Articles | Volume 25, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025
Research article
 | 
01 Oct 2025
Research article |  | 01 Oct 2025

Retention during freezing of raindrops – Part 1: Investigation of single and binary mixtures of nitric, formic, and acetic acids and 2-nitrophenol

Martanda Gautam, Alexander Theis, Jackson Seymore, Moritz Hey, Stephan Borrmann, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Miklós Szakáll

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Retention of α-pinene oxidation products and nitro-aromatic compounds during riming
Christine Borchers, Jackson Seymore, Martanda Gautam, Konstantin Dörholt, Yannik Müller, Andreas Arndt, Laura Gömmer, Florian Ungeheuer, Miklós Szakáll, Stephan Borrmann, Alexander Theis, Alexander L. Vogel, and Thorsten Hoffmann
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Cited articles

Andreae, M. O.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019. a
Barth, M., Stuart, A. L., and Skamarock, W.: Numerical simulations of the July 10, 1996, stratospheric-tropospheric experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone (STERAO)-deep convection experiment storm: Redistribution of soluble tracers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 12381–12400, 2001. a
Barth, M. C., Kim, S.-W., Wang, C., Pickering, K. E., Ott, L. E., Stenchikov, G., Leriche, M., Cautenet, S., Pinty, J.-P., Barthe, Ch., Mari, C., Helsdon, J. H., Farley, R. D., Fridlind, A. M., Ackerman, A. S., Spiridonov, V., and Telenta, B.: Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4709–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4709-2007, 2007. a
Borchers, C., Seymore, J., Gautam, M., Dörholt, K., Müller, Y., Arndt, A., Gömmer, L., Ungeheuer, F., Szakáll, M., Borrmann, S., Theis, A., Vogel, A. L., and Hoffmann, T.: Retention of α-pinene oxidation products and nitro-aromatic compounds during riming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13961–13974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, 2024. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
Short summary
We investigated the retention of chemical species and their binary mixtures during freezing of raindrops via acoustic levitation. Our results reveal high retention, with nearly all substances being fully retained during freezing. This could be attributed to a faster freezing time compared to a slower mass expulsion time, along with ice shell formation during freezing. This result helps improve our understanding of the interaction between ice microphysical processes and chemistry in deep convective clouds.
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