Aerobiologia, 26, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-009-9141-7, 2010.
Smith, D. J., Timonen, H. J., Jaffe, D. A., Griffin, D. W., Birmele, M. N., Perry, K. D., Ward, P. D., and Roberts, M. S.: Intercontinental dispersal of bacteria and archaea by transpacific winds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 79, 1134–1139, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03029-12, 2013.
Sokolik, I. N. and Toon, O. B.: Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols, Nature, 381, 681–683, 1996.
Solon, I., Gurian, P. L., and Perez, H.: The Extraction of a Bacillus anthracis Surrogate from HVAC Filters, Indoor Built Environ., 21, 562–567, https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x11420307, 2011.
Sposito, G.: The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, Second Edition, 2008.
Thomas, D. J., Tracey, B., Marshall, H., and Norstrom, R. J.: Arctic terrestrial ecosystem contamination, The Science of the total environment, 122, 135–164, 1992.
Toggweiler, J. R.: Oceanography: An ultimate limiting nutrient, Nature, 400, 511–512, 1999.
Tojo, M. and Newsham, K. K.: Snow moulds in polar environments, Fungal Ecol., 5, 395–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.01.003, 2012.
Toon, O. B.: Atmospheric science: African dust in Florida clouds, Nature, 424, 623–624, 2003.
Trampuz, A., Piper, K. E., Jacobson, M. J., Hanssen, A. D., Unni, K. K., Osmon, D. R., Mandrekar, J. N., Cockerill, F. R., Steckelberg, J. M., Greenleaf, J. F., and Patel, R.: Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection, New Engl. J. Med., 357, 654–663, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061588, 2007.
Tunney, M. M., Patrick, S., Curran, M. D., Ramage, G., Hanna, D., Nixon, J. R., Gorman, S. P., Davis, R. I., and Anderson, N.: Detection of prosthetic hip infection at revision arthroplasty by immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, J. Clin. Microbiol., 37, 3281–3290, 1999.
Tyrrell, T.: The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400, 525–531, 1999.
Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara, Y., and Sugimoto, N.: Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe, Nat. Geosci., 2, 557–560, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo583, 2009.
Vaïtilingom, M., Attard, E., Gaiani, N., Sancelme, M., Deguillaume, L., Flossmann, A. I., Amato, P., and Delort, A.-M.: Long-term features of cloud microbiology at the puy de Dôme (France), Atmos. Environ., 56, 88–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.072, 2012.
Vali, G.: Quantitative Evaluation of Experimental Results an the Heterogeneous Freezing Nucleation of Supercooled Liquids, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 402–409, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0402:QEOERA>2.0.CO;2, 1971.
VanCuren, R. A.: Asian aerosols in North America: Extracting the chemical composition and mass concentration of the Asian continental aerosol plume from long-term aerosol records in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003459, 2003.
Vergidis, P., Greenwood-Quaintance, K. E., Sanchez-Sotelo, J., Morrey, B. F., Steinmann, S. P., Karau, M. J., Osmon, D. R., Mandrekar, J. N., Steckelberg, J. M., and Patel, R.: Implant sonication for the diagnosis of prosthetic elbow infection, J. Shoulder Elb. Surg., 20, 1275–1281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.06.016, 2011.
Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M., and Cole, J. R.: Naïve Bayesian Classifier for Rapid Assignment of rRNA Sequences into the New Bacterial Taxonomy, Appl. Environ. Microb., 73, 5261–5267, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00062-07, 2007.
Wang, Q., Zhuang, G., Li, J., Huang, K., Zhang, R., Jiang, Y., Lin, Y., and Fu, J. S.: Mixing of dust with pollution on the transport path of Asian dust-revealed from the aerosol over Yulin, the north edge of Loess Plateau, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 573–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.032, 2011.
Wilson, S. L., Kelley, D. L., and Walker, V. K.: Ice-active characteristics of soil bacteria selected by ice-affinity, Environ. Microbiol., 8, 1816–1824, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01066.x, 2006.
Wu, L.: Impact of Saharan air layer on hurricane peak intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029564, 2007.
Wu, P.-C., Tsai, J.-C., Li, F.-C., Lung, S.-C., and Su, H.-J.: Increased levels of ambient fungal spores in Taiwan are associated with dust events from China, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4879–4886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.039, 2004.
Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Lohmann, R., Caba, A., and Ruck, W.: Occurrence and Air-Sea Exchange of Phthalates in the Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4555–4560, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0630240, 2007.
Xu, H., Griffith, M., Patten, C. L., and Glick, B. R.: Isolation and characterization of an antifreeze protein with ice nucleation activity from the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2, Can. J. Microbiol., 44, 64–73, https://doi.org/10.1139/w97-126, 1998.
Yamashita, Y., Nakamura, N., Omiya, K., Nishikawa, J., Kawahara, H., and Obata, H.: Identification of an antifreeze lipoprotein from Moraxella sp. of Antarctic origin, Biosci. Biotech. Bioch., 66, 239–247, 2002.
Yeo, H. and Kim, J. H.: SPM and fungal spores in the ambient air of west Korea during the Asian dust (Yellow sand) period, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5437–5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00672-6, 2002.
Zhang, S., Hou, S., Ma, X., Qin, D., and Chen, T.: Culturable bacteria in Himalayan glacial ice in response to atmospheric circulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1-2007, 2007.
Zhang, S., Hou, S., Wu, Y., and Qin, D.: Bacteria in Himalayan glacial ice and its relationship to dust, Biogeosciences, 5, 1741–1750, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1741-2008, 2008.
Zhang, X. F., Yao, T. D., Tian, L. D., Xu, S. J., and An, L. Z.: Phylogenetic and Physiological Diversity of Bacteria Isolated from Puruogangri Ice Core, Microb. Ecol., 55, 476–488, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9293-3, 2008.
Short summary
Next-generation sequencing revealed the existence of diverse community of bacteria in the Arctic samples with many originating from distinct ecological environments. The observed varied range in ice nucleation of cultivable bacteria and in all of the melted samples further revealed the existence of the heterogeneous pool of bacteria. Changes in the microbial pool and its impact on the freezing and melting process may potentially lead to changing the Arctic environment and thus global climate.
Next-generation sequencing revealed the existence of diverse community of bacteria in the Arctic...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint