Articles | Volume 23, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4931-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
28 Apr 2023
Measurement report |
| 28 Apr 2023
| 28 Apr 2023
Measurement report: High Arctic aerosol hygroscopicity at sub- and supersaturated conditions during spring and summer
Andreas Massling
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Robert Lange
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
ROCKWOOL Group, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
Jakob Boyd Pernov
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
Ulrich Gosewinkel
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Lise-Lotte Sørensen
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Henrik Skov
Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Related authors
Patrick C. Taylor, Armin Sorooshian, Rei Ueyama, Sebastian Schmidt, Ihab Abboud, Quincy Allison, Kevin Barry, Sebastian Becker, Holly A. Bender, Joseph R. Bennett, James B. Blair, Niklas Bohn, Linette Boisvert, Matthew D. Brown, Roelof Bruintjes, Anthony Bucholtz, Megan Buzanowicz, Brian Cairns, Filippo Calì Quaglia, Eduard Chemyakin, Bo Chen, Gao Chen, Hong Chen, Yu-Wen Chen, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Dan Chirica, Yonghoon Choi, Peter Colarco, Brian Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Maurice J. Cross, Janet Daniels, Paul DeMott, Joshua P. DiGangi, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, Glenn S. Diskin, Erica K. Dolinar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Samuel Ephraim, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Romanos Foskinis, Francesca Gallo, Lan Gao, José Luis Gómez-Amo, Daisy Gonzalez, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Pawan Gupta, Ivan Heckman, Michael Hendrickson, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ken Hirata, Michelle Hofton, Andrew L. Holen, Ulas Im, Alia L. Khan, Ralph Kahn, Alexei V. Korolev, Sonia Kreidenweis, Thomas Krumpen, Nathan Kurtz, Leslie Lait, Bradley Lamkin, Jack Landy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Paul Lawson, Samuel LeBlanc, Sean Leavor, Jing Li, Thorsten Markus, Hal Maring, Andreas H. Massling, Camille Mavis, Flynn McGinnity, Kerry Meyer, Gabriel Mojica, Richard H. Moore, Parker Morris, Giovanni Muscari, Vikas Nataraja, Amin R. Nehrir, Athanasios Nenes, Edward P. Nowottnick, Matteo Ottaviani, Chelsea Parker, Ryan Patnaude, Michael Perez, Russell J. Perkins, Colten Peterson, Alek Petty, Stevie Phothisane, Chris Polashenski, Kerri A. Pratt, Kayla M. Preisler, John Prytherch, David Rabine, Jens Redemann, Ju-Mee Ryoo, Joseph S. Schlosser, Vanessa Selimovic, Michael A. Shook, Morgan Silverman, Henrik Skov, Alexander Smirnov, Cassidy Soloff, Amy Solomon, Snorre Stamnes, Azusa Takeishi, David R. Thompson, K. Lee Thornhill, Rachel Tilling, Michael Tjernström, Monica Tosco, Pedro C. Valdelomar, David Van Gilst, Jian Wang, Zhien Wang, Andrzej Wasilewski, Manfred Wendisch, Brent Wilder, Edward L. Winstead, Albert Wu, Peng Xian, Lauren M. Zamora, Jiaoshi Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lu Zhang, Luke Ziemba, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This article summarizes the data sets collected during the Arctic Radiation Cloud aerosol Sea ice Interaction eXperiment (ARCSIX), NASA's most comprehensive Arctic field campaign to date. The overarching goal was to quantify the contributions of surface, clouds, aerosol particles, and precipitation to summer sea ice melt. This paper describes the ARCSIX implementation including the flight strategy, instruments, complementary data sets, access, and usage details.
Aino Ovaska, Daniel Holmberg, Elio Rauth, Mansour Alghamdi, Paulo Artaxo, Eija Asmi, John Backman, Benjamin Bergmans, Matthew Boyer, Liezl Bredenkamp, Maurizio Busetto, Delano Campos De Oliveira, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Darius Ceburnis, Tak Chan, Tommy Chan, Sebastien Conil, Daniele Contini, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Valentin Duflot, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Johan Esveld, Ekaterina Ezhova, Markus Fiebig, Shahzad Gani, Olga Garmash, Francisco Gómez-Moreno, Roy M. Harrison, Andras Hoffer, Rakesh Hooda, Antti Hyvärinen, Tareq Hussein, Jorma Joutsensaari, Nikos Kalivitis, Heinz Kaminski, Jutta Kesti, Radovan Krejci, Adam Kristensson, Chongai Kuang, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Ari Leskinen, Heikki Lihavainen, Andreas Massling, Maik Merkel, Steffen Noe, Jakub Ondracek, Noemí Perez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Tuukka Petäjä, Michael Pikridas, Christopher Pöhlker, Mira Pöhlker, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Ximeng Qi, Cristina Reche, Sergio Rodríguez, Petr Roztocil, Jean Sciare, Karine Sellegri, Dongjie Shang, Ashish Singh, Mikko Sipilä, Henrik Skov, Mar Sorribas, Tamanna Subba, Junying Sun, Peter Tunved, Ville Vakkari, Pieter G. Van Zyl, Aki Virkkula, Jens Voigtländer, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Hee-Jung Yoo, Putian Zhou, Kai Puolamäki, Tuomo Nieminen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Pauli Paasonen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
All clouds form around aerosol particles, and their abundance influences cloud properties. In turn, clouds affect climate by changing how energy moves through the atmosphere, making them important for climate change. To better understand these interactions, we need accurate information on how many aerosol particles are in the atmosphere. Therefore, we have developed a new 21-year global dataset of particle concentrations relevant for cloud formation.
Samuel Ephraim, Paquita Zuidema, Aaron Bansemer, Lintong Cai, Markus Petters, Elise Rosky, Jefferson R. Snider, Zhien Wang, Sarah Woods, Kevin Barry, Theresa Campos, Owen Cruikshank, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Romanos Foskinis, Jeffrey R. French, Bart Geerts, Coltin Grasmick, Silvia Henning, Varun Kumar, Andreas Massling, Camille Mavis, Greg M. McFarquhar, Athanasios Nenes, Gunnar Noer, Ryan Patnaude, Russell Perkins, Lise Lotte Sorensen, Henrik Skov, Tyler Tatro, Florian Tornow, and Lu Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2940, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The processes that establish how mixed-phase closed-cell clouds transition to more open cellular structures are poorly known. First-of-its kind aircraft observations document such a transition in the presence of anomalously high aerosol concentrations over the Nordic Seas at cloud temperatures < -15 °C. The reduces the drop size, discouraging riming. Eventually, ice precipitation produces surface cold pools that drive the convective transition, despite strong counteracting surface fluxes.
Zihui Teng, Jane Tygesen Skønager, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Sabine Eckhardt, Merete Bilde, and Bernadette Rosati
Aerosol Research, 4, 169–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-169-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-169-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal aerosols in Scandinavian urban areas remain understudied. We examined aerosol optical properties and size distributions along Denmark's coastline. Combining in situ data with dispersion modelling, we identified two main aerosol types: carbonaceous aerosols from fossil fuel and biomass burning and large, highly scattering aerosols (potentially sea salt). Black carbon from in situ data and dispersion modelling correlated well, while FLEXPART underestimated the concentration.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Enrico Pisoni, Alexander Mangold, Christoph Hueglin, Jean Sciare, Michael Pikridas, Chrysanthos Savvides, Jakub Ondracek, Saliou Mbengue, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Laurent Poulain, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Andreas Massling, Claus Nordstroem, Andrés Alastuey, Cristina Reche, Noemí Pérez, Sonia Castillo, Mar Sorribas, Jose Antonio Adame, Tuukka Petaja, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jarkko Niemi, Véronique Riffault, Joel F. de Brito, Augustin Colette, Olivier Favez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Valérie Gros, Maria I. Gini, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Karl Espen Yttri, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10145–10161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many European people are still exposed to levels of air pollution that can affect their health. COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 were used to assess the impact of the reduction in human mobility on air pollution across Europe by comparing measurement data with values that would be expected if no lockdown had occurred. We show that lockdown measures did not lead to consistent decreases in the concentrations of fine particulate matter suspended in the air, and we investigate why.
Eleftherios Ioannidis, Kathy S. Law, Jean-Christophe Raut, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Rachel M. Kirpes, Lucia M. Upchurch, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Patricia K. Quinn, and Kerri A. Pratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5641–5678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5641-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5641-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Remote and local anthropogenic emissions contribute to wintertime Arctic haze, with enhanced aerosol concentrations, but natural sources, which also contribute, are less well studied. Here, modelled wintertime sea-spray aerosols are improved in WRF-Chem over the wider Arctic by including updated wind speed and temperature-dependent treatments. As a result, anthropogenic nitrate aerosols are also improved. Open leads are confirmed to be the main source of sea-spray aerosols over northern Alaska.
Kevin C. H. Sze, Heike Wex, Markus Hartmann, Henrik Skov, Andreas Massling, Diego Villanueva, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4741–4761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play an important role in cloud formation and thus in our climate. But little is known about the abundance and properties of INPs, especially in the Arctic, where the temperature increases almost 4 times as fast as that of the rest of the globe. We observe higher INP concentrations and more biological INPs in summer than in winter, likely from local sources. We also provide three equations for estimating INP concentrations in models at different times of the year.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Eija Asmi, Angelo Lupi, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2183–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasize how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources. We provide a harmonised analysis of new particle formation across the Arctic.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Hélène Angot, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Manuel Dall'Osto, David C. S. Beddows, Zoé Brasseur, Ivo Beck, Silvia Bucci, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Tiia Laurila, Eija Asmi, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Tak Chan, Sangeeta Sharma, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, Hans Christen Hansson, Federico Bianchi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 389–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is a unique environment that is warming faster than other locations on Earth. We evaluate measurements of aerosol particles, which can influence climate, over the central Arctic Ocean for a full year and compare the data to land-based measurement stations across the Arctic. Our measurements show that the central Arctic has similarities to but also distinct differences from the stations further south. We note that this may change as the Arctic warms and sea ice continues to decline.
Bernadette Rosati, Sini Isokääntä, Sigurd Christiansen, Mads Mørk Jensen, Shamjad P. Moosakutty, Robin Wollesen de Jonge, Andreas Massling, Marianne Glasius, Jonas Elm, Annele Virtanen, and Merete Bilde
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13449–13466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfate aerosols have a strong influence on climate. Due to the reduction in sulfur-based fossil fuels, natural sulfur emissions play an increasingly important role. Studies investigating the climate relevance of natural sulfur aerosols are scarce. We study the water uptake of such particles in the laboratory, demonstrating a high potential to take up water and form cloud droplets. During atmospheric transit, chemical processing affects the particles’ composition and thus their water uptake.
Ville Leinonen, Harri Kokkola, Taina Yli-Juuti, Tero Mielonen, Thomas Kühn, Tuomo Nieminen, Simo Heikkinen, Tuuli Miinalainen, Tommi Bergman, Ken Carslaw, Stefano Decesari, Markus Fiebig, Tareq Hussein, Niku Kivekäs, Radovan Krejci, Markku Kulmala, Ari Leskinen, Andreas Massling, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jane P. Mulcahy, Steffen M. Noe, Twan van Noije, Fiona M. O'Connor, Colin O'Dowd, Dirk Olivie, Jakob B. Pernov, Tuukka Petäjä, Øyvind Seland, Michael Schulz, Catherine E. Scott, Henrik Skov, Erik Swietlicki, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Annele Virtanen, and Santtu Mikkonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12873–12905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five different earth system models. We investigated aerosol modes (nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation) separately and were able to show the differences between measured and modeled trends and especially their seasonal patterns. The differences in model results are likely due to complex effects of several processes instead of certain specific model features.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Rashed Mahmood, Knut von Salzen, Barbara Winter, Sabine Eckhardt, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Silvia Becagli, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Sujay Manish Damani, Xinyi Dong, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Fabio Giardi, Wanmin Gong, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lin Huang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Srinath Krishnan, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Andreas Massling, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Yiran Peng, David A. Plummer, Olga Popovicheva, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Laura N. Saunders, Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Henrik Skov, Fumikazu Taketani, Manu A. Thomas, Rita Traversi, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven Turnock, Vito Vitale, Kaley A. Walker, Minqi Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Tahya Weiss-Gibbons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5775–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants, like ozone and soot, play a role in both global warming and air quality. Atmospheric models are often used to provide information to policy makers about current and future conditions under different emissions scenarios. In order to have confidence in those simulations, in this study we compare simulated air pollution from 18 state-of-the-art atmospheric models to measured air pollution in order to assess how well the models perform.
Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Stefano Decesari, Jakob Pernov, Andreas Massling, Hans-Christen Hansson, Knut von Salzen, Henrik Skov, Elisabeth Andrews, Patricia K. Quinn, Lucia M. Upchurch, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Rita Traversi, Stefania Gilardoni, Mauro Mazzola, James Laing, and Philip Hopke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3067–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term data sets of Arctic aerosol properties from 10 stations across the Arctic provide evidence that anthropogenic influence on the Arctic atmospheric chemical composition has declined in winter, a season which is typically dominated by mid-latitude emissions. The number of significant trends in summer is smaller than in winter, and overall the pattern is ambiguous with some significant positive and negative trends. This reflects the mixed influence of natural and anthropogenic emissions.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, Bjarne Jensen, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13287–13309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric mercury species (GEM, GOM, PHg) are important constituents in the High Arctic due to their detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health. However, understanding their behavior in the High Arctic summer remains lacking. This research investigates the dynamics of mercury oxidation in the High Arctic summer. The cold, dry, sunlit free troposphere was associated with events of high GOM in the High Arctic summer, while individual events yielded unique origins.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Francis D. Pope, David C. S. Beddows, Manuel Dall'Osto, Andreas Massling, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Claus Nordstrøm, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Tuukka Petäjä, Noemi Perez, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Thomas Tuch, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11905–11925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of new particles is a key process in the atmosphere. New particle formation events arising from nucleation of gaseous precursors have been analysed in extensive datasets from 13 sites in five European countries in terms of frequency, nucleation rate, and particle growth rate, with several common features and many differences identified. Although nucleation frequencies are lower at roadside sites, nucleation rates and particle growth rates are typically higher.
Patrick C. Taylor, Armin Sorooshian, Rei Ueyama, Sebastian Schmidt, Ihab Abboud, Quincy Allison, Kevin Barry, Sebastian Becker, Holly A. Bender, Joseph R. Bennett, James B. Blair, Niklas Bohn, Linette Boisvert, Matthew D. Brown, Roelof Bruintjes, Anthony Bucholtz, Megan Buzanowicz, Brian Cairns, Filippo Calì Quaglia, Eduard Chemyakin, Bo Chen, Gao Chen, Hong Chen, Yu-Wen Chen, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Dan Chirica, Yonghoon Choi, Peter Colarco, Brian Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Maurice J. Cross, Janet Daniels, Paul DeMott, Joshua P. DiGangi, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, Glenn S. Diskin, Erica K. Dolinar, Eva-Lou Edwards, Samuel Ephraim, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Romanos Foskinis, Francesca Gallo, Lan Gao, José Luis Gómez-Amo, Daisy Gonzalez, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Pawan Gupta, Ivan Heckman, Michael Hendrickson, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ken Hirata, Michelle Hofton, Andrew L. Holen, Ulas Im, Alia L. Khan, Ralph Kahn, Alexei V. Korolev, Sonia Kreidenweis, Thomas Krumpen, Nathan Kurtz, Leslie Lait, Bradley Lamkin, Jack Landy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Paul Lawson, Samuel LeBlanc, Sean Leavor, Jing Li, Thorsten Markus, Hal Maring, Andreas H. Massling, Camille Mavis, Flynn McGinnity, Kerry Meyer, Gabriel Mojica, Richard H. Moore, Parker Morris, Giovanni Muscari, Vikas Nataraja, Amin R. Nehrir, Athanasios Nenes, Edward P. Nowottnick, Matteo Ottaviani, Chelsea Parker, Ryan Patnaude, Michael Perez, Russell J. Perkins, Colten Peterson, Alek Petty, Stevie Phothisane, Chris Polashenski, Kerri A. Pratt, Kayla M. Preisler, John Prytherch, David Rabine, Jens Redemann, Ju-Mee Ryoo, Joseph S. Schlosser, Vanessa Selimovic, Michael A. Shook, Morgan Silverman, Henrik Skov, Alexander Smirnov, Cassidy Soloff, Amy Solomon, Snorre Stamnes, Azusa Takeishi, David R. Thompson, K. Lee Thornhill, Rachel Tilling, Michael Tjernström, Monica Tosco, Pedro C. Valdelomar, David Van Gilst, Jian Wang, Zhien Wang, Andrzej Wasilewski, Manfred Wendisch, Brent Wilder, Edward L. Winstead, Albert Wu, Peng Xian, Lauren M. Zamora, Jiaoshi Zhang, Lei Zhang, Lu Zhang, Luke Ziemba, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-241, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This article summarizes the data sets collected during the Arctic Radiation Cloud aerosol Sea ice Interaction eXperiment (ARCSIX), NASA's most comprehensive Arctic field campaign to date. The overarching goal was to quantify the contributions of surface, clouds, aerosol particles, and precipitation to summer sea ice melt. This paper describes the ARCSIX implementation including the flight strategy, instruments, complementary data sets, access, and usage details.
Aino Ovaska, Daniel Holmberg, Elio Rauth, Mansour Alghamdi, Paulo Artaxo, Eija Asmi, John Backman, Benjamin Bergmans, Matthew Boyer, Liezl Bredenkamp, Maurizio Busetto, Delano Campos De Oliveira, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Darius Ceburnis, Tak Chan, Tommy Chan, Sebastien Conil, Daniele Contini, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Valentin Duflot, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Johan Esveld, Ekaterina Ezhova, Markus Fiebig, Shahzad Gani, Olga Garmash, Francisco Gómez-Moreno, Roy M. Harrison, Andras Hoffer, Rakesh Hooda, Antti Hyvärinen, Tareq Hussein, Jorma Joutsensaari, Nikos Kalivitis, Heinz Kaminski, Jutta Kesti, Radovan Krejci, Adam Kristensson, Chongai Kuang, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Ari Leskinen, Heikki Lihavainen, Andreas Massling, Maik Merkel, Steffen Noe, Jakub Ondracek, Noemí Perez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Tuukka Petäjä, Michael Pikridas, Christopher Pöhlker, Mira Pöhlker, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Ximeng Qi, Cristina Reche, Sergio Rodríguez, Petr Roztocil, Jean Sciare, Karine Sellegri, Dongjie Shang, Ashish Singh, Mikko Sipilä, Henrik Skov, Mar Sorribas, Tamanna Subba, Junying Sun, Peter Tunved, Ville Vakkari, Pieter G. Van Zyl, Aki Virkkula, Jens Voigtländer, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Hee-Jung Yoo, Putian Zhou, Kai Puolamäki, Tuomo Nieminen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Pauli Paasonen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-415, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
All clouds form around aerosol particles, and their abundance influences cloud properties. In turn, clouds affect climate by changing how energy moves through the atmosphere, making them important for climate change. To better understand these interactions, we need accurate information on how many aerosol particles are in the atmosphere. Therefore, we have developed a new 21-year global dataset of particle concentrations relevant for cloud formation.
Samuel Ephraim, Paquita Zuidema, Aaron Bansemer, Lintong Cai, Markus Petters, Elise Rosky, Jefferson R. Snider, Zhien Wang, Sarah Woods, Kevin Barry, Theresa Campos, Owen Cruikshank, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Romanos Foskinis, Jeffrey R. French, Bart Geerts, Coltin Grasmick, Silvia Henning, Varun Kumar, Andreas Massling, Camille Mavis, Greg M. McFarquhar, Athanasios Nenes, Gunnar Noer, Ryan Patnaude, Russell Perkins, Lise Lotte Sorensen, Henrik Skov, Tyler Tatro, Florian Tornow, and Lu Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2940, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The processes that establish how mixed-phase closed-cell clouds transition to more open cellular structures are poorly known. First-of-its kind aircraft observations document such a transition in the presence of anomalously high aerosol concentrations over the Nordic Seas at cloud temperatures < -15 °C. The reduces the drop size, discouraging riming. Eventually, ice precipitation produces surface cold pools that drive the convective transition, despite strong counteracting surface fluxes.
Henry C. Henson, Dorte H. Søgaard, Bjarne Jensen, Kunuk Lennert, Tim Papakyriakou, Mikael K. Sejr, Jakob Sievers, Søren Rysgaard, and Lise Lotte Sørensen
Ocean Sci., 22, 1781–1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1781-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1781-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice melt adds less-saline water to the surface ocean. This creates vertical gradients in salinity, temperature, and partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). The concentration difference of pCO2 across the air-ocean boundary is used to estimate gas transfer. Thus, the depth that we measure will impact our estimates. Similar patterns were observed in multiple Arctic fjords years apart, suggesting these vertical gradients may be common during the spring melt season.
Zihui Teng, Jane Tygesen Skønager, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Sabine Eckhardt, Merete Bilde, and Bernadette Rosati
Aerosol Research, 4, 169–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-169-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-169-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal aerosols in Scandinavian urban areas remain understudied. We examined aerosol optical properties and size distributions along Denmark's coastline. Combining in situ data with dispersion modelling, we identified two main aerosol types: carbonaceous aerosols from fossil fuel and biomass burning and large, highly scattering aerosols (potentially sea salt). Black carbon from in situ data and dispersion modelling correlated well, while FLEXPART underestimated the concentration.
Jonathan Fipper, Jakob Abermann, Ingo Sasgen, Henrik Skov, Lise Lotte Sørensen, and Wolfgang Schöner
The Cryosphere, 20, 683–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-683-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-683-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We use measurements conducted with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) and reanalysis data to study the drivers of vertical air temperature structures and their link to the surface mass balance of Flade Isblink, a large ice cap in Northeast Greenland. Surface properties control temperature structures up to 100 m above ground, while large-scale circulation dominates above. Mass loss has increased since 2015, with record loss in 2023 associated with frequent synoptic conditions favouring melt.
Wanmin Gong, Stephen R. Beagley, Kenjiro Toyota, Henrik Skov, Jesper Heile Christensen, Alex Lupu, Diane Pendlebury, Junhua Zhang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Roberto Sommariva, Peter Effertz, John W. Halfacre, Nis Jepsen, Rigel Kivi, Theodore K. Koenig, Katrin Müller, Claus Nordstrøm, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Paul B. Shepson, William R. Simpson, Sverre Solberg, Ralf M. Staebler, David W. Tarasick, Roeland Van Malderen, and Mika Vestenius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8355–8405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study showed that the springtime O3 depletion plays a critical role in driving the surface O3 seasonal cycle in the central Arctic. The O3 depletion events, while occurring most notably within the lowest few hundred metres above the Arctic Ocean, can induce a 5–7 % loss in the pan-Arctic tropospheric O3 burden during springtime. The study also found enhancements in O3 and NOy (mostly peroxyacetyl nitrate) concentrations in the Arctic due to northern boreal wildfires, particularly at higher altitudes.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, William H. Aeberhard, Michele Volpi, Eliza Harris, Benjamin Hohermuth, Sakiko Ishino, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Stephan Henne, Ulas Im, Patricia K. Quinn, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6497–6537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate methanesulfonic acid (MSAp) is vital for the Arctic climate system. Numerical models struggle to reproduce the MSAp seasonal cycle. We evaluate three numerical models and one reanalysis product’s ability to simulate MSAp. We develop data-driven models for MSAp at four Arctic stations. The data-driven models outperform the numerical models and reanalysis product and identified precursor source-, chemical-processing-, and removal-related features as being important for modeling MSAp.
Benjamin Heutte, Nora Bergner, Hélène Angot, Jakob B. Pernov, Lubna Dada, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Ivo Beck, Andrea Baccarini, Matthew Boyer, Jessie M. Creamean, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Imad El Haddad, Markus M. Frey, Silvia Henning, Tiia Laurila, Vaios Moschos, Tuukka Petäjä, Kerri A. Pratt, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matthew D. Shupe, Paul Zieger, Tuija Jokinen, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2207–2241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Limited aerosol measurements in the central Arctic hinder our understanding of aerosol–climate interactions in the region. Our year-long observations of aerosol physicochemical properties during the MOSAiC expedition reveal strong seasonal variations in aerosol chemical composition, where the short-term variability is heavily affected by storms in the Arctic. Local wind-generated particles are shown to be an important source of cloud seeds, especially in autumn.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lise Lotte Sørensen, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13603–13631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) occur every spring and have vast implications for the oxidizing capacity, radiative balance, and mercury oxidation. In this study, we analyze ozone, ODEs, and their connection to meteorological and air mass history variables through statistical analyses, back trajectories, and machine learning (ML) at Villum Research Station. ODEs are favorable under sunny, calm conditions with air masses arriving from northerly wind directions with sea ice contact.
Ulrike Egerer, Holger Siebert, Olaf Hellmuth, and Lise Lotte Sørensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15365–15373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Low-level jets (LLJs) are strong winds near the surface and occur frequently in the Arctic in stable conditions. Using tethered-balloon profile measurements in Greenland, we analyze a multi-hour period with an LLJ that later weakens and finally collapses. Increased shear-induced turbulence at the LLJ bounds mostly does not reach the ground until the LLJ collapses. Our findings support the hypothesis that a passive tracer can be advected with an LLJ and mixed down when the LLJ collapses.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Enrico Pisoni, Alexander Mangold, Christoph Hueglin, Jean Sciare, Michael Pikridas, Chrysanthos Savvides, Jakub Ondracek, Saliou Mbengue, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Laurent Poulain, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Andreas Massling, Claus Nordstroem, Andrés Alastuey, Cristina Reche, Noemí Pérez, Sonia Castillo, Mar Sorribas, Jose Antonio Adame, Tuukka Petaja, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jarkko Niemi, Véronique Riffault, Joel F. de Brito, Augustin Colette, Olivier Favez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Valérie Gros, Maria I. Gini, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Evangelia Diapouli, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Karl Espen Yttri, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10145–10161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many European people are still exposed to levels of air pollution that can affect their health. COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 were used to assess the impact of the reduction in human mobility on air pollution across Europe by comparing measurement data with values that would be expected if no lockdown had occurred. We show that lockdown measures did not lead to consistent decreases in the concentrations of fine particulate matter suspended in the air, and we investigate why.
Eleftherios Ioannidis, Kathy S. Law, Jean-Christophe Raut, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Rachel M. Kirpes, Lucia M. Upchurch, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Patricia K. Quinn, and Kerri A. Pratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5641–5678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5641-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5641-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Remote and local anthropogenic emissions contribute to wintertime Arctic haze, with enhanced aerosol concentrations, but natural sources, which also contribute, are less well studied. Here, modelled wintertime sea-spray aerosols are improved in WRF-Chem over the wider Arctic by including updated wind speed and temperature-dependent treatments. As a result, anthropogenic nitrate aerosols are also improved. Open leads are confirmed to be the main source of sea-spray aerosols over northern Alaska.
Kevin C. H. Sze, Heike Wex, Markus Hartmann, Henrik Skov, Andreas Massling, Diego Villanueva, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4741–4761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) play an important role in cloud formation and thus in our climate. But little is known about the abundance and properties of INPs, especially in the Arctic, where the temperature increases almost 4 times as fast as that of the rest of the globe. We observe higher INP concentrations and more biological INPs in summer than in winter, likely from local sources. We also provide three equations for estimating INP concentrations in models at different times of the year.
Erik Ahlberg, Stina Ausmeel, Lovisa Nilsson, Mårten Spanne, Julija Pauraite, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, Michele Bertò, Henrik Skov, Pontus Roldin, Adam Kristensson, Erik Swietlicki, and Axel Eriksson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3051–3064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the properties and origin of black carbon particles in southern Sweden during late summer, we performed measurements both at a rural site and the nearby city of Malmö. We found that local traffic emissions of black carbon led to concentrations around twice as high as those at the rural site. Modeling show that these emissions are not clearly distinguishable at the rural site, unless meteorology was favourable, which shows the importance of long-range transport and processing.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Eija Asmi, Angelo Lupi, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2183–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasize how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources. We provide a harmonised analysis of new particle formation across the Arctic.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Kathy S. Law, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Henrik Skov, Stephen R. Arnold, Joakim Langner, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Garance Bergeron, Ilann Bourgeois, Jesper H. Christensen, Rong-You Chien, Makoto Deushi, Xinyi Dong, Peter Effertz, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Greg Huey, Ulas Im, Rigel Kivi, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Jeff Peischl, David A. Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Tom Ryerson, Ragnhild Skeie, Sverre Solberg, Manu A. Thomas, Chelsea Thompson, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Knut von Salzen, and David W. Tarasick
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 637–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-637-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-637-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study summarizes recent research on ozone in the Arctic, a sensitive and rapidly warming region. We find that the seasonal cycles of near-surface atmospheric ozone are variable depending on whether they are near the coast, inland, or at high altitude. Several global model simulations were evaluated, and we found that because models lack some of the ozone chemistry that is important for the coastal Arctic locations, they do not accurately simulate ozone there.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Hélène Angot, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Manuel Dall'Osto, David C. S. Beddows, Zoé Brasseur, Ivo Beck, Silvia Bucci, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Tiia Laurila, Eija Asmi, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Tak Chan, Sangeeta Sharma, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, Hans Christen Hansson, Federico Bianchi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 389–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is a unique environment that is warming faster than other locations on Earth. We evaluate measurements of aerosol particles, which can influence climate, over the central Arctic Ocean for a full year and compare the data to land-based measurement stations across the Arctic. Our measurements show that the central Arctic has similarities to but also distinct differences from the stations further south. We note that this may change as the Arctic warms and sea ice continues to decline.
Bernadette Rosati, Sini Isokääntä, Sigurd Christiansen, Mads Mørk Jensen, Shamjad P. Moosakutty, Robin Wollesen de Jonge, Andreas Massling, Marianne Glasius, Jonas Elm, Annele Virtanen, and Merete Bilde
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13449–13466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfate aerosols have a strong influence on climate. Due to the reduction in sulfur-based fossil fuels, natural sulfur emissions play an increasingly important role. Studies investigating the climate relevance of natural sulfur aerosols are scarce. We study the water uptake of such particles in the laboratory, demonstrating a high potential to take up water and form cloud droplets. During atmospheric transit, chemical processing affects the particles’ composition and thus their water uptake.
Ville Leinonen, Harri Kokkola, Taina Yli-Juuti, Tero Mielonen, Thomas Kühn, Tuomo Nieminen, Simo Heikkinen, Tuuli Miinalainen, Tommi Bergman, Ken Carslaw, Stefano Decesari, Markus Fiebig, Tareq Hussein, Niku Kivekäs, Radovan Krejci, Markku Kulmala, Ari Leskinen, Andreas Massling, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jane P. Mulcahy, Steffen M. Noe, Twan van Noije, Fiona M. O'Connor, Colin O'Dowd, Dirk Olivie, Jakob B. Pernov, Tuukka Petäjä, Øyvind Seland, Michael Schulz, Catherine E. Scott, Henrik Skov, Erik Swietlicki, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, Annele Virtanen, and Santtu Mikkonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12873–12905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five different earth system models. We investigated aerosol modes (nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation) separately and were able to show the differences between measured and modeled trends and especially their seasonal patterns. The differences in model results are likely due to complex effects of several processes instead of certain specific model features.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Rashed Mahmood, Knut von Salzen, Barbara Winter, Sabine Eckhardt, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Silvia Becagli, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Sujay Manish Damani, Xinyi Dong, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Fabio Giardi, Wanmin Gong, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lin Huang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Srinath Krishnan, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Andreas Massling, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Yiran Peng, David A. Plummer, Olga Popovicheva, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Laura N. Saunders, Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Henrik Skov, Fumikazu Taketani, Manu A. Thomas, Rita Traversi, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven Turnock, Vito Vitale, Kaley A. Walker, Minqi Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Tahya Weiss-Gibbons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5775–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants, like ozone and soot, play a role in both global warming and air quality. Atmospheric models are often used to provide information to policy makers about current and future conditions under different emissions scenarios. In order to have confidence in those simulations, in this study we compare simulated air pollution from 18 state-of-the-art atmospheric models to measured air pollution in order to assess how well the models perform.
Danilo Custódio, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, T. Gerard Spain, Fidel F. Pankratov, Iana Strigunova, Koketso Molepo, Henrik Skov, Johannes Bieser, and Ralf Ebinghaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3827–3840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As a poison in the air that we breathe and the food that we eat, mercury is a human health concern for society as a whole. In that regard, this work deals with monitoring and modelling mercury in the environment, improving wherewithal, identifying the strength of the different components at play, and interpreting information to support the efforts that seek to safeguard public health.
Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Stefano Decesari, Jakob Pernov, Andreas Massling, Hans-Christen Hansson, Knut von Salzen, Henrik Skov, Elisabeth Andrews, Patricia K. Quinn, Lucia M. Upchurch, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Rita Traversi, Stefania Gilardoni, Mauro Mazzola, James Laing, and Philip Hopke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3067–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term data sets of Arctic aerosol properties from 10 stations across the Arctic provide evidence that anthropogenic influence on the Arctic atmospheric chemical composition has declined in winter, a season which is typically dominated by mid-latitude emissions. The number of significant trends in summer is smaller than in winter, and overall the pattern is ambiguous with some significant positive and negative trends. This reflects the mixed influence of natural and anthropogenic emissions.
Jakob Boyd Pernov, Bjarne Jensen, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13287–13309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric mercury species (GEM, GOM, PHg) are important constituents in the High Arctic due to their detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health. However, understanding their behavior in the High Arctic summer remains lacking. This research investigates the dynamics of mercury oxidation in the High Arctic summer. The cold, dry, sunlit free troposphere was associated with events of high GOM in the High Arctic summer, while individual events yielded unique origins.
Dimitrios Bousiotis, Francis D. Pope, David C. S. Beddows, Manuel Dall'Osto, Andreas Massling, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Claus Nordstrøm, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Tuukka Petäjä, Noemi Perez, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Thomas Tuch, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11905–11925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11905-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of new particles is a key process in the atmosphere. New particle formation events arising from nucleation of gaseous precursors have been analysed in extensive datasets from 13 sites in five European countries in terms of frequency, nucleation rate, and particle growth rate, with several common features and many differences identified. Although nucleation frequencies are lower at roadside sites, nucleation rates and particle growth rates are typically higher.
Cited articles
Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Najera, J., Whitehead, J. D., Flynn, M. J.,
Taylor, J. W., Liu, D., Darbyshire, E., Carpenter, L. J., Chance, R.,
Andrews, S. J., Hackenberg, S. C., and McFiggans, G.: Iodine observed in new
particle formation events in the Arctic atmosphere during ACCACIA, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 15, 5599–5609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5599-2015, 2015.
Anttila, T., Brus, D., Jaatinen, A., Hyvarinen, A. P., Kivekas, N., Romakkaniemi, S., Komppula, M., and Lihavainen, H.: Relationships between
particles, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet activation during the
third Pallas Cloud Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11435–11450,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11435-2012, 2012.
Barrie, L. A., Hoff, R. M., and Daggupaty, S. M.: The Influence of Mid-Latitudinal Pollution Sources on Haze in the Canadian Arctic, Atmos.
Environ., 15, 1407–1419, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(81)90347-4, 1981.
Beck, L. J., Sarnela, N., Junninen, H., Hoppe, C. J. M., Garmash, O., Bianchi, F., Riva, M., Rose, C., Peräkylä, O., Wimmer, D., Kausiala,
O., Jokinen, T., Ahonen, L., Mikkilä, J., Hakala, J., He, X.-C.,
Kontkanen, J., Wolf, K. K. E., Cappelletti, D., Mazzola, M., Traversi, R.,
Petroselli, C., Viola, A. P., Vitale, V., Lange, R., Massling, A., Nøjgaard, J. K., Krejci, R., Karlsson, L., Zieger, P., Jang, S., Lee, K.,
Vakkari, V., Lampilahti, J., Thakur, R. C., Leino, K., Kangasluoma, J.,
Duplissy, E.-M., Siivola, E., Marbouti, M., Tham, Y. J., Saiz-Lopez, A.,
Petäjä, T., Ehn, M., Worsnop, D. R., Skov, H., Kulmala, M.,
Kerminen, V.-M., and Sipilä, M.: Differing Mechanisms of New Particle
Formation at Two Arctic Sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091334,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091334, 2021.
Bellouin, N., Rae, J., Jones, A., Johnson, C., Haywood, J., and Boucher, O.:
Aerosol forcing in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)
simulations by HadGEM2-ES and the role of ammonium nitrate, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 116, D20206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016074, 2011.
Biskos, G., Buseck, P. R., and Martin, S. T.: Hygroscopic growth of
nucleation-mode acidic sulfate particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 40, 338–347,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.12.003, 2009.
Breider, T. J., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Wang, Q. Q., Fisher, J. A.,
Chang, R. Y. W., and Alexander, B.: Annual distributions and sources of
Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4107-4124, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020996, 2014.
Breider, T. J., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Ge, C., Wang, J., Sulprizio,
M. P., Croft, B., Ridley, D. A., McConnell, J. R., Sharma, S., Husain, L.,
Dutkiewicz, V. A., Eleftheriadis, K., Skov, H., and Hopke, P. K.:
Multidecadal trends in aerosol radiative forcing over the Arctic: Contribution of changes in anthropogenic aerosol to Arctic warming since 1980, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 3573–3594,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025321, 2017.
Browse, J., Carslaw, K. S., Arnold, S. R., Pringle, K., and Boucher, O.: The
scavenging processes controlling the seasonal cycle in Arctic sulphate and
black carbon aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6775–6798,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6775-2012, 2012.
Burgos, M., Andrews, E., Titos, G., Alados-Arboledas, L., Baltensperger, U.,
Day, D., Jefferson, A., Kalivitis, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Sherman, J., Sun,
J., Weingartner, E., and Zieger, P.: A global view on the effect of water
uptake on aerosol particle light scattering, Scient. Data, 6, 157,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0158-7, 2019.
Burkart, J., Hodshire, A. L., Mungall, E. L., Pierce, J. R., Collins, D. B.,
Ladino, L. A., Lee, A. K. Y., Irish, V., Wentzell, J. J. B., Liggio, J.,
Papakyriakou, T., Murphy, J., and Abbatt, J.: Organic Condensation and Particle Growth to CCN Sizes in the Summertime Marine Arctic is Driven by
Materials More Semivolatile Than at Continental Sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 10725–10734, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075671, 2017.
Carrico, C. M., Rood, M. J., Ogren, J. A., Neususs, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Heintzenberg, J.: Aerosol optical properties at Sagres, Portugal during ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 694–715, 2000.
Chang, R. Y. W., Leck, C., Graus, M., Muller, M., Paatero, J., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., Orr, L. H., Hayden, K., Li, S. M., Hansel, A., Tjernstrom, M., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Aerosol composition and sources in the central Arctic Ocean during ASCOS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10619–10636,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10619-2011, 2011.
Chylek, P., Vogelsang, T. J., Klett, J. D., Hengartner, N., Higdon, D., Lesins, G., and Dubey, M. K.: Indirect Aerosol Effect Increases CMIP5 Models' Projected Arctic Warming, J. Climate, 29, 1417–1428, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jcli-D-15-0362.1, 2016.
Clegg, S. L., Pitzer, K. S., and Brimblecombe, P.: Thermodynamics of Multicomponent, Miscible, Ionic-Solutions. 2. Mixtures Including Unsymmetrical Electrolytes, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 9470–9479,
https://doi.org/10.1021/j100202a074, 1992.
Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., Wexler, A. S.: A thermodynamic model of the
system H+–
Collins, D. B., Burkart, J., Chang, R. Y. W., Lizotte, M., Boivin-Rioux, A.,
Blais, M., Mungall, E. L., Boyer, M., Irish, V. E., Masse, G., Kunkel, D.,
Tremblay, J. E., Papakyriakou, T., Bertram, A. K., Bozem, H., Gosselin, M.,
Levasseur, M., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Frequent ultrafine particle formation
and growth in Canadian Arctic marine and coastal environments, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 17, 13119–13138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13119-2017, 2017.
Croft, B., Martin, R. V., Leaitch, W. R., Tunved, P., Breider, T. J., D'Andrea, S. D., and Pierce, J. R.: Processes controlling the annual cycle
of Arctic aerosol number and size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
3665–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3665-2016, 2016.
Croft, B., Martin, R. V., Leaitch, W. R., Burkart, J., Chang, R. Y.-W.,
Collins, D. B., Hayes, P. L., Hodshire, A. L., Huang, L., Kodros, J. K., Moravek, A., Mungall, E. L., Murphy, J. G., Sharma, S., Tremblay, S., Wentworth, G. R., Willis, M. D., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Pierce, J. R.: Arctic marine secondary organic aerosol contributes significantly to summertime particle size distributions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2787–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2787-2019, 2019.
Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., Tunved, P., Krejci, R., Strom, J., Hansson, H. C., Yoon, Y. J., Park, K. T., Becagli, S., Udisti, R., Onasch, T., O'Dowd, C. D., Simo, R., and Harrison, R. M.: Arctic sea ice melt leads to atmospheric new particle formation, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 3318,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03328-1, 2017.
Dall'Osto, M., Geels, C., Beddows, D. C. S., Boertmann, D., Lange, R.,
Nojgaard, J. K., Harrison, R. M., Simo, R., Skov, H., and Massling, A.: Regions of open water and melting sea ice drive new particle formation in
North East Greenland, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 6109, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24426-8, 2018a.
Dall'Osto, M., Simo, R., Harrison, R. M., Beddows, D. C. S., Saiz-Lopez, A.,
Lange, R., Skov, H., Nøjgaard, J. K., Nielsen, I. E., and Massling, A.:
Abiotic and biotic sources influencing spring new particle formation in North East Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 190, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.019, 2018b.
de Leeuw, G., Andreas, E. L., Anguelova, M. D., Fairall, C. W., Lewis, E. R., O'Dowd, C., Schulz, M., and Schwartz, S. E.: Production Flux of Sea Spray Aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010rg000349, 2011.
Earle, M. E., Liu, P. S. K., Strapp, J. W., Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., McFarquhar, G. M., Shantz, N. C., and Leaitch, W. R.: Factors influencing
the microphysics and radiative properties of liquid-dominated Arctic clouds:
Insight from observations of aerosol and clouds during ISDAC, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 116, D00T09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015887, 2011.
Engvall, A. C., Krejci, R., Strom, J., Treffeisen, R., Scheele, R., Hermansen, O., and Paatero, J.: Changes in aerosol properties during spring-summer period in the Arctic troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 445–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-445-2008, 2008.
Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Martino, M., Woeltjen, J., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L17814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034210, 2008.
Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Wehrle, G., Jefferson, A., Ogren, J. A.,
Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Measurement of relative humidity
dependent light scattering of aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 39–50,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-39-2010, 2010.
Freud, E., Krejci, R., Tunved, P., Leaitch, R., Nguyen, Q. T., Massling, A.,
Skov, H., and Barrie, L.: Pan-Arctic aerosol number size distributions:
seasonality and transport patterns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8101–8128,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8101-2017, 2017.
Fu, P. Q., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., Charriere, B., and Sempere, R.: Organic
molecular composition of marine aerosols over the Arctic Ocean in summer:
contributions of primary emission and secondary aerosol formation,
Biogeosciences, 10, 653–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-653-2013, 2013.
Fu, P. Q., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., Qin, M. Y., Ren, L. J., Sun, Y. L., Wang,
Z. F., Barrie, L. A., Tachibana, E., Ding, A. J., and Yamashita, Y.:
Fluorescent water-soluble organic aerosols in the High Arctic atmosphere,
Sci. Rep.-UK, 5, 9845, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09845, 2015.
Garrett, T. J. and Zhao, C. F.: Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity
associated with pollution from mid-latitudes, Nature, 440, 787–789,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04636, 2006.
Garrett, T. J., Zhao, C., Dong, X., Mace, G. G., and Hobbs, P. V.: Effects
of varying aerosol regimes on low-level Arctic stratus, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
31, L17105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019928, 2004.
Hamacher-Barth, E., Leck, C., and Jansson, K.: Size-resolved morphological
properties of the high Arctic summer aerosol during ASCOS-2008, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 16, 6577–6593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6577-2016, 2016.
Heidam, N. Z., Wåhlin, P., and Christensen, J. H.: Tropospheric gases
and aerosols in northeast Greenland, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 261–278,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0261:Tgaain>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Heidam, N. Z., Christensen, J., Wåhlin, P., and Skov, H.: Arctic atmospheric contaminants in NE Greenland: levels, variations, origins, transport, transformations and trends 1990–2001, Sci. Total Environ., 331,
5–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.033, 2004.
Herenz, P., Wex, H., Henning, S., Kristensen, T. B., Rubach, F., Roth, A.,
Borrmann, S., Bozem, H., Schulz, H., and Stratmann, F.: Measurements of aerosol and CCN properties in the Mackenzie River delta (Canadian Arctic) during spring-summer transition in May 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4477–4496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4477-2018, 2018.
Hodas, N., Zuend, A., Schilling, K., Berkemeier, T., Shiraiwa, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Discontinuities in hygroscopic growth below and above water saturation for laboratory surrogates of oligomers in organic
atmospheric aerosols, Atmos Chem Phys, 16, 12767–12792,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12767-2016, 2016.
Iversen, T. and Joranger, E.: Arctic Air-Pollution and Large-Scale Atmospheric Flows, Atmos. Environ., 19, 2099–2108,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90117-9, 1985.
Jung, C. H., Yoon, Y. J., Kang, H. J., Gim, Y., Lee, B. Y., Ström, J.,
Krejci, R., and Tunved, P.: The seasonal characteristics of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the arctic lower troposphere, Tellus B, 70, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2018.1513291, 2018.
Karl, M., Leck, C., Coz, E., and Heintzenberg, J.: Marine nanogels as a
source of atmospheric nanoparticles in the high Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
40, 3738–3743, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50661, 2013.
Kirpes, R. M., Bondy, A. L., Bonanno, D., Moffet, R. C., Wang, B. B., Laskin, A., Ault, A. P., and Pratt, K. A.: Secondary sulfate is internally mixed with sea spray aerosol and organic aerosol in the winter Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3937–3949, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3937-2018, 2018.
Köhler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, T.
Faraday Soc., 32, 1152–1161, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9363201152, 1936.
Kristensen, T. B., Wex, H., Nekat, B., Nojgaard, J. K., van Pinxteren, D.,
Lowenthal, D. H., Mazzoleni, L. R., Dieckmann, K., Koch, C. B., Mentel, T. F., Herrmann, H., Hallar, A. G., Stratmann, F., and Bilde, M.: Hygroscopic
growth and CCN activity of HULIS from different environments, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 117, D22203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018249, 2012.
Kristensen, T. B., Muller, T., Kandler, K., Benker, N., Hartmann, M.,
Prospero, J. M., Wiedensohler, A., and Stratmann, F.: Properties of cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN) in the trade wind marine boundary layer of the
western North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2675–2688,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2675-2016, 2016.
Lange, R., Dall'Osto, M., Skov, H., Nojgaard, J. K., Nielsen, I. E., Beddowse, D. C. S., Simob, R., Harrison, R. M., and Massling, A.: Characterization of distinct Arctic aerosol accumulation modes and their
sources, Atmos. Environ., 183, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.060, 2018.
Lange, R., Dall'Osto, M., Skov, H., and Massling, A.: Large summer contribution of organic biogenic aerosols to Arctic cloud condensation
nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 11500–11509, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084142, 2019.
Lathem, T. L., Beyersdorf, A. J., Thornhill, K. L., Winstead, E. L., Cubison, M. J., Hecobian, A., Jimenez, J. L., Weber, R. J., Anderson, B. E., and Nenes, A.: Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008, Atmos Chem Phys, 13, 2735–2756,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2735-2013, 2013.
Lawler, M. J., Saltzman, E. S., Karlsson, L., Zieger, P., Salter, M., Baccarini, A., Schmale, J., and Leck, C.: New insights into the composition and origins of ultrafine aerosol in the summertime high Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094395, 2021.
Leaitch, W. R., Sharma, S., Huang, L., Toom-Sauntry, D., Chivulescu, A.,
Macdonald, A. M., von Salzen, K., Pierce, J. R., Bertram, A. K., Schroder,
J. C., Shantz, N. C., Chang, R. Y. W., and Norman, A. L.: Dimethyl sulfide
control of the clean summertime Arctic aerosol and cloud, Elementa, 1, 000017, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000017, 2013.
Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Biogenic particles on the surface microlayer and
overlaying atmosphere in the central Arctic Ocean during summer, Tellus B,
57, 305–316, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00148.x, 2005.
Leck, C. and Svensson, E.: Importance of aerosol composition and mixing state for cloud droplet activation over the Arctic pack ice in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phy, 15, 2545–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2545-2015, 2015.
Leck, C., Norman, M., Bigg, E. K., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical composition and
sources of the high Arctic aerosol relevant for cloud formation, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 107, 4135, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001463, 2002.
Leck, C., Gao, Q., Rad, F. M., and Nilsson, U.: Size-resolved atmospheric
particulate polysaccharides in the high summer Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12573–12588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12573-2013, 2013.
Lenssen, N. J. L., Schmidt, G. A., Hansen, J. E., Menne, M. J., Persin, A.,
Ruedy, R., and Zyss, D.: Improvements in the GISTEMP Uncertainty Model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12, 6307–6326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029522, 2019.
Liu, X. G., Gu, J. W., Li, Y. P., Cheng, Y. F., Qu, Y., Han, T. T., Wang, J.
L., Tian, H. Z., Chen, J., and Zhang, Y. H.: Increase of aerosol scattering
by hygroscopic growth: Observation, modeling, and implications on visibility, Atmos. Res., 132, 91–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.04.007, 2013.
Lohmann, U. and Leck, C.: Importance of submicron surface-active organic
aerosols for pristine Arctic clouds, Tellus B, 57, 261–268,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00144.x, 2005.
Lopez-Yglesias, X. F., Yeung, M. C., Dey, S. E., Brechtel, F. J., and Chan,
C. K.: Performance Evaluation of the Brechtel Mfg. Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (BMI HTDMA) for Studying Hygroscopic Properties of Aerosol Particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 969–980,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.952366, 2014.
Martensson, E. M., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L. H., and Hansson, H. C.: Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4297,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002263, 2003.
Martin, M., Chang, R. Y. W., Sierau, B., Sjogren, S., Swietlicki, E., Abbatt, J. P. D., Leck, C., and Lohmann, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei closure study on summer arctic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11335–11350,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11335-2011, 2011.
Matsui, H., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Sahu, L. K., Koike, M.,
Zhao, Y., Fuelberg, H. E., Sessions, W. R., Diskin, G., Anderson, B. E.,
Blake, D. R., Wisthaler, A., Cubison, M. J., and Jimenez, J. L.:
Accumulation-mode aerosol number concentrations in the Arctic during the
ARCTAS aircraft campaign: Long-range transport of polluted and clean air
from the Asian continent, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D20217,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016189, 2011.
Mauritsen, T., Sedlar, J., Tjernstrom, M., Leck, C., Martin, M., Shupe, M.,
Sjogren, S., Sierau, B., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., and Swietlicki,
E.: An Arctic CCN-limited cloud-aerosol regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,
165–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-165-2011, 2011.
Meier, W. N., Fetterer, F., Windnagel, A. K., and Stewart, S.: NOAA/NSIDC Climate Data Record of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration, Version 4, NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/efmz-2t65, 2021.
Moffet, R. C. and Prather, K. A.: In-situ measurements of the mixing state
and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing
estimates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11872–11877, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900040106, 2009.
Mungall, E. L., Abbatt, J. P. D., Wentzell, J. J. B., Lee, A. K. Y., Thomas,
J. L., Blais, M., Gosselin, M., Miller, L. A., Papakyriakou, T., Willis, M.
D., and Liggio, J.: Microlayer source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in the summertime marine Arctic boundary layer, P. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 114, 6203–6208, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620571114, 2017.
Myriokefalitakis, S., Vignati, E., Tsigaridis, K., Papadimas, C., Sciare, J., Mihalopoulos, N., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Dentener, F. J., Ceburnis, D., Hatzianastasiou, N., O'Dowd, C. D., van Weele, M., and Kanakidou, M.: Global Modeling of the Oceanic Source of Organic Aerosols, Adv. Meteorol., 10, 939171, https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/939171, 2010.
Nakao, S., Suda, S. R., Camp, M., Petters, M. D., and Kreidenweis, S. M.:
Droplet activation of wet particles: development of the Wet CCN approach,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2227–2241, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2227-2014, 2014.
Nguyen, Q. T., Glasius, M., Sorensen, L. L., Jensen, B., Skov, H., Birmili,
W., Wiedensohler, A., Kristensson, A., Nojgaard, J. K., and Massling, A.:
Seasonal variation of atmospheric particle number concentrations, new particle formation and atmospheric oxidation capacity at the high Arctic site Villum Research Station, Station Nord, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11319–11336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11319-2016, 2016.
Nielsen, I. E., Skov, H., Massling, A., Eriksson, A. C., Dall'Osto, M.,
Junninen, H., Sarnela, N., Lange, R., Collier, S., Zhang, Q., Cappa, C. D.,
and Nojgaard, J. K.: Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of aerosols at the
High Arctic site Villum Research Station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10239–10256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10239-2019, 2019.
Orellana, M. V., Matrai, P. A., Leck, C., Rauschenberg, C. D., Lee, A. M., and Coz, E.: Marine microgels as a source of cloud condensation nuclei in the high Arctic, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 13612–13617, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102457108, 2011.
Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Martucci, G., Bialek, J., Monahan, C., Rinaldi, M., Facchini, M. C., Berresheim, H., Worsnop, D. R., and O'Dowd, C.: Primary marine organic aerosol: A dichotomy of low hygroscopicity and high CCN activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048869, 2011.
Ovadnevaite, J., Zuend, A., Laaksonen, A., Sanchez, K. J., Roberts, G.,
Ceburnis, D., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Hodas, N., Facchini, M. C., Seinfeld, J. H., and Dowd, C. O.: Surface tension prevails over solute effect in organic-influenced cloud droplet activation, Nature, 546, 637–641,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22806, 2017.
Pernov, J., Lange, R., and Massling, A.: Datasets for `High Arctic aerosol hygroscopicity at sub- and supersaturated conditions during spring and summer', Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7307293, 2022.
Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of
hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
Pfeifer, S., Birmili, W., Schladitz, A., Muller, T., Nowak, A., and
Wiedensohler, A.: A fast and easy-to-implement inversion algorithm for mobility particle size spectrometers considering particle number size distribution information outside of the detection range, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-95-2014, 2014.
Pilat, J. and Charlson, J.: Theoretical and optical studies of humidity
effects on the size distribution of a hygroscopic aerosol, J. Rech. Atmos., 1, 165–170, 1966.
Quinn, P. K., Shaw, G., Andrews, E., Dutton, E. G., Ruoho-Airola, T., and
Gong, S. L.: Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps, Tellus B, 59,
99–114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00238.x, 2007.
Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Baum, E., Doubleday, N., Fiore, A. M., Flanner,
M., Fridlind, A., Garrett, T. J., Koch, D., Menon, S., Shindell, D., Stohl, A., and Warren, S. G.: Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate
impact and possible mitigation strategies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1723–1735,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1723-2008, 2008.
Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E., Upchurch, L. M., and Bates, T.
S.: Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray
aerosol, Nat. Geosci., 10, 674–679, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo3003, 2017.
Rastak, N., Silvergren, S., Zieger, P., Wideqvist, U., Strom, J., Svenningsson, B., Maturilli, M., Tesche, M., Ekman, A. M. L., Tunved, P., and Riipinen, I.: Seasonal variation of aerosol water uptake and its impact on the direct radiative effect at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
14, 7445–7460, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7445-2014, 2014.
Rastak, N., Pajunoja, A., Acosta Navarro, J. C., Ma, J., Song, M., Partridge, D. G., Kirkevåg, A., Leong, Y., Hu, W. W., Taylor, N. F., Lambe, A., Cerully, K., Bougiatioti, A., Liu, P., Krejci, R., Petäjä, T., Percival, C., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Ekman, A. M. L., Nenes, A., Martin, S., Jimenez, J. L., Collins, D. R., Topping, D. O., Bertram, A. K., Zuend, A., Virtanen, A., and Riipinen, I.: Microphysical explanation of the RH-dependent water affinity of biogenic organic aerosol and its importance for climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5167–5177, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073056, 2017.
Raut, J. C., Chazette, P., and Fortain, A.: Link between aerosol optical,
microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in
Paris, Atmos. Environ., 43, 860–868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.038, 2009.
Rempillo, O., Seguin, A. M., Norman, A. L., Scarratt, M., Michaud, S., Chang, R., Sjostedt, S., Abbatt, J., Else, B., Papakyriakou, T., Sharma, S., Grasby, S., and Levasseur, M.: Dimethyl sulfide air-sea fluxes and biogenic sulfur as a source of new aerosols in the Arctic fall, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D00S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016336, 2011.
Rosati, B., Paul, A., Iversen, E. M., Massling, A., and Bilde, M.: Reconciling atmospheric water uptake by hydrate forming salts, Environ. Sci.: Process. Imp., 22, 1759–1767, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00179A, 2020.
Rose, D., Nowak, A., Achtert, P., Wiedensohler, A., Hu, M., Shao, M., Zhang,
Y., Andreae,M.O., and Pöschl, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted
air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China – Part 1:
size-resolved measurements and implications for the modeling of aerosol particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3365–3383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3365-2010, 2010.
Schmale, J. and Baccarini, A.: Progress in unraveling atmospheric new particle formation and growth across the Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094198l, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094198, 2021.
Schmale, J., Henning, S., Decesari, S., Henzing, B., Keskinen, H., Sellegri,
K., Ovadnevaite, J., Pohlker, M. L., Brito, J., Bougiatioti, A., Kristensson, A., Kalivitis, N., Stavroulas, I., Carbone, S., Jefferson, A., Park, M., Schlag, P., Iwamoto, Y., Aalto, P., Aijala, M., Bukowiecki, N., Ehn, M., Frank, G., Frohlich, R., Frumau, A., Herrmann, E., Herrmann, H., Holzinger, R., Kos, G., Kulmala, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Nenes, A., O'Dowd, C., Petaja, T., Picard, D., Pohlker, C., Poschl, U., Poulain, L., Prevot, A. S. H., Swietlicki, E., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Wiedensohler, A., Ogren, J., Matsuki, A., Yum, S. S., Stratmann, F., Baltensperger, U., and Gysel, M.: Long-term cloud condensation nuclei number concentration, particle number size distribution and chemical composition measurements at regionally representative observatories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2853–2881,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2853-2018, 2018.
Schmale, J., Zieger, P., and Ekman, A. M. L.: Aerosols in current and future
Arctic climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00969-5, 2021.
Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Decesari, S., Pernov, J., Massling, A., Hansson, H.-C., von Salzen, K., Skov, H., Andrews, E., Quinn, P. K., Upchurch, L. M., Eleftheriadis, K., Traversi, R., Gilardoni, S., Mazzola, M., Laing, J., and Hopke, P.: Pan-Arctic seasonal cycles and long-term trends of aerosol properties from 10 observatories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3067–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, 2022.
Shaw, G. E.: The arctic haze phenomenon, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 2403–2413, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<2403:TAHP>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Shaw, P. M., Russell, L. M., Jefferson, A., and Quinn, P. K.: Arctic organic
aerosol measurements show particles from mixed combustion in spring haze and
from frost flowers in winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10803,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl042831, 2010.
Silvergren, S., Wideqvist, U., Strom, J., Sjogren, S., and Svenningsson, B.:
Hygroscopic growth and cloud forming potential of Arctic aerosol based on
observed chemical and physical characteristics (a 1 year study 2007–2008), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 14080–14097, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021657, 2014.
Skov, H., Massling, A., Nielsen, I. E., Nordstrøm, C., Bossi, R.,
Vorkamp, K., Christensen, J., Larsen, M. M., Hansen, K. M., Liisberg, J. B., and Poulsen, M. B.: AMAP CORE – ATMOSPHERIC PART. Results from Villum
Research Station, Technical Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 101, Aarhus University, 77 pp.,
http://dce2.au.dk/pub/TR101.pdf (last access: 12 April 2023), 2017.
Stohl, A.: Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D11306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006888, 2006.
Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: Equations governing single and tandem
DMA configurations and a new lognormal approximation to the transfer function, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 421–432, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802157823, 2008.
Titos, G., Cazorla, A., Zieger, P., Andrews, E., Lyamani, H., Granados-Munoz, M. J., Olmo, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Effect of hygroscopic growth on the aerosol light-scattering coefficient: A review of measurements, techniques and error sources, Atmos. Environ., 141, 494–507,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.021, 2016.
Tremblay, S., Picard, J. C., Bachelder, J. O., Lutsch, E., Strong, K., Fogal, P., Leaitch, W. R., Sharma, S, Kolonjari, F., Cox, C. J., Chang, R. Y. W., and Hayes, P. L.: Characterization of aerosol growth events over Ellesmere Island during the summers of 2015 and 2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5589–5604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5589-2019, 2019.
Tunved, P., Strom, J., and Krejci, R.: Arctic aerosol life cycle: linking
aerosol size distributions observed between 2000 and 2010 with air mass
transport and precipitation at Zeppelin station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3643–3660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3643-2013, 2013.
Twomey, S.: Pollution and the Planetary Albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251–1256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3, 1974.
Wexler, A. S. and Clegg, S. L.: Atmospheric aerosol models for systems
including the ions H+,
Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel,
M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjaraa, A. M., Asmi, E.,
Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Villani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren,
J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Huglin, C.,
Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Gruning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R. M., Monahan, C.,
Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H. G., Keck, L., Jiang,
J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M.,
Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Loschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle
size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure
to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle
number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657–685,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-657-2012, 2012.
Willis, M. D., Burkart, J., Thomas, J. L., Kollner, F., Schneider, J., Bozem, H., Hoor, P. M., Aliabadi, A. A., Schulz, H., Herber, A. B., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Growth of nucleation mode particles in the summertime Arctic: a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7663–7679, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7663-2016, 2016.
Willis, M. D., Köllner, F., Burkart, J., Bozem, H., Thomas, J. L., Schneider, J., Aliabadi, A. A., Hoor, P. M., Schulz, H., Herber, A. B.,
Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Evidence for marine biogenic influence
on summertime Arctic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6460–6470,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073359, 2017.
Xu, W., Ovadnevaite, J., Fossum, K.N., Lin, C, Huang, R.-J., Ceburnis, D.,
and O'Dowd, C: Sea spray as an obscured source for marine cloud nuclei, Nat.
Geosci., 15, 282–286, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00917-2, 2022.
Yang, Q., Bitz, C. M., and Doherty, S. J.: Offsetting effects of aerosols on
Arctic and global climate in the late 20th century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14,
3969–3975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3969-2014, 2014.
Zabori, J., Rastak, N., Yoon, Y. J., Riipinen, I., and Strom, J.: Size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei concentration measurements in the
Arctic: two case studies from the summer of 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15,
13803–13817, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13803-2015, 2015.
Zhao, C. F. and Garrett, T. J.: Effects of Arctic haze on surface cloud
radiative forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 557–564, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062015, 2015.
Zhou, J. C., Swietlicki, E., Berg, O. H., Aalto, P. P., Hameri, K., Nilsson,
E. D., and Leck, C.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the
central Arctic Ocean during summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32111–32123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900426, 2001.
Zieger, P., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Ström, J., Henne, S.,
Yttri, K. E., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Effects of relative
humidity on aerosol light scattering in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10,
3875–3890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3875-2010, 2010.
Short summary
The effect of anthropogenic activities on cloud formation introduces the highest uncertainties with respect to climate change. Data on Arctic aerosols and their corresponding cloud-forming properties are very scarce and most important as the Arctic is warming about 2 times as fast as the rest of the globe. Our studies investigate aerosols in the remote Arctic and suggest relatively high cloud-forming potential, although differences are observed between the Arctic spring and summer.
The effect of anthropogenic activities on cloud formation introduces the highest uncertainties...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint