Articles | Volume 23, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13713-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13713-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Simulating impacts on UK air quality from net-zero forest planting scenarios
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26, 0QB, UK
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
Mathew R. Heal
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
Edward J. Carnell
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26, 0QB, UK
Stephen Bathgate
Northern Research Station, Forest Research, Bush Estate, Roslin, EH25 9SY, UK
Julia Drewer
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26, 0QB, UK
James I. L. Morison
Alice Holt Lodge, Forest Research, Wrecclesham, Farnham, GU10 4LH, UK
Massimo Vieno
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26, 0QB, UK
Related authors
Gemma Purser, Julia Drewer, Mathew R. Heal, Robert A. S. Sircus, Lara K. Dunn, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Short-rotation forest plantations could help reduce greenhouse gases but can emit biogenic volatile organic compounds. Emissions were measured at a plantation trial in Scotland. Standardised emissions of isoprene from foliage were higher from hybrid aspen than from Sitka spruce and low from Italian alder. Emissions of total monoterpene were lower. The forest floor was only a small source. Model estimates suggest an SRF expansion of 0.7 Mha could increase total UK emissions between < 1 %–35 %.
Galina Y. Toteva, David Reay, Matthew Jones, Ajinkya Deshpande, Nicholas Cowan, Peter Levy, Duncan Harvey, Agata Iwanicka, and Julia Drewer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3233, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3233, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of increasing nitrogen deposition on the fluxes of nitrous oxide from a temperate birch forest were investigated in-situ and ex-situ. Nitrogen levels had a limited effect on emissions. Instead, emissions of nitrous oxide were modulated by soil carbon availability and meeting a dual temperature-moisture threshold. An implication of these findings is that forests could be used for mitigating nitrogen pollution without incurring a greenhouse gas penalty, at least in the short term.
Nicholas Cowan, Toby Roberts, Mark Hanlon, Aurelia Bezanger, Galina Toteva, Alex Tweedie, Karen Yeung, Ajinkya Deshpande, Peter Levy, Ute Skiba, Eiko Nemitz, and Julia Drewer
Biogeosciences, 22, 3449–3461, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3449-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3449-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We measured soil hydrogen (H2) fluxes from two field sites, a managed grassland and a planted deciduous woodland, with flux measurements of H2 covering full seasonal cycles. We estimate annual H2 uptake of −3.1 ± 0.1 and −12.0 ± 0.4 kg H2 ha−1 yr−1 for the grassland and woodland sites, respectively. Soil moisture was found to be the primary driver of H2 uptake, with the silt/clay content of the soils providing a physical barrier which limited H2 uptake.
Samuel James Tomlinson, Edward James Carnell, Clare Pearson, Mark A. Sutton, Niveta Jain, and Ulrike Dragosits
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-75, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The release of ammonia into the air poses a serious risk to ecosystems and human health and so it is important to characterise where this polluting gas originates from. It is known that agriculture is an important source of ammonia (e.g. using fertilisers) and that South Asia is a global hotspot of this pollutant. It is, therefore, important to refine methods used to estimate how much ammonia is released in South Asia to be then used in advanced chemistry models for air quality assessments.
Yao Ge, Sverre Solberg, Mathew R. Heal, Stefan Reimann, Willem van Caspel, Bryan Hellack, Thérèse Salameh, and David Simpson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7699–7729, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute many species, acting as precursors to ozone and aerosol. Given the uncertainties in VOC emissions, lack of evaluation studies, and recent changes in emissions, this work adapts the EMEP MSC-W to evaluate emission inventories in Europe. We focus on the varying agreement between modelled and measured VOCs across different species and underscore potential inaccuracies in total and sector-specific emission estimates.
Lily Gouldsbrough, Ryan Hossaini, Emma Eastoe, Paul J. Young, and Massimo Vieno
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3163–3196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution spatial fields of surface ozone are used to understand spikes in ozone concentration and predict their impact on public health. Such fields are routinely output from complex mathematical models for atmospheric conditions. These outputs are on a coarse spatial resolution and the highest concentrations tend to be biased. Using a novel data-driven machine learning methodology, we show how such output can be corrected to produce fields with both lower bias and higher resolution.
Prerita Agarwal, David S. Stevenson, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2239–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution levels across northern India are amongst some of the worst in the world, with episodic and hazardous haze events. Here, the ability of the WRF-Chem model to predict air quality over northern India is assessed against several datasets. Whilst surface wind speed and particle pollution peaks are over- and underestimated, respectively, meteorology and aerosol trends are adequately captured, and we conclude it is suitable for investigating severe particle pollution events.
Willem E. van Caspel, David Simpson, Jan Eiof Jonson, Anna M. K. Benedictow, Yao Ge, Alcide di Sarra, Giandomenico Pace, Massimo Vieno, Hannah L. Walker, and Mathew R. Heal
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7433–7459, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Radiation coming from the sun is essential to atmospheric chemistry, driving the breakup, or photodissociation, of atmospheric molecules. This in turn affects the chemical composition and reactivity of the atmosphere. The representation of photodissociation effects is therefore essential in atmospheric chemistry modeling. One such model is the EMEP MSC-W model, for which a new way of calculating the photodissociation rates is tested and evaluated in this paper.
Yao Ge, Massimo Vieno, David S. Stevenson, Peter Wind, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6083–6112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6083-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6083-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity of fine particles and reactive N and S species to reductions in precursor emissions is investigated using the EMEP MSC-W (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Meteorological Synthesizing Centre – West) atmospheric chemistry transport model. This study reveals that the individual emissions reduction has multiple and geographically varying co-benefits and small disbenefits on different species, demonstrating the importance of prioritizing regional emissions controls.
Yao Ge, Massimo Vieno, David S. Stevenson, Peter Wind, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8343–8368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8343-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8343-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactive N and S gases and aerosols are critical determinants of air quality. We report a comprehensive analysis of the concentrations, wet and dry deposition, fluxes, and lifetimes of these species globally as well as for 10 world regions. We used the EMEP MSC-W model coupled with WRF meteorology and 2015 global emissions. Our work demonstrates the substantial regional variation in these quantities and the need for modelling to simulate atmospheric responses to precursor emissions.
Fanlei Meng, Yibo Zhang, Jiahui Kang, Mathew R. Heal, Stefan Reis, Mengru Wang, Lei Liu, Kai Wang, Shaocai Yu, Pengfei Li, Jing Wei, Yong Hou, Ying Zhang, Xuejun Liu, Zhenling Cui, Wen Xu, and Fusuo Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6291–6308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution is a pressing environmental issue threatening human health and food security globally. We combined a meta-analysis of nationwide measurements and air quality modeling to identify efficiency gains by striking a balance between controlling NH3 and acid gas emissions. Persistent secondary inorganic aerosol pollution in China is limited by acid gas emissions, while an additional control on NH3 emissions would become more important as reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions progress.
Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Noah D. Smith, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Dan J. Charman, Julia Drewer, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Yao Gao, Mahdi Nakhavali, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Edward A. G. Schuur, and Sebastian Westermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1633–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to include peatlands in an Earth system model (ESM). Peatlands store huge amounts of carbon that accumulates very slowly but that can be rapidly destabilised, emitting greenhouse gases. Our model captures the dynamic nature of peat by simulating the change in surface height and physical properties of the soil as carbon is added or decomposed. Thus, we model, for the first time in an ESM, peat dynamics and its threshold behaviours that can lead to destabilisation.
Yao Ge, Mathew R. Heal, David S. Stevenson, Peter Wind, and Massimo Vieno
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7021–7046, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports the first evaluation of the global EMEP MSC-W ACTM driven by WRF meteorology, with a focus on surface concentrations and wet deposition of reactive N and S species. The model–measurement comparison is conducted both spatially and temporally, covering 10 monitoring networks worldwide. The statistics from the comprehensive evaluations presented in this study support the application of this model framework for global analysis of the budgets and fluxes of reactive N and SIA.
Samuel J. Tomlinson, Edward J. Carnell, Anthony J. Dore, and Ulrike Dragosits
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4677–4692, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) may impact the environment in many ways, and estimation of its deposition to the terrestrial surface is of interest. N deposition data have not been generated at a high resolution (1 km × 1 km) over a long time series in the UK before now. This study concludes that N deposition has reduced by ~ 40 % from 1990. The impact of these results allows analysis of environmental impacts at a high spatial and temporal resolution, using a consistent methodology and consistent set of input data.
Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Upasana Panda, Eoghan Darbyshire, James M. Cash, Rutambhara Joshi, Ben Langford, Chiara F. Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, Mohammed S. Alam, Leigh R. Crilley, Daniel J. Rooney, W. Joe F. Acton, Will Drysdale, Eiko Nemitz, Michael Flynn, Aristeidis Voliotis, Gordon McFiggans, Hugh Coe, James Lee, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Mathew R. Heal, Sachin S. Gunthe, Tuhin K. Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Siddhartha Singh, Vijay Soni, and James D. Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11655–11667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11655-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the first multisite online measurements of PM1 in Delhi, India, with measurements over different seasons in Old Delhi and New Delhi in 2018. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). Traffic was the main primary aerosol source for both OAs and black carbon, seen with PMF and Aethalometer model analysis, indicating that control of primary traffic exhaust emissions would make a significant reduction to Delhi air pollution.
Sirwan Yamulki, Jack Forster, Georgios Xenakis, Adam Ash, Jacqui Brunt, Mike Perks, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 4227–4241, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of clear-felling on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes was assessed in a Sitka spruce forest. Measurements over 4 years showed that CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes responded differently to clear-felling due to significant changes in soil biotic and abiotic factors and showed large variations between years. Over 3 years since felling, the soil GHG flux was reduced by 45% due to a much larger reduction in CO2 efflux than increases in N2O (up to 20%) and CH4 (changed from sink to source) fluxes.
James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Chiara Di Marco, Neil J. Mullinger, James Allan, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Ruthambara Joshi, Mathew R. Heal, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Pawel K. Misztal, Will Drysdale, Tuhin K. Mandal, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, Bhola Ram Gurjar, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10133–10158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first real-time composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) in Old Delhi using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. Seasonal analysis shows peak concentrations occur during the post-monsoon, and novel-tracers reveal the largest sources are a combination of local open and regional crop residue burning. Strong links between increased chloride aerosol concentrations and burning sources of PM1 suggest burning sources are responsible for the post-monsoon chloride peak.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Mathew R. Heal, Matthias Sörgel, Paulo Artaxo, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Biogeosciences, 18, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of the gas ammonia between the atmosphere and the surface is an important biogeochemical process, but little is known of this exchange for certain ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest. This study took measurements of ammonia exchange over an Amazon rainforest site and subsequently modelled the observed deposition and emission patterns. We observed emissions of ammonia from the rainforest, which can be simulated accurately by using a canopy resistance modelling approach.
Gemma Purser, Julia Drewer, Mathew R. Heal, Robert A. S. Sircus, Lara K. Dunn, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Short-rotation forest plantations could help reduce greenhouse gases but can emit biogenic volatile organic compounds. Emissions were measured at a plantation trial in Scotland. Standardised emissions of isoprene from foliage were higher from hybrid aspen than from Sitka spruce and low from Italian alder. Emissions of total monoterpene were lower. The forest floor was only a small source. Model estimates suggest an SRF expansion of 0.7 Mha could increase total UK emissions between < 1 %–35 %.
Julia Drewer, Melissa M. Leduning, Robert I. Griffiths, Tim Goodall, Peter E. Levy, Nicholas Cowan, Edward Comynn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Justin Sentian, Noreen Majalap, and Ute M. Skiba
Biogeosciences, 18, 1559–1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1559-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1559-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In Southeast Asia, oil palm plantations have largely replaced tropical forests. The impact of this shift in land use on greenhouse gas fluxes and soil microbial communities remains uncertain. We have found emission rates of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide on mineral soil to be higher from oil palm plantations than logged forest over a 2-year study and concluded that emissions have increased over the last 42 years in Sabah, with the proportion of emissions from plantations increasing.
Y. Sim Tang, Chris R. Flechard, Ulrich Dämmgen, Sonja Vidic, Vesna Djuricic, Marta Mitosinkova, Hilde T. Uggerud, Maria J. Sanz, Ivan Simmons, Ulrike Dragosits, Eiko Nemitz, Marsailidh Twigg, Netty van Dijk, Yannick Fauvel, Francisco Sanz, Martin Ferm, Cinzia Perrino, Maria Catrambone, David Leaver, Christine F. Braban, J. Neil Cape, Mathew R. Heal, and Mark A. Sutton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 875–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The DELTA® approach provided speciated, monthly data on reactive gases (NH3, HNO3, SO2, HCl) and aerosols (NH4+, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, Na+) across Europe (2006–2010). Differences in spatial and temporal concentrations and patterns between geographic regions and four ecosystem types were captured. NH3 and NH4NO3 were dominant components, highlighting their growing relative importance in ecosystem impacts (acidification, eutrophication) and human health effects (NH3 as a precursor to PM2.5) in Europe.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Matthias Sörgel, Mathew R. Heal, Samara Carbone, Paulo Artaxo, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Marta Sá, Christopher Pöhlker, Jost Lavric, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15551–15584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest is a unique
laboratoryto study the processes which govern the exchange of gases and aerosols to and from the atmosphere. This study investigated these processes by measuring the atmospheric concentrations of trace gases and particles at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory. We found that the long-range transport of pollutants can affect the atmospheric composition above the Amazon rainforest and that the gases ammonia and nitrous acid can be emitted from the rainforest.
Cited articles
Albanito, F., Hastings, A., Fitton, N., Richards, M., Martin, M., Mac Dowell, N., Bell, D., Taylor, S. C., Butnar, I., Li, P. H., Slade, R., and Smith, P.: Mitigation potential and environmental impact of centralized versus distributed BECCS with domestic biomass production in Great Britain, GCB Bioenergy, 11, 1234–1252, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12630, 2019.
AQEG: Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom, edited by: Air Quality Expert Group, UK Dartment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, 191 pp., https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat11/1212141150_AQEG_Fine_Particulate_Matter_in_the_UK.pdf (last access: 17 October 2023), 2012.
AQEG: Mitigation of United Kingdom PM2.5 Concentrations, edited by: Air Quality Expert Group, UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat11/1508060903_DEF-PB14161_Mitigation_of_UK_PM25.pdf (last access: 17 October 2023), 2013.
AQEG: Report: Ozone in the UK – Recent Trends and Future Projections, edited by: Group, A. Q. E., UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, 143 pp., https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/2112200932_Ozone_in_the_UK_Recent_Trends_and_Future_Projections.pdf (last access: 17 October 2023), 2021.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008.
Ashworth, K., Folberth, G., Hewitt, C. N., and Wild, O.: Impacts of near-future cultivation of biofuel feedstocks on atmospheric composition and local air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 919–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-919-2012, 2012.
Ashworth, K., Wild, O., Eller, A. S. D. D., and Hewitt, C. N.: Impact of Biofuel Poplar Cultivation on Ground-Level Ozone and Premature Human Mortality Depends on Cultivar Selection and Planting Location, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 8566–8575, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00266, 2015.
Aylott, M. J., Casella, E., Tubby, I., Street, N. R., Smith, P., and Taylor, G.: Yield and spatial supply of bioenergy poplar and willow short-rotation coppice in the UK, New Phytol., 178, 358–370, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02469.x, 2008.
Bäck, J., Aalto, J., Henriksson, M., Hakola, H., He, Q., and Boy, M.: Chemodiversity of a Scots pine stand and implications for terpene air concentrations, Biogeosciences, 9, 689–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-689-2012, 2012.
Blande, J. D., Tiiva, P., Oksanen, E., and Holopainen, J. K.: Emission of herbivore-induced volatile terpenoids from two hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) clones under ambient and elevated ozone concentrations in the field, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2538–2550, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01453.x, 2007.
Bonn, B., Magh, R.-K., Rombach, J., and Kreuzwieser, J.: Biogenic isoprenoid emissions under drought stress: different responses for isoprene and terpenes, Biogeosciences, 16, 4627–4645, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4627-2019, 2019.
Carlton, A. G., Wiedinmyer, C., and Kroll, J. H.: A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4987–5005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4987-2009, 2009.
Climate Change Committee: Land use: Policies for a Net Zero UK, 121 pp., https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/land-use-policies-for-a-net-zero-uk/ (last access: 21 October 2023), 2020.
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V., Freedman, G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y., Martin, R., Morawska, L., Pope, C. A., Shin, H., Straif, K., Shaddick, G., Thomas, M., van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L., and Forouzanfar, M. H.: Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015, Lancet, 389, 1907–1918, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6, 2017.
COMEAP: Quantification of mortality and hospital admissions associated with ground-level ozone, edited by: Committee on the medical effects of air pollutatns, Public Health England, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/comeap-quantification-of-mortality-and-hospital-admissions-associated-with-ground-level-ozone (last access: 17 October 2023), 2015.
Copolovici, L. and Niinemets, Ü.: Flooding induced emissions of volatile signalling compounds in three tree species with differing waterlogging tolerance, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 1582–1594, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02166.x, 2010.
Doherty, R. M., Heal, M. R., and O'Connor, F. M.: Climate change impacts on human health over Europe through its effect on air quality, Environ. Health, 16, 118, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0325-2, 2017.
Donnison, C., Holland, R. A., Hastings, A., Armstrong, L. M., Eigenbrod, F., and Taylor, G.: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Finding the win–wins for energy, negative emissions and ecosystem services – size matters, GCB Bioenergy, 12, 586–604, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12695, 2020.
Donovan, R. G., Stewart, H. E., Owen, S. M., Mackenzie, A. R., and Hewitt, C. N.: Development and application of an urban tree air quality score for photochemical pollution episodes using the Birmingham, United Kingdom, area as a case study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6730–6738, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050581y, 2005.
Dudareva, N., Negre, F., Nagegowda, D. A., and Orlova, I.: Plant Volatiles: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives, CRC Cr. Rev. Plant Sci., 25, 417–440, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680600899973, 2006.
Duncan, A. J., Hartley, S. E., Thurlow, M., Young, S., and Staines, B. W.: Clonal variation in monoterpene concentrations in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) saplings and its effect on their susceptibility to browsing damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus), For Ecol. Manag., 148, 259–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00540-5, 2001.
Eller, A. S. D., De Gouw, J., Graus, M., and Monson, R. K.: Variation among different genotypes of hybrid poplar with regard to leaf volatile organic compound emissions, Ecol. Appl., 22, 1865–1875, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-2273.1, 2012.
Emberson, L.: Effects of ozone on agriculture, forests and grasslands, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 378, 20190327, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0327, 2020.
EMEP MSC-W: metno/emep-ctm: OpenSource rv4.34 (202001), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3647990, 2020.
Emmons, L. K., Schwantes, R. H., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J. F., Marsh, D., Mills, M. J., Tilmes, S., Bardeen, C., Buchholz, R. R., Conley, A., Gettelman, A., Garcia, R., Simpson, I., Blake, D. R., Meinardi, S., and Pétron, G.: The Chemistry Mechanism in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001882, 2020.
Faiola, C. L., Buchholz, A., Kari, E., Yli-Pirilä, P., Holopainen, J. K., Kivimäenpää, M., Miettinen, P., Worsnop, D. R., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Guenther, A. B., and Virtanen, A.: Terpene Composition Complexity Controls Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields from Scots Pine Volatile Emissions, Sci. Rep., 8, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21045-1, 2018.
Fares, S., Vargas, R., Detto, M., Goldstein, A. H., Karlik, J., Paoletti, E., and Vitale, M.: Tropospheric ozone reduces carbon assimilation in trees: Estimates from analysis of continuous flux measurements, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 2427–2443, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12222, 2013.
Felzer, B. S., Cronin, T., Reilly, J. M., Melillo, J. M., and Wang, X.: Impacts of ozone on trees and crops, C. R. Geosci., 339, 784–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.08.008, 2007.
Forest Research: Forestry Statistics 2022: Chapter 1: Woodland Area & Planting, 60 pp., https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2022/1-woodland-area-planting/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2022.
Graus, M., Eller, A. S. D., Fall, R., Yuan, B., Qian, Y., Westra, P., de Gouw, J., and Warneke, C.: Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of volatile organic compounds over C4 biofuel crops, Atmos. Environ., 66, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.042, 2013.
Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12609–12617, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd00527, 1993.
Hastings, A., Tallis, M. J., Casella, E., Matthews, R. W., Henshall, P. A., Milner, S., Smith, P., and Taylor, G.: The technical potential of Great Britain to produce ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioenergy in current and future climates, GCB Bioenergy, 6, 108–122, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12103, 2014.
Hayman, G., Comyn-Platt, E., Langford, B., and Vieno, M.: Performance of the JULES land surface model for UK biogenic VOC emissions, JULES Annu. Sci. Meet., June, Met Office, Exeter, UK, https://jules.jchmr.org/meetings#2017-06 (last access: 17 October 2023), 2017.
House of Commons: House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee Tree planting Third Report of Session 2021–22 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report The Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, 1–48 pp., https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/9364/documents/160849/default/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2021.
Keenan, T., Niinemets, Ü., Sabate, S., Gracia, C., and Peñuelas, J.: Process based inventory of isoprenoid emissions from European forests: model comparisons, current knowledge and uncertainties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4053–4076, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4053-2009, 2009.
Köble, R. and Seufert, G.: Novel Maps for Forest Tree Species in Europe, Proc. 8th Eur. Symp. Physico-Chemical Behav. Air Pollut. A Chang. Atmos., Torino, Italy, 1–6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237596758_Novel_Maps_for_Forest_Tree_Species_in_Europe (last access: 17 October 2023), 2001.
Laothawornkitkul, J., Taylor, J. E., Paul, N. D., and Hewitt, C. N.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system, New Phytol., 183, 27–51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x, 2009.
Lovett, A., Sünnenberg, G., and Dockerty, T.: The availability of land for perennial energy crops in Great Britain, GCB Bioenergy, 6, 99–107, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12147, 2014.
McKay, H.: Short Rotation Forestry: Review of growth and environmental impacts, Forest Research Monograph, 2, Forest Research, Surrey, 212 pp., https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/publications/short-rotation-forestry-review-of-growth-and-environmental-impacts/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2011.
Met Office: UK monthly climate summaries, https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/SO_f27a7633-70b0-40b0-85ae-6fa9860b292a/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2018.
Met Office: UK and regional climate series, https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-and-regional-series (last access: 17 October 2023), 2022.
Monks, S. A., Arnold, S. R., Hollaway, M. J., Pope, R. J., Wilson, C., Feng, W., Emmerson, K. M., Kerridge, B. J., Latter, B. L., Miles, G. M., Siddans, R., and Chipperfield, M. P.: The TOMCAT global chemical transport model v1.6: description of chemical mechanism and model evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3025–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3025-2017, 2017.
Monson, R. K. and Fall, R.: Isoprene emission from aspen leaves: influence of environment and relation to photosynthesis and photorespiration, Plant Physiol., 90, 267–74, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.1.267, 1989.
Morrison, E. C., Drewer, J., and Heal, M. R.: A comparison of isoprene and monoterpene emission rates from the perennial bioenergy crops short-rotation coppice willow and Miscanthus and the annual arable crops wheat and oilseed rape, GCB Bioenergy, 8, 211–225, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12257, 2016.
Morton, R. D., Rowland, C., Wood, C., Meek, L., Marston, G., Smith, G., Wadsworth, R., and Simpson, I.: Land Cover Map 2007 (1 km percentage target class, GB), NERC Environ. Inf. Data Cent., https://doi.org/10.5285/fdf8c8d3-5998-45a5-8431-7f5e6302fc32, 2011.
NAEI: UK NAEI – National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory [Online], National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for 2018, Crown 2022 Copyr. Defra BEIS via https://naei.beis.gov.uk/data/ (last access: 17 October 2023), Licenc. under Open Gov. Licence, 2020.
NCEP: NCEP FNL Operational Model Global Tropospheric Analyses, continuing from July 1999, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6M043C6, 2000.
Nemitz, E., Vieno, M., Carnell, E., Fitch, A., Steadman, C., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Morton, R. D., Hall, J., Mills, G., Hayes, F., Dickie, I., Carruthers, D., Fowler, D., Reis, S., and Jones, L.: Potential and limitation of air pollution mitigation by vegetation and uncertainties of deposition-based evaluations: Air pollution mitigation by vegetation, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 378, 2183, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0320, 2020.
Porter, W. C., Rosenstiel, T. N., Guenther, A., Lamarque, J. F., and Barsanti, K.: Reducing the negative human-health impacts of bioenergy crop emissions through region-specific crop selection, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 054004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054004, 2015.
Purser, G., Drewer, J., Morison, J. I. L., and Heal, M. R.: A first assessment of the sources of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a short-rotation coppice Eucalyptus gunnii bioenergy plantation in the UK, Atmos. Environ., 262, 118617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118617, 2021a.
Purser, G., Drewer, J., Heal, M. R., Sircus, R. A. S., Dunn, L. K., and Morison, J. I. L.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from alder, aspen and spruce short-rotation forest plantations in the United Kingdom, Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021b.
Pyatt, D. G. and Suarez, J. C.: An ecological site classification for forestry in Great Britain with special reference to Grampian, Scotland, Technical paper 20, Forestry Commission Edinburgh, https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/publications/archive-an-ecological-site-classification-for-forestry-in-great-britain-with-special-reference-to-grampian-scotland/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 1997.
Pyatt, G., Ray, D., and Fletcher, J.: Forestry Commission Bulletin: An ecological site classification for forestry in Great Britain, Bulletin 124. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2001/03/fcbu124.pdf (last access: 17 October 2023), 2001.
Räsänen, J. V, Holopainen, T., Joutsensaari, J., Ndam, C., Pasanen, P., Rinnan, Å., and Kivimäenpää, M.: Effects of species-specific leaf characteristics and reduced water availability on fine particle capture efficiency of trees, Environ. Pollut., 183, 64–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.015, 2013.
Rieksta, J., Li, T., Junker, R. R., Jepsen, J. U., Ryde, I., and Rinnan, R.: Insect Herbivory Strongly Modifies Mountain Birch Volatile Emissions. Front. Plant Sci., 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.558979, 2020.
Redington, A. L. and Derwent, R. G.: Modelling secondary organic aerosol in the United Kingdom, Atmos. Environ., 64, 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.074, 2013.
Schwantes, R. H., Emmons, L. K., Orlando, J. J., Barth, M. C., Tyndall, G. S., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., St. Clair, J. M., Blake, D. R., Wisthaler, A., and Bui, T. P. V.: Comprehensive isoprene and terpene gas-phase chemistry improves simulated surface ozone in the southeastern US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3739–3776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3739-2020, 2020.
Seco, R., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Hosman, K. P., Pallardy, S. G., Gu, L., Geron, C., Harley, P., and Kim, S.: Ecosystem-scale volatile organic compound fluxes during an extreme drought in a broadleaf temperate forest of the Missouri Ozarks (central USA), Glob. Change Biol., 21, 3657–3674, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12980, 2015.
Sharkey, T. D., Singsaas, E. L., Vanderveer, P. J., and Geron, C.: Field measurements of isoprene emission from trees in response to temperature and light, Tree Physiol., 16, 649–654, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.7.649, 1996.
Simpson, D., Winiwarter, W., Börjesson, G., Cinderby, S., Ferreiro, A., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Janson, R., Khalil, M. A. K., Owen, S., Pierce, T. E., Puxbaum, H., Shearer, M., Skiba, U., Steinbrecher, R., Tarrasón, L., and Öquist, M. G.: Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 8113–8152, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02747, 1999a.
Simpson, D., Winiwarter, W., Börjesson, G., Cinderby, S., Ferreiro, A., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Janson, R., Khalil, M. A. K., Owen, S., Pierce, T. E., Puxbaum, H., Shearer, M., Skiba, U., Steinbrecher, R., Tarrasón, L., and Öquist, M. G.: Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 8113–8152, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02747, 1999b.
Simpson, D., Benedictow, A., Berge, H., Bergström, R., Emberson, L. D., Fagerli, H., Flechard, C. R., Hayman, G. D., Gauss, M., Jonson, J. E., Jenkin, M. E., Nyíri, A., Richter, C., Semeena, V. S., Tsyro, S., Tuovinen, J.-P., Valdebenito, Á., and Wind, P.: The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model – technical description, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7825–7865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7825-2012, 2012.
Simpson, D., Bergström, R., Briolat, A., Imhof, H., Johansson, J., Priestley, M., and Valdebenito, A.: GenChem v1.0 – a chemical pre-processing and testing system for atmospheric modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6447–6465, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6447-2020, 2020.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J. G., Duda, M. G., Barker, D. M., and Huang, X.-Y.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 4, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-556+STR, 145 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97, 2019.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J. B., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4.3 (No. NCAR/TN-556+STR), 148 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97, 2021 (code available at: https://doi.org/10.5065/D6MK6B4K).
Staudt, M., Mir, C., Joffre, R., Rambal, S., Bonin, A., Landais, D., and Lumaret, R.: Stands and Mixed Contrasting Interspecific Genetic Introgression, New Phytol., 163, 573–584, 2004.
Stewart, H. E., Hewitt, C. N., Bunce, R. G. H., Steinbrecher, R., Smiatek, G., and Schoenemeyer, T.: A highly spatially and temporally resolved inventory for biogenic isoprene and monoterpene emissions: Model description and application to Great Britain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4644, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002694, 2003.
Tallis, M. J., Casella, E., Henshall, P. A., Aylott, M. J., Randle, T. J., Morison, J. I. L., and Taylor, G.: Development and evaluation of ForestGrowth-SRC a process-based model for short rotation coppice yield and spatial supply reveals poplar uses water more efficiently than willow, GCB Bioenergy, 5, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01191.x, 2013.
Tang, Y. S., Braban, C. F., Dragosits, U., Simmons, I., Leaver, D., van Dijk, N., Poskitt, J., Thacker, S., Patel, M., Carter, H., Pereira, M. G., Keenan, P. O., Lawlor, A., Conolly, C., Vincent, K., Heal, M. R., and Sutton, M. A.: Acid gases and aerosol measurements in the UK (1999–2015): regional distributions and trends, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16293–16324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16293-2018, 2018.
Thomson, A., Evans, C., Buys, G., and Clilverd, H.: Updated quanification of the impact of future land use scenarios to 2050 and beyond – Final report, Edinburgh, 1–75 pp., https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/updated-quantification-of-the-impact-of-future-land-use-scenarios-to-2050-and-beyond-uk-centre-for-ecology-and-hydrology/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2020.
UNEP/WMO: Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organisation, https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/integrated-assessment-black-carbon-and-tropospheric-ozone (last access: 17 October 2023), ISBN 92-807-3141-6, 2011.
van Meeningen, Y., Wang, M., Karlsson, T., Seifert, A., Schurgers, G., Rinnan, R., and Holst, T.: Isoprenoid emission variation of Norway spruce across a European latitudinal transect, Atmos. Environ., 170, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.045, 2017.
Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Stevenson, D. S., Doherty, R., Heal, M. R., Reis, S., Hallsworth, S., Tarrason, L., Wind, P., Fowler, D., Simpson, D., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling surface ozone during the 2003 heat-wave in the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7963–7978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7963-2010, 2010.
Vieno, M., Heal, M. R., Hallsworth, S., Famulari, D., Doherty, R. M., Dore, A. J., Tang, Y. S., Braban, C. F., Leaver, D., Sutton, M. A., and Reis, S.: The role of long-range transport and domestic emissions in determining atmospheric secondary inorganic particle concentrations across the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8435–8447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8435-2014, 2014.
Vieno, M., Heal, M. R., Williams, M. L., Carnell, E. J., Nemitz, E., Stedman, J. R., and Reis, S.: The sensitivities of emissions reductions for the mitigation of UK PM2.5, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 265–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-265-2016, 2016.
Wang, S., Hastings, A., Wang, S., Sunnenberg, G., Tallis, M. J., Casella, E., Taylor, S., Alexander, P., Cisowska, I., Lovett, A., Taylor, G., Firth, S., Moran, D., Morison, J., and Smith, P.: The potential for bioenergy crops to contribute to meeting GB heat and electricity demands, GCB Bioenergy, 6, 136–141, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12123, 2014.
Went, F. W.: Blue Hazes in the Atmosphere, Nature, 187, 641–643, https://doi.org/10.1038/187641a0, 1960.
WHO: Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP Project, Technical Report, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe 2013, Pollut. Atmos., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361805/ (last access: 17 October 2023), 2013.
Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
Wilson, S. M., Mason, B., Savill, P., and Jinks, R.: Non-native alder species (Alnus spp.), Q. J. Forest., 112, 163–174, 2018.
Wyche, K. P., Ryan, A. C., Hewitt, C. N., Alfarra, M. R., McFiggans, G., Carr, T., Monks, P. S., Smallbone, K. L., Capes, G., Hamilton, J. F., Pugh, T. A. M., and MacKenzie, A. R.: Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and subsequent photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol in mesocosm studies of temperate and tropical plant species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12781–12801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12781-2014, 2014.
Zenone, T., Hendriks, C., Brilli, F., Fransen, E., Gioli, B., Portillo-Estrada, M., Schaap, M., and Ceulemans, R.: Interaction between isoprene and ozone fluxes in a poplar plantation and its impact on air quality at the European level, Sci. Rep., 6, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32676, 2016.
Short summary
Forest expansion is a ″net-zero“ pathway, but change in land cover alters air quality in many ways. This study combines tree planting suitability data with UK measured emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds to simulate spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric composition for planting scenarios of four species. Decreases in fine particulate matter are relatively larger than increases in ozone, which may indicate a net benefit of tree planting on human health aspects of air quality.
Forest expansion is a ″net-zero“ pathway, but change in land cover alters air quality in many...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint