Articles | Volume 25, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17139-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17139-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Influence of anthropogenic pollution on the molecular composition of organic aerosols over a forest site in the Qinling Mountains region of central China
Xin Zhang
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Lijuan Li
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Jianjun Li
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Yue Lin
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Yan Cheng
School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Rui Wang
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Shuyan Xing
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Chongshu Zhu
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Junji Cao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Minxia Shen, Weining Qi, Yali Liu, Yifan Zhang, Wenting Dai, Lu Li, Xiao Guo, Yue Cao, Yingkun Jiang, Qian Wang, Shicong Li, Qiyuan Wang, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16147–16165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how dust transport modulates oxalic acid formation pathways in aerosols across different elevations of Mount Hua. During dust events, oxalic acid and precursors shift from fine to coarse particles, with concurrent heterogeneous reactions on coarse particle surfaces. The characteristic isotopic fractionation signatures accompanying these transformations yield novel theoretical frameworks for elucidating aerosol aging mechanisms in mountainous environments.
Can Wu, Yubao Chen, Yuwei Sun, Huijun Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11975–11989, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11975-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11975-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), as an important atmospheric component, is prevalent within the boundary layer and can influence air quality and human health. Our observations demonstrate that anthropogenic NOx and the enhanced aerosol water driven by sulfate inhibit BSOA formation in lifting air masses, leading to a moderate reduction in the SOA burden in the upper boundary layer.
Zheng Yang, Qiaoqiao Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Nan Ma, Jie Tian, Yaqing Zhou, Ge Xu, Miao Gao, Xiaoxian Zhou, Yang Zhang, Weikang Ran, Ning Yang, Jiangchuan Tao, Juan Hong, Yunfei Wu, Junji Cao, Hang Su, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11051–11065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results demonstrate that the reduction in mass absorption efficiency from biomass burning is mainly driven by the decline in the imaginary part, with particle size playing a minor role. And light absorption of oxygenated brown carbon (BrC) increases significantly with aging, but hydrocarbon-like BrC decreases over time. These results emphasize the necessity to classify BrC into different groups based on their mass absorption efficiency and atmospheric behavior in climate models.
Sihong Zhu, Mengchu Tao, Zhaonan Cai, Yi Liu, Liang Feng, Pubu Sangmu, Zhongshui Yu, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9843–9857, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9843-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9843-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions can be transported into the upper troposphere (UT) via the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA), driving CH4 enhancements. Whether emissions or upward transport is the dominant factor remains debated. We analyzed UT CH4 variability with AMA dynamics, finding strong ties between CH4 distribution and the AMA's east–west oscillation. When centered near 80° E, vertical transport largely enhances CH4 anomalies, with circulation effects 1–2 times greater than those of emissions.
Jiamao Zhou, Jiarui Wu, Xiaoli Su, Ruonan Wang, Imad EI Haddad, Xia Li, Qian Jiang, Ting Zhang, Wenting Dai, Junji Cao, Andre S. H. Prevot, Xuexi Tie, and Guohui Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7563–7580, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7563-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is a type of airborne particle produced from various combustion sources which is light absorption. Historically, climate models have categorizing organic particles as either non-absorbing or purely reflective. Our study shows that BrC can reduce the usual cooling effect of organic particles. While BrC is often linked to biomass burning, however, BrC from fossil fuels contributes significantly to atmospheric heating.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Yanfen Lin, Qingyan Fu, Tao Wang, Junji Cao, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10313–10324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hourly elemental carbon (EC) and NOx were continuously measured for 5 years (2016–2020) at a sampling site near a highway in western Shanghai. We use a machine learning model to rebuild the measured EC and NOx, and a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario was assumed in 2020 and compared with the measured EC and NOx.
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Jie Tian, Huikun Liu, Yong Zhang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Weikang Ran, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9597–9612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau has a unique geographical location, but there is a lack of detailed research on the real-time characteristics of full aerosol composition. This study elaborates the changes in chemical characteristics between transport and local fine particles during the pre-monsoon, reveals the size distribution and the mixing states of different individual particles, and highlights the contributions of photooxidation and aqueous reaction to the formation of the secondary species.
Yong Zhang, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Lu Qi, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Yuemei Han, Weikang Ran, Yele Sun, Huikun Liu, Renjian Zhang, Yunfei Wu, Tianqu Cui, Kaspar Rudolf Daellenbach, Jay Gates Slowik, André S. H. Prévôt, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9455–9471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution still frequently occurs in northern China during winter, and it is necessary to figure out the causes of air pollution based on intensive real-time measurement. The findings elaborate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM2.5 in three pilot cities, reveal potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, and highlight the importance of controlling biomass burning and inhibiting generation of secondary aerosol for air quality improvement.
Hang Liu, Xiaole Pan, Shandong Lei, Yuting Zhang, Aodong Du, Weijie Yao, Guiqian Tang, Tao Wang, Jinyuan Xin, Jie Li, Yele Sun, Junji Cao, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7225–7239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the average vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) concentration, size distribution and coating thickness at different times of the day in an urban area based on 112 vertical profiles. In addition, it is found that BC in the residual layer generally has a thicker coating, higher absorption enhancement and hygroscopicity than on the surface. Such aged BC could enter into the boundary layer and influence the BC properties in the early morning.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yongyong Ma, Jin Wang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). BrC made a substantial contribution to the submicron aerosol absorption, which is related to the cross-border transport of biomass burning emission and secondary aerosol from Southeast Asia. The radiative effect of BrC was half that of black carbon, which can remarkably affect the radiative balance of the TP.
Can Wu, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Shaojun Lv, Jin Li, Xiaodi Liu, Si Zhang, Shijie Liu, Fan Zhang, Jingjing Meng, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15621–15635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, the relative abundance of NH4NO3 in aerosol has been enhanced in most urban areas of China, which profoundly affects the PM2.5 pollution episodes. Our work finds that fine-particle nitrate and ammonium exhibited distinct, different physicochemical behaviors in the aerosol aging process.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Bianhong Zhou, Yao Qu, Jie Tian, Ting Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11739–11757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative effect (DRE) of black carbon (BC). The finding from this study elaborated the impacts of different scales of atmospheric motion on source-specific BC and its DREs, which revealed the nonlinear change between BC mass concentration and its DREs and emphasizes the importance of regionally transported BC for potential climatic effects.
Haobin Zhong, Ru-Jin Huang, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Jing Duan, Yifang Gu, Wei Huang, Haiyan Ni, Chongshu Zhu, Yan You, Yunfei Wu, Renjian Zhang, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin D. O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9513–9524, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physico-chemical properties of aerosol transported from major pollution regions in China, observations were conducted ~200 m above the ground at the junction location of the two key pollution areas. We found that the formation efficiency, oxidation state and production rate of secondary aerosol were different in the transport sectors from different pollution regions, and they were largely enhanced by the regional long-distance transport.
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Yongyong Ma, Suixin Liu, Yong Zhang, Weikang Ran, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8369–8384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol optical properties and the direct radiative effect (DRE) at an urban site in China before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. The total light extinction coefficient (bext) decreased under emission control measures; however, bext from biomass burning increased due to the undiminished need for residential cooking and heating. Biomass burning, rather than traffic-related emissions, became the largest positive effect contributor to aerosol DRE in the lockdown.
Minxia Shen, Kin Fai Ho, Wenting Dai, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Qiyuan Wang, Jingjing Meng, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, Junji Cao, and Jianjun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7489–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Looking at characteristics and δ13C compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in BB aerosols, we used a combined combustion and aging system to generate fresh and aged aerosols from burning straw. The results showed the emission factors (EFaged) of total diacids of aging experiments were around an order of magnitude higher than EFfresh. This meant that dicarboxylic acids are involved with secondary photochemical processes in the atmosphere rather than primary emissions from BB.
Yuting Zhang, Hang Liu, Shandong Lei, Wanyun Xu, Yu Tian, Weijie Yao, Xiaoyong Liu, Qi Liao, Jie Li, Chun Chen, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Jinyuan Xin, Junji Cao, Xiaole Pan, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17631–17648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the authors used a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) to characterize the particle size, mixing state, and optical properties of black carbon aerosols in rural areas of the North China Plain in winter. Relatively warm and high-RH environments (RH > 50 %, −4° < T < 4 °) were more favorable to rBC aging than dry and cold environments (RH < 60 %, T < −8°). The paper emphasizes the importance of meteorological parameters in the mixing state of black carbon.
Cited articles
Aggarwal, S. G. and Kawamura, K.: Molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in aerosols from Sapporo, Japan: Implications for photochemical aging during long-range atmospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009365, 2008.
Bai, J., Guenther, A., Turnipseed, A., Duhl, T., and Greenberg, J.: Seasonal and interannual variations in whole-ecosystem BVOC emissions from a subtropical plantation in China, Atmos. Environ., 161, 176–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.002, 2017.
Bejan, I., Barnes, I., Olariu, R., Zhou, S., Wiesen, P., and Benter, T.: Investigations on the gas-phase photolysis and OH radical kinetics of methyl-2-nitrophenols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 5686–5692, https://doi.org/10.1039/b709464g, 2007.
Bianchi, F., Kurten, T., Riva, M., Mohr, C., Rissanen, M. P., Roldin, P., Berndt, T., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Junninen, H., Jokinen, T., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Thornton, J. A., Donahue, N., Kjaergaard, H. G., and Ehn, M.: Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) from gas-phase autoxidation involving peroxy radicals: A key contributor to atmospheric aerosol, Chem. Rev., 119, 3472–3509, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00395, 2019.
Brüggemann, M., Xu, R., Tilgner, A., Kwong, K. C., Mutzel, A., Poon, H. Y., Otto, T., Schaefer, T., Poulain, L., Chan, M. N., and Herrmann, H.: Organosulfates in ambient aerosol: state of knowledge and future research directions on formation, abundance, fate, and importance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 3767–3782, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06751, 2020.
Bryant, D. J., Elzein, A., Newland, M., White, E., Swift, S., Watkins, A., Deng, W., Song, W., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Rickard, A. R., and Hamilton, J. F.: Importance of oxidants and temperature in the formation of biogenic organosulfates and nitrooxy organosulfates, ACS Earth Space Chem., 5, 2291–2306, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00204, 2021.
Cai, Y., Tan, L., Cheng, H., An, Z., Edwards, R. L., Kelly, M. J., Kong, X., and Wang, X.: The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the last deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 291, 21–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.039, 2010.
Cao, J., Situ, S., Hao, Y., Xie, S., and Li, L.: Enhanced summertime ozone and SOA from biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions due to vegetation biomass variability during 1981–2018 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2351–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2351-2022, 2022.
Cao, J. and Cui, L.: Current status, characteristics and causes of particulate air pollution in the fenwei plain, china: A review, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd034472, 2021.
Carlton, A. G., Pye, H. O. T., Baker, K. R., and Hennigan, C. J.: Additional benefits of federal air-quality rules: model estimates of controllable biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9254–9265, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01869, 2018.
Chang, C.-C., Wang, J.-L., Candice Lung, S.-C., Chang, C.-Y., Lee, P.-J., Chew, C., Liao, W.-C., Chen, W.-N., and Ou-Yang, C.-F.: Seasonal characteristics of biogenic and anthropogenic isoprene in tropical–subtropical urban environments, Atmos. Environ., 99, 298–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.019, 2014.
Chow, J. C. and Watson, J. G.: PM2.5 carbonate concentrations at regionally representative Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment sites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000574, 2002.
Darer, A. I., Cole-Filipiak, N. C., O'Connor, A. E., and Elrod, M. J.: Formation and stability of atmospherically relevant Isoprene-derived organosulfates and organonitrates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1895–1902, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103797z, 2011.
Deshmukh, D. K., Haque, M. M., Kim, Y., and Kawamura, K.: Organic tracers of fine aerosol particles in central Alaska: summertime composition and sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14009–14029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14009-2019, 2019.
Després, V., Huffman, J. A., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A., Buryak, G., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M., Pöschl, U., and Jaenicke, R.: Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review, Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 64, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598, 2012.
Dong, X., Liu, Y., Li, X., Yue, M., Liu, Y., Ma, Z., Zheng, H., Huang, R., and Wang, M.: Modeling analysis of biogenic secondary organic aerosol dependence on anthropogenic emissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 9, 286–292, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00104, 2022.
Ehn, M., Kleist, E., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., Lönn, G., Schobesberger, S., Dal Maso, M., Trimborn, A., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Wahner, A., Wildt, J., and Mentel, Th. F.: Gas phase formation of extremely oxidized pinene reaction products in chamber and ambient air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5113–5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5113-2012, 2012.
Ervens, B., Turpin, B. J., and Weber, R. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11069–11102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011, 2011.
Evans, R. L., Bryant, D. J., Voliotis, A., Hu, D., Wu, H., Syafira, S. A., Oghama, O. E., McFiggans, G., Hamilton, J. F., and Rickard, A. R.: A semi-quantitative approach to nontarget compositional analysis of complex samples, Anal. Chem., 96, 18349–18358, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00819, 2024.
Fan, W., Chen, T., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., Qiu, Y., and Yin, D.: A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates, J. Hazard. Mater., 430, 128406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406, 2022.
Gu, Y., Huang, R.-J., Duan, J., Xu, W., Lin, C., Zhong, H., Wang, Y., Ni, H., Liu, Q., Xu, R., Wang, L., and Li, Y. J.: Multiple pathways for the formation of secondary organic aerosol in the North China Plain in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5419–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5419-2023, 2023.
Guo, J., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Li, Z., Zhang, W., He, J., Lou, M., Yan, Y., Bian, L., and Zhai, P.: The climatology of planetary boundary layer height in China derived from radiosonde and reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13309–13319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13309-2016, 2016.
Hakola, H., Hellén, H., Hemmilä, M., Rinne, J., and Kulmala, M.: In situ measurements of volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11665–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11665-2012, 2012.
Hamilton, J. F., Bryant, D. J., Edwards, P. M., Ouyang, B., Bannan, T. J., Mehra, A., Mayhew, A. W., Hopkins, J. R., Dunmore, R. E., Squires, F. A., Lee, J. D., Newland, M. J., Worrall, S. D., Bacak, A., Coe, H., Percival, C., Whalley, L. K., Heard, D. E., Slater, E. J., Jones, R. L., Cui, T., Surratt, J. D., Reeves, C. E., Mills, G. P., Grimmond, S., Sun, Y., Xu, W., Shi, Z., and Rickard, A. R.: Key role of NO(3) radicals in the production of isoprene nitrates and nitrooxyorganosulfates in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 842–853, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05689, 2021.
Han, Y., Stroud, C. A., Liggio, J., and Li, S.-M.: The effect of particle acidity on secondary organic aerosol formation from α-pinene photooxidation under atmospherically relevant conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13929–13944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13929-2016, 2016.
Han, Y., Zhang, X., Li, L., Lin, Y., Zhu, C., Zhang, N., Wang, Q., and Cao, J.: Enhanced production of organosulfur species during a severe winter haze episode in the Guanzhong basin of northwest China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 8708–8718, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c02914, 2023.
Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Wood, E. C., Kroll, J. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Zavala, M. A., Knighton, W. B., Mazzoleni, C., Dubey, M. K., Ulbrich, I. M., Jimenez, J. L., Seila, R., de Gouw, J. A., de Foy, B., Fast, J., Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Correlation of secondary organic aerosol with odd oxygen in Mexico City, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034058, 2008.
Hoyle, C. R., Boy, M., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Glasius, M., Guenther, A., Hallar, A. G., Huff Hartz, K., Petters, M. D., Petäjä, T., Rosenoern, T., and Sullivan, A. P.: A review of the anthropogenic influence on biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 321–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-321-2011, 2011.
Hu, J., Wang, P., Ying, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Ge, X., Li, X., Jiang, J., Wang, S., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Modeling biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-77-2017, 2017.
Hu, K. S., Darer, A. I., and Elrod, M. J.: Thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrolysis of atmospherically relevant organonitrates and organosulfates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8307–8320, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8307-2011, 2011.
Iinuma, Y., Muller, C., Berndt, T., Boge, O., Claeys, M., and Herrmann, H.: Evidence for the existence of organosulfates from beta-pinene ozonolysis in ambient secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6678–6683, https://doi.org/10.1021/es070938t, 2007.
Kaneyasu, N., Ohta, S., and Murao, N.: Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous species in Sapporo, Japan, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1559–1568, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00356-p, 1995.
Kind, T. and Fiehn, O.: Seven Golden Rules for heuristic filtering of molecular formulas obtained by accurate mass spectrometry, BMC Bioinf., 8, 105, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-105, 2007.
Kiontke, A., Oliveira-Birkmeier, A., Opitz, A., and Birkemeyer, C.: Electrospray ionization efficiency is dependent on different molecular descriptors with respect to solvent pH and instrumental configuration, PloS One, 11, e0167502, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167502, 2016.
Kourtchev, I., Godoi, R. H. M., Connors, S., Levine, J. G., Archibald, A. T., Godoi, A. F. L., Paralovo, S. L., Barbosa, C. G. G., Souza, R. A. F., Manzi, A. O., Seco, R., Sjostedt, S., Park, J.-H., Guenther, A., Kim, S., Smith, J., Martin, S. T., and Kalberer, M.: Molecular composition of organic aerosols in central Amazonia: an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11899–11913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11899-2016, 2016a.
Kourtchev, I., Giorio, C., Manninen, A., Wilson, E., Mahon, B., Aalto, J., Kajos, M., Venables, D., Ruuskanen, T., Levula, J., Loponen, M., Connors, S., Harris, N., Zhao, D., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T., Rudich, Y., Hallquist, M., Doussin, J. F., Maenhaut, W., Back, J., Petaja, T., Wenger, J., Kulmala, M., and Kalberer, M.: Enhanced volatile organic compounds emissions and organic aerosol mass increase the oligomer content of atmospheric aerosols, Sci. Rep., 6, 35038, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35038, 2016b.
Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem, 3, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948, 2011.
Kwong, K. C., Chim, M. M., Davies, J. F., Wilson, K. R., and Chan, M. N.: Importance of sulfate radical anion formation and chemistry in heterogeneous OH oxidation of sodium methyl sulfate, the smallest organosulfate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2809–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2809-2018, 2018.
Lam, H. K., Kwong, K. C., Poon, H. Y., Davies, J. F., Zhang, Z., Gold, A., Surratt, J. D., and Chan, M. N.: Heterogeneous OH oxidation of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived organosulfates: kinetics, chemistry and formation of inorganic sulfate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2433–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2433-2019, 2019.
Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Mass spectrometry analysis in atmospheric chemistry, Anal. Chem., 90, 166–189, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04249, 2018.
Li, H., Duan, F., Ma, T., Ma, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Jiang, J., Zhu, L., Li, F., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., and He, K.: Molecular characterization of organosulfur and organonitrogen compounds in summer and winter pm(2.5) via UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 21692–21701, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c02727, 2024a.
Li, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., Li, J., Wu, C., Liu, L., Wang, J., Jiang, W., Li, L., Ho, K. F., and Cao, J.: Optical properties and molecular compositions of water-soluble and water-insoluble brown carbon (BrC) aerosols in northwest China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4889–4904, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4889-2020, 2020.
Li, J., Cao, L., Gao, W., He, L., Yan, Y., He, Y., Pan, Y., Ji, D., Liu, Z., and Wang, Y.: Seasonal variations in the highly time-resolved aerosol composition, sources and chemical processes of background submicron particles in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4521–4539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4521-2021, 2021.
Li, J. J., Wang, G. H., Cao, J. J., Wang, X. M., and Zhang, R. J.: Observation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere of a mountain site in central China: temperature and relative humidity effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11535–11549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11535-2013, 2013.
Li, L., Li, J., Zhang, X., Lin, Y., Wang, R., Cao, J., and Han, Y.: Effects of relative humidity on atmospheric organosulfur species derived from photooxidation and nocturnal chemistry in a forest environment, Environ. Pollut., 363, 125253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125253, 2024b.
Li, L., Han, Y., Li, J., Lin, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., and Cao, J.: Effects of photochemical aging on the molecular composition of organic aerosols derived from agricultural biomass burning in whole combustion process, Sci. Total Environ., 946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174152, 2024c.
Li, L. Y. and Xie, S. D.: Historical variations of biogenic volatile organic compound emission inventories in China, 1981–2003, Atmos. Environ., 95, 185–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.033, 2014.
Li, X., Zhang, R., Tripathee, L., Yu, F., Guo, J., Yang, W., Guo, J., Kang, S., and Cao, J.: Characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of atmospheric particulate mercury in Guanzhong Basin, Environ. Pollut., 342, 123071, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123071, 2023.
Li, Y., Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.: Molecular corridors and parameterizations of volatility in the chemical evolution of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3327–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3327-2016, 2016.
Liigand, P., Kaupmees, K., Haav, K., Liigand, J., Leito, I., Girod, M., Antoine, R., and Kruve, A.: Think negative: finding the best electrospray ionization/MS mode for your analyte, Anal. Chem., 89, 5665–5668, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00096, 2017
Lin, P., Rincon, A. G., Kalberer, M., and Yu, J. Z.: Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region, China: results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7454–7462, https://doi.org/10.1021/es300285d, 2012a.
Lin, P., Yu, J. Z., Engling, G., and Kalberer, M.: Organosulfates in humic-like substance fraction isolated from aerosols at seven locations in East Asia: A study by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13118–13127, https://doi.org/10.1021/es303570v, 2012b.
Lin, Y., Han, Y., Li, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Li, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Cao, J.: Molecular characteristics of atmospheric organosulfates during summer and winter seasons in two cities of southern and northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd036672, 2022.
Liu, C., Chen, R., Sera, F., Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M., Guo, Y., Tong, S., Coelho, M. S. Z. S., Saldiva, P. H. N., Lavigne, E., Matus, P., Valdes Ortega, N., Osorio Garcia, S., Pascal, M., Stafoggia, M., Scortichini, M., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Hurtado-Díaz, M., Cruz, J., Nunes, B., Teixeira, J. P., Kim, H., Tobias, A., Íñiguez, C., Forsberg, B., Åström, C., Ragettli, M. S., Guo, Y.-L., Chen, B.-Y., Bell, M. L., Wright, C. Y., Scovronick, N., Garland, R. M., Milojevic, A., Kyselý, J., Urban, A., Orru, H., Indermitte, E., Jaakkola, J. J. K., Ryti, N. R. I., Katsouyanni, K., Analitis, A., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., Chen, J., Wu, T., Cohen, A., Gasparrini, A., and Kan, H.: Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities, N. Engl. J. Med., 381, 705–715, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1817364, 2019.
Ma, J., Ungeheuer, F., Zheng, F., Du, W., Wang, Y., Cai, J., Zhou, Y., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Kulmala, M., Daellenbach, K. R., and Vogel, A. L.: Nontarget screening exhibits a seasonal cycle of PM2.5 organic aerosol composition in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7017–7028, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06905, 2022.
Mahilang, M., Deb, M. K., and Pervez, S.: Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts, Chemosphere, 262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771, 2021.
Mallik, C. and Lal, S.: Seasonal characteristics of SO2, NO2, and CO emissions in and around the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 1295–1310, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3458-y, 2014.
Matsui, H., Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Takami, A., Fast, J. D., Kanaya, Y., and Takigawa, M.: Volatility basis-set approach simulation of organic aerosol formation in East Asia: implications for anthropogenic–biogenic interaction and controllable amounts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9513–9535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9513-2014, 2014.
McNeill, V. F.: Atmospheric aerosols: clouds, chemistry, and climate, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng., 8, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101538, 2017.
Meng, J., Wang, G., Li, J., Cheng, C., Ren, Y., Huang, Y., Cheng, Y., Cao, J., and Zhang, T.: Seasonal characteristics of oxalic acid and related SOA in the free troposphere of Mt. Hua, central China: Implications for sources and formation mechanisms, Sci. Total Environ., 493, 1088–1097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.086, 2014.
Ng, N. L., Brown, S. S., Archibald, A. T., Atlas, E., Cohen, R. C., Crowley, J. N., Day, D. A., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Fuchs, H., Griffin, R. J., Guzman, M. I., Herrmann, H., Hodzic, A., Iinuma, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lee, B. H., Luecken, D. J., Mao, J., McLaren, R., Mutzel, A., Osthoff, H. D., Ouyang, B., Picquet-Varrault, B., Platt, U., Pye, H. O. T., Rudich, Y., Schwantes, R. H., Shiraiwa, M., Stutz, J., Thornton, J. A., Tilgner, A., Williams, B. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017.
Niu, X. Y., Cao, J. J., Shen, Z. X., Ho, S. S. H., Tie, X. X., Zhao, S. Y., Xu, H. M., Zhang, B., and Huang, R. J.: PM2.5 from the Guanzhong Plain: Chemical composition and implications for emission reductions, Atmos. Environ., 147, 458–469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.10.029, 2016.
Noziere, B., Kalberer, M., Claeys, M., Allan, J., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Glasius, M., Grgic, I., Hamilton, J. F., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Yoshiteru., Jaoui, M., Kahno, A., Kampf, C. J., Kourtchev, I., Maenhaut, W., Marsden, N., Saarikoski, S., Schnelle-Kreis, J. J., Surratt, J. D., Szidat, S. S., Szmigielski, R., Wisthaler, A., Nozière, B., Kalberer, M., Claeys, M., Allan, J., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Glasius, M., Grgić, I., Hamilton, J. F., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Yoshiteru., Jaoui, M., Kahnt, A., Kampf, C. J., Kourtchev, I., Maenhaut, W., Marsden, N., Saarikoski, S., Schnelle-Kreis, J. J., Surratt, J. D., Szidat, S. S., Szmigielski, R., and Wisthaler, A.: The Molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: State of the art and challenges, Chem. Rev., 115, 3919–3983, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003485, 2015.
Pluskal, T., Castillo, S., Villar-Briones, A., and Oresic, M.: MZmine 2: Modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data, BMC Bioinf., 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-395, 2010.
Pye, H. O. T., Nenes, A., Alexander, B., Ault, A. P., Barth, M. C., Clegg, S. L., Collett Jr., J. L., Fahey, K. M., Hennigan, C. J., Herrmann, H., Kanakidou, M., Kelly, J. T., Ku, I.-T., McNeill, V. F., Riemer, N., Schaefer, T., Shi, G., Tilgner, A., Walker, J. T., Wang, T., Weber, R., Xing, J., Zaveri, R. A., and Zuend, A.: The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4809–4888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020, 2020.
Rap, A., Scott, C. E., Reddington, C. L., Mercado, L., Ellis, R. J., Garraway, S., Evans, M. J., Beerling, D. J., MacKenzie, A. R., Hewitt, C. N., and Spracklen, D. V: Enhanced global primary production by biogenic aerosol via diffuse radiation fertilization, Nat. Geosci., 11, 640–644, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0208-3, 2018.
Reid, J. P., Bertram, A. K., Topping, D. O., Laskin, A., Martin, S. T., Petters, M. D., Pope, F. D., and Rovelli, G.: The viscosity of atmospherically relevant organic particles, Nat. Commun., 9, 956, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03027-z, 2018.
Riva, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Lei, Z., Olson, N. E., Boyer, H. C., Narayan, S., Yee, L. D., Green, H. S., Cui, T., Zhang, Z., Baumann, K., Fort, M., Edgerton, E., Budisulistiorini, S. H., Rose, C. A., Ribeiro, I. O., Oliveira, R. L. E., Dos Santos, E. O., Machado, C. M. D., Szopa, S., Zhao, Y., Alves, E. G., De Sá, S. S., Hu, W., Knipping, E. M., Shaw, S. L., Duvoisin Junior, S., De Souza, R. A. F., Palm, B. B., Jimenez, J. L., Glasius, M., Goldstein, A. H., Pye, H. O. T., Gold, A., Turpin, B. J., Vizuete, W., Martin, S. T., Thornton, J. A., Dutcher, C. S., Ault, A. P., and Surratt, J. D.: Increasing isoprene epoxydiol-to-inorganic sulfate aerosol ratio results in extensive conversion of inorganic sulfate to organosulfur forms: Implications for aerosol physicochemical properties, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 8682–8694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01019, 2019.
Schindelka, J., Iinuma, Y., Hoffmann, D., and Herrmann, H.: Sulfate radical-initiated formation of isoprene-derived organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols, Faraday Discuss., 165, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00042g, 2013.
Schymanski, E. L., Jeon, J., Gulde, R., Fenner, K., Ruff, M., Singer, H. P., and Hollender, J.: Identifying small molecules via high resolution mass spectrometry: Communicating confidence, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2097–2098, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5002105, 2014.
Seco, R., Holst, T., Davie-Martin, C. L., Simin, T., Guenther, A., Pirk, N., Rinne, J., and Rinnan, R.: Strong isoprene emission response to temperature in tundra vegetation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2118014119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118014119, 2022.
Shalamzari, M. S., Ryabtsova, O., Kahnt, A., Vermeylen, R., Hérent, M., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Van der Veken, P., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Mass spectrometric characterization of organosulfates related to secondary organic aerosol from isoprene, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 27, 784–794, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6511, 2013.
Shen, M., Qi, W., Guo, X., Dai, W., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, Y., Li, L., Liu, H., Cao, J., and Li, J.: Influence of vertical transport on chemical evolution of dicarboxylic acids and related secondary organic aerosol from surface emission to the top of Mount Hua, Northwest China, Sci. Total Environ., 858, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159892, 2023.
Shrivastava, M., Cappa, C. D., Fan, J., Goldstein, A. H., Guenther, A. B., Jimenez, J. L., Kuang, C., Laskin, A., Martin, S. T., Ng, N. L., Petaja, T., Pierce, J. R., Rasch, P. J., Roldin, P., Seinfeld, J. H., Shilling, J., Smith, J. N., Thornton, J. A., Volkamer, R., Wang, J., Worsnop, D. R., Zaveri, R. A., Zelenyuk, A., and Zhang, Q.: Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing, Rev. Geophys., 55, 509–559, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000540, 2017.
Song, J., Li, M., Jiang, B., Wei, S., Fan, X., and Peng, P.: Molecular characterization of water-soluble humic like substances in smoke particles emitted from combustion of biomass materials and coal using ultrahigh-resolution electrospray ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 2575–2585, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06126, 2018.
Song, J., Li, M., Zou, C., Cao, T., Fan, X., Jiang, B., Yu, Z., Jia, W., and Peng, P.: Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing compounds in humic-like substances emitted from biomass burning and coal combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04451, 2022.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: Noaa's hysplit atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015.
Su, S., Xie, Q., Lang, Y., Cao, D., Xu, Y., Chen, J., Chen, S., Hu, W., Qi, Y., Pan, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C. Q., Jiang, G., and Fu, P.: High molecular diversity of organic nitrogen in urban snow in north China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4344–4356, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06851, 2021.
Surratt, J. D., Gomez-Gonzalez, Y., Chan, A. W. H., Vermeylen, R., Shahgholi, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Edney, E. O., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Maenhaut, W., Claeys, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organosulfate formation in biogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 8345–8378, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp802310p, 2008.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M. N., Loza, C. L., Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H.-J.: Species contributions to pm2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602–610, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820119445, 2001.
Vettikkat, L., Miettinen, P., Buchholz, A., Rantala, P., Yu, H., Schallhart, S., Petäjä, T., Seco, R., Männistö, E., Kulmala, M., Tuittila, E.-S., Guenther, A. B., and Schobesberger, S.: High emission rates and strong temperature response make boreal wetlands a large source of isoprene and terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2683–2698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2683-2023, 2023.
Vodička, P., Kawamura, K., Deshmukh, D. K., Pokorná, P., Schwarz, J., and Ždímal, V.: Anthropogenic and biogenic tracers in fine aerosol based on seasonal distributions of dicarboxylic acids, sugars and related compounds at a rural background site in Central Europe, Atmos. Environ., 299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119619, 2023.
Wang, F., Yu, H., Wang, Z., Liang, W., Shi, G., Gao, J., Li, M., and Feng, Y.: Review of online source apportionment research based on observation for ambient particulate matter, Sci Total Environ, 762, 144095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144095, 2021a.
Wang, J., Zhang, B., and Yao, Y.: The spatial pattern of the upper limit of montane deciduous broad-leaved forests and its geographical interpretation in the east monsoon realm of China, Forests, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091225, 2021b.
Wang, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Wu, Y., Li, J., Liu, D., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Xie, C., Qin, Y., Lei, Y., Huang, X., Guo, J., Liu, P., Fu, P., Li, Y., Lee, H. C., Choi, H., Zhang, J., Liao, H., Chen, M., Sun, Y., Ge, X., Martin, S. T., and Jacob, D. J.: Aqueous production of secondary organic aerosol from fossil-fuel emissions in winter Beijing haze, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022179118, 2021c.
Wang, L., Chen, S., Zhu, W., Ren, H., Zhang, L., and Zhu, L.: Spatiotemporal variations of extreme precipitation and its potential driving factors in China's North-South Transition Zone during 1960–2017, Atmos. Res., 252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105429, 2021d.
Wang, L., Lun, X., Wang, Q., and Wu, J.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and environmental implications: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 22, 3033–3058, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01785-5, 2024a.
Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Tong, H., Han, J., Fu, P., Huang, R.-J., Zhang, H., and Hoffmann, T.: Molecular-level insights into the relationship between volatility of organic aerosol constituents and PM2.5 air pollution levels: A study with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, Environ Sci Technol, 58, 7947–7957, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10662, 2024b.
Wang, S., Liu, T., Jang, J., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Chan, A. W. H.: Heterogeneous interactions between SO2 and organic peroxides in submicron aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6647–6661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6647-2021, 2021e.
Wang, X., Hayeck, N., Brüggemann, M., Yao, L., Chen, H., Zhang, C., Emmelin, C., Chen, J., George, C., and Wang, L.: Chemical characteristics of organic aerosols in Shanghai: A study by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 11,703-711,722, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026930, 2017a.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Lin, P., Guo, Q., Wu, Z., Li, M., Zeng, L., Song, Y., Zeng, L., Wu, Y., Guo, S., Huang, X., and He, L.: Molecular characterization of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in humic-like substances emitted from straw residue burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5951–5961, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00248, 2017b.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Wang, Y.-C., Li, X., Fang, X., Tang, R., Lu, S., Wu, Y., Guo, S., Wu, Z., Hallquist, M., and Yu, J. Z.: Comparative study of particulate organosulfates in contrasting atmospheric environments: Field evidence for the significant influence of anthropogenic sulfate and NOx, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 7, 787–794, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00550, 2020.
Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, J.-Z., Shao, J., Liu, P., Zhu, W., Cheng, Z., Li, Z., Yan, N., and Xiao, H.: Organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols in Shanghai, China: seasonal and interannual variability, origin, and formation mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2959–2980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2959-2021, 2021f.
Wei, J., Li, Z., Wang, J., Li, C., Gupta, P., and Cribb, M.: Ground-level gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, and CO) in China: daily seamless mapping and spatiotemporal variations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1511–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1511-2023, 2023.
Wu, K., Yang, X. Y., Chen, D., Gu, S., Lu, Y. Q., Jiang, Q., Wang, K., Ou, Y. H., Qian, Y., Shao, P., and Lu, S. H.: Estimation of biogenic VOC emissions and their corresponding impact on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation in China, Atmos. Res., 231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104656, 2020.
Xu, L., Kollman, M. S., Song, C., Shilling, J. E., and Ng, N. L.: Effects of NOx on the volatility of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene photooxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2253–2262, https://doi.org/10.1021/es404842g, 2014.
Xu, L., Guo, H. Y., Boyd, C. M., Klein, M., Bougiatioti, A., Cerully, K. M., Hite, J. R., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Kreisberg, N. M., Knote, C., Olson, K., Koss, A., Goldstein, A. H., Hering, S. V, de Gouw, J., Baumann, K., Lee, S. H., Nenes, A., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Effects of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation from isoprene and monoterpenes in the southeastern United States, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 37–42, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417609112, 2015.
Xu, L., Du, L., Tsona, N. T., and Ge, M.: Anthropogenic effects on biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1053–1084, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0284-3, 2021a.
Xu, L., Yang, Z., Tsona, N. T., Wang, X., George, C., and Du, L.: Anthropogenic-biogenic interactions at night: Enhanced formation of secondary aerosols and particulate nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organics from beta-pinene oxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 7794–7807, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07879, 2021b.
Xu, L., Tsona, N. T., and Du, L.: Relative humidity changes the role of SO2 in biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 12, 7365–7372, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01550, 2021c.
Xu, Y., Chen, Y. G., Gao, J. S., Zhu, S. Q., Ying, Q., Hu, J. L., Wang, P., Feng, L. G., Kang, H. B., and Wang, D. X.: Contribution of biogenic sources to secondary organic aerosol in the summertime in Shaanxi, China, Chemosphere, 254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126815, 2020.
Yan, C., Nie, W., Vogel, A. L., Dada, L., Lehtipalo, K., Stolzenburg, D., Wagner, R., Rissanen, M. P., Xiao, M., Ahonen, L., Fischer, L., Rose, C., Bianchi, F., Gordon, H., Simon, M., Heinritzi, M., Garmash, O., Roldin, P., Dias, A., Ye, P., Hofbauer, V., Amorim, A., Bauer, P. S., Bergen, A., Bernhammer, A.-K., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Buchholz, A., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Canagaratna, M. R., Chen, X., Ding, A., Dommen, J., Draper, D. C., Duplissy, J., Frege, C., Heyn, C., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Heikkinen, L., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Kangasluoma, J., Kirkby, J., Kontkanen, J., Kürten, A., Lawler, M. J., Mai, H., Mathot, S., Mauldin, R. L., Molteni, U., Nichman, L., Nieminen, T., Nowak, J., Ojdanic, A., Onnela, A., Pajunoja, A., Petäjä, T., Piel, F., Quéléver, L. L. J., Sarnela, N., Schallhart, S., Sengupta, K., Sipilä, M., Tomé, A., Tröstl, J., Väisänen, O., Wagner, A. C., Ylisirniö, A., Zha, Q., Baltensperger, U., Carslaw, K. S., Curtius, J., Flagan, R. C., Hansel, A., Riipinen, I., Smith, J. N., Virtanen, A., Winkler, P. M., Donahue, N. M., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., Ehn, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Size-dependent influence of NOx on the growth rates of organic aerosol particles, Sci. Adv., 6, eaay4945, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay4945, 2020.
Yang, L., Liu, Z.-L., Li, J., and Dyer, R. J.: Genetic structure of Pinus henryi and Pinus tabuliformis: Natural landscapes as significant barriers to gene flow among populations, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 61, 124–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2015.06.003, 2015.
Yao, Y., Hu, Y., Kou, Z., and Zhang, B.: Spatial patterns of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus massoniana forests in Qinling-Daba Mountains and the boundary of subtropical and warm temperate zones, J. Geogr. Sci., 30, 1523–1533, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1797-5, 2020.
Yassine, M. M., Harir, M., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., and Schmitt-Kopplin, P.: Structural characterization of organic aerosol using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: aromaticity equivalent approach, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 28, 2445–2454, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7038, 2014.
Zhang, J., Zhu, L., Li, G., Zhao, F., and Qin, J.: Distribution patterns of SOC/TN content and their relationship with topography, vegetation and climatic factors in China's north-south transitional zone, J. Geogr. Sci., 32, 645–662, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-022-1965-x, 2022.
Zhang, M., Cai, D., Lin, J., Liu, Z., Li, M., Wang, Y., and Chen, J.: Molecular characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols in typical megacities in China, NPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci., 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00784-1, 2024.
Zhang, T., Cao, J. J., Tie, X. X., Shen, Z. X., Liu, S. X., Ding, H., Han, Y. M., Wang, G. H., Ho, K. F., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources, Atmos. Res., 102, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014, 2011.
Zhang, X., Li, L., Li, J., Lin, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, R., Xing, S., Zhu, C., Cao, J., and Han, Y.: Influence of anthropogenic pollution on the molecular composition of organic aerosols over a forest site in the Qinling Mountains region of central China, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17718281, 2025.
Zhao, D., Schmitt, S. H., Wang, M., Acir, I.-H., Tillmann, R., Tan, Z., Novelli, A., Fuchs, H., Pullinen, I., Wegener, R., Rohrer, F., Wildt, J., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., and Mentel, T. F.: Effects of NOx and SO2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of α-pinene and limonene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1611–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1611-2018, 2018.
Zhao, D. F., Buchholz, A., Kortner, B., Schlag, P., Rubach, F., Fuchs, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Tillmann, R., Wahner, A., Watne, Å. K., Hallquist, M., Flores, J. M., Rudich, Y., Kristensen, K., Hansen, A. M. K., Glasius, M., Kourtchev, I., Kalberer, M., and Mentel, Th. F.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity, droplet growth kinetics, and hygroscopicity of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1105–1121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1105-2016, 2016.
Zhao, S., Tie, X., Cao, J., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of mountains on black carbon aerosol under different synoptic meteorology conditions in the Guanzhong region, China, Atmos. Res., 164, 286–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.016, 2015.
Zhao, X., Ma, C., and Xiao, L.: The vegetation history of Qinling Mountains, China, Quat. Int., 325, 55–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.054, 2014.
Zhong, S., Chen, S., Deng, J., Fan, Y., Zhang, Q., Xie, Q., Qi, Y., Hu, W., Wu, L., Li, X., Pavuluri, C. M., Zhu, J., Wang, X., Liu, D., Pan, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, Y., Tong, H., Su, H., Cheng, Y., Kawamura, K., and Fu, P.: Impact of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime PM2.5 in urban Tianjin: an insight from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2061–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023, 2023.
Zhu, M., Jiang, B., Li, S., Yu, Q., Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Bi, X., Yu, J., George, C., Yu, Z., and Wang, X.: Organosulfur compounds formed from heterogeneous reaction between SO2 and particulate-bound unsaturated fatty acids in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 6, 318–322, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00218, 2019.
Zielinski, A. T., Kourtchev, I., Bortolini, C., Fuller, S. J., Giorio, C., Popoola, O. A. M., Bogialli, S., Tapparo, A., Jones, R. L., and Kalberer, M.: A new processing scheme for ultra-high resolution direct infusion mass spectrometry data, Atmos. Environ., 178, 129–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.034, 2018.
Short summary
The influence of anthropogenic pollution on atmospheric organic composition was studied to explore the chemical processes of anthropogenic–biogenic interactions in the Qinling Mountains region of central China using advanced Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Organic molecular species exhibited distinct seasonal variabilities and were more abundant and chemically diverse in winter. Anthropogenic pollution played key roles in altering their composition and related properties under various conditions.
The influence of anthropogenic pollution on atmospheric organic composition was studied to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint