Articles | Volume 21, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18175-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18175-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
15 Dec 2021
Measurement report |
| 15 Dec 2021
| 15 Dec 2021
Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea
Jari Walden
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Liisa Pirjola
Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia
University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland
Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Tuomas Laurila
Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Juha Hatakka
Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Heidi Pettersson
Meteorological and Marine Research Program, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Tuomas Walden
Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
Finland
Harri Nordlund
Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia
University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland
Toivo Truuts
Air Quality Management Department, Estonian Environmental Research
Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
Miika Meretoja
Environmental Protection Unit, City of Turku, Finland
Kimmo K. Kahma
Meteorological and Marine Research Program, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
No articles found.
Vertti Kettunen, Tuula Aalto, Henry C. Bittig, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lauri Laakso, Anteneh Mengistu, Gregor Rehder, Maria Tenkanen, and Martti Honkanen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5442, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5442, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea carbon balance was estimated using two independent observation-based methods during a 3-year period. One method indicated that the Baltic Sea was a carbon dioxide sink, while the other indicated a source. Ship emissions increased the net carbon dioxide flux to the atmosphere. Despite differences in the overall balance, the methods showed similar patterns in several regions. The results show that both shipping and the method used strongly affect the estimated carbon balance.
Jan-Victor Björkqvist, Mari Savela, Heidi Pettersson, Victor Alari, and Alf Norkko
Ocean Sci., 22, 2123–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2123-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2123-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Strong motions caused by surface waves can set the material at the bottom in motion. How strong the wave motions need to be depends on the bottom type, for example mud or sand. We estimated how often waves can lift particles from the bottom by comparing wave model results to sea floor samples in the laboratory. We included the effect of seasonal biological activity, which was found to be significant.
Haipeng Zhang, Tianle Yuan, Hua Song, J. Christine Chiu, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2430, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2430, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol-cloud interactions remain a major uncertainty in climate science because meteorology can independently drive both aerosols and clouds, obscuring causality. We develop a framework that isolates ship-track-influenced cases in DOE ARM ground observations by detecting peaks in aerosol concentrations and tracing air masses back to nearby ship locations. Anchoring cloud changes to a well-defined pollution source offers cleaner constraints for aerosol-cloud interactions.
Laura Rautiainen, Milla M. Johansson, Mikko Lensu, Jani Tyynelä, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Mikael Hasu, Ken Stenbäck, Harry Lonka, and Lauri Laakso
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2763–2785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2763-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2763-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present an experimental Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver set-up to study anomalous signal propagation over coastal and marine waters in the northern Baltic Sea. Anomalous atmospheric conditions can allow for the AIS messages to be received from farther distances than under normal conditions. The results show that under anomalous conditions, the messages can be received up to 600 km away and have both diurnal and seasonal cycles.
Pavel Konstantinovich Alekseychik, Mikko Peltoniemi, Raisa Mäkipää, Ville Tuominen, Tuomas Laurila, Hamlyn Jones, Mitro Müller, Evgeny Lopatin, Helena Rautakoski, Timo Vesala, and Samuli Launiainen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-568, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-568, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
As the Boreal climate shifts towards warmer temperatures and more unpredictable precipitation patterns, forest management needs to become more efficient and climate-friendly. We monitored a managed Finnish spruce forest on peat soil for two summer seasons characterized with severe drought episodes. A wide range of data was used, including CO2 exchange, evapotranspiration, tree growth, meteorology and UAV maps. Clear, but complex responses to drought on different spatial scales were revealed.
Hedi Kanarik, Laura Tuomi, Pekka Alenius, Elina Miettunen, Milla Johansson, Tuomo Roine, Antti Westerlund, and Kimmo K. Kahma
Ocean Sci., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Archipelago Sea (AS), part of the Baltic Sea off the northwest coast of Finland, is a fragmented area with intense human activity. This study presents an overview of the observed currents and their main drivers in the area. While local winds primarily drive the AS currents, simultaneous sea level variations in the Bay of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland also significantly impact the area's dynamics.
Antti Laitinen, Hermanni Aaltonen, Christoph Zellweger, Aki Tsuruta, Tuula Aalto, and Juha Hatakka
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3109–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3109-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents long-term observations of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mole fractions and a comparison of two permanent and two mobile measurement systems located in Northern Finland. Furthermore, the observed mole fractions are compared against the mean marine boundary layer product for the Northern Hemisphere. The comparisons of all the systems show good agreement in relation to the World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch network compatibility goal limits for CO2 and CH4.
Kimmo Teinilä, Sanna Saarikoski, Henna Lintusaari, Teemu Lepistö, Petteri Marjanen, Minna Aurela, Heidi Hellén, Toni Tykkä, Markus Lampimäki, Janne Lampilahti, Luis Barreira, Timo Mäkelä, Leena Kangas, Juha Hatakka, Sami Harni, Joel Kuula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Jaakko Yli-Ojanperä, Ville Niemelä, Milja Jäppi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Liisa Pirjola, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4907–4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and chemical properties of particulate matter and concentrations of trace gases were measured in a street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, and an urban background site in January–February 2022 to investigate the effect of wintertime conditions on pollutants. State-of-the-art instruments and a mobile laboratory were used, and the measurement data were analysed further with modelling tools like positive matrix factorization and the Pollution Detection Algorithm.
Androniki Maragkidou, Tiia Grönholm, Laura Rautiainen, Juha Nikmo, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Timo Mäkelä, Timo Anttila, Lauri Laakso, and Jaakko Kukkonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2443–2457, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2443-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Baltic Sea's designation as a sulfur emission control area in 2006, with subsequent regulations, significantly reduced sulfur emissions from shipping. Our study analysed air quality data from 2003 to 2020 on the island Utö and employed modelling, showing a continuous decrease in SO2 concentrations since 2003 and thus evidencing the effectiveness of such regulations in improving air quality. It also underscored the importance of long-term, high-resolution monitoring at remote marine sites.
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the sea and the atmosphere was studied in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, in 2017–2021, using an eddy covariance technique. The sea acted as a net source of CO2 with an average yearly emission of 27.1 gC m-2 yr-1, indicating that the marine ecosystem respired carbon that originated elsewhere. The yearly CO2 emission varied between 18.2–39.2 gC m-2 yr-1, mostly due to the yearly variation of ecosystem carbon uptake.
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Bradley Hall, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan P. Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Blair Trewin, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Carlo Buontempo, Samantha Burgess, Chiara Cagnazzo, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Andrew Gettelman, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Jan C. Minx, Gunnar Myhre, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Mahesh V. M. Kovilakam, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Margreet van Marle, Rachel M. Hoesly, Robert Rohde, Dominik Schumacher, Guido van der Werf, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Xuebin Zhang, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2625–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper tracks some key indicators of global warming through time, from 1850 through to the end of 2023. It is designed to give an authoritative estimate of global warming to date and its causes. We find that in 2023, global warming reached 1.3 °C and is increasing at over 0.2 °C per decade. This is caused by all-time-high greenhouse gas emissions.
Antonin Soulie, Claire Granier, Sabine Darras, Nicolas Zilbermann, Thierno Doumbia, Marc Guevara, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Sekou Keita, Cathy Liousse, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Rachel Hoesly, and Steven J. Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2261–2279, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic emissions are the result of transportation, power generation, industrial, residential and commercial activities as well as waste treatment and agriculture practices. This work describes the new CAMS-GLOB-ANT gridded inventory of 2000–2023 anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The methodology to generate the emissions is explained and the datasets are analysed and compared with publicly available global and regional inventories for selected world regions.
Heidi Hellén, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Kaisa Kraft, Jukka Seppälä, Mika Vestenius, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lauri Laakso, and Hannele Hakola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4717–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing ratios of C2-C5 NMHCs and methanethiol were measured on an island in the Baltic Sea using an in situ gas chromatograph. Shipping emissions were found to be an important source of ethene, ethyne, propene, and benzene. High summertime mixing ratios of methanethiol and dependence of mixing ratios on seawater temperature and height indicated the biogenic origin to possibly be phytoplankton or macroalgae. These emissions may have a strong impact on SO2 production and new particle formation.
Ville-Veikko Paunu, Niko Karvosenoja, David Segersson, Susana López-Aparicio, Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Marlene Schmidt Plejdrup, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Dam Thanh Vo, Jeroen Kuenen, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Jørgen Brandt, and Camilla Geels
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1453–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution is an important cause of adverse health effects, even in Nordic countries. To assess their health impacts, emission inventories with high spatial resolution are needed. We studied how national data and methods for the spatial distribution of the emissions compare to a European level inventory. For road transport the methods are well established, but for machinery and off-road emissions the current recommendations for the spatial distribution of these emissions should be improved.
Paolo Cristofanelli, Cosimo Fratticioli, Lynn Hazan, Mali Chariot, Cedric Couret, Orestis Gazetas, Dagmar Kubistin, Antti Laitinen, Ari Leskinen, Tuomas Laurila, Matthias Lindauer, Giovanni Manca, Michel Ramonet, Pamela Trisolino, and Martin Steinbacher
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5977–5994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5977-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5977-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the application of two automatic methods for detecting spikes due to local emissions in greenhouse gas (GHG) observations at a subset of sites from the ICOS Atmosphere network. We analysed the sensitivity to the spike frequency of using different methods and settings. We documented the impact of the de-spiking on different temporal aggregations (i.e. hourly, monthly and seasonal averages) of CO2, CH4 and CO 1 min time series.
Peter Manshausen, Duncan Watson-Parris, Matthew W. Christensen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Philip Stier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12545–12555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol from burning fuel changes cloud properties, e.g., the number of droplets and the content of water. Here, we study how clouds respond to different amounts of shipping aerosol. Droplet numbers increase linearly with increasing aerosol over a broad range until they stop increasing, while the amount of liquid water always increases, independently of emission amount. These changes in cloud properties can make them reflect more or less sunlight, which is important for the earth's climate.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10163–10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study investigates how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. Focus was laid on fine particles and particle species, which were simulated with five different chemical transport models.
Sanna Saarikoski, Heidi Hellén, Arnaud P. Praplan, Simon Schallhart, Petri Clusius, Jarkko V. Niemi, Anu Kousa, Toni Tykkä, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Minna Aurela, Laura Salo, Topi Rönkkö, Luis M. F. Barreira, Liisa Pirjola, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2963–2982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study elucidates properties and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organic aerosol (OA) in a traffic environment. Anthropogenic VOCs (aVOCs) were clearly higher than biogenic VOCs (bVOCs), but bVOCs produced a larger portion of oxidation products. OA consisted mostly of oxygenated OA, representing secondary OA (SOA). SOA was partly associated with bVOCs, but it was also related to long-range transport. Primary OA originated mostly from traffic.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Jana Moldanova, Sara Jutterström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Elisa Majamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1825–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potential ship impact on air pollution in the Mediterranean Sea was simulated with five chemistry transport models. An evaluation of the results for NO2 and O3 air concentrations and dry deposition is presented. Emission data, modeled year and domain were the same. Model run outputs were compared to measurements from background stations. We focused on comparing model outputs regarding the concentration of regulatory pollutants and the relative ship impact on total air pollution concentrations.
Matti Räsänen, Mika Aurela, Ville Vakkari, Johan P. Beukes, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pieter G. Van Zyl, Miroslav Josipovic, Stefan J. Siebert, Tuomas Laurila, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Janne Rinne, Ram Oren, and Gabriel Katul
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5773–5791, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The productivity of semiarid grazed grasslands is linked to the variation in rainfall and transpiration. By combining carbon dioxide and water flux measurements, we show that the annual transpiration is nearly constant during wet years while grasses react quickly to dry spells and drought, which reduce transpiration. The planning of annual grazing strategies could consider the early-season rainfall frequency that was linked to the portion of annual transpiration.
Maiju Linkosalmi, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Olli Nevalainen, Mikko Peltoniemi, Cemal M. Taniş, Ali N. Arslan, Juuso Rainne, Annalea Lohila, Tuomas Laurila, and Mika Aurela
Biogeosciences, 19, 4747–4765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4747-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4747-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation greenness was monitored with digital cameras in three northern peatlands during five growing seasons. The greenness index derived from the images was highest at the most nutrient-rich site. Greenness indicated the main phases of phenology and correlated with CO2 uptake, though this was mainly related to the common seasonal cycle. The cameras and Sentinel-2 satellite showed consistent results, but more frequent satellite data are needed for reliable detection of phenological phases.
Sari Juutinen, Mika Aurela, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Viktor Ivakhov, Maiju Linkosalmi, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Juha Mikola, Johanna Nyman, Emmi Vähä, Marina Loskutova, Alexander Makshtas, and Tuomas Laurila
Biogeosciences, 19, 3151–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in heterogenous Arctic tundra in eastern Siberia. We found that tundra wetlands with sedge and grass vegetation contributed disproportionately to the landscape's ecosystem CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere. Moreover, we observed high CH4 consumption in dry tundra, particularly in barren areas, offsetting part of the CH4 emissions from the wetlands.
Christoffer Hallgren, Johan Arnqvist, Erik Nilsson, Stefan Ivanell, Metodija Shapkalijevski, August Thomasson, Heidi Pettersson, and Erik Sahlée
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1183–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Non-idealized wind profiles with negative shear in part of the profile (e.g., low-level jets) frequently occur in coastal environments and are important to take into consideration for offshore wind power. Using observations from a coastal site in the Baltic Sea, we analyze in which meteorological and sea state conditions these profiles occur and study how they alter the turbulence structure of the boundary layer compared to idealized profiles.
Marc Guevara, Hervé Petetin, Oriol Jorba, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jeroen Kuenen, Ingrid Super, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Elisa Majamäki, Lasse Johansson, Vincent-Henri Peuch, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2521–2552, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To control the spread of the COVID-19 disease, European governments implemented mobility restriction measures that resulted in an unprecedented drop in anthropogenic emissions. This work presents a dataset of emission adjustment factors that allows quantifying changes in 2020 European primary emissions per country and pollutant sector at the daily scale. The resulting dataset can be used as input in modelling studies aiming at quantifying the impact of COVID-19 on air quality levels.
Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Alexander Baklanov, John Bartzis, Isabelle Coll, Sandro Finardi, Rainer Friedrich, Camilla Geels, Tiia Grönholm, Tomas Halenka, Matthias Ketzel, Androniki Maragkidou, Volker Matthias, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Klaus Schäfer, Peter Suppan, George Tsegas, Greg Carmichael, Vicente Franco, Steve Hanna, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Guus J. M. Velders, and Jaakko Kukkonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4615–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This review of air quality research focuses on developments over the past decade. The article considers current and future challenges that are important from air quality research and policy perspectives and highlights emerging prominent gaps of knowledge. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to new challenges and makes recommendations to guide the direction for future air quality research within the wider community and to provide support for policy.
Milla M. Johansson, Jan-Victor Björkqvist, Jani Särkkä, Ulpu Leijala, and Kimmo K. Kahma
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 813–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the correlation of sea level and wind waves at a coastal location in the Gulf of Finland using tide gauge data, wave measurements, and wave simulations. The correlation was positive for southwesterly winds and negative for northeasterly winds. Probabilities of high total water levels (sea level + wave crest) are underestimated if sea level and waves are considered independent. Suitably chosen copula functions can account for the dependence.
Olli Nevalainen, Olli Niemitalo, Istem Fer, Antti Juntunen, Tuomas Mattila, Olli Koskela, Joni Kukkamäki, Layla Höckerstedt, Laura Mäkelä, Pieta Jarva, Laura Heimsch, Henriikka Vekuri, Liisa Kulmala, Åsa Stam, Otto Kuusela, Stephanie Gerin, Toni Viskari, Julius Vira, Jari Hyväluoma, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Annalea Lohila, Tuomas Laurila, Jussi Heinonsalo, Tuula Aalto, Iivari Kunttu, and Jari Liski
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 93–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Better monitoring of soil carbon sequestration is needed to understand the best carbon farming practices in different soils and climate conditions. We, the Field Observatory Network (FiON), have therefore established a methodology for monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon sequestration by combining offline and near-real-time field measurements, weather data, satellite imagery, and modeling. To disseminate our work, we built a website called the Field Observatory (fieldobservatory.org).
Jeroen Kuenen, Stijn Dellaert, Antoon Visschedijk, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Ingrid Super, and Hugo Denier van der Gon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 491–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an 18-year time series for anthropogenic emissions for the main air pollutants in Europe, distinguishing 15 main source categories. It provides a complete overview of emissions to air and is designed to support air quality modelling. The data build where possible on official country total emissions used in the policy processes, but where necessary alternative data were used. The emission data are spatially distributed at high resolution (~ 6 km x 6 km) in a consistent way.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Marcus Reckermann, Anders Omstedt, Tarmo Soomere, Juris Aigars, Naveed Akhtar, Magdalena Bełdowska, Jacek Bełdowski, Tom Cronin, Michał Czub, Margit Eero, Kari Petri Hyytiäinen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Anders Kiessling, Erik Kjellström, Karol Kuliński, Xiaoli Guo Larsén, Michelle McCrackin, H. E. Markus Meier, Sonja Oberbeckmann, Kevin Parnell, Cristian Pons-Seres de Brauwer, Anneli Poska, Jarkko Saarinen, Beata Szymczycha, Emma Undeman, Anders Wörman, and Eduardo Zorita
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities, others are completely human-induced, and they are all interrelated to different degrees. The findings from this study can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.
Martti Honkanen, Jens Daniel Müller, Jukka Seppälä, Gregor Rehder, Sami Kielosto, Pasi Ylöstalo, Timo Mäkelä, Juha Hatakka, and Lauri Laakso
Ocean Sci., 17, 1657–1675, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1657-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1657-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the sea and the atmosphere is regulated by the gradient of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) between the sea and the air. The daily variation of the seawater pCO2 recorded at the fixed station Utö in the Baltic Sea was found to be mainly biologically driven. Calculation of the annual net exchange of CO2 between the sea and atmosphere based on daily measurements of pCO2 carried out using the same sampling time every day could introduce a bias of up to 12 %.
Sanna Saarikoski, Jarkko V. Niemi, Minna Aurela, Liisa Pirjola, Anu Kousa, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14851–14869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the main sources of black carbon (BC) at two urban environments. The largest fraction of BC originated from biomass burning at the residential site (38 %) and from vehicular emissions (57 %) in the street canyon. Also, a significant fraction of BC was associated with urban background or long-range transport. The data are needed by modelers and authorities when assessing climate and air quality impact of BC as well as directing the emission legislation and mitigation actions.
Cited articles
Alföldy, B., Lööv, J. B., Lagler, F., Mellqvist, J., Berg, N., Beecken, J., Weststrate, H., Duyzer, J., Bencs, L., Horemans, B., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J.-P., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Csordás, A. P., Van Grieken, R., Borowiak, A., and Hjorth, J.: Measurements of air pollution emission factors for marine transportation in SECA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1777–1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1777-2013, 2013.
Bendat, J. S. and Piersol, A. G.: Random Data; Analysis and Measurement
Procedures, 4th Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2010.
Blomquist, B. W., Huebert, B. J., Fairall, C. W., Bariteau, L., Edson, J. B.,
Hare, J. E., and McGillis, W. R.: Advances in Air-Sea CO2 Flux Measurement
by Eddy Correlation, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 152, 245–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9926-2, 2014.
Businger, J. A.: Evaluation of the Accuracy with Which Dry Deposition Can Be
Measured with Current Micrometeorological Techniques, J. Clim. Appl.
Meteorol., 25, 1100–1124, 1986.
Businger, J. A., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., and Bradley, E.F.: Flux profile
relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 181–189, 1971.
Cooper, D. A.: HCB, PCB, PCDD and PCDF emissions from ships, Atmos.
Environ., 39, 4901–4912, 2005.
de Leeuw, G., Ambelas Skjøth, C., Hertel, O., Jickells, T., Spokes, L.,
Vignati, E., Frohn, L., Frydendall, J., Schulz, M., Tamm, S., Sørensen, L. L., and
Kunz, G. J.: Deposition of nitrogen into the North Sea, Atmos. Environ., 37, S145–S165, 2003.
Directive 2012/33/EU: Sulphur content in Marine fuels, Official Journal of the European Union L327, Vol. 1, 27 November 2012, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012L0033&qid=1637670045587 (last access: 23 November 2021), 2012.
Drennan, W., Donelan, M. A., Madsen, N., Katsaros, K. B., Terray, E., and Flagg,
C. N.: Directional Wave Spectra from a Swath Ship at Sea, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Techn., 11, 896–908, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<1109:DWSFAS>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Drennan, W. M., Kahma, K. K., and Donelan, M. A.: On momentum flux and
velocity profiles over waves, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 92, 489–515, 1999.
Drennan, W. M., Graber, H. C., Hauser, D., and Quentin, C.: On the wave age
dependence of wind stress over pure wind seas, J. Geophys. Res., 108,
8062–8075, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000715, 2003.
Dyer, A. J.: A review of flux-profile relations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.,
1, 363–371, 1974.
Dyer, A. J. and Hicks, B. B.: Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux
layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 715–721, 1970.
Duyzer, J. H., Deinum, G., and Baak, J.: The interpretation of measurements of
surface exchange of nitrogen oxides: correction for chemical reactions,
Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond., 351, 231–248, 1995.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux
measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105, 1996.
Haerri, H.-P., Macé, T., Waldén, J., Pascale, C., Niederhauser, B.,
Wirtz, K., Stovcik, V., Sutour, C., Couette, J., and Waldén, T.: Dilution and
permeation methods for the generation of NO, NO2 and SO2
calibration gas mixture, Meas. Sci. Technol., 28, 035801, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa543d, 2017.
HELCOM Maritime19/5-2.INF: Emissions from Baltic Sea shipping in 2006–2018, edited by: Jalkanen, J.-P. and Johansson
L., IMO, London, available at: https://portal.helcom.fi/meetings/MARITIME 19-2019-582/MeetingDocuments/5-2 Emissions from Baltic Sea shipping in 2006 - 2018.pdf
(last access 4 April 2020), 2019.
Hongisto, M.: Impact of the emissions of international sea traffic on
airborne deposition to the Baltic Sea and concentrations at the coastline,
Oceanologia, 56, 349–372, 2014.
Hongisto, M. and Joffre, S.: Meteorological and climatological factors
affecting transport and deposition of nitrogen compounds over the Baltic
Sea, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 1–17, 2005.
Honkanen, M., Tuovinen, J.-P., Laurila, T., Mäkelä, T., Hatakka, J., Kielosto, S., and Laakso, L.: Measuring turbulent CO2 fluxes with a closed-path gas analyzer in a marine environment, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5335–5350, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5335-2018, 2018.
Högström, U., Sahlée, E., Drennan, W. M, Kahma, K. K., Smedman,
A.-S., Johansson, C., Pettersson, H., Rutgersson A., Tuomi, L., Zhang, F., and
Johansson, M.: Momentum fluxes and wind gradients in marine boundary layer
– a multi-platform study, Boreal Environ. Res., 13, 475–502, 2008.
Högström, U., Rutgersson, A., Sahlée, E., Smedman, A.-S.,
Hristor, T. S., Drennan, W. M., and Kahma, K. K.: Air-sea interaction features
in the Baltic Sea and at a Pacific trade-wind site: an Inter-comparison
study, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 147, 139–163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9776-8,
2013.
Högström, U., Sahlée, E., Smedman, A.-S., Rutgersson, A.,
Nilsson, E., Kahma, K. K., and Drennan, W. M. J.: Surface Stress over the Ocean
in Swell-Dominated Conditions during Moderate Winds, J. Atmos. Sci., 72,
4777–4795, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0139.1, 2015.
IMO: International Maritime Organisation, AMENDMENTS TO THE ANNEX OF THE PROTOCOL OF 1997 TO AMEND THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS, 1973, AS MODIFIED BY THE PROTOCOL OF 1978, RESOLUTION MEPC.176(58), available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/176(58).pdf (last access: 23 November 2021), 2008.
JCGM: Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of
uncertainty in measurement, Int. Organ. Stand, Geneva, 50, 134, 2008.
Jalkanen, J.-P., Brink, A., Kalli, J., Pettersson, H., Kukkonen, J., and Stipa, T.: A modelling system for the exhaust emissions of marine traffic and its application in the Baltic Sea area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9209–9223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9209-2009, 2009.
Johansson, L. and Jalkanen, J.-P.: Emissions from Baltic Sea Shipping in 2015, available at:
https://helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/environment-fact-sheets/maritime-activities/emissions-from-baltic-sea-shipping-in-2015/
(last access: 17 September 2020), 2016.
Jonson, J. E., Gauss, M., Schulz, M., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Fagerli, H.: Effects of global ship emissions on European air pollution levels, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11399–11422, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11399-2020, 2020.
Kahma, K, K., Donelan, M. A., Drenman, W. M., and Terray, E. A.: Evidence of
energy and momentum flux from swell to wind, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46,
2143–2156, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0213.1, 2016.
Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan J. J.: Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their
structure and measurement, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
Keskinen, J., Pietarinen, K., and Lehtimäki, M.: Electrical low pressure
impactor, J. Aerosol Sci., 23, 353–360, 1992.
Kramm, G., Müller, H., Fowler, D., Höfken, K. D., Meixner, F. X., and
Schaller, E.: A modified Profile Method for Determining the Vertical Fluxes
of NO, NO2, Ozone and HNO3 in the Atmospheric Surface Layer,
J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 265–288, 1991.
Landwehr, S., Miller, S. D., Smith, M. J., Saltzman, E. S., and Ward, B.: Analysis of the PKT correction for direct CO2 flux measurements over the ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3361–3372, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3361-2014, 2014.
Lehmann, A. and Myrberg, K.: Upwelling in the Baltic Sea – a review, Phys.
Chem. Earth B, 25, 183–189, 2008.
Lenschow, D. and Delany, A. C.: An analytical Formulation for NO and NO2
Flux Profiles in the Atmospheric surface Layer, J. Atmos.
Chem., 5, 301–309, 1987.
Lenschow, D. H. and Kristensen, L.: Uncorrelated noise in turbulence
measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 2, 68–81, 1985.
Lenschow, D. H., Mann, J., and Kristensen, L.: How long is long enough when
measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,
18, 661–673, 1994.
Mahrt, L., Sun, J., Blumen, W., Delany, A. C., and Oncley, S.: Nocturnal
Boundary-Layer Regimes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 88, 255–278, 1998.
Marjamäki, M., Ntziachristos, L., Virtanen, A., Ristimäki, J., Keskinen,
J., Moisio, M., Palonen, M., and Lappi, M.: Electrical Filter Stage for the
ELPI. Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0055,
2002.
Mellqvist, J., Beecken, J., Conde, V., and Ekholm, J.: Surveillance of Sulfur
Emissions from Ships in Danish Waters, Final Report to Danish Environmental
Agency, https://doi.org/10.17196/DEPA.001, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2018.
Miller, S. D., Maradino, C., and Saltzman, E. S.: Ship-based measurement of
air-sea CO2 exchange by eddy covariance, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02304,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012193, 2010.
Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Winnes, H., Holmin-Fridell, S., Boman, J., Jedynska, A., Tishkova, V., Demirdjian, B., Joulie, S., Bladt, H., Ivleva, N. P., and Niessner, R.: Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control Areas, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3577–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, 2013.
Muller, J. B. A., Coyle, M., Fowler, D., Gallagher, M., Nemitz, E. G., and Persival,
C. J.: Comparison of ozone fluxes over grassland by gradient and eddy
covariance technique, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 10, 164–169, 2009.
Myklebust, M. C., Hipps, L. E., and Ryel, R. J.: Comparison of eddy covariance,
chamber, and gradient methods of measuring soil CO2 efflux in an annual
semi-arid grass, Bromus tectorum, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1894–1907,
2008.
Norman, M., Parampil, S. R., Rutgersson, A., and Sahlée, E.: Influence of
coastal upwelling on the air-sea gas exchange of CO2 in a Baltic Sea
Basin, Tellus B, 65, 21831, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.21831,
2013.
Panofsky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A.: Atmospheric turbulence – Models and methods
for engineering applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 397
pp., 1987.
Paulson, C. A.: The Mathematical Representation of Wind Speed and
Temperature Profiles in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer, J. Appl.
Meteorol., 9, 857–861, 1970.
Petzold, A., Hasselbach, J., Lauer, P., Baumann, R., Franke, K., Gurk, C., Schlager, H., and Weingartner, E.: Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2387-2008, 2008.
Pirjola, L., Pajunoja, A., Walden, J., Jalkanen, J.-P., Rönkkö, T., Kousa, A., and Koskentalo, T.: Mobile measurements of ship emissions in two harbour areas in Finland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 149–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-149-2014, 2014.
Rannik, U., Vesala, T., and Keskinen, R.: On the damping of temperature
fluctuations in a circular tube relevant to the eddy covariance measurement
technique, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12789–12794, 1997.
Rannik, Ü., Kolari, P., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: Uncertainties in
measurement and modelling of net ecosystem exchange of a forest
ecosystem at different time scales, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 138, 244–257,
2006.
Rannik, Ü., Peltola, O., and Mammarella, I.: Random uncertainties of flux measurements by the eddy covariance technique, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5163–5181, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5163-2016, 2016.
Rinne, J., Tuovinen, J.-P., Laurila, T., Hakola, H., Aurela, M., and Hypen, H.:
Measurements of hydrocarbon fluxes by a gradient method above a northern
boreal forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 102, 25–37, 2000.
Rutgersson, A., Pettersson, H., Nilsson, E., Bergström, H., Wallin, M. B., Nilsson, E. D., Sahlée, E., Wu, L., and Mårtensson, E. M.: Using land-based stations for air–sea interaction studies, Tellus A, 72, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2019.1697601, 2020.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air
Pollution to Climate Change, Wiley, New York, 2012.
Sahlée, E., Kahma, K., Pettersson, H., and Drennan, W. M.: Damping of
humidity fluctuations in a closed-path system, in: In Gas Transfer at Water
Surfaces 6, edited by: Komori, S., McGillis, W., and Kurose, R., Kyoto University
Press, Kyoto, Japan, 516–523, 2011.
Seppälä, S. D., Kuula, J., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Saarikoski, S., Rönkkö, T., Keskinen, J., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Timonen, H.: Effects of marine fuel sulfur restrictions on particle number concentrations and size distributions in ship plumes in the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3215–3234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3215-2021, 2021.
Smedman, A., Högström, U., Bergström, H., Rutgersson, A., Kahma,
K. K., and Pettersson H.: A case-study of air-sea interaction during swell
conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25833–25851, 1999.
Stohl, A., Wotawa, G., Seibert, P., and Kromp-Kolb, H.: Interpolation errors in
wind fields as a function of spatial and temporal resolution and their
impact on different types of kinematic trajectories, J. Appl. Meteor., 34,
2149–2165, 1995.
Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Duynkerke, P. G., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: The
divergence of the turbulent diffusion flux in the surface layer due to
chemical reactions: the NO-O3-NO2 system, Tellus B, 45, 23–33,
1993.
Walden, J., Pirjola, L., Laurila, T., Hatakka, J., Pettersson, H., Walden, T., Jalkanen, J.-P., Nordlund, H., Truuts, T., Meretoja, M., and Kahma, K. K.: Data to “Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5726313, 2021.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for
density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
106, 85–100, 1980.
Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Murphy, P. C., Herndon, S. C., and Zahniser, M.
S.: Emissions of NOx, SO2, CO and HCHO from commercial marine shipping
during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21306,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012094, 2009.
Yli-Ojanperä, J., Kannosto, J., Marjamäki, M., and Keskinen, J.:
Improving the nanoparticle resolution of the ELPI, Aerosol Air Qual. Res.,
10, 360–366, 2010.
Short summary
Ship emissions play an important role in the deposition of gaseous compounds and nanoparticles (Ntot), affecting climate, human health (especially in coastal areas), and eutrophication. Micrometeorological methods showed that ship emissions were mainly responsible for the deposition of Ntot, whereas they only accounted for a minor proportion of CO2 deposition. An uncertainty analysis applied to the fluxes and fuel sulfur content results demonstrated the reliability of the results.
Ship emissions play an important role in the deposition of gaseous compounds and nanoparticles...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint