Articles | Volume 25, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5947-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5947-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
13 Jun 2025
Measurement report |
| 13 Jun 2025
| 13 Jun 2025
Measurement report: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in particulate matter (PM10) from activated sludge aeration
Jishnu Pandamkulangara Kizhakkethil
Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK
Zongbo Shi
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
Anna Bogush
Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK
Ivan Kourtchev
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Guochen Wang, Xuedong Cui, Bingye Xu, Can Wu, Minkang Zhi, Keliang Li, Liang Xu, Qi Yuan, Yuntao Wang, Yele Sun, Zongbo Shi, Akinori Ito, Shixian Zhai, and Weijun Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5423, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5423, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Iron acidification process is primarily driven by sulphuric acid in the upper mixing layer different from nitric acid at the ground-level. Enhanced aging process contributes to high iron solubility in the upper mixing layer. Numerical models should consider vertical variations in iron dissolution to improve simulation accuracy.
Yuqing Dai, Bowen Liu, Chengxu Tong, David C. Carslaw, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13585–13596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13585-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution causes millions of deaths annually, driving policies to improve air quality. However, assessing these policies is challenging because weather changes can hide their true impact. We created a logical evaluation framework and found that a widely applied machine learning approach that adjusts for weather effects could underestimate the effectiveness of short-term policies, like emergency traffic controls. We proposed a refined approach that could largely reduce such underestimation.
Song Liu, Xiaopu Lyu, Fumo Yang, Zongbo Shi, Xin Huang, Tengyu Liu, Hongli Wang, Mei Li, Jian Gao, Nan Chen, Guoliang Shi, Yu Zou, Chenglei Pei, Chengxu Tong, Xinyi Liu, Li Zhou, Alex B. Guenther, and Nan Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4644, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4644, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the invisible gas isoprene, which trees and vehicles release into the air and which can worsen urban smog. Using advanced computer learning trained on measurements from many cities, we uncovered how temperature, sunlight, and city greening shape isoprene levels. Comparing Hong Kong and London, we found climate warming boosts isoprene and future ozone pollution, but strong cuts in traffic pollution could limit this impact.
Juncheng Qian, Thomas Wynn, Bowen Liu, Yuli Shan, Suzanne E. Bartington, Francis D. Pope, Yuqing Dai, and Zongbo Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3839, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a multi-stage AutoML calibration framework to improve low-cost indoor PM2.5 sensor accuracy. Using chamber tests with varied emission sources, the method corrected drift, humidity effects, and non-linear responses, raising R2 above 0.9 and halving RMSE. The approach enables reliable, scalable indoor air quality monitoring for research and public health applications.
Claudia Di Biagio, Elisa Bru, Avila Orta, Servanne Chevaillier, Clarissa Baldo, Antonin Bergé, Mathieu Cazaunau, Sandra Lafon, Sophie Nowak, Edouard Pangui, Meinrat O. Andreae, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Kebonyethata Dintwe, Konrad Kandler, James S. King, Amelie Chaput, Gregory S. Okin, Stuart Piketh, Thuraya Saeed, David Seibert, Zongbo Shi, Earle Williams, Pasquale Sellitto, and Paola Formenti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3512, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3512, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Spectroscopy measurements show that the absorbance of dust in the far-infrared up to 25 μm is comparable in intensity to that in the mid-infrared (3–15μm) suggesting its relevance for dust direct radiative effect. Data evidence different absorption signatures for high and low/mid latitude dust, due to differences in mineralogical composition. These differences could be used to characterise the mineralogy and differentiate the origin of airborne dust based on infrared remote sensing observations.
Xiansheng Liu, Xun Zhang, Marvin Dufresne, Tao Wang, Lijie Wu, Rosa Lara, Roger Seco, Marta Monge, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Marie Gohy, Paul Petit, Audrey Chevalier, Marie-Pierre Vagnot, Yann Fortier, Alexia Baudic, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Valérie Gros, Leïla Simon, Heidi Héllen, Stefan Reimann, Zoé Le Bras, Michelle Jessy Müller, David Beddows, Siqi Hou, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, William Bloss, James Dernie, Stéphane Sauvage, Philip K. Hopke, Xiaoli Duan, Taicheng An, Alastair C. Lewis, James R. Hopkins, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Xiaohu Zhang, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, and Thérèse Salameh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 625–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) pollution in urban areas across seven European countries. Analyzing data from 22 monitoring sites, we found traffic and industrial activities significantly impact BTEX levels, with peaks during rush hours. The risk from BTEX exposure remains moderate, especially in high-traffic and industrial zones, highlighting the need for targeted air quality management to protect public health and improve urban air quality.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Avinash Kumar, Matti Rissanen, Miikka Dal Maso, Peter Mettke, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10349–10361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ions enhance the formation and growth rates of new particles, affecting the Earth's radiation budget. Despite these effects, there is little published data exploring the sources of ions in the urban environment and their role in new particle formation (NPF). Here we show that natural ion sources dominate in urban environments, while traffic is a secondary source. Ions contribute up to 12.7 % of the formation rate of particles, indicating that they are important for forming urban PM.
Romanos Foskinis, Ghislain Motos, Maria I. Gini, Olga Zografou, Kunfeng Gao, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Granakis, Ville Vakkari, Kalliopi Violaki, Andreas Aktypis, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Zongbo Shi, Mika Komppula, Spyros N. Pandis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alexandros Papayannis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9827–9842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysis of modeling, in situ, and remote sensing measurements reveals the microphysical state of orographic clouds and their response to aerosol from the boundary layer and free troposphere. We show that cloud response to aerosol is robust, as predicted supersaturation and cloud droplet number levels agree with those determined from in-cloud measurements. The ability to determine if clouds are velocity- or aerosol-limited allows for novel model constraints and remote sensing products.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Tuukka Petäjä, Máté Vörösmarty, Imre Salma, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Dominik van Pinxteren, Thomas Tuch, Kay Weinhold, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9515–9531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sources of airborne particles in the atmospheres of four European cities were distinguished by recognising their particle size distributions using a statistical procedure, positive matrix factorisation. The various sources responded differently to the changes in emissions associated with COVID-19 lockdowns, and the reasons are investigated. While traffic emissions generally decreased, particles formed from reactions of atmospheric gases decreased in some cities but increased in others.
Beth S. Nelson, Zhenze Liu, Freya A. Squires, Marvin Shaw, James R. Hopkins, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Andrew R. Rickard, Alastair C. Lewis, Zongbo Shi, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9031–9044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of combined air quality and carbon neutrality policies on O3 formation in Beijing was investigated. Emissions inventory data were used to estimate future pollutant mixing ratios relative to ground-level observations. O3 production was found to be most sensitive to changes in alkenes, but large reductions in less reactive compounds led to larger reductions in future O3 production. This study highlights the importance of understanding the emissions of organic pollutants.
Jianghao Li, Alastair C. Lewis, Jim R. Hopkins, Stephen J. Andrews, Tim Murrells, Neil Passant, Ben Richmond, Siqi Hou, William J. Bloss, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6219–6231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A summertime ozone event at an urban site in Birmingham is sensitive to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – particularly those of oxygenated VOCs. The roles of anthropogenic VOC sources in urban ozone chemistry are examined by integrating the 1990–2019 national atmospheric emission inventory into model scenarios. Road transport remains the most powerful means of further reducing ozone in this case study, but the benefits may be offset if solvent emissions of VOCs continue to increase.
Adolfo González-Romero, Cristina González-Flórez, Agnesh Panta, Jesús Yus-Díez, Cristina Reche, Patricia Córdoba, Natalia Moreno, Andres Alastuey, Konrad Kandler, Martina Klose, Clarissa Baldo, Roger N. Clark, Zongbo Shi, Xavier Querol, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15815–15834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15815-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15815-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of dust emitted from desertic surfaces upon climate and ecosystems depends on size and mineralogy, but data from soil mineral atlases of desert soils are scarce. We performed particle-size distribution, mineralogy, and Fe speciation in southern Morocco. Results show coarser particles with high quartz proportion are near the elevated areas, while in depressed areas, sizes are finer, and proportions of clays and nano-Fe oxides are higher. This difference is important for dust modelling.
Clarissa Baldo, Paola Formenti, Claudia Di Biagio, Gongda Lu, Congbo Song, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Jean-Francois Doussin, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Olafur Arnalds, David Beddows, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7975–8000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents new shortwave spectral complex refractive index and single scattering albedo data for Icelandic dust. Our results show that the imaginary part of the complex refractive index of Icelandic dust is at the upper end of the range of low-latitude dust. Furthermore, we observed that Icelandic dust is more absorbing towards the near-infrared, which we attribute to its high magnetite content. These findings are important for modeling dust aerosol radiative effects in the Arctic.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
Outi Meinander, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavel Amosov, Elena Aseyeva, Cliff Atkins, Alexander Baklanov, Clarissa Baldo, Sarah L. Barr, Barbara Barzycka, Liane G. Benning, Bojan Cvetkovic, Polina Enchilik, Denis Frolov, Santiago Gassó, Konrad Kandler, Nikolay Kasimov, Jan Kavan, James King, Tatyana Koroleva, Viktoria Krupskaya, Markku Kulmala, Monika Kusiak, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Michał Laska, Jerome Lasne, Marek Lewandowski, Bartłomiej Luks, James B. McQuaid, Beatrice Moroni, Benjamin Murray, Ottmar Möhler, Adam Nawrot, Slobodan Nickovic, Norman T. O’Neill, Goran Pejanovic, Olga Popovicheva, Keyvan Ranjbar, Manolis Romanias, Olga Samonova, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Kerstin Schepanski, Ivan Semenkov, Anna Sharapova, Elena Shevnina, Zongbo Shi, Mikhail Sofiev, Frédéric Thevenet, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Mikhail Timofeev, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Andreas Uppstu, Darya Urupina, György Varga, Tomasz Werner, Olafur Arnalds, and Ana Vukovic Vimic
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11889–11930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-latitude dust (HLD) is a short-lived climate forcer, air pollutant, and nutrient source. Our results suggest a northern HLD belt at 50–58° N in Eurasia and 50–55° N in Canada and at >60° N in Eurasia and >58° N in Canada. Our addition to the previously identified global dust belt (GDB) provides crucially needed information on the extent of active HLD sources with both direct and indirect impacts on climate and environment in remote regions, which are often poorly understood and predicted.
Guohua Zhang, Xiaodong Hu, Wei Sun, Yuxiang Yang, Ziyong Guo, Yuzhen Fu, Haichao Wang, Shengzhen Zhou, Lei Li, Mingjin Tang, Zongbo Shi, Duohong Chen, Xinhui Bi, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9571–9582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9571-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We show a significant enhancement of nitrate mass fraction in cloud water and relative intensity of nitrate in the cloud residual particles and highlight that hydrolysis of N2O5 serves as the critical route for the in-cloud formation of nitrate, even during the daytime. Given that N2O5 hydrolysis acts as a major sink of NOx in the atmosphere, further model updates may improve our understanding about the processes contributing to nitrate production in cloud and the cycling of odd nitrogen.
Shipra Jain, Ruth M. Doherty, David Sexton, Steven Turnock, Chaofan Li, Zixuan Jia, Zongbo Shi, and Lin Pei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7443–7460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7443-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7443-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a range of future projections of winter haze and clear conditions over the North China Plain (NCP) using multiple simulations from a climate model for the high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). The frequency of haze conducive weather is likely to increase whereas the frequency of clear weather is likely to decrease in future. The total number of hazy days for a given winter can be as much as ˜3.5 times higher than the number of clear days over the NCP.
Clarissa Baldo, Akinori Ito, Michael D. Krom, Weijun Li, Tim Jones, Nick Drake, Konstantin Ignatyev, Nicholas Davidson, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6045–6066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6045-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High ionic strength relevant to the aerosol-water enhanced proton-promoted dissolution of iron in coal fly ash (up to 7 times) but suppressed oxalate-promoted dissolution at low pH (< 3). Fe in coal fly ash dissolved up to 7 times faster than in Saharan dust at low pH. A global model with the updated dissolution rates of iron in coal fly ash suggested a larger contribution of pyrogenic dissolved Fe over regions with a strong impact from fossil fuel combustions.
Ülkü Alver Şahin, Roy M. Harrison, Mohammed S. Alam, David C. S. Beddows, Dimitrios Bousiotis, Zongbo Shi, Leigh R. Crilley, William Bloss, James Brean, Isha Khanna, and Rulan Verma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5415–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wide-range particle size spectra have been measured in three seasons in Delhi and are interpreted in terms of sources and processes. Condensational growth is a major feature of the fine fraction, and a coarse fraction contributes substantially – but only in summer.
Yanhong Zhu, Weijun Li, Yue Wang, Jian Zhang, Lei Liu, Liang Xu, Jingsha Xu, Jinhui Shi, Longyi Shao, Pingqing Fu, Daizhou Zhang, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2191–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The solubilities of iron in fine particles in a megacity in Eastern China were studied under haze, fog, dust, clear, and rain weather conditions. For the first time, a receptor model was used to quantify the sources of dissolved and total iron aerosol. Microscopic analysis further confirmed the aging of iron aerosol during haze and fog conditions that facilitated dissolution of insoluble iron.
Yingze Tian, Xiaoning Wang, Peng Zhao, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-1007, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical mass balance (CMB) is a widely used method to apportion the sources of PM2.5. We explore the sensitivity of CMB results to input data of organic markers only (OM-CMB) with a combination of organic and inorganic markers (IOM-CMB), as well as using different chemical profiles for sources. Our results indicate the superiority of combining inorganic and organic tracers and using locally-relevant source profiles in source apportionment of PM.
Deepchandra Srivastava, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Siqi Hou, Natalia Moreno Palmerola, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14703–14724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the source apportionment of PM2.5 performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) at urban and rural sites in Beijing. These factors are interpreted as traffic emissions, biomass burning, road and soil dust, coal and oil combustion, and secondary inorganics. PMF failed to resolve some sources identified by CMB and AMS and appears to overestimate the dust sources. Comparison with earlier PMF studies from the Beijing area highlights inconsistent findings using this method.
Gongda Lu, Eloise A. Marais, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, James D. Lee, Qiang Zhang, Lu Shen, Gan Luo, and Fangqun Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-428, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-428, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Emission controls were imposed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in northern China in autumn-winter 2017. We find that regional PM2.5 targets (15 % decrease relative to previous year) were exceeded. Our analysis shows that decline in precursor emissions only leads to less than half (43 %) the improved air quality. Most of the change (57 %) is due to interannual variability in meteorology. Stricter emission controls may be necessary in years with unfavourable meteorology.
Congbo Song, Manuel Dall'Osto, Angelo Lupi, Mauro Mazzola, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Stefania Gilardoni, Stergios Vratolis, Karl Espen Yttri, David C. S. Beddows, Julia Schmale, James Brean, Agung Ghani Kramawijaya, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11317–11335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a cluster analysis of relatively long-term (2015–2019) aerosol aerodynamic volume size distributions up to 20 μm in the Arctic for the first time. The study found that anthropogenic and natural aerosols comprised 27 % and 73 % of the occurrence of the coarse-mode aerosols, respectively. Our study shows that about two-thirds of the coarse-mode aerosols are related to two sea-spray-related aerosol clusters, indicating that sea spray aerosol may more complex in the Arctic environment.
Siqi Hou, Di Liu, Jingsha Xu, Tuan V. Vu, Xuefang Wu, Deepchandra Srivastava, Pingqing Fu, Linjie Li, Yele Sun, Athanasia Vlachou, Vaios Moschos, Gary Salazar, Sönke Szidat, André S. H. Prévôt, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8273–8292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a newly developed method which combines radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to enable source apportionment of primary and secondary fossil vs. non-fossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols at an urban and a rural site of Beijing. The source apportionment results were compared with those by chemical mass balance and AMS/ACSM-PMF methods. Correlations of WINSOC and WSOC with different sources of OC were also performed to elucidate the formation mechanisms of SOC.
Jingsha Xu, Di Liu, Xuefang Wu, Tuan V. Vu, Yanli Zhang, Pingqing Fu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Bo Zheng, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7321–7341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment of fine aerosols in an urban site of Beijing used a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. Seven primary sources (industrial/residential coal burning, biomass burning, gasoline/diesel vehicles, cooking and vegetative detritus) explained an average of 75.7 % and 56.1 % of fine OC in winter and summer, respectively. CMB was found to resolve more primary OA sources than AMS-PMF, but the latter apportioned more secondary OA sources.
Steven J. Campbell, Kate Wolfer, Battist Utinger, Joe Westwood, Zhi-Hui Zhang, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Sarah S. Steimer, Tuan V. Vu, Jingsha Xu, Nicholas Straw, Steven Thomson, Atallah Elzein, Yele Sun, Di Liu, Linjie Li, Pingqing Fu, Alastair C. Lewis, Roy M. Harrison, William J. Bloss, Miranda Loh, Mark R. Miller, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5549–5573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP), a metric widely suggested as a potential measure of particle toxicity, in Beijing in summer and winter using four acellular assays. We correlate PM2.5 OP with a comprehensive range of atmospheric and particle composition measurements, demonstrating inter-assay differences and seasonal variation of PM2.5 OP. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we highlight specific particle chemical components and sources that influence OP.
Wenhua Wang, Longyi Shao, Claudio Mazzoleni, Yaowei Li, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Janarjan Bhandari, Jiaoping Xing, Xiaolei Feng, Mengyuan Zhang, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5301–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the characteristics of individual particles at ground level and above the mixed-layer height. We found that the particles above the mixed-layer height during haze periods are more aged compared to ground level. More coal-combustion-related primary organic particles were found above the mixed-layer height. We suggest that the particles above the mixed-layer height are affected by the surrounding areas, and once mixed down to the ground, they might contribute to ground air pollution.
Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Liang Xu, Qi Yuan, Dantong Liu, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Zongbo Shi, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2251–2265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We found that large numbers of light-absorbing primary organic particles with high viscosity, especially tarballs, from domestic coal and biomass burning occurred in rural and even urban hazes in the winter of North China. For the first time, we characterized the atmospheric aging process of these burning-related primary organic particles by microscopic analysis and further evaluated their light absorption enhancement resulting from the “lensing effect” of secondary inorganic coatings.
Jingsha Xu, Shaojie Song, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Lianfang Wei, Qiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Lu Lei, Chao Zhang, Xiaohong Yao, Dihui Chen, Weijun Li, Miaomiao Wu, Hezhong Tian, Lining Luo, Shengrui Tong, Weiran Li, Junling Wang, Guoliang Shi, Yanqi Huangfu, Yingze Tian, Baozhu Ge, Shaoli Su, Chao Peng, Yang Chen, Fumo Yang, Aleksandra Mihajlidi-Zelić, Dragana Đorđević, Stefan J. Swift, Imogen Andrews, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Ye Sun, Agung Kramawijaya, Jinxiu Han, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Clarissa Baldo, Siqi Hou, Feixue Zheng, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Chao Yan, Yongchun Liu, Markku Kulmala, Pingqing Fu, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6325–6341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6325-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An interlaboratory comparison was conducted for the first time to examine differences in water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) measured by 10 labs using ion chromatography (IC) and by two online aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) methods. Major ions including SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ agreed well in 10 IC labs and correlated well with ACSM data. WSII interlab variability strongly affected aerosol acidity results based on ion balance, but aerosol pH computed by ISORROPIA II was very similar.
Liang Xu, Satoshi Fukushima, Sophie Sobanska, Kotaro Murata, Ayumi Naganuma, Lei Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Hongya Niu, Zongbo Shi, Tomoko Kojima, Daizhou Zhang, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14321–14332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14321-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14321-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the mixing structures of soot particles and found that the dominant mixing structure changed from fresh to partially embedded to fully embedded along the pathway of an Asian dust storm from eastern China to Japan. Soot particles became more compact following transport. Our findings not only provide direct evidence for soot aging during regional transport but also help us understand how their morphology changes in different air environments.
Cited articles
Abbey, D. E., Hwang, B. L., Burchette, R. J., Vancuren, T., and Mills, P. K.: Estimated long-term ambient concentrations of PM10 and development of respiratory symptoms in a nonsmoking population, Arch. Environ. Health Int. J., 50, 139–152, https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9940891, 1995.
Ahrens, L., Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Lee, S. C., Guo, R., and Reiner, E. J.: Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8098–8105, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1036173, 2011.
Ahrens, L., Harner, T., Shoeib, M., Lane, D. A., and Murphy, J. G.: Improved characterization of gas–particle partitioning for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere using annular diffusion denuder samplers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7199–7206, https://doi.org/10.1021/es300898s, 2012.
Ao, J., Tang, W., Liu, X., Ao, Y., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, J.: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) as PFAS substitutes and precursors: An overview, J. Hazard. Mater., 464, 133018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133018, 2024.
Ateia, M., Maroli, A., Tharayil, N., and Karanfil, T.: The overlooked short- and ultrashort-chain poly- and perfluorinated substances: A review, Chemosphere, 220, 866–882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.186, 2019.
ATSDR: Draft toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf (last access: 6 September 2024), 2015.
Barton, C. A., Kaiser, M. A., and Russell, M. H.: Partitioning and removal of perfluorooctanoate during rain events: The importance of physical-chemical properties, J. Environ. Monit., 9, 839–846, https://doi.org/10.1039/B703510A, 2007.
Beach, S. A., Newsted, J. L., Coady, K., and Giesy, J. P.: Ecotoxicological evaluation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), in: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology: Continuation of residue reviews, edited by: Albert, L. A., de Voogt, P., Gerba, C. P., Hutzinger, O., Knaak, J. B., Mayer, F. L., Morgan, D. P., Park, D. L., Tjeerdema, R. S., Whitacre, D. M., Yang, R. S. H., Ware, G. W., Nigg, H. N., Doerge, D. R., and Gunther, F. A., Springer New York, New York, NY, 133–174, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-32883-1_5, 2006.
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M, Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X. Y.: Clouds and aerosols. in: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter07_FINAL-1.pdf (last access: 8 June 2025), 2013.
Brendel, S., Fetter, É., Staude, C., Vierke, L., and Biegel-Engler, A.: Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH, Environ. Sci. Eur., 30, 9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0134-4, 2018.
Brusseau, M. L., Anderson, R. H., and Guo, B.: PFAS concentrations in soils: Background levels versus contaminated sites, Sci. Total Environ., 740, 140017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140017, 2020.
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., and van Leeuwen, S. P. J.: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 7, 513–541, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.258, 2011.
Chang, N. Y., Eichler, C. M. A., Amparo, D. E., Zhou, J., Baumann, K., Cohen Hubal, E. A., Surratt, J. D., Morrison, G. C., and Turpin, B. J.: Indoor air concentrations of PM2.5 quartz fiber filter-collected ionic PFAS and emissions to outdoor air: findings from the IPA campaign, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00359D, 2025.
Chen, S.-L., Chang, S.-W., Chen, Y.-J., and Chen, H.-L.: Possible warming effect of fine particulate matter in the atmosphere, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00278-5, 2021.
Christian, N. P.: Chemical toxicity of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), in: Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Fourth Edition), edited by: Wexler, P., Academic Press, Oxford, 747–756, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.01052-6, 2024.
Clara, M., Scharf, S., Weiss, S., Gans, O., and Scheffknecht, C.: Emissions of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) from point sources – identification of relevant branches, Water Sci. Technol., 58, 59–66, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.641, 2008.
Dauchy, X., Boiteux, V., Bach, C., Colin, A., Hemard, J., Rosin, C., and Munoz, J.-F.: Mass flows and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the wastewater treatment plant of a fluorochemical manufacturing facility, Sci. Total Environ., 576, 549–558, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.130, 2017.
de Alba-Gonzalez, M., del Carmen González-Caballero, M., and Tarazona, J. V.: Perfluorooctanoic acid, in: Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Fourth Edition), edited by: Wexler, P., Academic Press, Oxford, 367–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00760-0, 2024.
European Union: Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast) (Text with EEA relevance), http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2020/2184/oj (last access: 4 September 2024), 2020.
Domingo, J. L. and Nadal, M.: Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water: A review of the recent scientific literature, Environ. Res., 177, 108648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108648, 2019.
Ebrahimi, F., Lewis, A. J., Sales, C. M., Suri, R., and McKenzie, E. R.: Linking PFAS partitioning behavior in sewage solids to the solid characteristics, solution chemistry, and treatment processes, Chemosphere, 271, 129530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129530, 2021.
ECHA: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/perfluoroalkyl-chemicals-pfas (last access: 4 September 2024), 2022a.
ECHA: Proposal to ban “forever chemicals” in firefighting foams throughout the EU, European Chemicals Agency, https://echa.europa.eu/de/ (last access: 4 September 2024), 2022b.
Eriksson, U., Haglund, P., and Kärrman, A.: Contribution of precursor compounds to the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), J. Environ. Sci., 61, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.004, 2017.
Fenton, S. E., Ducatman, A., Boobis, A., DeWitt, J. C., Lau, C., Ng, C., Smith, J. S., and Roberts, S. M.: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: Current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 40, 606–630, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4890, 2021.
Glüge, J., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., DeWitt, J. C., Goldenman, G., Herzke, D., Lohmann, R., Ng, C. A., Trier, X., and Wang, Z.: An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 22, 2345–2373, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00291G, 2020.
Gobelius, L., Glimstedt, L., Olsson, J., Wiberg, K., and Ahrens, L.: Mass flow of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Swedish municipal wastewater network and wastewater treatment plant, Chemosphere, 336, 139182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139182, 2023.
Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514–1521, https://doi.org/10.1021/es072476p, 2007.
Gomis, M. I., Vestergren, R., Borg, D., and Cousins, I. T.: Comparing the toxic potency in vivo of long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and fluorinated alternatives, Environ. Int., 113, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.011, 2018.
Johansson, J. H., Salter, M. E., Acosta Navarro, J. C., Leck, C., Nilsson, E. D., and Cousins, I. T.: Global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids via sea spray aerosol, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 21, 635–649, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EM00525G, 2019.
Kourtchev, I., Hellebust, S., Heffernan, E., Wenger, J., Towers, S., Diapouli, E., and Eleftheriadis, K.: A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for the analysis of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PM2.5 and its application for screening atmospheric particulates from Dublin and Enniscorthy, Ireland, Sci. Total Environ., 835, 155496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155496, 2022.
Lenka, S. P., Kah, M., and Padhye, L. P.: A review of the occurrence, transformation, and removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater treatment plants, Water Res., 199, 117187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117187, 2021.
Lesmeister, L., Lange, F. T., Breuer, J., Biegel-Engler, A., Giese, E., and Scheurer, M.: Extending the knowledge about PFAS bioaccumulation factors for agricultural plants – A review, Sci. Total Environ., 766, 142640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142640, 2021.
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, G., Liu, C., Hao, Q., and Wu, L.: Occurrence and risk assessment of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in surface water, groundwater and sediments of the Jin River Basin, Southeastern China, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 108, 1026–1032, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03435-w, 2022.
Lin, H., Lao, J.-Y., Wang, Q., Ruan, Y., He, Y., Lee, P. K. H., Leung, K. M. Y., and Lam, P. K. S.: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere of waste management infrastructures: Uncovering secondary fluorotelomer alcohols, particle size distribution, and human inhalation exposure, Environ. Int., 167, 107434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107434, 2022.
Link, G. W., Reeves, D. M., Cassidy, D. P., and Coffin, E. S.: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in final treated solids (Biosolids) from 190 Michigan wastewater treatment plants, J. Hazard. Mater., 463, 132734, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132734, 2024.
Liu, S., Yang, R., Yin, N., and Faiola, F.: The short-chain perfluorinated compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA, disrupt human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and adipogenic differentiation, J. Environ. Sci., 88, 187–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.016, 2020.
McMurdo, C. J., Ellis, D. A., Webster, E., Butler, J., Christensen, R. D., and Reid, L. K.: Aerosol enrichment of the surfactant PFO and mediation of the water–air transport of gaseous PFOA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3969–3974, https://doi.org/10.1021/es7032026, 2008.
Moneta, B. G., Feo, M. L., Torre, M., Tratzi, P., Aita, S. E., Montone, C. M., Taglioni, E., Mosca, S., Balducci, C., Cerasa, M., Guerriero, E., Petracchini, F., Cavaliere, C., Laganà, A., and Paolini, V.: Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants in Northern Italy, Sci. Total Environ., 894, 165089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165089, 2023.
Müller, V., Kindness, A., and Feldmann, J.: Fluorine mass balance analysis of PFAS in communal waters at a wastewater plant from Austria, Water Res., 244, 120501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120501, 2023.
Nguyen, D., Stults, J., Devon, J., Novak, E., Lanza, H., Choi, Y., Lee, L., and Schaefer, C. E.: Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from wastewater via aerosol capture, J. Hazard. Mater., 465, 133460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133460, 2024.
Nguyen, M. A., Wiberg, K., Ribeli, E., Josefsson, S., Futter, M., Gustavsson, J., and Ahrens, L.: Spatial distribution and source tracing of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water in Northern Europe, Environ. Pollut., 220, 1438–1446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.089, 2017.
O'Connor, J., Bolan, N. S., Kumar, M., Nitai, A. S., Ahmed, M. B., Bolan, S. S., Vithanage, M., Rinklebe, J., Mukhopadhyay, R., Srivastava, P., Sarkar, B., Bhatnagar, A., Wang, H., Siddique, K. H. M., and Kirkham, M. B.: Distribution, transformation and remediation of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater sources, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 164, 91–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.06.002, 2022.
Pandamkulangara Kizhakkethil, J., Shi, Z., Bogush, A., and Kourtchev, I.: Aerosolisation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) during aeration of contaminated aqueous solutions, Atmos. Environ., 334, 120716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120716, 2024.
Phong Vo, H. N., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Hong Nguyen, T. M., Li, J., Liang, H., Deng, L., Chen, Z., and Hang Nguyen, T. A.: Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review from sources to remediation, J. Water Process Eng., 36, 101393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101393, 2020.
Podder, A., Sadmani, A. H. M. A., Reinhart, D., Chang, N.-B., and Goel, R.: Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects, J. Hazard. Mater., 419, 126361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126361, 2021.
Pope III, C. A., Schwartz, J., and Ransom, M. R.: Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah Valley, Arch. Environ. Health., 47, 211–217, https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1992.9938351, 1992.
Pope III, C. A., Coleman, N., Pond, Z. A., and Burnett, R. T.: Fine particulate air pollution and human mortality: 25+ years of cohort studies, Environ. Res., 183, 108924, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108924, 2020.
Qiao, B., Chen, H., Song, D., Yu, H., Baqar, M., Li, X., Zhao, L., Yao, Y., and Sun, H.: Multimedia distribution and release characteristics of emerging PFAS in wastewater treatment plants in Tianjin, China, J. Hazard. Mater., 475, 134879, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134879, 2024.
Reth, M., Berger, U., Broman, D., Cousins, I. T., Nilsson, E. D., and McLachlan, M. S.: Water-to-air transfer of perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates in a sea spray simulator, Environ. Chem., 8, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN11007, 2011.
Saikat, S., Kreis, I., Davies, B., Bridgman, S., and Kamanyire, R.: The impact of PFOS on health in the general population: a review, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 15, 329–335, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30698K, 2013.
Semerád, J., Hatasová, N., Grasserová, A., Černá, T., Filipová, A., Hanč, A., Innemanová, P., Pivokonský, M., and Cajthaml, T.: Screening for 32 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including GenX in sludges from 43 WWTPs located in the Czech Republic – Evaluation of potential accumulation in vegetables after application of biosolids, Chemosphere, 261, 128018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128018, 2020.
Sha, B., Ungerovich, E., Salter, M. E., Cousins, I. T., and Johansson, J. H.: Enrichment of Perfluoroalkyl Acids on Sea Spray Aerosol in Laboratory Experiments: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter, Air Entrainment Rate and Inorganic Ion Composition, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 11, 746–751, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00287, 2024.
Shoeib, M., Schuster, J., Rauert, C., Su, K., Smyth, S.-A., and Harner, T.: Emission of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances, UV-filters and siloxanes to air from wastewater treatment plants, Environ. Pollut., 218, 595–604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.043, 2016.
Solan, M. E. and Lavado, R.: The use of in vitro methods in assessing human health risks associated with short-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), J. Appl. Toxicol., 42, 1298–1309, https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4270, 2022.
Sunderland, E. M., Hu, X. C., Dassuncao, C., Tokranov, A. K., Wagner, C. C., and Allen, J. G.: A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 29, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1, 2019.
Taylor, K. E. and Penner, J. E.: Response of the climate system to atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases, Nature, 369, 734–737, https://doi.org/10.1038/369734a0, 1994.
Turpin, B. J., Huntzicker, J. J., and Hering, S. V.: Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles basin, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3061–3071, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00133-6, 1994.
UNEP/POPS/POPRC.15/7/Add.1: Report of the persistent organic pollutants review committee on the work of its fifteenth meeting, addendum; Risk management evaluation on perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), its salts and PFHxS-related compounds, https://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-POPRC.15-7-Add.1.English.PDF (last access: 6 September 2024), 2019.
US EPA: IRIS toxicological review of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, CASRN 375-22-4) and related salts, https://iris.epa.gov/static/pdfs/0701_summary.pdf (last access: 11 September 2024), 2022.
US EPA: Final PFAS national primary drinking water regulation, https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/, last access: 4 September 2024a.
US EPA: Our current understanding of the human health and environmental risks of PFAS, https://www.epa.gov/pfas/, last access: 4 September 2024b.
Vierke, L., Ahrens, L., Shoeib, M., Reiner, E. J., Guo, R., Palm, W., Ebinghaus, R., and Harner, T.: Air concentrations and particle–gas partitioning of polyfluoroalkyl compounds at a wastewater treatment plant, Environ. Chem., 8, 363–371, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN10133, 2011.
Vierke, L., Berger, U., and Cousins, I. T.: Estimation of the acid dissociation constant of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids through an experimental investigation of their water-to-air transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11032–11039, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402691z, 2013.
Vohra, K., Vodonos, A., Schwartz, J., Marais, E. A., Sulprizio, M. P., and Mickley, L. J.: Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem, Environ. Res., 195, 110754, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754, 2021.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbühler, K.: Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors, Environ. Int., 60, 242–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021, 2013.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., Buck, R. C., and Hungerbühler, K.: Global emission inventories for C4–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, part II: The remaining pieces of the puzzle, Environ. Int., 69, 166–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.006, 2014.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbuehler, K.: Hazard assessment of fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors: Status quo, ongoing challenges and possible solutions, Environ. Int., 75, 172–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.013, 2015.
Weinberg, I., Dreyer, A., and Ebinghaus, R.: Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air, Environ. Pollut., 159, 125–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.023, 2011.
Xiao, F.: An overview of the formation of PFOA and PFOS in drinking-water and wastewater treatment processes, J. Environ. Eng., 148, 1822001, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001986, 2022.
Xiao, F., Simcik, M. F., Halbach, T. R., and Gulliver, J. S.: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: Migration and implications for human exposure, Water Res., 72, 64–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.052, 2015.
Zareitalabad, P., Siemens, J., Hamer, M., and Amelung, W.: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater – a review on concentrations and distribution coefficients, Chemosphere, 91, 725–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024, 2013.
Zhang, H., Li, L., Song, J., Akhter, Z. H., and Zhang, J.: Understanding aerosol–climate–ecosystem interactions and the implications for terrestrial carbon sink using the Community Earth System Model, Agric. For. Meteorol., 340, 109625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109625, 2023.
Zhou, J., Baumann, K., Mead, R. N., Skrabal, S. A., Kieber, R. J., Avery, G. B., Shimizu, M., DeWitt, J. C., Sun, M., Vance, S. A., Bodnar, W., Zhang, Z., Collins, L. B., Surratt, J. D., and Turpin, B. J.: PFOS dominates PFAS composition in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected across North Carolina nearly 20 years after the end of its US production, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 23, 580–587, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00497A, 2021.
Zhou, J., Baumann, K., Surratt, J. D., and Turpin, B. J.: Legacy and emerging airborne per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) collected on PM2.5 filters in close proximity to a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility, Environ. Sci.-Proc. Imp., 24, 2272–2283, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00358A, 2022.
Zhou, R.-X., Liao, H.-J., Hu, J.-J., Xiong, H., Cai, X.-Y., and Ye, D.-W.: Global burden of lung cancer attributable to household fine particulate matter pollution in 204 countries and territories, 1990 to 2019, J. Thorac. Oncol., 19, 883–897, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2024.01.014, 2024.
Short summary
Pollution with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has received attention due to their environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, but their sources remain poorly understood. PM10 (particulate matter) collected above a scaled-down activated sludge tank treating domestic sewage in the UK was analysed for a range of short-, medium-, and long-chain PFAS. Eight PFAS were detected in the PM10. Our results suggest that wastewater treatment processes, i.e. activated sludge aeration, could aerosolise PFAS into airborne PM.
Pollution with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has received attention due to their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint