Articles | Volume 21, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6411-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6411-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 27 Apr 2021
| 27 Apr 2021
Air quality and health benefits from ultra-low emission control policy indicated by continuous emission monitoring: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Yan Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Jiangsu Environmental Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu
Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd., 8 East Jialingjiang St., Nanjing,
Jiangsu 210019, China
Yu Zhao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science
and Technology, Jiangsu 210044, China
Department of Geography, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and
Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
Xin Bo
The Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering, Ministry of
Environmental Protection, Beijing 100012, China
Chris P. Nielsen
Harvard-China Project on Energy, Economy and Environment, John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford
St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Yuanjian Yang, Chenjie Qian, Minxuan Zhang, Chenchao Zhan, Zhenxin Liu, Pak Wai Chan, Xueyan Bi, Meng Gao, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 1345–1363, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1345-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-1345-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Up to ~ 40 % of ozone pollution in the Greater Bay Area of China is related to tropical cyclones. The O3 pollution was found to be transported from inland areas to coastal areas. The transport process can be roughly divided into three phases: downdraft control, horizontal transport, and vertical mixing.
Chen Gu, Yutong Wang, Yuan Ji, Lei Zhang, Shuanzhu Sun, Yuandong Bian, Zimeng Zhang, Jiewen Zhu, Wenxin Zhao, Sheng Zhong, and Yu Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5605, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5605, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a near-real-time approach that consistently estimates the daily emissions of air pollutants. Compared to previous emission inventory, the new emission estimates better supported air quality simulation and efficiently detected short-term emission change due to unexpected events at the provincial level. By combining machine learning, moreover, the major sources of temporal variability of air quality were identified for effective policy making of air pollution controls.
Zhiheng Liao, Jinqiang Zhang, Meng Gao, and Zhiqiang Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14865–14877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14865-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14865-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present evidence for widespread stratospheric intrusion influence on surface ozone pollution from western plateaus to eastern plains over China in a deep trough event based on multi-site ozonesondes and validated ozone reanalysis. The findings refine the fundamental understanding of stratospheric ozone intrusion and its contribution to surface ozone pollution in China.
Tenglong Shi, Jiayao Wang, Daizhou Zhang, Jiecan Cui, Zihang Wang, Yue Zhou, Wei Pu, Yang Bai, Zhigang Han, Meng Liu, Yanbiao Liu, Hongbin Xie, Minghui Yang, Ying Li, Meng Gao, and Xin Wang
The Cryosphere, 19, 2821–2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2821-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2821-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the properties of dust in snow in Changchun, China, using advanced technology to analyze its size, shape, and light absorption. We found that dust composition affects how much heat is absorbed by snow, with certain minerals, such as hematite, making snowmelt faster. Our research highlights the importance of creating clear standards for classifying dust, which could improve climate models and field observations. This work helps better understand dust's role in climate change.
Xiao Lu, Yiming Liu, Jiayin Su, Xiang Weng, Tabish Ansari, Yuqiang Zhang, Guowen He, Yuqi Zhu, Haolin Wang, Ganquan Zeng, Jingyu Li, Cheng He, Shuai Li, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Tim Butler, Qi Fan, Shaojia Fan, Grant L. Forster, Meng Gao, Jianlin Hu, Yugo Kanaya, Mohd Talib Latif, Keding Lu, Philippe Nédélec, Peer Nowack, Bastien Sauvage, Xiaobin Xu, Lin Zhang, Ke Li, Ja-Ho Koo, and Tatsuya Nagashima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7991–8028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7991-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7991-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes summertime ozone trends in East and Southeast Asia derived from a comprehensive observational database spanning from 1995 to 2019, incorporating aircraft observations, ozonesonde data, and measurements from 2500 surface sites. Multiple models are applied to attribute to changes in anthropogenic emissions and climate. The results highlight that increases in anthropogenic emissions are the primary driver of ozone increases both in the free troposphere and at the surface.
Jinya Yang, Yutong Wang, Lei Zhang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2649–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a modeling framework to predict future ozone concentrations (till the 2060s) in China following an IPCC scenario. We evaluate the contributions of climatic, anthropogenic, and biogenic factors by season and region. We find persistent emission controls will alter the nonlinear response of ozone to its precursors and dominate the declining ozone level. The outcomes highlight the importance of human actions, even with a climate penalty on air quality.
Mingrui Ma, Jiachen Cao, Dan Tong, Bo Zheng, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2147–2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined two global climate change pathways and three national emission control scenarios to analyze the future evolution of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition till the 2060s in China with air quality modeling. We show China’s clean air and carbon neutrality policies would overcome the adverse effects of climate change and efficiently reduce Nr deposition. The outflow of Nr fluxes from mainland China to the west Pacific would also be clearly reduced from continuous stringent emission controls.
Nana Wu, Guannan Geng, Ruochong Xu, Shigan Liu, Xiaodong Liu, Qinren Shi, Ying Zhou, Yu Zhao, Huan Liu, Yu Song, Junyu Zheng, Qiang Zhang, and Kebin He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2893–2915, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The commonly used method for developing large-scale air pollutant emission datasets for China faces challenges due to limited availability of detailed parameter information. In this study, we develop an efficient integrated framework to gather such information by harmonizing seven heterogeneous inventories from five research institutions. Emission characterizations are analyzed and validated, demonstrating that the dataset provides more accurate emission magnitudes and spatiotemporal patterns.
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
Zhiheng Liao, Meng Gao, Jinqiang Zhang, Jiaren Sun, Jiannong Quan, Xingcan Jia, Yubing Pan, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3541–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3541-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3541-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study collected 1897 ozonesondes from two Chinese megacities (Beijing and Hong Kong) in 2000–2022 to investigate the climatological vertical heterogeneity of lower-tropospheric ozone distribution with a mixing-layer-height-referenced (h-referenced) vertical coordinate system. This vertical coordinate system highlighted O3 stratification features existing at the mixing layer–free troposphere interface and provided a better understanding of O3 pollution in urban regions.
Kaiyue Zhou, Wen Xu, Lin Zhang, Mingrui Ma, Xuejun Liu, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8531–8551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a dataset of the long-term (2005–2020) variabilities of China’s nitrogen and sulfur deposition, with multiple statistical models that combine available observations and chemistry transport modeling. We demonstrated the strong impact of human activities and national pollution control actions on the spatiotemporal changes in deposition and indicated a relatively small benefit of emission abatement on deposition (and thereby ecological risk) for China compared to Europe and the USA.
Lei Kong, Xiao Tang, Jiang Zhu, Zifa Wang, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Meng Gao, Huangjian Wu, Miaomiao Lu, Qian Wu, Shuyuan Huang, Wenxuan Sui, Jie Li, Xiaole Pan, Lin Wu, Hajime Akimoto, and Gregory R. Carmichael
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6217–6240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6217-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6217-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A multi-air-pollutant inversion system has been developed in this study to estimate emission changes in China during COVID-19 lockdown. The results demonstrate that the lockdown is largely a nationwide road traffic control measure with NOx emissions decreasing by ~40 %. Emissions of other species only decreased by ~10 % due to smaller effects of lockdown on other sectors. Assessment results further indicate that the lockdown only had limited effects on the control of PM2.5 and O3 in China.
Chen Gu, Lei Zhang, Zidie Xu, Sijia Xia, Yutong Wang, Li Li, Zeren Wang, Qiuyue Zhao, Hanying Wang, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4247–4269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrated the development of a high-resolution emission inventory and its application to evaluate the effectiveness of emission control actions, by incorporating the improved methodology, the best available data, and air quality modeling. We show that substantial efforts for emission controls indeed played an important role in air quality improvement even with worsened meteorological conditions and that the contributions of individual measures to emission reduction were greatly changing.
Yilin Chen, Yuanjian Yang, and Meng Gao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1279–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area suffers from summertime air pollution events related to typhoons. The present study leverages machine learning to predict typhoon-associated air quality over the area. The model evaluation shows that the model performs excellently. Moreover, the change in meteorological drivers of air quality on typhoon days and non-typhoon days suggests that air pollution control strategies should have different focuses on typhoon days and non-typhoon days.
Peng Wang, Ruhan Zhang, Shida Sun, Meng Gao, Bo Zheng, Dan Zhang, Yanli Zhang, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Hongliang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2983–2996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2983-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2983-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In China, the number of vehicles has jumped significantly in the last decade. This caused severe traffic congestion and aggravated air pollution. In this study, we developed a new temporal allocation approach to quantify the impacts of traffic congestion. We found that traffic congestion worsens air quality and the health burden across China, especially in the urban clusters. More effective and comprehensive vehicle emission control policies should be implemented to improve air quality in China.
Haolin Wang, Xiao Lu, Daniel J. Jacob, Owen R. Cooper, Kai-Lan Chang, Ke Li, Meng Gao, Yiming Liu, Bosi Sheng, Kai Wu, Tongwen Wu, Jie Zhang, Bastien Sauvage, Philippe Nédélec, Romain Blot, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13753–13782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report significant global tropospheric ozone increases in 1995–2017 based on extensive aircraft and ozonesonde observations. Using GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry model) multi-decadal global simulations, we find that changes in global anthropogenic emissions, in particular the rapid increases in aircraft emissions, contribute significantly to the increases in tropospheric ozone and resulting radiative impact.
Fan Wang, Gregory R. Carmichael, Jing Wang, Bin Chen, Bo Huang, Yuguo Li, Yuanjian Yang, and Meng Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13341–13353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Unprecedented urbanization in China has led to serious urban heat island (UHI) issues, exerting intense heat stress on urban residents. We find diverse influences of aerosol pollution on urban heat island intensity (UHII) under different circulations. Our results also highlight the role of black carbon in aggravating UHI, especially during nighttime. It could thus be targeted for cooperative management of heat islands and aerosol pollution.
Bo Li, Cheng Liu, Qihou Hu, Mingzhai Sun, Chengxin Zhang, Shulin Zhang, Yizhi Zhu, Ting Liu, Yike Guo, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Meng Gao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-578, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-578, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient particles have an important impact on human health, meteorology and climate change. By building a deep spatiotemporal neural network model we have overcome the long-standing limitations and get the full time and space coverage ground PM2.5 concentrations. We open the neural network black box data model by using sensitivity analysis and visualization techniques. This research will help improve health effects studies, climate effects of aerosols, and air quality prediction.
Chenhong Zhou, Fan Wang, Yike Guo, Cheng Liu, Dongsheng Ji, Yuesi Wang, Xiaobin Xu, Xiao Lu, Yan Wang, Gregory Carmichael, and Meng Gao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-187, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-187, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We develop an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model integrating high-resolution meteorological data, satellite retrievals of trace gases, etc. to provide reconstructed daily ground-level O3 over 2005–2021 in China. It can facilitate climatological, ecological, and health research. The dataset is freely available at Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/6507706#.Yo8hKujP13g; Zhou, 2022).
Lian Zong, Yuanjian Yang, Haiyun Xia, Meng Gao, Zhaobin Sun, Zuofang Zheng, Xianxiang Li, Guicai Ning, Yubin Li, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6523–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heatwaves (HWs) paired with higher ozone (O3) concentration at surface level pose a serious threat to human health. Taking Beijing as an example, three unfavorable synoptic weather patterns were identified to dominate the compound HW and O3 pollution events. Under the synergistic stress of HWs and O3 pollution, public mortality risk increased, and synoptic patterns and urbanization enhanced the compound risk of events in Beijing by 33.09 % and 18.95 %, respectively.
Chengzhi Xing, Cheng Liu, Hongyu Wu, Jinan Lin, Fan Wang, Shuntian Wang, and Meng Gao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4897–4912, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of atmospheric composition, especially vertical profile observations, remain sparse and rare on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), due to extremely high altitude, topographical heterogeneity and the grinding environment. This paper introduces a high-time-resolution (~ 15 min) vertical profile observational dataset of atmospheric composition (aerosols, NO2, HCHO and HONO) on the TP for more than 1 year (2017–2019) using a passive remote sensing technique.
Meng Gao, Yang Yang, Hong Liao, Bin Zhu, Yuxuan Zhang, Zirui Liu, Xiao Lu, Chen Wang, Qiming Zhou, Yuesi Wang, Qiang Zhang, Gregory R. Carmichael, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11405–11421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Light absorption and radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) is influenced by both BC itself and its interactions with other aerosol chemical compositions. In this study, we used the online coupled WRF-Chem model to examine how emission control measures during the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference affect the mixing state and light absorption of BC and the associated implications for BC-PBL interactions.
Lian Zong, Yuanjian Yang, Meng Gao, Hong Wang, Peng Wang, Hongliang Zhang, Linlin Wang, Guicai Ning, Chao Liu, Yubin Li, and Zhiqiu Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9105–9124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, summer O3 pollution over eastern China has become more serious, and it is even the case that surface O3 and PM2.5 pollution can co-occur. However, the synoptic weather pattern (SWP) related to this compound pollution remains unclear. Regional PM2.5 and O3 compound pollution is characterized by various SWPs with different dominant factors. Our findings provide insights into the regional co-occurring high PM2.5 and O3 levels via the effects of certain meteorological factors.
Peter Sherman, Meng Gao, Shaojie Song, Alex T. Archibald, Nathan Luke Abraham, Jean-François Lamarque, Drew Shindell, Gregory Faluvegi, and Michael B. McElroy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3593–3605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The aims here are to assess the role of aerosols in India's monsoon precipitation and to determine the relative contributions from Chinese and Indian emissions using CMIP6 models. We find that increased sulfur emissions reduce precipitation, which is primarily dynamically driven due to spatial shifts in convection over the region. A significant increase in precipitation (up to ~ 20 %) is found only when both Indian and Chinese sulfate emissions are regulated.
Cited articles
An, X., Sun, Z., Lin, W., Jin, M., and Li, N.: Emission inventory evaluation
using observations of regional atmospheric background stations of China, J.
Environ. Sci., 25, 537–536, 2013.
AHBS (Anhui Bureau of Statistics): Statistical Yearbook of Anhui, China
Statistics Press, Beijing, 2016 (in Chinese).
Baker, K., Johnson, M., and King, S.: Meteorological modeling performance
summary for application to PM2.5/haze/ozone modeling projects, Lake
Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Midwest Regional Planning Organization,
Des Plaines, Illinois, USA, 57 pp., 2004.
Burnett, R., Chen, H., Szyszkowicz, M., Fann, N., Hubbell, B., Pope III, C. A., Apte, J. S., Brauer, M., Cohen, A., Weichenthal, S., Coggins, J., Di, Q., Brunekreef, B., Frostad, J., Lim, S. S., Kan, H., Walker, K. D., Thurston, G. D., Hayes, R. B., Lim, C. C., Turner, M. C., Jerrett, M., Krewski, D., Gapstur, S. M., Diver, W. R., Ostro, B., Goldberg, D., Crouse, D. L., Martin, R. V., Peters, P., Pinault, L., Tjepkema, M., van Donkelaar, A., Villeneuve, P. J., Miller, A. B., Yin, P., Zhou, M., Wang, L., Janssen, N. A. H., Marra, M., Atkinson, R. W., Tsang, H., Thach, T. Q, Cannon, J. B., Allen, R. T., Hart, J. E., Laden, F., Cesaroni, G., Forastiere, F., Weinmayr, G., Jaensch, A., Nagel, G., Concin, H., and Spadaro, J. V.: Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 9592–9597, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803222115, 2018.
Butt, E. W., Turnock, S. T., Rigby, R., Reddington, C. L., Yoshioka, M.,
Johnson, J. S., Regayre, L. A., Pringle, K. J., Mann, G. W., and Spracklen,
D. V.: Global and regional trends in particulate air pollution and
attributable health burden over the past 50 years, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 104017,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa87be, 2017.
Chang, X., Wang, S., Zhao, B., Xing, J., Liu, X., Wei, L., Song, Y., Wu, W.,
Cai, S., Zheng, H., Ding, D., and Zheng, M.: Contributions of inter-city and
regional transport to PM2.5 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
region and its implications on regional joint air pollution control, Sci.
Total. Environ., 660, 1191–1200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.474, 2019.
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V., Freedman,G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y., Randall M; Morawska, L., Pope, C. A., Shin, H., Straif, K., Shaddick, G., Thomas, M., Dingenen, R. V., Donkelaar, A. V., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L., and Forouzanfar, M. H.: Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease
attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global
Burden of Diseases Study 2015, Lancet, 389, 1907–1918, 2017.
Dai, H. X., An, J. Y., Li, L., Huang, C., Yan, R. S., Zhu, S. H., Ma, Y. G.,
Song, W. M., and Kan, H. D.: Health Benefit Analyses of the Clean Air Action
Plan Implementation in Shanghai, Huan Jing Ke Xue, 40, 24–32, https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201804201, 2019 (in Chinese).
Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X. P., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay,
M. E., Ferris, B. G., and Speizer, F. E.: An Assocation between
air-pollution and mortality in 6 United-States cities, N. Engl. J. Med.,
329, 1753–1759, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199312093292401, 1993.
Emery, C., Tai, E., and Yarwood, G.: Enhanced meteorological modeling and
performance evaluation for two Texas episodes, Report to the Texas Natural
Resources Conservation Commission, prepared by ENVIRON, International Corp,
Novato, CA, 2001.
Fu, J. S., Jang, C. J., Streets, D. G., Li, Z., Kwok, R., Park, R., and Han,
Z.: MICS-Asia II: Modeling gaseous pollutants and evaluating an advanced
modeling system over East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3571–3583, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.058, 2008.
Gao, J., Wang, T., Ding, A. J., and Liu, C. B.: Observational study of ozone
and carbon monoxide at the summit of mount Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) in
central-eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4779–4791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.030, 2005.
Gao, J. H., Zhu, B., Xiao, H., Kang, H. Q., Hou, X. W., and Shao, P.: A case
study of surface ozone source apportionment during a high concentration
episode, under frequent shifting wind conditions over the Yangtze River
Delta, China, Sci. Total Environ., 544, 853–863, 2016.
Gao, M., Beig, G., Song, S., Zhang, H., Hu, J., Ying, Q., Liang, F., Liu,
Y., Wang, H., Lu, X., Zhu, T., Carmichael, G. R., Nielsen, C. P., and
McElroy, M. B.: The impact of power generation emissions on ambient
PM2.5 pollution and human health in China and India, Environ. Int.,
121, 250–259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.015, 2018.
Gleser, L. J.: Bootstrap confidence intervals, Stat. Sci., 11,
219–221, 1996.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Han, K. M., Lee, S., Chang, L. S., and Song, C. H.: A comparison study between CMAQ-simulated and OMI-retrieved NO2 columns over East Asia for evaluation of NOx emission fluxes of INTEX-B, CAPSS, and REAS inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1913–1938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1913-2015, 2015.
He, J. J., Yu, Y., Yu, L. J., Liu, N., and Zhao, S. P.: Impacts of
uncertainty in land surface information on simulated surface temperature and
precipitation over China, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 829–847, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5041, 2017.
Hoek, G., Krishnan, R. M., Beelen, R., Peters, A., Ostro, B., Brunekreef,
B., and Kaufman, J. D.: Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-
respiratory mortality: a review, Environ. Health, 12, 43, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-12-43, 2013.
Hu, J., Huang, L., Chen, M., Liao, H., and Ying, Q.: Premature mortality
attributable to particulate matter in China: source contributions and
responses to reductions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 9950–9959, 2017.
Huang, C., Chen, C. H., Li, L., Cheng, Z., Wang, H. L., Huang, H. Y., Streets, D. G., Wang, Y. J., Zhang, G. F., and Chen, Y. R.: Emission inventory of anthropogenic air pollutants and VOC species in the Yangtze River Delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4105–4120, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4105-2011, 2011.
Huang, K., Fu, J., Gao, Y., Dong, X., Zhuang, G., Yang, G., and Lin, Y.: Role of sectoral and multi-pollutant emission control strategies in improving atmospheric visibility in the Yangtze river delta, china, Environ. Pollut., 184, 426–434, 2014.
JSBS (Jiangsu Bureau of Statistics): Statistical Yearbook of Jiangsu, China
Statistics Press, Beijing, 2016 (in Chinese).
Lei, Y., Xue, W. B., Zhang, Y. S., and Xu, Y. L.: Health benefit evaluation
for air pollution prevention and control action plan in China, Chinese
Environ. Manage., 5, 50–53, https://doi.org/10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2015.05.009, 2015 (in
Chinese).
Lelieveld, J., Barlas, C., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7023–7037, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7023-2013, 2013.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The
contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a
global scale, Nature, 525, 367-371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Li, H. J. and Li, M. Q.: Assessment on health benefit of air pollution
control in Jiangsu province, Chinese Public Health, 34, 12, https://doi.org/10.11847/zgggws1117789, 2018 (in Chinese).
Li, L., Chen, C. H., Fu, J. S., Huang, C., Streets, D. G., Huang, H. Y., Zhang, G. F., Wang, Y. J., Jang, C. J., Wang, H. L., Chen, Y. R., and Fu, J. M.: Air quality and emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1621–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1621-2011, 2011.
Li, L., Chen, C. H., Huang, C., Huang, H. Y., Zhang, G. F., Wang, Y. J., Wang, H. L., Lou, S. R., Qiao, L. P., Zhou, M., Chen, M. H., Chen, Y. R., Streets, D. G., Fu, J. S., and Jang, C. J.: Process analysis of regional ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta, China using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10971–10987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10971-2012, 2012.
Li, L., An, J. Y., and Lu, Q.: Modeling Assessment of PM2.5
Concentrations Under implementation of Clean Air Action Plan in the Yangtze
River Delta Region, Res. Environ. Sci., 28, 1653–1661, https://doi.org/10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2015.11.01, 2015 (in Chinese).
Li, M., Zhang, D., Li, C.-T., Selin, N. E., and Karplus, V. J.: Co-benefits of
China's climate policy for air quality and human health in China and
transboundary regions in 2030, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 084006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab26ca, 2019.
Liao, J. B., Wang, T. J., Jiang, Z. Q., Zhuang, B. L., Xie, M., Yin, C. Q.,
Wang, X. M.., Zhu, J. L., Fu, Y., and Zhang, Y.: WRF/Chem modeling of the
impacts of urban expansion on regional climate and air pollutants in Yangtze
River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 106, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.059, 2015.
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., Aryee, M., Atkinson, C., Bacchus, L. J., Bahalim, A. N., Balakrishnan, K., Balmes, J., Barker-Collo, S., Baxter, A., Bell, M. L., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F., Bonner, C., Borges, G., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Brauer, M., Brooks, P., Bruce, N. G., Brunekreef, B., Bryan-Hancock, C., and Buc, C.: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury
attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions,
1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
2010, Lancet, 380, 2224–2260, 2012.
Liu, J., Han, Y., Tang, X., Zhu, J., and Zhu, T.: Estimating adult mortality
attributable to PM2.5 exposure in China with assimilated PM2.5
concentrations based on a ground monitoring network, Sci. Total Environ.,
568, 1253–1262, 2016.
Liu, X., Gao, X., Wu, X., Yu, W., Chen, L., Ni, R., Zhao, Y., Duan, H.,
Zhao, F., Chen, L., Gao, S., Xu, K., Lin, J., and Ku, A. Y.: Updated Hourly
Emissions Factors for Chinese Power Plants Showing the Impact of Widespread
Ultralow Emissions Technology Deployment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53,
2570–2578, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b07241, 2019.
Liu, X. H., Zhang, Y., Xing, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, K., Streets, D. G., Jiang,
C., Wang, W. X., and Hao, J. M.: Understanding of regional air pollution
over China using CMAQ, part II. Process analysis and sensitivity of ozone
and particulate matter to precursor emissions, Atmos. Environ., 44,
3719–3727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.036, 2010.
Lu, Y., Zhao, X., and Zhao, Y.: The comparison and evaluation of air pollutant
simulation for the Yangtze River Delta region with different versions of air
quality model. Environ. Monit. Forewarn., 12, 6–14, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2020.03.001, 2020 (in Chinese).
Maji, K. J., Dikshit, A. K., Arora, M., and Deshpande, A.: Estimating
premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 exposure and benefit of air
pollution control policies in China for 2020, Sci. Total Environ., 612,
683–693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.254, 2018.
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.
Price, C., Penner, J., and Prather, M.: NOX from lightning: 1. Global
distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102,
5929–5941, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd03504, 1997.
Shanghai Bureau of Statistics (SHBS): Statistical Yearbook of Shanghai,
China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2016 (in Chinese).
Sindelarova, K., Granier, C., Bouarar, I., Guenther, A., Tilmes, S., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., and Knorr, W.: Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9317–9341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014, 2014.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M.,
Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the
Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 113 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH, 2008.
Song, C., He, J., Wu, L., Jin, T., Chen, X., Li, R., Ren, P., Zhang, L., and
Mao, H.: Health burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China, Environ.
Pollut., 223, 575–586, 2017.
Tan, J., Fu, J. S., Huang, K., Yang, C.-E., Zhuang, G., and Sun, J.:
Effectiveness of SO2 emission control policy on power plants in the
Yangtze River Delta, China-post-assessment of the 11th Five-Year Plan,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 24, 8243–8255, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8412-z, 2017.
Tang, L., Qu, J. B., Mi, Z. F., Bo, X., Chang, X. Y., Anadon, L. D., Wang,
S. Y., Xue, X. D., Li, S. B., Wang, X., and Zhao, X. H.: Substantial
emission reductions from Chinese power plants after the introduction of
ultra-low emissions standards, Nat. Energy, 4, 929–938, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0468-1, 2019.
Tang, Y., An, J., Wang, F., Li, Y., Qu, Y., Chen, Y., and Lin, J.: Impacts of an unknown daytime HONO source on the mixing ratio and budget of HONO, and hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals, in the coastal regions of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9381–9398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9381-2015, 2015.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC): Operational Guidance for
the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System Version 4.7.1
(June 2010 Release), available at: http://www.cmaq-model.org (last access: 10 February 2020), 2010.
Uno, I., He, Y., Ohara, T., Yamaji, K., Kurokawa, J.-I., Katayama, M., Wang, Z., Noguchi, K., Hayashida, S., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO2 in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1671–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1671-2007, 2007.
Wang, G., Zhang, R., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L., Levy, Zamora, M., Hu, M.; Lin, Y., Peng, J., Guo, S., Meng, J., Li, J., Cheng, C., Hu, T., Ren, Y., Wang, Y., Gao, J., Cao, J., An, Z., Zhou, W., Li, G., Wang, J., Tian, P., MarreroOrtiz, W., Secrest, J., Du, Z., Zheng, J., Shang, D., Zeng, L., Shao, M., Wang, W., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Hu, J., Pan, B., Cai, L., Cheng, Y., Ji, Y., Zhang, F., Rosenfeld, D., Liss, P. S., Duce, R. A., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J.: Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze. P. Natl.
Acad. Sci., 48, 13630–13635, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616540113, 2016.
Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Jang, C., Phillips, S., and Wang, B.: Modeling
intercontinental air pollution transport over the trans-Pacific region in
2001 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 114, D04307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010807, 2009.
Wang, L. T., Jang, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Fu,
J., Lei, Y., Schreifels, J., He, K. B., Hao, J. M., Lam, Y, Lin, J.,
Meskhidze, N., Voorhees, S., Evarts, D., and Phillips, S.: Assessment of air
quality benefits from national air pollution control policies in China. Part
II: Evaluation of air quality predictions and air quality benefits
assessment, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3449–3457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.051,
2010.
Wang, L. T., Wei, Z., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F. F., Su, J., Meng, C. C., and Zhang, Q.: The 2013 severe haze over southern Hebei, China: model evaluation, source apportionment, and policy implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3151–3173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3151-2014, 2014.
Wang, N., Lyu, X., Deng, X., Huang, X., Jiang, F., and Ding, A.: Aggravating
O3 pollution due to NOx emission control in eastern China, Sci. Total
Environ., 677, 732–744, 2019.
Wang, Z., Pan, L., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Ma, J., Sun, F., Xu, W., and Wang, X.:
Assessment of air quality benefits from the national pollution control
policy of thermal power plants in China: A numerical simulation, Atmos.
Environ., 106, 288–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.022, 2015.
Xia, Y., Zhao, Y., and Nielsen, C. P.: Benefits of of China's efforts in
gaseous pollutant control indicated by the bottom-up emissions and satellite
observations 2000–2014, Atmos. Environ., 136, 43–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.013, 2016.
Xie, R., Sabel, C. E., Lu, X., Zhu, W., Kan, H., Nielsen, C. P., and Wang,
H.: Long-term trend and spatial pattern of PM2.5 induced premature
mortality in China, Environ. Int., 97, 180–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.003, 2016.
Xing, J., Wang, S. X., Jang, C., Zhu, Y., and Hao, J. M.: Nonlinear response of ozone to precursor emission changes in China: a modeling study using response surface methodology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5027–5044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5027-2011, 2011.
Yang, C. F. O., Lin, N. H., Sheu, G. R., Lee, C. T., and Wang, J. L.:
Seasonal and diurnal variations of ozone at a high-altitude mountain
baseline station in East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 46, 279–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.060, 2012.
Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Cao, J., and Nielsen, C.: Co-benefits of carbon and
pollution control policies on air quality and health till 2030 in China,
Environ. Int., 152, 106482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106482, 2021.
Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Huang, X., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y., Xi, M., and Lu, Y.: Improvement of the satellite-derived NOx emissions on air quality modeling and its effect on ozone and secondary inorganic aerosol formation in the Yangtze River Delta, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1191–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021, 2021.
Yang, Y., Zhu, Y., Jang, C., Xie, J. P., Wang, S. X., Fu, J., Lin, C. J.,
Ma, J., Ding, D., Qiu, X. Z., and Lao, Y. W.: Research and development of
environmental benefits mapping and analysis program: Community edition, Acta
Scientiae Circumstantiae, 33, 2395–2401, https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2013.09.022, 2013
(in Chinese).
Yue, H., He, C., Huang, Q., Yin, D., and Bryan, B. A.: Stronger policy
required to substantially reduce deaths from PM2.5 pollution in China, Nat.
Commun., 11, 1462, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15319-4, 2020.
Yu, S., Mathur, R., Kang, D., Schere, K., Eder, B., and Pleirn, J.:
Performance and diagnostic evaluation of ozone predictions by the
eta-community multiscale air quality forecast system during the 2002 New
England Air Quality Study, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 1459–1471, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464554, 2006.
Zhang, L., Zhao, T., Gong, S., Kong, S., Tang, L., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Jin, L., Shan, Y., Tan, C., Zhang, Y., and Guo, X.: Updated emission inventories of power plants in simulating air quality during haze periods over East China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2065–2079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2065-2018, 2018.
Zhang, M., Uno, I., Zhang, R., Han, Z., Wang, Z., and Pu, Y.: Evaluation of
the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with
observations obtained during the TRACE-P experiment: Comparison of ozone and
its related species, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4874–4882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmonsenv.2005.06.063, 2006.
Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131–5153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.
Zhang, Q., Zheng, Y., Tong, D., Shao, M., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Wang, J., He, H., Liu, W., Ding, Y., Lei, Y., Li, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Cheng, J., Liu, Y., Shi, Q., Yan, L., Geng, G., Hong, C., Li, M., Liu, F., Zheng, B., Cao, J., Ding, A., Gao, J., Fu, Q., Huo, J., Liu, B., Liu, Z., Yang, F., He, K., and Hao, J.:
Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 116, 24463–24469, 2019.
Zhang, X., Dai, H. C., Jin, Y. N., and Zhang, S. Q.: Evaluation of health
and economic benefits from “Coal to Electricity” Policy in the residential
sector in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis
Pekinensis, 55, 2, https://doi.org/10.13209/j.0479-8023.2018.098, 2019 (in Chinese).
Zhang, Y., Bo, X., Zhao, Y., and Nielsen, C. P.: Benefits of current and
future policies on emissions of China's coal-fired power sector indicated by
continuous emission monitoring, Environ. Pollut., 251, 415–424, 2019.
Zhang, Y. H., Su, H., Zhong, L. J., Cheng, Y. F., Zeng, L. M., and Wang, X.
S.: Regional ozone pollution and observation-based approach for analyzing
ozone–precursor relationship during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 6203–6218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.002, 2008.
Zhao, B., Wang, S. X., Dong, X. Y., Wang, J. D., Duan, L., Fu, X., Hao, J.
M., and Fu, J.: Environmental effects of the recent emission changes in
China: implications for particulate matter pollution and soil acidification,
Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024031, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024031, 2013.
Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., Chen, D., Li, C., and Zhang, J.: Top-down estimate of black carbon emissions for city clusters using ground observations: a case study in southern Jiangsu, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2095–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2095-2019, 2019.
Zhao, Y., Wang, S., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Cao, P., and Hao, J.: Primary air pollutant emissions of coal-fired power plants in China: Current status and future prediction, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8442–8452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.021, 2008.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., and Nielsen, C. P.: The effects of recent control policies on trends in emissions of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants and CO2 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013, 2013.
Zhao, Y., Mao, P., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Dong, Y., Xie, F., Yu, Y., and Li, W.: Improved provincial emission inventory and speciation profiles of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds: a case study for Jiangsu, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7733–7756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7733-2017, 2017.
Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Tong, D., Chen, C., Hong, C., Li, M., Geng, G., Lei, Y., Huo, H., and He, K.: Resolution dependence of uncertainties in gridded emission inventories: a case study in Hebei, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 921–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-921-2017, 2017.
Zheng, H., Zhao, B., Wang, S., Wang, T., Ding, D., Chang, X., Liu, K., and
Xing, J.: Transition in source contributions of PM2.5 exposure and
associated premature mortality in China during 2005–2015, Environ. Int. 132,
105111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105111, 2019.
Zhou, Y., Zhao, Y., Mao, P., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Qiu, L., and Yang, Y.: Development of a high-resolution emission inventory and its evaluation and application through air quality modeling for Jiangsu Province, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 211–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-211-2017, 2017.
ZJBS (Zhejiang Bureau of Statistics): Statistical Yearbook of Zhejiang,
China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2016 (in Chinese).
Short summary
We combined air quality and exposure response models to analyze the benefits for air quality and human health of China’s ultra-low emission policy in one of its most developed regions. Atmospheric observations and the air quality model were also used to demonstrate improvement of emission inventories incorporating online emission monitoring data. With implementation of the policy in both power and industrial sectors, the attributable deaths due to PM2.5 exposure are estimated to decrease 5.5 %.
We combined air quality and exposure response models to analyze the benefits for air quality and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint