Articles | Volume 25, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8719-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8719-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Aug 2025
Research article |
| 11 Aug 2025
| 11 Aug 2025
Enhanced atmospheric oxidation and particle reductions driving changes to nitrate formation mechanisms across coastal and inland regions of north China
Zhenze Liu
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
Jianhua Qi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
Yuanzhe Ni
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Likun Xue
Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
Xiaohuan Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Min Li, Xinfeng Wang, Tianshuai Li, Yujia Wang, Yueru Jiang, Yujiao Zhu, Wei Nie, Rui Li, Jian Gao, Likun Xue, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8407–8425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By integrating field measurements with an interpretable ensemble machine learning framework, we comprehensively identified key driving factors of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), demonstrated complex interrelationships, and quantified their contributions across different locations. This work provides a reliable modeling approach for recognizing causes of NAC pollution, enhances our understanding of variations of atmospheric NACs, and highlights the necessity of strengthening emission controls.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Hengde Liu, Lanxiadi Chen, Hongyong Li, Yujian Bi, Di Wu, Xiangkun Yin, Can Cui, Ping Liu, Yu Yang, Jisheng Zhang, Yanqiu Nie, Lanxin Zhang, Jiangshan Mu, Yuhong Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, Qinyi Li, Yuqiang Zhang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2855, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainwater samples collected at the summit of Mount Tai were analyzed for ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Our findings revealed that INP concentrations peaked in spring, driven predominantly by long-range transport of dust aerosols. Mineral dust contributed 43.6 % of annual INPs, with its contribution rising sharply to 71.7 % in spring. Satellite observations further revealed that the long-range transport of dust in spring promotes large-scale cloud formation over the NCP region.
Yujia Wang, Hongbin Wang, Bo Zhang, Peng Liu, Xinfeng Wang, Shuchun Si, Likun Xue, Qingzhu Zhang, and Qiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5537–5555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5537-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5537-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study established a bottom-up approach that employs real-time traffic flows and interpolation to obtain a spatially continuous on-road vehicle emission mapping for the main urban area of Jinan. The diurnal variation, spatial distribution, and emission hotspots were analyzed with clustering and hotspot analysis, showing unique fine-scale variation characteristics of on-road vehicle emissions. Future scenario analysis demonstrates remarkable benefits of electrification on emission reduction.
Bin Luo, Yuqiang Zhang, Tao Tang, Hongliang Zhang, Jianlin Hu, Jiangshan Mu, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4767–4783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
India is facing a severe air pollution crisis that poses significant health risks, particularly from PM2.5 and O3. Our study reveals rising levels of both pollutants from 1995 to 2014, leading to increased premature mortality. While anthropogenic emissions play a significant role, biomass burning also impacts air quality, in particular seasons and regions in India. This study underscores the urgent need for localized policies to protect public health amid escalating environmental challenges.
Haibiao Chen, Caiqing Yan, Liubin Huang, Lin Du, Yang Yue, Xinfeng Wang, Qingcai Chen, Mingjie Xie, Junwen Liu, Fengwen Wang, Shuhong Fang, Qiaoyun Yang, Hongya Niu, Mei Zheng, Yan Wu, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3647–3667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3647-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3647-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive understanding of the optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) is essential to accurately assess its climatic effects. Based on multi-site spectroscopic measurements, this study demonstrated the significant spatial heterogeneity in the optical and structural properties of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in different regions of China and revealed factors affecting WSOC light absorption and the relationship between fluorophores and light absorption of WSOC.
Ke Li, Rong Tan, Wenhao Qiao, Taegyung Lee, Yufen Wang, Danyuting Zhang, Minglong Tang, Wenqing Zhao, Yixuan Gu, Shaojia Fan, Jinqiang Zhang, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Jianming Xu, Zhiqiang Ma, Mohd Talib Latif, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Junsu Gil, Mee-Hye Lee, Juseon Bak, Joowan Kim, Hong Liao, Yugo Kanaya, Xiao Lu, Tatsuya Nagashima, and Ja-Ho Koo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3756, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
East Asia and Southeast Asia has been identified as a global hot spot with the fastest ozone increase. This paper presents the most comprehensive observational view of ozone distributions and evolution over East Asia and Southeast Asia across different spatiotemporal scales in the past two decades, which will have important implications for assessing ozone impacts on public health and crop yields, and for developing future ozone control strategies.
Zizhen Han, Yuqiang Zhang, Zhou Liu, Kexin Zhang, Zhuyi Wang, Bin Luo, Likun Xue, and Xinfeng Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2951, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2951, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the COVID-19 lockdown, changes in air pollutants offered a real-world test of emission reductions. JPL’s chemical reanalysis data showed a general decrease in CO, NO2, O3, and nitrate aerosols across most African countries, but an increase in SO2, sulfate aerosols, and O3 in Southern Africa during winter. We concluded that air quality changes are influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, emphasizing the need for stricter emission standards and clean energy promotion in Africa.
Hongyong Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Yunxi Huo, Dawen Yao, Haoxian Lu, and Hai Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7085–7100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and largely explains the gap between current levels of fine particulate matter in many cities and the World Health Organization guideline values. This study highlights the dominant contributions of cooking emissions to organic aerosol when marine air prevailed in Hong Kong, which were occasionally overwhelmed by aromatics-derived secondary organic aerosol in continental ouflows.
Wei Sun, Xiaodong Hu, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Caiqing Yan, Likun Xue, He Meng, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation pathways of nitrogen-containing compounds (NOCs) in the atmosphere remain unclear. We investigated the composition of aerosols and fog water by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and compared the formation pathways of NOCs. We found that NOCs in aerosols were mainly formed through nitration reaction, while ammonia addition played a more important role in fog water. The results deepen our understanding of the processes of organic particulate pollution.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Yanbin Qi, Lanxiadi Chen, Jiangshan Mu, Ye Shan, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Ping Liu, Can Cui, Ji Zhang, Mingxuan Liu, Lingli Zhang, Yufei Wang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3241–3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations were conducted at the summit of Changbai Mountain in northeast Asia. The cumulative number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) varied from 1.6 × 10−3 to 78.3 L−1 over the temperature range of −5.5 to −29.0 ℃. Biological INPs (bio-INPs) accounted for the majority of INPs, and the proportion exceeded 90% above −13.0 ℃. Planetary boundary layer height, valley breezes, and long-distance transport of air mass influence the abundance of bio-INPs.
Xuelian Zhong, Hengqing Shen, Min Zhao, Ji Zhang, Yue Sun, Yuhong Liu, Yingnan Zhang, Ye Shan, Hongyong Li, Jiangshan Mu, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Jinghao Tang, Can Dong, Xinfeng Wang, Yujiao Zhu, Mingzhi Guo, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14761–14778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is vital for atmospheric oxidation. In research at Mount Lao, China, models revealed a significant unidentified marine HONO source. Overlooking this could skew our understanding of air quality and climate change. This finding emphasizes HONO’s importance in the coastal atmosphere, uncovering previously unnoticed interactions.
Youwei Hong, Keran Zhang, Dan Liao, Gaojie Chen, Min Zhao, Yiling Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Yu Wu, Ruilian Yu, Gongren Hu, Sung-Deuk Choi, Likun Xue, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10795–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particle uptakes of HCHO and the impacts on PM2.5 and O3 production remain highly uncertain. Based on the investigation of co-occurring wintertime O3 and PM2.5 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China, we found enhanced heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) and increased ROx concentrations and net O3 production rates. The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the mechanisms of key precursors for co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
Han Zang, Yue Zhao, Juntao Huo, Qianbiao Zhao, Qingyan Fu, Yusen Duan, Jingyuan Shao, Cheng Huang, Jingyu An, Likun Xue, Ziyue Li, Chenxi Li, and Huayun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4355–4374, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate nitrate plays an important role in wintertime haze pollution in eastern China, yet quantitative constraints on detailed nitrate formation mechanisms remain limited. Here we quantified the contributions of the heterogeneous N2O5 hydrolysis (66 %) and gas-phase OH + NO2 reaction (32 %) to nitrate formation in this region and identified the atmospheric oxidation capacity (i.e., availability of O3 and OH radicals) as the driving factor of nitrate formation from both processes.
Chaoyang Xue, Can Ye, Jörg Kleffmann, Chenglong Zhang, Valéry Catoire, Fengxia Bao, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Likun Xue, Jianmin Chen, Keding Lu, Yong Zhao, Hengde Liu, Zhaoxin Guo, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3149–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and related parameters were conducted at the foot and the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m above sea level). We proposed a rapid vertical air mass exchange between the foot and the summit level, which enhances the role of HONO in the oxidizing capacity of the upper boundary layer. Kinetics for aerosol-derived HONO sources were constrained. HONO formation from different paths was quantified and discussed.
Taotao Liu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Lingling Xu, Jinsheng Chen, Yahui Bian, Chen Yang, Yangbin Dan, Yingnan Zhang, Likun Xue, Min Zhao, Zhi Huang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2173–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the OBM-MCM model analyses, the study aims to clarify (1) the pollution characteristics of O3 and its precursors, (2) the atmospheric oxidation capacity and radical chemistry, and (3) the O3 formation mechanism and sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to enhance the understanding of the O3 formation mechanism with low O3 precursor levels and provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control in coastal cities.
Liang Xu, Xiaohuan Liu, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Daizhou Zhang, Lei Bi, Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Qi Yuan, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17715–17726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified different types of marine aerosols and explored the Cl depletion of sea salt aerosol (SSA) in the eastern China seas and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We found that anthropogenic acidic gases in the troposphere were transported longer distances compared to the anthropogenic aerosols and could significantly impact remote marine aerosols. Meanwhile, variations of chloride depletion in SSA can serve as a potential indicator for anthropogenic gaseous pollutants in remote marine air.
Men Xia, Xiang Peng, Weihao Wang, Chuan Yu, Zhe Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Jianmin Chen, Hui Chen, Yujing Mu, Chenglong Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Jian Gao, Hong Li, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15985–16000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
ClNO2 is an important precursor of chlorine radical that affects photochemistry. However, its production and impact are not well understood. Our study presents field observations of ClNO2 at three sites in northern China. These observations provide new insights into nighttime processes that produce ClNO2 and the significant impact of ClNO2 on secondary pollutions during daytime. The results improve the understanding of photochemical pollution in the lower part of the atmosphere.
Yingnan Zhang, Likun Xue, William P. L. Carter, Chenglei Pei, Tianshu Chen, Jiangshan Mu, Yujun Wang, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11053–11068, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the localized incremental reactivity (IR) for VOCs in a Chinese megacity and elucidated their applications in calculating the ozone formation potential (OFP). The IR scales showed a strong dependence on chemical mechanisms. Both emission- and observation-based inputs are suitable for the MIR calculation but not the case under mixed-limited or NOx-limited O3 formation regimes. We provide suggestions for the application of IR and OFP scales to aid in VOC control in China.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Liya Ma, Yujiao Zhu, Mei Zheng, Yele Sun, Lei Huang, Xiaohuan Liu, Yang Gao, Yanjie Shen, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate three patterns of new particles growing to CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) size, i.e., one-stage growth and two-stage growth-A and growth-B patterns. Combining the observations of gaseous pollutants and measured or modeled particulate chemical species, the three growth patterns were discussed regarding the spatial heterogeneity, formation of secondary aerosols, and evaporation of semivolatile particulates as was the survival probability of new particles to CCN size.
Jiarong Li, Chao Zhu, Hui Chen, Defeng Zhao, Likun Xue, Xinfeng Wang, Hongyong Li, Pengfei Liu, Junfeng Liu, Chenglong Zhang, Yujing Mu, Wenjin Zhang, Luming Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Kai Li, Min Liu, and Jianmin Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13735–13751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a field study at Mt. Tai, China, the simultaneous variations of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics and their potential interactions during cloud life cycles were discussed. Results demonstrated that clouds on clean days were more susceptible to the concentrations of particle number, while clouds formed on polluted days might be more sensitive to meteorological parameters. Particles larger than 150 nm played important roles in forming cloud droplets with sizes of 5–10 μm.
Ying Jiang, Likun Xue, Rongrong Gu, Mengwei Jia, Yingnan Zhang, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Tianshu Chen, Hongyong Li, Ye Shan, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Yujian Bi, Hengde Liu, Aijun Ding, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12115–12131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the characteristics and sources of HONO in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere in the North China Plain, based on the field measurements at Mount Tai. Higher-than-expected levels and broad daytime peaks of HONO were observed. Without presence of ground surfaces, aerosol surface plays a key role in the heterogeneous HONO formation at high altitudes. Models without additional HONO sources largely
underestimatedthe oxidation processes in the elevation atmospheres.
Cited articles
Albertin, S., Savarino, J., Bekki, S., Barbero, A., and Caillon, N.: Measurement report: Nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) and first quantification of oxygen isotope anomalies (Δ17O, δ18O) in atmospheric nitrogen dioxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10477–10497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10477-2021, 2021.
Albertin, S., Savarino, J., Bekki, S., Barbero, A., Grilli, R., Fournier, Q., Ventrillard, I., Caillon, N., and Law, K.: Diurnal variations in oxygen and nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and nitrate: implications for tracing NOx oxidation pathways and emission sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1361–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1361-2024, 2024.
Alexander, B., Sherwen, T., Holmes, C. D., Fisher, J. A., Chen, Q., Evans, M. J., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global inorganic nitrate production mechanisms: comparison of a global model with nitrate isotope observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3859–3877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3859-2020, 2020.
Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Response of Inorganic PM to Precursor Concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2706–2714, https://doi.org/10.1021/es971130j, 1998.
Appel, K. W., Bash, J. O., Fahey, K. M., Foley, K. M., Gilliam, R. C., Hogrefe, C., Hutzell, W. T., Kang, D., Mathur, R., Murphy, B. N., Napelenok, S. L., Nolte, C. G., Pleim, J. E., Pouliot, G. A., Pye, H. O. T., Ran, L., Roselle, S. J., Sarwar, G., Schwede, D. B., Sidi, F. I., Spero, T. L., and Wong, D. C.: The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model versions 5.3 and 5.3.1: system updates and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2867–2897, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2867-2021, 2021.
Athanasopoulou, E., Tombrou, M., Pandis, S. N., and Russell, A. G.: The role of sea-salt emissions and heterogeneous chemistry in the air quality of polluted coastal areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5755–5769, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5755-2008, 2008.
Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2063–2101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00460-4, 2000.
Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I - gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.
Bergin, R. A., Harkey, M., Hoffman, A., Moore, R. H., Anderson, B., Beyersdorf, A., Ziemba, L., Thornhill, L., Winstead, E., Holloway, T., and Bertram, T. H.: Observation-based constraints on modeled aerosol surface area: implications for heterogeneous chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15449–15468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15449-2022, 2022.
GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group 2024: The GEBCO_2024 Grid – a continuous terrain model of the global oceans and land, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/1c44ce99-0a0d-5f4f-e063-7086abc0ea0f, 2024.
Cao, J., Tie, X., Dabberdt, W. F., Jie, T., Zhao, Z., An, Z., Shen, Z., and Feng, Y.: On the potential high acid deposition in northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 4834–4846, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50381, 2013.
Casciotti, K. L., Sigman, D. M., Hastings, M. G., Böhlke, J. K., and Hilkert, A.: Measurement of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Nitrate in Seawater and Freshwater Using the Denitrifier Method, Anal. Chem., 74, 4905–4912, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020113w, 2002.
Chen, C., Huang, L., Shi, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Yao, X., Gao, H., Liu, Y., Xing, J., and Liu, X.: Atmospheric outflow of anthropogenic iron and its deposition to China adjacent seas, Sci. Total Environ., 750, 141302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141302, 2021.
Chen, D., Liu, Z., Fast, J., and Ban, J.: Simulations of sulfate–nitrate–ammonium (SNA) aerosols during the extreme haze events over northern China in October 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10707–10724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10707-2016, 2016.
Chen, X., Wang, H., Lu, K., Li, C., Zhai, T., Tan, Z., Ma, X., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Dong, H., Li, X., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Field Determination of Nitrate Formation Pathway in Winter Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 9243–9253, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00972, 2020.
Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Lin, H., Zheng, C., Guo, Z., Hu, S., Chen, L., Tao, S., Liu, M., and Wang, X.: Rapid Increase in China's Industrial Ammonia Emissions: Evidence from Unit-Based Mapping, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 3375–3385, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08369, 2022.
Crowley, J. N., Thieser, J., Tang, M. J., Schuster, G., Bozem, H., Beygi, Z. H., Fischer, H., Diesch, J.-M., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Song, W., Yassaa, N., Williams, J., Pöhler, D., Platt, U., and Lelieveld, J.: Variable lifetimes and loss mechanisms for NO3 and N2O5 during the DOMINO campaign: contrasts between marine, urban and continental air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10853–10870, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10853-2011, 2011.
Czader, B. H., Li, X., and Rappenglueck, B.: CMAQ modeling and analysis of radicals, radical precursors, and chemical transformations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11376–311387, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50807, 2013.
Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3, and OH, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 7149–7163, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02979, 1993.
Ding, X., Qi, J., and Meng, X.: Characteristics and sources of organic carbon in coastal and marine atmospheric particulates over East China, Atmos. Res., 228, 281–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.06.015, 2019.
Emery, C., Tai, E., and Yarwood, G.: Enhanced meteorological modeling and performance evaluation for two Texas ozone episodes, Final Report, ENVIRON International Corporation, 235 pp., 2001.
Emery, C., Liu, Z., Russell, A. G., Odman, M. T., Yarwood, G., and Kumar, N.: Recommendations on statistics and benchmarks to assess photochemical model performance, J. Air Waste Manage., 67, 582–598, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1265027, 2017.
Fan, H., Zhao, C., and Yang, Y.: A comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal variation of urban air pollution in China during 2014–2018, Atmos. Environ., 220, 117066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117066, 2020a.
Fan, M.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-C., Cao, F., Zhao, Z.-Y., Sun, Y., Qiu, Y., Fu, P., and Wang, Y.: Changes of Emission Sources to Nitrate Aerosols in Beijing After the Clean Air Actions: Evidence From Dual Isotope Compositions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031998, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031998, 2020b.
Feng, X., Li, Q., Tao, Y., Ding, S., Chen, Y., and Li, X.-D.: Impact of Coal Replacing Project on atmospheric fine aerosol nitrate loading and formation pathways in urban Tianjin: Insights from chemical composition and 15N and 18O isotope ratios, Sci. Total Environ., 708, 134797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134797, 2020.
Folkers, M., Mentel, T. F., and Wahner, A.: Influence of an organic coating on the reactivity of aqueous aerosols probed by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1644, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017168, 2003.
Fu, X., Wang, T., Gao, J., Wang, P., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Zhao, B., and Xue, L.: Persistent Heavy Winter Nitrate Pollution Driven by Increased Photochemical Oxidants in Northern China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 3881–3889, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07248, 2020.
Hallquist, M., Wängberg, I., Ljungström, E., Barnes, I., and Becker, K.-H.: Aerosol and Product Yields from NO3 Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Selected Monoterpenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 553–559, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980292s, 1999.
He, P., Xie, Z., Yu, X., Wang, L., Kang, H., and Yue, F.: The observation of isotopic compositions of atmospheric nitrate in Shanghai China and its implication for reactive nitrogen chemistry, Sci. Total Environ., 714, 136727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136727, 2020.
Heald, C. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Lee, T., Benedict, K. B., Schwandner, F. M., Li, Y., Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D. R., Van Damme, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Philip, S., Martin, R. V., and Pye, H. O. T.: Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10295–10312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10295-2012, 2012.
Hofzumahaus, A., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C.-C., Fuchs, H., Holland, F., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Lou, S., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Amplified Trace Gas Removal in the Troposphere, Science, 324, 1702–1704, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164566, 2009.
Huang, L., Zhu, Y., Zhai, H., Xue, S., Zhu, T., Shao, Y., Liu, Z., Emery, C., Yarwood, G., Wang, Y., Fu, J., Zhang, K., and Li, L.: Recommendations on benchmarks for numerical air quality model applications in China – Part 1: PM2.5 and chemical species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2725–2743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2725-2021, 2021.
Jacobson, M. Z. and Kaufman, Y. J.: Wind reduction by aerosol particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027838, 2006.
Kalkavouras, P., Bougiatioti, A., Kalivitis, N., Stavroulas, I., Tombrou, M., Nenes, A., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Regional new particle formation as modulators of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number in the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6185–6203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6185-2019, 2019.
Kim, S., VandenBoer, T. C., Young, C. J., Riedel, T. P., Thornton, J. A., Swarthout, B., Sive, B., Lerner, B., Gilman, J. B., Warneke, C., Roberts, J. M., Guenther, A., Wagner, N. L., Dubé, W. P., Williams, E., and Brown, S. S.: The primary and recycling sources of OH during the NACHTT-2011 campaign: HONO as an important OH primary source in the wintertime, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6886–6896, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019784, 2014a.
Kim, Y. J., Spak, S. N., Carmichael, G. R., Riemer, N., and Stanier, C. O.: Modeled aerosol nitrate formation pathways during wintertime in the Great Lakes region of North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 12420–12445, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022320, 2014b.
Kunasek, S. A., Alexander, B., Steig, E. J., Hastings, M. G., Gleason, D. J., and Jarvis, J. C.: Measurements and modeling of Δ17O of nitrate in snowpits from Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D24302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010103, 2008.
Li, H., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Zhang, Y., Zheng, G., and He, K.: Rapid transition in winter aerosol composition in Beijing from 2014 to 2017: response to clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11485–11499, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11485-2019, 2019.
Li, H., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Wu, N., Guo, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., and He, K.: Nitrate-driven urban haze pollution during summertime over the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5293-5306, 10.5194/acp-18-5293-2018, 2018.
Li, M., Zhang, Z., Yao, Q., Wang, T., Xie, M., Li, S., Zhuang, B., and Han, Y.: Nonlinear responses of particulate nitrate to NOx emission controls in the megalopolises of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15135–15152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15135-2021, 2021.
Li, R., Gao, Y., Xu, J., Cui, L., and Wang, G.: Impact of Clean Air Policy on Criteria Air Pollutants and Health Risks Across China During 2013–2021, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2023JD038939, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038939, 2023.
Li, X., Wu, S.-P., Zhang, J., and Schwab, J. J.: Insights into factors affecting size-segregated nitrate formation in a coastal city through measurements of dual isotopes, Atmos. Environ., 290, 119385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119385, 2022.
Liao, W., Liu, M., Huang, X., Wang, T., Xu, Z., Shang, F., Song, Y., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Kang, L., and Zhu, T.: Estimation for ammonia emissions at county level in China from 2013 to 2018, Sci. China Earth Sci., 65, 1116–1127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9897-3, 2022.
Liu, Z. and Qi, J.: egusphere-2024-3044-Data, Version v1, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16717577, 2025.
Liu, L., Bei, N., Hu, B., Wu, J., Liu, S., Li, X., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Shen, Z., and Li, G.: Wintertime nitrate formation pathways in the north China plain: Importance of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis, Environ. Pollut., 266, 115287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115287, 2020.
Liu, X., Chang, M., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Gao, H., Gao, Y., and Yao, X.: Rethinking the causes of extreme heavy winter PM2.5 pollution events in northern China, Sci. Total Environ., 794, 148637, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148637, 2021.
Lu, K. D., Rohrer, F., Holland, F., Fuchs, H., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C. C., Häseler, R., Hu, M., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Lou, S. R., Nehr, S., Shao, M., Zeng, L. M., Wahner, A., Zhang, Y. H., and Hofzumahaus, A.: Observation and modelling of OH and HO2 concentrations in the Pearl River Delta 2006: a missing OH source in a VOC rich atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1541–1569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1541-2012, 2012.
Luecken, D. J., Yarwood, G., and Hutzell, W. T.: Multipollutant modeling of ozone, reactive nitrogen and HAPs across the continental US with CMAQ-CB6, Atmos. Environ., 201, 62–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.060, 2019.
Luo, L., Zhu, R.-g., Song, C.-B., Peng, J.-F., Guo, W., Liu, Y., Zheng, N., Xiao, H., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Changes in nitrate accumulation mechanisms as PM2.5 levels increase on the North China Plain: A perspective from the dual isotopic compositions of nitrate, Chemosphere, 263, 127915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127915, 2021.
Ma, X., Tan, Z., Lu, K., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Li, S., Li, X., Chen, S., Novelli, A., Cho, C., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Winter photochemistry in Beijing: Observation and model simulation of OH and HO2 radicals at an urban site, Sci. Total Environ., 685, 85–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.329, 2019.
Michalski, G., Scott, Z., Kabiling, M., and Thiemens, M. H.: First measurements and modeling of Δ17O in atmospheric nitrate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1870, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017015, 2003.
Mitroo, D., Gill, T. E., Haas, S., Pratt, K. A., and Gaston, C. J.: ClNO2 Production from N2O5 Uptake on Saline Playa Dusts: New Insights into Potential Inland Sources of ClNO2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 7442–7452, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01112, 2019.
Moore, J. W. and Semmens, B. X.: Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models, Ecol. Lett., 11, 470–480, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01163.x, 2008.
Pathak, R. K., Wang, T., and Wu, W. S.: Nighttime enhancement of PM2.5 nitrate in ammonia-poor atmospheric conditions in Beijing and Shanghai: Plausible contributions of heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 and HNO3 partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1183–1191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.003, 2011.
Qi, J., Yu, Y., Yao, X., Gang, Y., and Gao, H.: Dry deposition fluxes of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in atmospheric aerosols over the Marginal Seas and Northwest Pacific, Atmos. Res., 245, 105076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105076, 2020.
Ramanathan, V. and Feng, Y.: Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives, Atmos. Environ., 43, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063, 2009.
Shao, P., Tian, H., Sun, Y., Liu, H., Wu, B., Liu, S., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Liang, W., Wang, Y., Gao, J., Xue, Y., Bai, X., Liu, W., Lin, S., and Hu, G.: Characterizing remarkable changes of severe haze events and chemical compositions in multi-size airborne particles (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) from January 2013 to 2016–2017 winter in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 189, 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.038, 2018.
Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., and Böhlke, J. K.: A Bacterial Method for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Nitrate in Seawater and Freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73, 4145–4153, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010088e, 2001.
Song, M., Zhao, X., Liu, P., Mu, J., He, G., Zhang, C., Tong, S., Xue, C., Zhao, X., Ge, M., and Mu, Y.: Atmospheric NOx oxidation as major sources for nitrous acid (HONO), npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 30, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00357-8, 2023.
Stone, D., Whalley, L. K., and Heard, D. E.: Tropospheric OH and HO2 radicals: field measurements and model comparisons, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6348–6404, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35140D, 2012.
Sun, J., Qin, M., Xie, X., Fu, W., Qin, Y., Sheng, L., Li, L., Li, J., Sulaymon, I. D., Jiang, L., Huang, L., Yu, X., and Hu, J.: Seasonal modeling analysis of nitrate formation pathways in Yangtze River Delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12629–12646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12629-2022, 2022.
Sun, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., Fu, P., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin, Y.: Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021641, 2014.
Tan, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, W., Yu, Q., Wang, Q., Fu, Q., Zhou, B., Chen, J., and Chen, L.: Evaluation and potential improvements of WRF/CMAQ in simulating multi-levels air pollution in megacity Shanghai, China, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A., 31, 2513–2526, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1342-3, 2017.
Tan, Z., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Ma, X., Bohn, B., Broch, S., Dong, H., Fuchs, H., Gkatzelis, G. I., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Li, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Novelli, A., Shao, M., Wang, H., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Wintertime photochemistry in Beijing: observations of ROx radical concentrations in the North China Plain during the BEST-ONE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12391–12411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12391-2018, 2018.
Tan, Z., Lu, K., Hofzumahaus, A., Fuchs, H., Bohn, B., Holland, F., Liu, Y., Rohrer, F., Shao, M., Sun, K., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Zhang, Y., Zou, Q., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Experimental budgets of OH, HO2, and RO2 radicals and implications for ozone formation in the Pearl River Delta in China 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7129–7150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7129-2019, 2019.
Tan, Z., Wang, H., Lu, K., Dong, H., Liu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., and Zhang, Y.: An Observational Based Modeling of the Surface Layer Particulate Nitrate in the North China Plain During Summertime, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035623, 2021.
Tegen, I., Koch, D., Lacis, A. A., and Sato, M.: Trends in tropospheric aerosol loads and corresponding impact on direct radiative forcing between 1950 and 1990: A model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 26971–26989, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900280, 2000.
Tham, Y. J., Wang, Z., Li, Q., Wang, W., Wang, X., Lu, K., Ma, N., Yan, C., Kecorius, S., Wiedensohler, A., Zhang, Y., and Wang, T.: Heterogeneous N2O5 uptake coefficient and production yield of ClNO2 in polluted northern China: roles of aerosol water content and chemical composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13155–13171, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13155-2018, 2018.
Thornton, J. A. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N2O5 Reaction on Submicron Sea Salt Aerosol: Kinetics, Products, and the Effect of Surface Active Organics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10004–10012, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054183t, 2005.
Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Zhang, R., Rasch, P., and Collins, W.: Effect of clouds on photolysis and oxidants in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4642, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003659, 2003a.
Tie, X., Emmons, L., Horowitz, L., Brasseur, G., Ridley, B., Atlas, E., Stround, C., Hess, P., Klonecki, A., Madronich, S., Talbot, R., and Dibb, J.: Effect of sulfate aerosol on tropospheric NOx and ozone budgets: Model simulations and TOPSE evidence, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8364, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001508, 2003b.
Tie, X., Wu, D., and Brasseur, G.: Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2375–2377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.036, 2009.
US EPA: Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses for Demonstrating Attainment of Air Quality Goals for Ozone, PM2.5, and Regional Haze, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, Report No. EPA-454/B-07-002, 262 pp., 2007.
Wahner, A., Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Stier, J.: Heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 on sodium nitrate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 31103–31112, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD100022, 1998.
Walters, W. W. and Michalski, G.: Theoretical calculation of oxygen equilibrium isotope fractionation factors involving various NOy molecules, OH, and H2O and its implications for isotope variations in atmospheric nitrate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 191, 89–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.039, 2016.
Walters, W. W., Fang, H., and Michalski, G.: Summertime diurnal variations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at a small midwestern United States city, Atmos. Environ., 179, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.047, 2018.
Walters, W. W., Pye, H. O. T., Kim, H., and Hastings, M. G.: Modeling the Oxygen Isotope Anomaly (Δ17O) of Reactive Nitrogen in the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model: Insights into Nitrogen Oxide Chemistry in the Northeastern United States, ACS ES&T Air, 1, 451–463, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.3c00056, 2024.
Wang, F., An, J., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Lin, J., Qu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, B., and Zhai, J.: Impacts of uncertainty in AVOC emissions on the summer ROx budget and ozone production rate in the three most rapidly-developing economic growth regions of China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1331–1342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-3251-z, 2014.
Wang, H., Lu, K., Tan, Z., Chen, X., Liu, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Formation mechanism and control strategy for particulate nitrate in China, J. Environ. Sci., 123, 476–486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.019, 2023.
Wang, H., Chen, X., Lu, K., Tan, Z., Ma, X., Wu, Z., Li, X., Liu, Y., Shang, D., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., Schmitt, S., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Wintertime N2O5 uptake coefficients over the North China Plain, Science Bulletin, 65, 765–774, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.02.006, 2020.
Wu, C., Liu, L., Wang, G., Zhang, S., Li, G., Lv, S., Li, J., Wang, F., Meng, J., and Zeng, Y.: Important contribution of N2O5 hydrolysis to the daytime nitrate in Xi'an, China during haze periods: Isotopic analysis and WRF-Chem model simulation, Environ. Pollut., 288, 117712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117712, 2021.
Xu, Q., Wang, S., Jiang, J., Bhattarai, N., Li, X., Chang, X., Qiu, X., Zheng, M., Hua, Y., and Hao, J.: Nitrate dominates the chemical composition of PM2.5 during haze event in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 689, 1293–1303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.294, 2019a.
Xu, W., Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Ge, X., Xie, C., Zhou, W., Du, W., Li, J., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Worsnop, D. R., and Coe, H.: Changes in Aerosol Chemistry From 2014 to 2016 in Winter in Beijing: Insights From High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 1132–1147, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029245, 2019b.
Xu, Z., Liu, M., Zhang, M., Song, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Xu, T., Wang, T., Yan, C., Zhou, T., Sun, Y., Pan, Y., Hu, M., Zheng, M., and Zhu, T.: High efficiency of livestock ammonia emission controls in alleviating particulate nitrate during a severe winter haze episode in northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5605–5613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5605-2019, 2019c.
Xue, C., Zhang, C., Ye, C., Liu, P., Catoire, V., Krysztofiak, G., Chen, H., Ren, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., An, J., Wang, T., Chen, J., Kleffmann, J., Mellouki, A., and Mu, Y.: HONO Budget and Its Role in Nitrate Formation in the Rural North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 11048–11057, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01832, 2020.
Xue, J., Yu, X., Yuan, Z., Griffith, S. M., Lau, A. K. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Efficient control of atmospheric sulfate production based on three formation regimes, Nat. Geosci., 12, 977–982, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0485-5, 2019.
Yan, F., Gao, Y., Ma, M., Liu, C., Ji, X., Zhao, F., Yao, X., and Gao, H.: Revealing the modulation of boundary conditions and governing processes on ozone formation over northern China in June 2017, Environ. Pollut., 272, 115999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115999, 2021.
Yang, J., Au, W. C., Law, H., Lam, C. H., and Nah, T.: Formation and evolution of brown carbon during aqueous-phase nitrate-mediated photooxidation of guaiacol and 5-nitroguaiacol, Atmos. Environ., 254, 118401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118401, 2021.
Yang, J., Qu, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Niu, H., and An, J.: Dominant physical and chemical processes impacting nitrate in Shandong of the North China Plain during winter haze events, Sci. Total Environ., 912, 169065, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169065, 2024.
Ye, C., Zhou, X., Pu, D., Stutz, J., Festa, J., Spolaor, M., Tsai, C., Cantrell, C., Mauldin, R. L., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., Hornbrook, R. S., Apel, E. C., Guenther, A., Kaser, L., Yuan, B., Karl, T., Haggerty, J., Hall, S., Ullmann, K., Smith, J. N., Ortega, J., and Knote, C.: Rapid cycling of reactive nitrogen in the marine boundary layer, Nature, 532, 489–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17195, 2016.
Yu, F., Luo, G., Nair, A. A., Schwab, J. J., Sherman, J. P., and Zhang, Y.: Wintertime new particle formation and its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei in the Northeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2591–2601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2591-2020, 2020.
Zang, H., Zhao, Y., Huo, J., Zhao, Q., Fu, Q., Duan, Y., Shao, J., Huang, C., An, J., Xue, L., Li, Z., Li, C., and Xiao, H.: High atmospheric oxidation capacity drives wintertime nitrate pollution in the eastern Yangtze River Delta of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4355–4374, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4355-2022, 2022.
Zhai, S., Jacob, D. J., Wang, X., Shen, L., Li, K., Zhang, Y., Gui, K., Zhao, T., and Liao, H.: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in China, 2013–2018: separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11031–11041, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019, 2019.
Zhai, S., Jacob, D. J., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Wen, T., Shah, V., Li, K., Moch, J. M., Bates, K. H., Song, S., Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Luo, G., Yu, F., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Qi, M., Tao, J., Gui, K., Xu, H., Zhang, Q., Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Lee, H. C., Choi, H., and Liao, H.: Control of particulate nitrate air pollution in China, Nat. Geosci., 14, 389–395, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00726-z, 2021.
Zhang, C., Liao, H., Li, K., Dai, H., and Gu, Z.: Numerical Simulation of Summertime OH Concentrations in China Since the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 713–724, 2023a (in Chinese).
Zhang, X., Tong, S., Jia, C., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Tang, G., Hu, B., Liu, Z., Wang, L., Zhao, P., Pan, Y., and Ge, M.: Elucidating HONO formation mechanism and its essential contribution to OH during haze events, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 55, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00371-w, 2023b.
Zhang, Y.-L., Zhang, W., Fan, M.-Y., Li, J., Fang, H., Cao, F., Lin, Y.-C., Wilkins, B. P., Liu, X., Bao, M., Hong, Y., and Michalski, G.: A diurnal story of Δ17O(NO
Zhang, Z., Jiang, Z., Guan, H., Liang, Y., Zheng, N., and Guo, W.: Isotopic Evidence for the High Contribution of Wintertime Photochemistry to Particulate Nitrate Formation in Northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035324, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035324, 2021.
Zhang, Z., Zhou, T., Jiang, Z., Ma, T., Su, G., Ruan, X., Wu, Y., Cao, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Li, W., Zhang, H., Lin, M., Liu, P., and Geng, L.: High-Resolution Measurements of Multi-Isotopic Signatures (δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O) of Winter NO2 in a Megacity in Central China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 59, 3634–3644, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c07724, 2025.
Zhao, X., Zhao, X., Liu, P., Chen, D., Zhang, C., Xue, C., Liu, J., Xu, J., and Mu, Y.: Transport Pathways of Nitrate Formed from Nocturnal N2O5 Hydrolysis Aloft to the Ground Level in Winter North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 2715–2725, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00086, 2023.
Zhao, Z.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-C., Song, W.-H., Yu, H.-R., Fan, M.-Y., Hong, Y.-H., Yang, X.-Y., Li, H.-Y., and Cao, F.: Continental Emissions Influence the Sources and Formation Mechanisms of Marine Nitrate Aerosols in Spring Over the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea Inferred From Stable Isotopes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD040541, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040541, 2024.
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng, L., Qi, J., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., He, K., and Zhang, Q.: Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14095–14111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018, 2018.
Zheng, H., Song, S., Sarwar, G., Gen, M., Wang, S., Ding, D., Chang, X., Zhang, S., Xing, J., Sun, Y., Ji, D., Chan, C. K., Gao, J., and McElroy, M. B.: Contribution of Particulate Nitrate Photolysis to Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation for Winter Haze in China, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 7, 632–638, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00368, 2020.
Zhong, X., Shen, H., Zhao, M., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Shan, Y., Li, H., Mu, J., Yang, Y., Nie, Y., Tang, J., Dong, C., Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Guo, M., Wang, W., and Xue, L.: Nitrous acid budgets in the coastal atmosphere: potential daytime marine sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14761–14778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, 2023.
Zhou, W., Gao, M., He, Y., Wang, Q., Xie, C., Xu, W., Zhao, J., Du, W., Qiu, Y., Lei, L., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., and Sun, Y.: Response of aerosol chemistry to clean air action in Beijing, China: Insights from two-year ACSM measurements and model simulations, Environ. Pollut., 255, 113345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113345, 2019.
Zong, Z., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Chen, Y., Cui, S., and Zhang, G.: Dual-modelling-based source apportionment of NOx in five Chinese megacities: Providing the isotopic footprint from 2013 to 2014, Environ. Int., 137, 105592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105592, 2020.
Short summary
Our research investigated nitrate formation in air pollution across inland and coastal cities in northern China during the winters of 2013 and 2018. Using air quality models and isotopic analysis, we identified regional differences, with coastal cities showing more contribution from the dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) heterogeneous reaction. Reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia (NH3) was crucial for lowering nitrate levels and improving air quality.
Our research investigated nitrate formation in air pollution across inland and coastal cities in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint