Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 05 Nov 2025
| 05 Nov 2025
Metal layer depletion during the super substorm on 4 November 2021
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Yimeng Xu
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Guotao Yang
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Shaodong Zhang
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
Zhipeng Ren
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Pengfei Hu
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Tingting Yu
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Fuju Wu
School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
Lifang Du
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Haoran Zheng
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Xuewu Cheng
Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Faquan Li
Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Min Zhang
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Short summary
It is the first time to record the impact of a storm on metal atom layer in MLT (Mesosphere and Low Thermosphere) region. During the storm on 4 November 2021, the mesospheric metal layer depletion was recorded by three lidars for different metal components at mid-latitudes. The storm induced oxygen density enhancement is considered to consume more metal atoms in the metal layer. It implies that the effects of storm have reached mesosphere, and the influence of storm on metal layer is achieved through chemical processes.
It is the first time to record the impact of a storm on metal atom layer in MLT (Mesosphere and...
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