Retention during freezing of raindrops – Part 1: Investigation of single and binary mixtures of nitric, formic, and acetic acids and 2-nitrophenol

Gautam, Martanda; Theis, Alexander; Seymore, Jackson; Hey, Moritz; Borrmann, Stephan; Diehl, Karoline; Mitra, Subir K.; Szakáll, Miklós

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025

Articles | Volume 25, issue 19

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Special issue:

The tropopause region in a changing atmosphere (TPChange)...

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 25, issue 19

Research article

|

01 Oct 2025

Research article |

| 01 Oct 2025

Retention during freezing of raindrops – Part 1: Investigation of single and binary mixtures of nitric, formic, and acetic acids and 2-nitrophenol

Martanda Gautam, Alexander Theis, Jackson Seymore, Moritz Hey, Stephan Borrmann, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Miklós Szakáll

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025-supplement

Data sets

Retention During Freezing of Raindrops, Part I: Investigation of Single and Binary Mixtures Martanda Gautam et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14319648

Short summary

We investigated the retention of chemical species and their binary mixtures during freezing of raindrops via acoustic levitation. Our results reveal high retention, with nearly all substances being fully retained during freezing. This could be attributed to a faster freezing time compared to a slower mass expulsion time, along with ice shell formation during freezing. This result helps improve our understanding of the interaction between ice microphysical processes and chemistry in deep convective clouds.