Articles | Volume 10, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6669-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6669-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
21 Jul 2010
Vertical transport rates and concentrations of OH and Cl radicals in the Tropical Tropopause Layer from observations of CO2 and halocarbons: implications for distributions of long- and short-lived chemical species
S. Park
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
E. L. Atlas
University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, USA
R. Jiménez
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
B. C. Daube
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
E. W. Gottlieb
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
J. Nan
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
D. B. A. Jones
Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
L. Pfister
NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
T. J. Conway
NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
T. P. Bui
NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
R.-S. Gao
NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
S. C. Wofsy
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Ozone and water vapor variability in the polar middle atmosphere observed with ground-based microwave radiometers
South Pole Station ozonesondes: variability and trends in the springtime Antarctic ozone hole 1986–2021
Global seasonal distribution of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
Redistribution of total reactive nitrogen in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere during the cold winter 2015/2016
Comparison of inorganic chlorine in the Antarctic and Arctic lowermost stratosphere by separate late winter aircraft measurements
Organic and inorganic bromine measurements around the extratropical tropopause and lowermost stratosphere: insights into the transport pathways and total bromine
GUV long-term measurements of total ozone column and effective cloud transmittance at three Norwegian sites
Mixing at the extratropical tropopause as characterized by collocated airborne H2O and O3 lidar observations
Gravitational separation of Ar∕N2 and age of air in the lowermost stratosphere in airborne observations and a chemical transport model
Effect of deep convection on the tropical tropopause layer composition over the southwest Indian Ocean during austral summer
Investigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with halogenated trace gas data from aircraft, AirCores, and a global model focusing on CFC-11
Bromine from short-lived source gases in the extratropical northern hemispheric upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)
Chlorine partitioning in the lowermost Arctic vortex during the cold winter 2015/2016
Balloon-borne measurements of temperature, water vapor, ozone and aerosol backscatter on the southern slopes of the Himalayas during StratoClim 2016–2017
Mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere according to measurements by the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: 2014–2016
EuBrewNet – A European Brewer network (COST Action ES1207), an overview
Stratospheric ozone measurements at Arosa (Switzerland): history and scientific relevance
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: emissions, occurrence and potential sources
Evaluation of stratospheric age of air from CF4, C2F6, C3F8, CHF3, HFC-125, HFC-227ea and SF6; implications for the calculations of halocarbon lifetimes, fractional release factors and ozone depletion potentials
Water vapor increase in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere due to the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed during the TACTS/ESMVal campaigns
A refined method for calculating equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine
Hemispheric asymmetry in stratospheric NO2 trends
Mean age of stratospheric air derived from AirCore observations
Enhanced stratospheric water vapor over the summertime continental United States and the role of overshooting convection
An assessment of the climatological representativeness of IAGOS-CARIBIC trace gas measurements using EMAC model simulations
Impact of a moderate volcanic eruption on chemistry in the lower stratosphere: balloon-borne observations and model calculations
20 years of ClO measurements in the Antarctic lower stratosphere
Impact of the Asian monsoon on the extratropical lower stratosphere: trace gas observations during TACTS over Europe 2012
An objective determination of optimal site locations for detecting expected trends in upper-air temperature and total column ozone
First quasi-Lagrangian in situ measurements of Antarctic Polar springtime ozone: observed ozone loss rates from the Concordiasi long-duration balloon campaign
Constraining the N2O5 UV absorption cross section from spectroscopic trace gas measurements in the tropical mid-stratosphere
Diurnal variations of stratospheric ozone measured by ground-based microwave remote sensing at the Mauna Loa NDACC site: measurement validation and GEOSCCM model comparison
Trends in stratospheric ozone profiles using functional mixed models
Arctic stratospheric dehydration – Part 1: Unprecedented observation of vertical redistribution of water
Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions (RECONCILE): activities and results
Re-analysis of ground-based microwave ClO measurements from Mauna Kea, 1992 to early 2012
Atmospheric test of the J(BrONO2)/kBrO+NO2 ratio: implications for total stratospheric Bry and bromine-mediated ozone loss
Stratospheric BrO abundance measured by a balloon-borne submillimeterwave radiometer
Observation-based assessment of stratospheric fractional release, lifetimes, and ozone depletion potentials of ten important source gases
Detection in the summer polar stratosphere of pollution plume from East Asia and North America by balloon-borne in situ CO measurements
Commentary on using equivalent latitude in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011
ClOOCl photolysis at high solar zenith angles: analysis of the RECONCILE self-match flight
In-situ observation of Asian pollution transported into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere
Retrievals of chlorine chemistry kinetic parameters from Antarctic ClO microwave radiometer measurements
Evidence for heterogeneous chlorine activation in the tropical UTLS
A closer look at Arctic ozone loss and polar stratospheric clouds
Fractional release factors of long-lived halogenated organic compounds in the tropical stratosphere
More evidence for very short-lived substance contribution to stratospheric chlorine inferred from HCl balloon-borne in situ measurements in the tropics
Guochun Shi, Witali Krochin, Eric Sauvageat, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9137–9159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the interannual and climatological behavior of ozone and water vapor from microwave radiometers in the Arctic.
By defining a virtual conjugate latitude station in the Southern Hemisphere, we investigate altitude-dependent interhemispheric differences and estimate the ascent and descent rates of water vapor in both hemispheres. Ozone and water vapor measurements will create a deeper understanding of the evolution of middle atmospheric ozone and water vapor.
Bryan J. Johnson, Patrick Cullis, John Booth, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Glen McConville, Birgit Hassler, Gary A. Morris, Chance Sterling, and Samuel Oltmans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3133–3146, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3133-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3133-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 1986, soon after the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, NOAA began year-round ozonesonde observations at South Pole Station to measure vertical profiles of ozone and temperature from the surface to 35 km. Balloon-borne ozonesondes launched at this unique site allow for tracking all phases of the yearly springtime ozone hole beginning in late winter and after sunrise, when rapid ozone depletion begins over the South Pole throughout the month of September.
Markus Jesswein, Rafael P. Fernandez, Lucas Berná, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Ryan Hossaini, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Elliot L. Atlas, Donald R. Blake, Stephen Montzka, Timo Keber, Tanja Schuck, Thomas Wagenhäuser, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15049–15070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the global and seasonal distribution of the two major brominated short-lived substances CH2Br2 and CHBr3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere based on observations from several aircraft campaigns. They show similar seasonality for both hemispheres, except in the respective hemispheric autumn lower stratosphere. A comparison with the TOMCAT and CAM-Chem models shows good agreement in the annual mean but larger differences in the seasonal consideration.
Helmut Ziereis, Peter Hoor, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Andreas Zahn, Greta Stratmann, Paul Stock, Michael Lichtenstern, Jens Krause, Vera Bense, Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Wolfgang Woiwode, Marleen Braun, Jörn Ungermann, Andreas Marsing, Christiane Voigt, Andreas Engel, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, and Hermann Oelhaf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3631–3654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne observations were conducted in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 2015/2016. The observed distribution of reactive nitrogen shows clear indications of nitrification in mid-winter and denitrification in late winter. This was caused by the formation of polar stratospheric cloud particles, which were observed during several flights. The sedimentation and evaporation of these particles and the descent of air masses cause a redistribution of reactive nitrogen.
Markus Jesswein, Heiko Bozem, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Peter Hoor, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Timo Keber, Tanja Schuck, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17225–17241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17225-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17225-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents and compares inorganic chlorine (Cly) derived from observations with the HALO research aircraft in the Antarctic late winter–early fall 2019 and the Arctic winter 2015–2016. Trend-corrected correlations from the Northern Hemisphere show excellent agreement with those from the Southern Hemisphere. After observation allocation inside and outside the vortex based on N2O measurements, results of the two campaigns reveal substantial differences in Cly within the respective vortex.
Meike K. Rotermund, Vera Bense, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Andreas Engel, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Peter Hoor, Tilman Hüneke, Timo Keber, Flora Kluge, Benjamin Schreiner, Tanja Schuck, Bärbel Vogel, Andreas Zahn, and Klaus Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15375–15407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15375-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15375-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne total bromine (Brtot) and tracer measurements suggest Brtot-rich air masses persistently protruded into the lower stratosphere (LS), creating a high Brtot region over the North Atlantic in fall 2017. The main source is via isentropic transport by the Asian monsoon and to a lesser extent transport across the extratropical tropopause as quantified by a Lagrange model. The transport of Brtot via Central American hurricanes is also observed. Lastly, the impact of Brtot on LS O3 is assessed.
Tove M. Svendby, Bjørn Johnsen, Arve Kylling, Arne Dahlback, Germar H. Bernhard, Georg H. Hansen, Boyan Petkov, and Vito Vitale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7881–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of total ozone and effective cloud transmittance (eCLT) have been performed since 1995 at three Norwegian sites with GUV multi-filter instruments. The unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements can be used for a broad range of studies. Data analyses reveal an increase in total ozone above Norway from 1995 to 2019. Measurements of GUV eCLT indicate changes in albedo in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased Arctic ice melt.
Andreas Schäfler, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5217–5234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5217-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
First-ever, collocated ozone and water vapor lidar observations across the tropopause are applied to investigate the extratropical transition layer (ExTL). The combined view of a quasi-instantaneous cross section and its tracer–tracer depiction allows us to analyze the ExTL shape and composition and the formation of mixing lines in relation to the dynamic situation. Such lidar data are relevant for future upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric investigations and model validations.
Benjamin Birner, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Eric J. Morgan, Britton B. Stephens, Marianna Linz, Wuhu Feng, Chris Wilson, Jonathan D. Bent, Steven C. Wofsy, Jeffrey Severinghaus, and Ralph F. Keeling
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12391–12408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12391-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12391-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With new high-precision observations from nine aircraft campaigns and 3-D chemical transport modeling, we show that the argon-to-nitrogen ratio (Ar / N2) in the lowermost stratosphere provides a useful constraint on the “age of air” (the time elapsed since entry of an air parcel into the stratosphere). Therefore, Ar / N2 in combination with traditional age-of-air indicators, such as CO2 and N2O, could provide new insights into atmospheric mixing and transport.
Stephanie Evan, Jerome Brioude, Karen Rosenlof, Sean M. Davis, Holger Vömel, Damien Héron, Françoise Posny, Jean-Marc Metzger, Valentin Duflot, Guillaume Payen, Hélène Vérèmes, Philippe Keckhut, and Jean-Pierre Cammas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10565–10586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10565-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of deep convection in the southwest Indian Ocean (the 3rd most active tropical cyclone basin) on the composition of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and the climate system is less understood due to scarce observations. Balloon-borne lidar and satellite measurements in the southwest Indian Ocean were used to study tropical cyclones' influence on TTL composition. This study compares the impact of a tropical storm and cyclone on the humidification of the TTL over the SW Indian Ocean.
Johannes C. Laube, Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, Karina E. Adcock, Bianca Baier, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Huilin Chen, Elise S. Droste, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Pauli Heikkinen, Andrew J. Hind, Rigel Kivi, Alexander Lojko, Stephen A. Montzka, David E. Oram, Steve Randall, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, Colm Sweeney, Max Thomas, Elinor Tuffnell, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9771–9782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9771-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that AirCore technology, which is based on small low-cost balloons, can provide access to trace gas measurements such as CFCs at ultra-low abundances. This is a new way to quantify ozone-depleting, and related, substances in the stratosphere, which is largely inaccessible to aircraft. We show two potential uses: (a) tracking the stratospheric circulation, which is predicted to change, and (b) assessing three common meteorological reanalyses driving a global stratospheric model.
Timo Keber, Harald Bönisch, Carl Hartick, Marius Hauck, Fides Lefrancois, Florian Obersteiner, Akima Ringsdorf, Nils Schohl, Tanja Schuck, Ryan Hossaini, Phoebe Graf, Patrick Jöckel, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4105–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4105-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4105-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we summarize observations of short-lived halocarbons in the tropopause region. We show that, especially during winter, the levels of short-lived bromine gases at the extratropical tropopause are higher than at the tropical tropopause. We discuss the impact of the distributions on stratospheric bromine levels and compare our observations to two models with four different emission scenarios.
Andreas Marsing, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Stefan Kaufmann, Romy Heller, Andreas Engel, Peter Hoor, Jens Krause, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10757–10772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We study the partitioning of inorganic chlorine into active (ozone-depleting) and reservoir species in the lowermost stratosphere of the Arctic polar vortex, using novel in situ aircraft measurements in winter 2015/2016. We observe a change in recovery pathways of the reservoirs HCl and ClONO2 with increasing potential temperature. A comparison with the CLaMS model relates the observations to the vortex-wide evolution and confirms unresolved discrepancies in the mid-winter HCl distribution.
Simone Brunamonti, Teresa Jorge, Peter Oelsner, Sreeharsha Hanumanthu, Bhupendra B. Singh, K. Ravi Kumar, Sunil Sonbawne, Susanne Meier, Deepak Singh, Frank G. Wienhold, Bei Ping Luo, Maxi Boettcher, Yann Poltera, Hannu Jauhiainen, Rijan Kayastha, Jagadishwor Karmacharya, Ruud Dirksen, Manish Naja, Markus Rex, Suvarna Fadnavis, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15937–15957, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15937-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15937-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Based on balloon-borne measurements performed in India and Nepal in 2016–2017, we infer the vertical distributions of water vapor, ozone and aerosols in the atmosphere, from the surface to 30 km altitude. Our measurements show that the atmospheric dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon system over the polluted Indian subcontinent lead to increased concentrations of water vapor and aerosols in the high atmosphere (approximately 14–20 km altitude), which can have an important effect on climate.
Franz Slemr, Andreas Weigelt, Ralf Ebinghaus, Johannes Bieser, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Armin Rauthe-Schöch, Markus Hermann, Bengt G. Martinsson, Peter van Velthoven, Harald Bönisch, Marco Neumaier, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12329–12343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Total and elemental mercury were measured in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere onboard a passenger aircraft. Their concentrations in the upper troposphere were comparable implying low concentrations of oxidized mercury in this region. Large scale seasonally dependent influence of emissions from biomass burning was also observed. Their distributions in the lower stratosphere implies a long stratospheric lifetime, which precludes significant mercury oxidation by ozone.
John S. Rimmer, Alberto Redondas, and Tomi Karppinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10347–10353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10347-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10347-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Vienna Convention to Protect the Ozone Layer was signed in 1985 to promote research and information exchange on the science of ozone depletion including monitoring of total ozone column and spectrally resolved solar ultraviolet radiation. This is a global challenge and, as such, all efforts to gather data should be consistent. This work has resulted in a framework for all Brewer Ozone spectrophotometers to provide data in a consistent way in terms of calibration and quality assurance.
Johannes Staehelin, Pierre Viatte, Rene Stübi, Fiona Tummon, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6567–6584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6567-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6567-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In 1926, total ozone series started in Arosa (Switzerland). Since the mid-1970s ozone is measured to document the effects of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs peaked around the mid-1990s, resulting from the Montreal Protocol (1987) and its enforcement. Chemical ozone depletion stopped worsening around the mid-1990s but the large variability complicates demonstrations of the success of the protocol and the effect of ongoing climate change still requires continuous measurement.
Karina E. Adcock, Claire E. Reeves, Lauren J. Gooch, Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, Matthew J. Ashfold, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Charles Chou, Paul J. Fraser, Ray L. Langenfelds, Norfazrin Mohd Hanif, Simon O'Doherty, David E. Oram, Chang-Feng Ou-Yang, Siew Moi Phang, Azizan Abu Samah, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, and Johannes C. Laube
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4737–4751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018, 2018
Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, Harald Bönisch, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Andreas Engel, Paul J. Fraser, Eileen Gallacher, Ray Langenfelds, Jens Mühle, David E. Oram, Eric A. Ray, Anna R. Ridley, Thomas Röckmann, William T. Sturges, Ray F. Weiss, and Johannes C. Laube
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3369–3385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical species measured in stratospheric air can be used as proxies for stratospheric circulation changes which cannot be measured directly. A range of tracers is important to understand changing stratospheric dynamics. We demonstrate the suitability of PFCs and HFCs as tracers and support recent work that reduces the current stratospheric lifetime of SF6. Updates to policy-relevant parameters (e.g. stratospheric lifetime) linked to this change are provided for O3-depleting substances.
Christian Rolf, Bärbel Vogel, Peter Hoor, Armin Afchine, Gebhard Günther, Martina Krämer, Rolf Müller, Stefan Müller, Nicole Spelten, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2973–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2973-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2973-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian monsoon is a pronounced circulation system linked to rapid vertical transport of surface air from India and east Asia in the summer months. We found, based on aircraft measurements, higher concentration of water vapor in the lowermost stratosphere caused by the Asian monsoon. Enrichment of water vapor concentrations in the lowermost stratosphere impacts the radiation budget and thus climate. Understanding those variations in water vapor is important for climate projections.
Andreas Engel, Harald Bönisch, Jennifer Ostermöller, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip Dhomse, and Patrick Jöckel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 601–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-601-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-601-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to derive equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), which is based on an improved formulation of the propagation of trends of species with chemical loss from the troposphere to the stratosphere. EESC calculated with the new method shows much better agreement with model-derived ESC. Based on this new formulation, we expect the halogen impact on midlatitude stratospheric ozone to return to 1980 values about 10 years later, then using the current formulation.
Margarita Yela, Manuel Gil-Ojeda, Mónica Navarro-Comas, David Gonzalez-Bartolomé, Olga Puentedura, Bernd Funke, Javier Iglesias, Santiago Rodríguez, Omaira García, Héctor Ochoa, and Guillermo Deferrari
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13373–13389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13373-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13373-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper focuses on stratospheric trends of NO2, a species involved in the ozone equilibrium, using data from four NDACC stations. The global stratospheric NO2 trend has not yet been established conclusively. We analyse DOAS data from stations in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere during 1993–2014. The most relevant finding is the hemispheric asymmetry found in the sign of the NO2 trend, providing further evidence of changes in the stratosphere dynamics on the global scale.
Andreas Engel, Harald Bönisch, Markus Ullrich, Robert Sitals, Olivier Membrive, Francois Danis, and Cyril Crevoisier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6825–6838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6825-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6825-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
AirCore is new technique for sampling stratospheric air. We present new observations of CO2 and CH4 using AirCore and derive stratospheric transport time, called the mean age of air. The purpose of using AirCore is to provide a cost-effective tool for deriving mean age. Mean age may serve as a proxy to investigate changes in stratospheric circulation. We show that there is no statistically significant trend in our 40-year time series of mean age, which is now extended using AirCore.
Robert L. Herman, Eric A. Ray, Karen H. Rosenlof, Kristopher M. Bedka, Michael J. Schwartz, William G. Read, Robert F. Troy, Keith Chin, Lance E. Christensen, Dejian Fu, Robert A. Stachnik, T. Paul Bui, and Jonathan M. Dean-Day
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6113–6124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6113-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6113-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports new aircraft field observations of elevated water vapor greater than 10 ppmv in the overworld stratosphere over the summertime continental US. Back trajectories from the flight track intersect overshooting convective tops within the previous 1 to 7 days, suggesting that ice is convectively and irreversibly transported to the stratosphere in the most energetic overshooting convective events. Satellite measurements (Aura MLS) indicate that such events are uncommon (< 1 %).
Johannes Eckstein, Roland Ruhnke, Andreas Zahn, Marco Neumaier, Ole Kirner, and Peter Braesicke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2775–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2775-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2775-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Data on atmospheric trace gases have been collected with instruments on-board a commercial airliner for more than 10 years in the CARIBIC project. We investigate which species in the dataset can be used for a representative climatology, by comparing data from the chemistry–climate model EMAC along the flight paths to a larger set of model data. We find that long-lived species are captured quite well by the CARIBIC sample while this is not the case for more variable, shorter-lived species.
Gwenaël Berthet, Fabrice Jégou, Valéry Catoire, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Adam E. Bourassa, Doug A. Degenstein, Colette Brogniez, Marcel Dorf, Sebastian Kreycy, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Bodo Werner, Franck Lefèvre, Tjarda J. Roberts, Thibaut Lurton, Damien Vignelles, Nelson Bègue, Quentin Bourgeois, Daniel Daugeron, Michel Chartier, Claude Robert, Bertrand Gaubicher, and Christophe Guimbaud
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2229–2253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2229-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2229-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Since the last major volcanic event, i.e. the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, only
moderateeruptions have regularly injected sulfur into the stratosphere, typically enhancing the aerosol loading for several months. We investigate here for the first time the chemical perturbation associated with the Sarychev eruption in June 2009, using balloon-borne instruments and model calculations. Some chemical compounds are significantly affected by the aerosols, but the impact on stratospheric ozone is weak.
Gerald E. Nedoluha, Brian J. Connor, Thomas Mooney, James W. Barrett, Alan Parrish, R. Michael Gomez, Ian Boyd, Douglas R. Allen, Michael Kotkamp, Stefanie Kremser, Terry Deshler, Paul Newman, and Michelle L. Santee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10725–10734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10725-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10725-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorine monoxide (ClO) is central to the formation of the springtime Antarctic ozone hole since it is the catalytic agent in the most important ozone-depleting chemical cycle. We present 20 years of measurements of ClO from the Chlorine monOxide Experiment at Scott Base, Antarctica, and 12 years of measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder to show that the trends in ClO during the ozone hole season are consistent with changes in stratospheric chlorine observed elsewhere.
Stefan Müller, Peter Hoor, Heiko Bozem, Ellen Gute, Bärbel Vogel, Andreas Zahn, Harald Bönisch, Timo Keber, Martina Krämer, Christian Rolf, Martin Riese, Hans Schlager, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10573–10589, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10573-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10573-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In situ airborne measurements performed during TACTS/ESMVal 2012 were analysed to investigate the chemical compostion of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. N2O, CO and O3 data show an increase in tropospherically affected air masses within the extratropical stratosphere from August to September 2012, which originate from the Asian monsoon region. Thus, the Asian monsoon anticyclone significantly affected the chemical composition of the extratropical stratosphere during summer 2012.
K. Kreher, G. E. Bodeker, and M. Sigmond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7653–7665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7653-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7653-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript aims to answer the following question: which of the existing sites engaged in upper-air temperature measurements are best located to detect expected future trends within the shortest time possible? To do so, we explore one objective method for selecting the optimal locations for detecting projected 21st century trends and then demonstrate a similar technique for objectively selecting optimal locations for detecting expected future trends in total column ozone.
R. Schofield, L. M. Avallone, L. E. Kalnajs, A. Hertzog, I. Wohltmann, and M. Rex
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2463–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2463-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2463-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone measurements onboard three Concordiasi balloons flown in the stratosphere in
the Antarctic spring of 2010 are presented. These measurements are the first long-duration in situ measurements of Antarctic springtime stratospheric ozone. By matching air parcels, ozone loss rates where derived. Downwind of the Antarctic Peninsula, very large ozone losses of up to 230 ppb per day or 16 ppbv per sunlit hour were observed. These high rates are consistent with almost complete chlorine activation.
L. Kritten, A. Butz, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, S. Dhomse, R. Hossaini, H. Oelhaf, C. Prados-Roman, G. Wetzel, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9555–9566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9555-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9555-2014, 2014
A. Parrish, I. S. Boyd, G. E. Nedoluha, P. K. Bhartia, S. M. Frith, N. A. Kramarova, B. J. Connor, G. E. Bodeker, L. Froidevaux, M. Shiotani, and T. Sakazaki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7255–7272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7255-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7255-2014, 2014
A. Park, S. Guillas, and I. Petropavlovskikh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11473–11501, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11473-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11473-2013, 2013
S. M. Khaykin, I. Engel, H. Vömel, I. M. Formanyuk, R. Kivi, L. I. Korshunov, M. Krämer, A. D. Lykov, S. Meier, T. Naebert, M. C. Pitts, M. L. Santee, N. Spelten, F. G. Wienhold, V. A. Yushkov, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11503–11517, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11503-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11503-2013, 2013
M. von Hobe, S. Bekki, S. Borrmann, F. Cairo, F. D'Amato, G. Di Donfrancesco, A. Dörnbrack, A. Ebersoldt, M. Ebert, C. Emde, I. Engel, M. Ern, W. Frey, S. Genco, S. Griessbach, J.-U. Grooß, T. Gulde, G. Günther, E. Hösen, L. Hoffmann, V. Homonnai, C. R. Hoyle, I. S. A. Isaksen, D. R. Jackson, I. M. Jánosi, R. L. Jones, K. Kandler, C. Kalicinsky, A. Keil, S. M. Khaykin, F. Khosrawi, R. Kivi, J. Kuttippurath, J. C. Laube, F. Lefèvre, R. Lehmann, S. Ludmann, B. P. Luo, M. Marchand, J. Meyer, V. Mitev, S. Molleker, R. Müller, H. Oelhaf, F. Olschewski, Y. Orsolini, T. Peter, K. Pfeilsticker, C. Piesch, M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, F. D. Pope, F. Ravegnani, M. Rex, M. Riese, T. Röckmann, B. Rognerud, A. Roiger, C. Rolf, M. L. Santee, M. Scheibe, C. Schiller, H. Schlager, M. Siciliani de Cumis, N. Sitnikov, O. A. Søvde, R. Spang, N. Spelten, F. Stordal, O. Sumińska-Ebersoldt, A. Ulanovski, J. Ungermann, S. Viciani, C. M. Volk, M. vom Scheidt, P. von der Gathen, K. Walker, T. Wegner, R. Weigel, S. Weinbruch, G. Wetzel, F. G. Wienhold, I. Wohltmann, W. Woiwode, I. A. K. Young, V. Yushkov, B. Zobrist, and F. Stroh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9233–9268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9233-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9233-2013, 2013
B. J. Connor, T. Mooney, G. E. Nedoluha, J. W. Barrett, A. Parrish, J. Koda, M. L. Santee, and R. M. Gomez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8643–8650, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8643-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8643-2013, 2013
S. Kreycy, C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, W. Feng, R. Hossaini, L. Kritten, B. Werner, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6263–6274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6263-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6263-2013, 2013
R. A. Stachnik, L. Millán, R. Jarnot, R. Monroe, C. McLinden, S. Kühl, J. Puķīte, M. Shiotani, M. Suzuki, Y. Kasai, F. Goutail, J. P. Pommereau, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3307–3319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3307-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3307-2013, 2013
J. C. Laube, A. Keil, H. Bönisch, A. Engel, T. Röckmann, C. M. Volk, and W. T. Sturges
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2779–2791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2779-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2779-2013, 2013
G. Krysztofiak, R. Thiéblemont, N. Huret, V. Catoire, Y. Té, F. Jégou, P. F. Coheur, C. Clerbaux, S. Payan, M. A. Drouin, C. Robert, P. Jeseck, J.-L. Attié, and C. Camy-Peyret
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11889–11906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11889-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11889-2012, 2012
L. L. Pan, A. Kunz, C. R. Homeyer, L. A. Munchak, D. E. Kinnison, and S. Tilmes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9187–9199, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9187-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9187-2012, 2012
R. Lindenmaier, K. Strong, R. L. Batchelor, M. P. Chipperfield, W. H. Daffer, J. R. Drummond, T. J. Duck, H. Fast, W. Feng, P. F. Fogal, F. Kolonjari, G. L. Manney, A. Manson, C. Meek, R. L. Mittermeier, G. J. Nott, C. Perro, and K. A. Walker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3821–3835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3821-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3821-2012, 2012
O. Sumińska-Ebersoldt, R. Lehmann, T. Wegner, J.-U. Grooß, E. Hösen, R. Weigel, W. Frey, S. Griessbach, V. Mitev, C. Emde, C. M. Volk, S. Borrmann, M. Rex, F. Stroh, and M. von Hobe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1353–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1353-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1353-2012, 2012
A. Roiger, H. Schlager, A. Schäfler, H. Huntrieser, M. Scheibe, H. Aufmhoff, O. R. Cooper, H. Sodemann, A. Stohl, J. Burkhart, M. Lazzara, C. Schiller, K. S. Law, and F. Arnold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10975–10994, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10975-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10975-2011, 2011
S. Kremser, R. Schofield, G. E. Bodeker, B. J. Connor, M. Rex, J. Barret, T. Mooney, R. J. Salawitch, T. Canty, K. Frieler, M. P. Chipperfield, U. Langematz, and W. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5183–5193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5183-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5183-2011, 2011
M. von Hobe, J.-U. Grooß, G. Günther, P. Konopka, I. Gensch, M. Krämer, N. Spelten, A. Afchine, C. Schiller, A. Ulanovsky, N. Sitnikov, G. Shur, V. Yushkov, F. Ravegnani, F. Cairo, A. Roiger, C. Voigt, H. Schlager, R. Weigel, W. Frey, S. Borrmann, R. Müller, and F. Stroh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 241–256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-241-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-241-2011, 2011
N. R. P. Harris, R. Lehmann, M. Rex, and P. von der Gathen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8499–8510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8499-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8499-2010, 2010
J. C. Laube, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Möbius, W. T. Sturges, M. Braß, and T. Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1093–1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1093-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1093-2010, 2010
Y. Mébarki, V. Catoire, N. Huret, G. Berthet, C. Robert, and G. Poulet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 397–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-397-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-397-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Hintsa, E. J., Weinstock, E. M., and Bui, T. P.: Empirical age spectra for the lower tropical stratosphere from in situ observations of CO2: Implications for stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26581–26596, 1999.
Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Loewenstein, M., Jost, H., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Herman, R. L., Scott, D. C., Flesch, G. J., Moyer, E. J., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Hurst, D. F., Moore, F. L., Ray, E. A., Romashkin, P. A., and Strahan, S. E.: Mean ages of stratospheric air derived from in situ observations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32295–32314, 2001a.
Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Jones, D. B., Alex, S., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., and Strahan, S. E.: Empirical age spectra for the midlatitude lower stratosphere from in situ observations of CO2: Quantitative evidence for a subtropical "barrier" to horizontal transport, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D10), 10257–10274, 2001b.
Aschmann, J., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Atlas, E. L., and Schauffler, S. M.: Modeling the transport of very short-lived substances into the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9237–9247, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9237-2009, 2009.
Boering, K. A., Dessler, A. E., Loewenstein, M., McCormick, M. P., Podolske, J. R., Weinstock, E. M., and Yue, G. K.: Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor at northern midlatitudes: Implications for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(20), 2737–2740, 1995.
Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Schneider, H. R., Loewenstein, M., and Podolske, J. R.: Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, Science, 274(5291), 1340–1343, 1996.
Clerbaux, C., Cunnold, D. M., Anderson, J., Engel, A., Fraser, P. J., Mahieu, E., Manning, A., Miller, J., Montzka, S. A., Nassar, R., Prinn, R., Reimann, S., Rinsland, C. P., Simmonds, P., Verdonik, D., Weiss, R., Wuebbles, D., and Yokouchi, Y.: Long-Lived Compounds, Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 50, 572 pp., 2007.
Considine, D. B., Logan, J. A., and Olsen, M. A.: Evaluation of near-tropopause ozone distributions in the Global Modeling Initiative combined stratosphere/troposphere model with ozonesonde data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(9), 2365–2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9237-2009, 2008.
Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., and Thoning, K. W.: Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D11), 22831–22855, 1994.
Daube, B. C., Boering, K. A., Andrews, A. E., and Wofsy, S. C.: A high-precision fast-response airborne CO2 analyzer for in situ sampling from the surface to the middle stratosphere, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19(10), 1532–1543, 2002.
Dorf, M., Butz, A., Camy-Peyret, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Kritten, L., and Pfeilsticker, K.: Bromine in the tropical troposphere and stratosphere as derived from balloon-borne BrO observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7265–7271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7265-2008, 2008.
Dvortsov, V. L., Geller, M. A., Solomon, S., Schauffler, S. M., Atlas, E. L., and Blake, D. R.: Rethinking reactive halogen budgets in the midlatitude lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(12), 1699–1702, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900309, 1999.
Flocke, F., Herman, R. L., Salawitch, R. J., Atlas, E., Webster, C. R., Schauffler, S. M., Lueb, R. A., May, R. D., Moyer, E. J., Rosenlof, K. H., Scott, D. C., Blake, D. R., and Bui, T. P.: An examination of chemistry and transport processes in the tropical lower stratosphere using observations of long-lived and short-lived compounds obtained during STRAT and POLARIS, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26625–26642, 1999.
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: Tropical Tropopause Layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2008RG000267, 2009.
Gettelman, A. and Forster, P. M. d. F.: A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911–924, 2002.
Gettelman, A., Lauritzen, P. H., Park, M., and Kay, J. E.: Processes regulating short-lived species in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011785, 2009.
Gupta, M. L., Cicerone, R. J., Blake, D. R., Rowland, F. S., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Global atmospheric distributions and source strengths of light hydrocarbons and tetrachloroethene, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D21), 28219–28235, 1998.
Hall, T. M. and Waugh, D. W.: Timescales for stratospheric circulation derived from tracers, J. Geophys. Res. 102(D7), 8991–9001, 1997.
Hall, T. M. and Waugh, D. W.: Stratospheric residence time and its relationship to mean age, J. Geophys. Res. 105(D5), 6773–6782, 2000.
Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Richards, N. A. D., Atlas, E., and Blake, D. R.: Bromoform and dibromomethane in the tropics: a 3-D model study of chemistry and transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-719-2010, 2010.
Ko, M. K. W., Poulet, G., Blake, D. R., et al.: Very short-lived halogen and sulfurubstances, Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2002, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. Report No. 47, Chapter 2, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2003.
Kruger, K., Tegtmeier, S., and Rex, M.: Variability of residence time in the Tropical Tropopause Layer during Northern Hemisphere winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6717–6725, 2009.
Law, K. S., Sturges, W. T., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Burkholder, J. B., Butler, J. H., Cox, R. A., Haynes, P. H., Ko, M. K. W., Kreher, K., Mari, C., Pfeilsticker, K., Plane, J. M. C., Salawitch, R. J., Schiller, C., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Glasow, R. v., Warwick, N. J., Wuebbles, D. J., and Yvon-Lewis, S. A.: Halogenated Very Short-Lived Substances, Chapter 2 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report No. 50, 572 pp., 2007.
Levine, J. G., Braesicke, P., Harris, N. R. P., Savage, N. H., and Pyle, J. A.: Pathways and timescales for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport via the tropical tropopause layer and their relevance for very short lived substances, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04308, https://doi.org/04310.01029/02005JD006940, 2007.
Liang, Q., Stolarski, R. S., Kawa, S. R., Nielsen, J. E., Douglass, A. R., Rodriguez, J. M., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E. L., and Ott, L. E.: Finding the missing stratospheric Bry: a global modeling study of CHBr3 and CH2Br2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2269–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2269-2010, 2010.
McLinden, C. A., Olsen, S. C., Hannegan, B., Wild, O., and Prather, M. J.: Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D11), 14653–14665, 2000.
Neu, J. L. and Plumb, R. A.: Age of air in a "leaky pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D16), 19,243–19,256, 1999.
Park, S., Jimenez, R., Daube, B. C., Pfister, L., Conway, T. J., Gottlieb, E. W., Chow, V. Y., Curran, D. J., Matross, D. M., Bright, A., Atlas, E. L., Bui, T. P., Gao, R.-S., Twohy, C. H., and Wofsy, S. C.: The CO2 tracer clock for the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(14), 3989–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3989-2007, 2007.
Parrington, M., Jones, D. B. A., Bowman, K. W., Horowitz, L. W., Thompson, A. M., Tarasick, D. W., and Witte, J. C.: Estimating the summertime tropospheric ozone distribution over North America through assimilation of observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18307, https://doi.org/18310.11029/12007JD009341, 2008.
Pfister, L., Selkirk, H. B., Jensen, E. J., Schoeberl, M. R., Toon, O. B., Browell, E. V., Grant, W. B., Gary, B., Mahoney, M. J., Bui, T. V., and Hintsa, E.: Aircraft observations of thin cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D9), 9765–9786, 2001.
Pfister, L., Selkirk, H. B., Starr, D. O., Rosenlof, K., and Newman, P. A.: A Meteorological Overview of the TC4 Mission, J. Geophys. Res., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013316, in press, 2010.
Ploeger, F., Konopka, P., Gunther, G., Groo{ß}, J.-U., and Muller, R.: Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012023, 2010.
Plumb, R. A.: A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D2), 3957–3972, 1996.
Proffitt, M. H. and McLaughlin, R. L.: Fast-response dual-beam UV-absorption ozone photometer suitable for use on stratospheric balloons, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 54(12), 1719–1728, 1983.
Quack, B. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Air-sea flux of bromoform: Controls, rates, and implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(1), 1023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001890, 2003.
Rudolph, J., Koppmann, R., and PlassDulmer, C.: The budgets of ethane and tetrachloroethene: Is there evidence for an impact of reactions with chlorine atoms in the troposphere?, Atmos. Environ., 30(10-11), 1887–1894, 1996.
Salawitch, R. J., Wofsy, S. C., Wennberg, P. O., Cohen, R. C., Anderson, J. G., Fahey, D. W., Gao, R. S., Keim, E. R., Woodbridge, E. L., Stimpfle, R. M., Koplow, J. P., Kohn, D. W., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Pfister, L., Gottlieb, E. W., Michelsen, H. A., Yue, G. K., Prather, M. J., Wilson, J. C., Brock, C. A., Jonsson, H. H., Dye, J. E., Baumgardner, D., Proffitt, M. H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Hintsa, E. J., Dessler, A. E., Weinstock, E. M., Kelly, K. K., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Chan, K. R., and Bowen, S. W.: The diurnal-variation of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine radicals: Implications for the heterogeneous production of HNO2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2551–2554, 1994.
Salawitch, R. J., Weisenstein, D. K., Kovalenko, L. J., Sioris, C. E., Wennberg, P. O., Chance, K., Ko, M. K. W., and McLinden, C. A.: Sensitivity of ozone to bromine in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021504, 2005.
Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Ravishankara, A. R., Golden, D. M., Kolb, C. E., Kurylo, M. J., Molina, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Wine, P. H., Huie, R. E., and Orkin, V. L.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies evaluation No. 15, Jet Propul. Lab., Pasadena, California, USA, 2006.
Schauffler, S. M., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Flocke, F., Lueb, R. A., Lee-Taylor, J. M., Stroud, V., and Travnicek, W.: Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D17), 21513–21535, 1999.
Schauffler, S. M., Atlas, E. L., Donnelly, S. G., Andrews, A., Montzka, S. A., Elkins, J. W., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P. A., Dutton, G. S., and Stroud, V.: Chlorine budget and partitioning during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4173, https://doi.org/4110.1029/2001JD002040, 2003.
Schneider, H. R., D. B. A. Jones, G.-Y. Shi, and M. B. McElroy, Analysis of the residual mean transport in the stratosphere. Part I: Model description and comparison with satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D15), 19,991-20,011, 2000.
Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Pawson, S., Strahan, S. E., and Read, W.: Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24109, https://doi.org/24110.21029/22008JD010221, 2008.
Scott, S. G., Bui, T. P., Chan, K. R., and Bowen, S. W.: The meteorological measurement system on the NASA ER-2 aircraft J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 7(4), 525–540, 1990.
Sinnhuber, B.-M. and Folkins, I.: Estimating the contribution of bromoform to stratospheric bromine and its relation to dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4755–4761, 2006.
Sinnhuber, B.-M., Sheode, N., Sinnhuber, M., Chipperfield, M. P., and Feng, W.: The contribution of anthropogenic bromine emissions to past stratospheric ozone trends: a modelling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(8), 2863–2871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2863-2009, 2009.
Toon, O. B., Starr, D. O., Jensen, E. J., Newman, P. A., Platnick, S. E., Schoeberl, M. R., Wennberg, P. O., Wofsy, S. C., Kurylo, M. J., Maring, H., Jucks, K. W., Craig, M. S., Vasques, M. F., Pfister, L., Rosenlof, K., Selkirk, H. B., Colarco, P. R., Kawa, S. R., Mace, G. G., Minnis, P., and Pickering, K. E.: Planning and Implementation of the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013073, 2010.
Wamsley, P. R., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., et al.: Distribution of halon-1211 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and the 1994 total bromine budget, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D1), 1513–1526, 1998.
Wang, S., Pickett, H. M., Pongetti, T. J., Cheung, R., Yung, Y. L., Shim, C., Li, T. C. Q., Salawitch, R. J., Jucks, K. W., Drouin, B., and Sander, S. P.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder OH measurements with Fourier Transform Ultra-Violet Spectrometer total OH column measurements at Table Mountain, California, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22301, https://doi.org/22310.21029/22008JD009883, 2008.
Wennberg, P. O., Hanisco, T. F., Cohen, R. C., Stimpfle, R. M., Lapson, L. B. J., and Anderson, J. G.: In-situ measurements of OH and HO2 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(19), 3413–3420, 1995.
Wennberg, P. O., Hanisco, T. F., Jaegle, L., Jacob, D. J., Hintsa, E. J., Lanzendorf, E. J., Anderson, J. G., Gao, R.-S., Keim, E. R., Donnelly, S. G., Negro, L. A. D., Fahey, D. W., McKeen, S. A., Salawitch, R. J., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Herman, R. L., Proffitt, M. H., Margitan, J. J., Atlas, E. L., Schauffler, S. M., Flocke, F., McElroy, C. T., and Bui, T. P.: Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere, Science, 279(5347), 49–53, 1998.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint