Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Nov 2025
Research article |
| 05 Nov 2025
| 05 Nov 2025
Metal layer depletion during the super substorm on 4 November 2021
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Yimeng Xu
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Guotao Yang
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Shaodong Zhang
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
Zhipeng Ren
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Pengfei Hu
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Tingting Yu
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Fuju Wu
School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
Lifang Du
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Haoran Zheng
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Xuewu Cheng
Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Faquan Li
Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Min Zhang
School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Secular variations in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field can affect the dynamics of the upper atmosphere. We examine how these two factors influence the dynamics of the upper atmosphere during the Holocene, using two sets of ~ 12 000-year control runs by the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model. The main results show that (a) increased CO2 enhances the thermospheric circulation, but non-linearly; and (b) geomagnetic variation induced a significant hemispheric asymmetrical effect.
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Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5009–5021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, 2023
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On timescales longer than the solar cycle, secular changes in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field play a key role in influencing the thermosphere. We performed four sets of ~12000-year control runs with the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model to examine the effects of the geomagnetic field, CO2, and solar activity on thermospheric density and temperature, deepening our understanding of long-term changes in the thermosphere and making projections for future thermospheric changes.
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The layer of sodium atoms is generally located above 80 km. This study reports the significant enhancements of the sodium layer below 75 km where sodium atoms are short-lived. The neutral chemical reactions were suggested as making a critical contribution. The reported results provide clear observational evidence for the role of planetary waves in the variation of metal layers, and have implications for the response of the metal layers to perturbations in the lower atmosphere.
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Using radar observations and reanalysis data for 9 years, we demonstrate clearly for the first time that resonant interactions between tides and annual and semiannual oscillations do occur in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The resonant matching conditions of frequency and wavenumber are exactly satisfied for the interacting triad. At some altitudes, the secondary waves are stronger than the tides, thus in tidal studies, the secondary waves may be mistaken for the tides if no carefully.
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Jianping Guo, Jian Zhang, Kun Yang, Hong Liao, Shaodong Zhang, Kaiming Huang, Yanmin Lv, Jia Shao, Tao Yu, Bing Tong, Jian Li, Tianning Su, Steve H. L. Yim, Ad Stoffelen, Panmao Zhai, and Xiaofeng Xu
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Short summary
It is the first time to record the impact of a storm on metal atom layer in MLT (Mesosphere and Low Thermosphere) region. During the storm on 4 November 2021, the mesospheric metal layer depletion was recorded by three lidars for different metal components at mid-latitudes. The storm induced oxygen density enhancement is considered to consume more metal atoms in the metal layer. It implies that the effects of storm have reached mesosphere, and the influence of storm on metal layer is achieved through chemical processes.
It is the first time to record the impact of a storm on metal atom layer in MLT (Mesosphere and...
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