Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5045-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5045-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Apr 2018
Research article |
| 13 Apr 2018
| 13 Apr 2018
Continuous non-marine inputs of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the High Arctic: a multi-decadal temporal record
Heidi M. Pickard
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7,
Canada
Alison S. Criscitiello
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Christine Spencer
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Martin J. Sharp
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Derek C. G. Muir
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Amila O. De Silva
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7,
Canada
now at: Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J
1P3, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Siobhan F. Killingbeck, Anja Rutishauser, Martyn J. Unsworth, Ashley Dubnick, Alison S. Criscitiello, James Killingbeck, Christine F. Dow, Tim Hill, Adam D. Booth, Brittany Main, and Eric Brossier
The Cryosphere, 18, 3699–3722, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A subglacial lake was proposed to exist beneath Devon Ice Cap in the Canadian Arctic based on the analysis of airborne data. Our study presents a new interpretation of the subglacial material beneath the Devon Ice Cap from surface-based geophysical data. We show that there is no evidence of subglacial water, and the subglacial lake has likely been misidentified. Re-evaluation of the airborne data shows that overestimation of a critical processing parameter has likely occurred in prior studies.
Alessia A. Colussi, Daniel Persaud, Melodie Lao, Bryan K. Place, Rachel F. Hems, Susan E. Ziegler, Kate A. Edwards, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3697–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3697-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new modular and affordable instrument was developed to automatically collect wet deposition continuously with an off-grid solar top-up power package. Monthly collections were performed across the Newfoundland and Labrador Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect of experimental forest sites from 2015 to 2016. The proof-of-concept systems were validated with baseline measurements of pH and conductivity and then applied to dissolved organic carbon as an analyte of emerging biogeochemical interest.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison S. Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley A. Walker, Sara M. Morris, and Peter Effertz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5863–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses snow samples collected from a Canadian high Arctic site, Eureka, to demonstrate that surface snow in early spring is a net sink of atmospheric bromine and nitrogen. Surface snow bromide and nitrate are significantly correlated, indicating the oxidation of reactive nitrogen is accelerated by reactive bromine. In addition, we show evidence that snow photochemical release of reactive bromine is very weak, and its emission flux is much smaller than the deposition flux of bromide.
Tessa R. Vance, Nerilie J. Abram, Alison S. Criscitiello, Camilla K. Crockart, Aylin DeCampo, Vincent Favier, Vasileios Gkinis, Margaret Harlan, Sarah L. Jackson, Helle A. Kjær, Chelsea A. Long, Meredith K. Nation, Christopher T. Plummer, Delia Segato, Andrea Spolaor, and Paul T. Vallelonga
Clim. Past, 20, 969–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-969-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-969-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the chronologies from the new Mount Brown South ice cores from East Antarctica, which were developed by counting annual layers in the ice core data and aligning these to volcanic sulfate signatures. The uncertainty in the dating is quantified, and we discuss initial results from seasonal cycle analysis and mean annual concentrations. The chronologies will underpin the development of new proxy records for East Antarctica spanning the past millennium.
Lisa Azzarello, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Michael A. Robinson, Alessandro Franchin, Caroline C. Womack, Christopher D. Holmes, Steven S. Brown, Ann Middlebrook, Tim Newberger, Colm Sweeney, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15643–15654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a molecular size-resolved offline analysis of water-soluble brown carbon collected on an aircraft during FIREX-AQ. The smoke plumes were aged 0 to 5 h, where absorption was dominated by small molecular weight molecules, brown carbon absorption downwind did not consistently decrease, and the measurements differed from online absorption measurements of the same samples. We show how differences between online and offline absorption could be related to different measurement conditions.
Lingwei Zhang, Tessa R. Vance, Alexander D. Fraser, Lenneke M. Jong, Sarah S. Thompson, Alison S. Criscitiello, and Nerilie J. Abram
The Cryosphere, 17, 5155–5173, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physical features in ice cores provide unique records of past variability. We identified 1–2 mm ice layers without bubbles in surface ice cores from Law Dome, East Antarctica, occurring on average five times per year. The origin of these bubble-free layers is unknown. In this study, we investigate whether they have the potential to record past atmospheric processes and circulation. We find that the bubble-free layers are linked to accumulation hiatus events and meridional moisture transport.
Teles C. Furlani, RenXi Ye, Jordan Stewart, Leigh R. Crilley, Peter M. Edwards, Tara F. Kahan, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a new technique to measure total gaseous chlorine, which is the sum of gas-phase chlorine-containing chemicals. The method converts any chlorine-containing molecule to hydrogen chloride that can be detected in real time using a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The new method was validated through laboratory experiments, as well as by making measurements of ambient outdoor air and indoor air during cleaning with a chlorine-based cleaner.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison S. Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley A. Walker, Sara M. Morris, and Peter Effertz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-696, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-696, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Snow pack in high Arctic plays a key role in polar atmospheric chemistry, especially in spring when photochemistry becomes active. By sampling surface snow from a Canadian high Arctic location at Eureka, Nunavut (80° N, 86° W), we demonstrate that surface snow is a net sink rather than a source of atmospheric reactive bromine and nitrate. This finding is new and opposite to previous conclusions that snowpack is a large and direct source of reactive bromine in polar spring.
Anja Rutishauser, Donald D. Blankenship, Duncan A. Young, Natalie S. Wolfenbarger, Lucas H. Beem, Mark L. Skidmore, Ashley Dubnick, and Alison S. Criscitiello
The Cryosphere, 16, 379–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, a hypersaline subglacial lake complex was hypothesized to lie beneath Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic. Here, we present results from a follow-on targeted aerogeophysical survey. Our results support the evidence for a hypersaline subglacial lake and reveal an extensive brine network, suggesting more complex subglacial hydrological conditions than previously inferred. This hypersaline system may host microbial habitats, making it a compelling analog for bines on other icy worlds.
Camilla K. Crockart, Tessa R. Vance, Alexander D. Fraser, Nerilie J. Abram, Alison S. Criscitiello, Mark A. J. Curran, Vincent Favier, Ailie J. E. Gallant, Christoph Kittel, Helle A. Kjær, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Lenneke M. Jong, Andrew D. Moy, Christopher T. Plummer, Paul T. Vallelonga, Jonathan Wille, and Lingwei Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 1795–1818, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present preliminary analyses of the annual sea salt concentrations and snowfall accumulation in a new East Antarctic ice core, Mount Brown South. We compare this record with an updated Law Dome (Dome Summit South site) ice core record over the period 1975–2016. The Mount Brown South record preserves a stronger and inverse signal for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (in austral winter and spring) compared to the Law Dome record (in summer).
Teles C. Furlani, Patrick R. Veres, Kathryn E. R. Dawe, J. Andrew Neuman, Steven S. Brown, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Cora J. Young
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5859–5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterized and validated a commercial spectroscopic instrument for the measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere. Near the Earth’s surface, HCl acts as the dominant reservoir for other chlorine-containing reactive chemicals that play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The properties of HCl make it challenging to measure. This instrument can overcome many of these challenges, enabling reliable HCl measurements.
Naomi E. Ochwat, Shawn J. Marshall, Brian J. Moorman, Alison S. Criscitiello, and Luke Copland
The Cryosphere, 15, 2021–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In May 2018 we drilled into Kaskawulsh Glacier to study how it is being affected by climate warming and used models to investigate the evolution of the firn since the 1960s. We found that the accumulation zone has experienced increased melting that has refrozen as ice layers and has formed a perennial firn aquifer. These results better inform climate-induced changes on northern glaciers and variables to take into account when estimating glacier mass change using remote-sensing methods.
Melodie Lao, Leigh R. Crilley, Leyla Salehpoor, Teles C. Furlani, Ilann Bourgeois, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Caroline C. Womack, Cora J. Young, and Trevor C. VandenBoer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5873–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a key intermediate in the generation of oxidants and fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. High-purity calibration sources that produce stable atmospherically relevant levels under field conditions have not been made to date, reducing measurement accuracy. In this study a simple salt-coated tube humidified with water vapor is demonstrated to produce pure stable low levels of HONO, with modifications allowing the generation of higher amounts.
Colleen A. Mortimer and Martin Sharp
The Cryosphere, 12, 701–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-701-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
MODIS C6 data are used to present the first complete picture of summer surface albedo variations for all glaciated surfaces of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada (2001–2016). The 16-year history of mean summer albedo change is strongly tied to variations in the summer NAO index, except in 2006, 2010, and 2016, when changes in the mean summer BSA appear to be dominated by effects of the mean August albedo. Observed mean summer and July albedo declines may accelerate rates of QEI mass loss.
Marie Bigot, Mark A. J. Curran, Andrew D. Moy, Derek C. G. Muir, Darryl W. Hawker, Roger Cropp, Camilla F. Teixeira, and Susan M. Bengtson Nash
The Cryosphere, 10, 2533–2539, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2533-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2533-2016, 2016
R. J. Wild, P. M. Edwards, T. S. Bates, R. C. Cohen, J. A. de Gouw, W. P. Dubé, J. B. Gilman, J. Holloway, J. Kercher, A. R. Koss, L. Lee, B. M. Lerner, R. McLaren, P. K. Quinn, J. M. Roberts, J. Stutz, J. A. Thornton, P. R. Veres, C. Warneke, E. Williams, C. J. Young, B. Yuan, K. J. Zarzana, and S. S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 573–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-573-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-573-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
High wintertime ozone levels have been observed in the Uintah Basin, Utah, a sparsely populated rural region with intensive oil and gas operations. The reactive nitrogen budget plays an important role in tropospheric ozone formation, and we find that nighttime chemistry has a large effect on its partitioning. Much of the oxidation of reactive nitrogen during a high-ozone year occurred via heterogeneous uptake onto aerosol at night, keeping NOx at concentrations comparable to a low-ozone year.
B. Medley, I. Joughin, B. E. Smith, S. B. Das, E. J. Steig, H. Conway, S. Gogineni, C. Lewis, A. S. Criscitiello, J. R. McConnell, M. R. van den Broeke, J. T. M. Lenaerts, D. H. Bromwich, J. P. Nicolas, and C. Leuschen
The Cryosphere, 8, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1375-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1375-2014, 2014
C. J. Young, R. A. Washenfelder, P. M. Edwards, D. D. Parrish, J. B. Gilman, W. C. Kuster, L. H. Mielke, H. D. Osthoff, C. Tsai, O. Pikelnaya, J. Stutz, P. R. Veres, J. M. Roberts, S. Griffith, S. Dusanter, P. S. Stevens, J. Flynn, N. Grossberg, B. Lefer, J. S. Holloway, J. Peischl, T. B. Ryerson, E. L. Atlas, D. R. Blake, and S. S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3427–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3427-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3427-2014, 2014
P. M. Edwards, C. J. Young, K. Aikin, J. deGouw, W. P. Dubé, F. Geiger, J. Gilman, D. Helmig, J. S. Holloway, J. Kercher, B. Lerner, R. Martin, R. McLaren, D. D. Parrish, J. Peischl, J. M. Roberts, T. B. Ryerson, J. Thornton, C. Warneke, E. J. Williams, and S. S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8955–8971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8955-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8955-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Molecular composition of clouds: a comparison between samples collected at tropical (Réunion Island, France) and mid-north (Puy de Dôme, France) latitudes
Response patterns of moss to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and nitrogen saturation in an urban–agro–forest transition
Influences of sources and weather dynamics on atmospheric deposition of Se species and other trace elements
Revealing the chemical characteristics of Arctic low-level cloud residuals – in situ observations from a mountain site
Long-term monitoring of cloud water chemistry at Whiteface Mountain: the emergence of a new chemical regime
Measurement report: Closure analysis of aerosol–cloud composition in tropical maritime warm convection
Free amino acid quantification in cloud water at the Puy de Dôme station (France)
Wet deposition in the remote western and central Mediterranean as a source of trace metals to surface seawater
Insights into tropical cloud chemistry in Réunion (Indian Ocean): results from the BIO-MAÏDO campaign
Measurement report: Molecular characteristics of cloud water in southern China and insights into aqueous-phase processes from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Total organic carbon and the contribution from speciated organics in cloud water: airborne data analysis from the CAMP2Ex field campaign
A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater
Impact of convection on the upper-tropospheric composition (water vapor and ozone) over a subtropical site (Réunion island; 21.1° S, 55.5° E) in the Indian Ocean
Chemical characteristics of cloud water and the impacts on aerosol properties at a subtropical mountain site in Hong Kong SAR
Diurnal cycle of iodine, bromine, and mercury concentrations in Svalbard surface snow
Wet deposition of inorganic ions in 320 cities across China: spatio-temporal variation, source apportionment, and dominant factors
Deposition of ionic species and black carbon to the Arctic snowpack: combining snow pit observations with modeling
Mercury and trace metal wet deposition across five stations in Alaska: controlling factors, spatial patterns, and source regions
Drivers of atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at European high-altitude sites
Cloud scavenging of anthropogenic refractory particles at a mountain site in North China
Composition of ice particle residuals in mixed-phase clouds at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): enrichment and depletion of particle groups relative to total aerosol
Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic
Biogenic, urban, and wildfire influences on the molecular composition of dissolved organic compounds in cloud water
The single-particle mixing state and cloud scavenging of black carbon: a case study at a high-altitude mountain site in southern China
Composition, size and cloud condensation nuclei activity of biomass burning aerosol from northern Australian savannah fires
Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Atmospheric wet and litterfall mercury deposition at urban and rural sites in China
Hydroxyl radical in/on illuminated polar snow: formation rates, lifetimes, and steady-state concentrations
Cloud water composition during HCCT-2010: Scavenging efficiencies, solute concentrations, and droplet size dependence of inorganic ions and dissolved organic carbon
Fog composition at Baengnyeong Island in the eastern Yellow Sea: detecting markers of aqueous atmospheric oxidations
Wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen at five remote sites in the Tibetan Plateau
Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China
Natural or anthropogenic? On the origin of atmospheric sulfate deposition in the Andes of southeastern Ecuador
Temporal variations in rainwater methanol
Comprehensive assessment of meteorological conditions and airflow connectivity during HCCT-2010
Influence of cloud processing on CCN activation behaviour in the Thuringian Forest, Germany during HCCT-2010
Classification of clouds sampled at the puy de Dôme (France) based on 10 yr of monitoring of their physicochemical properties
Preliminary signs of the initiation of deep convection by GNSS
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and select aldehydes in cloud and fog water: the role of the aqueous phase in impacting trace gas budgets
Insights into dissolved organic matter complexity in rainwater from continental and coastal storms by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Dynamics of the chemical composition of rainwater throughout Hurricane Irene
Spatial and temporal distributions of total and methyl mercury in precipitation in core urban areas, Chongqing, China
Wet and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at ten sites in Northern China
Spatial distribution of mercury deposition fluxes in Wanshan Hg mining area, Guizhou province, China
Molecular characterization of water soluble organic nitrogen in marine rainwater by ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Five-year record of atmospheric precipitation chemistry in urban Beijing, China
Mercury deposition in Southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009
Chemical composition of rainwater at Maldives Climate Observatory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH)
Chemistry of rain events in West Africa: evidence of dust and biogenic influence in convective systems
Atmospheric deposition of mercury and major ions to the Pensacola (Florida) watershed: spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability
Lucas Pailler, Laurent Deguillaume, Hélène Lavanant, Isabelle Schmitz, Marie Hubert, Edith Nicol, Mickaël Ribeiro, Jean-Marc Pichon, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Pamela Dominutti, Frédéric Burnet, Pierre Tulet, Maud Leriche, and Angelica Bianco
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5567–5584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The composition of dissolved organic matter of cloud water has been investigated through non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry on only a few samples collected in the Northern Hemisphere. In this work, the chemical composition of samples collected at Réunion Island (SH) is investigated and compared to samples collected at Puy de Dôme (NH). Sampling, analysis and data treatment with the same methodology produced a unique dataset for investigating the molecular composition of clouds.
Ouping Deng, Yuanyuan Chen, Jingze Zhao, Xi Li, Wei Zhou, Ting Lan, Dinghua Ou, Yanyan Zhang, Jiang Liu, Ling Luo, Yueqiang He, Hanqing Yang, and Rong Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5303–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is critical to understanding the biogeochemical N cycle. Moss has long been considered as a bio-indicator for N deposition due to its accumulation of N from the atmosphere. Here, we improved the method for monitoring atmospheric N deposition using mosses. The sampling frequency and time were optimized. This study contributes to improving the accuracy of the model of quantifying N deposition by using mosses.
Esther S. Breuninger, Julie Tolu, Iris Thurnherr, Franziska Aemisegger, Aryeh Feinberg, Sylvain Bouchet, Jeroen E. Sonke, Véronique Pont, Heini Wernli, and Lenny H. E. Winkel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2491–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of selenium (Se) and other health-relevant trace elements in surface environments. We found that the variability in elemental concentrations in atmospheric deposition reflects not only changes in emission sources but also weather conditions during atmospheric removal. Depending on the sources and if Se is derived more locally or from further away, the Se forms can be different, affecting the bioavailability of Se atmospherically supplied to soils.
Yvette Gramlich, Karolina Siegel, Sophie L. Haslett, Gabriel Freitas, Radovan Krejci, Paul Zieger, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6813–6834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the chemical composition of aerosol particles forming clouds in the Arctic. During year-long observations at a mountain site on Svalbard, we find a large contribution of naturally derived aerosol particles in the fraction forming clouds in the summer. Our observations indicate that most aerosol particles can serve as cloud seeds in this remote environment.
Christopher E. Lawrence, Paul Casson, Richard Brandt, James J. Schwab, James E. Dukett, Phil Snyder, Elizabeth Yerger, Daniel Kelting, Trevor C. VandenBoer, and Sara Lance
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1619–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1619-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1619-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aqueous chemistry can have profound effects on our environment, as illustrated by historical data from Whiteface Mountain (WFM) that were critical for uncovering the process of acid rain. The current study updates the long-term trends in cloud water composition at WFM for the period 1994 to 2021. We highlight the emergence of a new chemical regime at WFM dominated by organics and ammonium, quite different from the highly acidic regime observed in the past but not necessarily
clean.
Ewan Crosbie, Luke D. Ziemba, Michael A. Shook, Claire E. Robinson, Edward L. Winstead, K. Lee Thornhill, Rachel A. Braun, Alexander B. MacDonald, Connor Stahl, Armin Sorooshian, Susan C. van den Heever, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Sarah Woods, Paola Bañaga, Matthew D. Brown, Francesca Gallo, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Carolyn E. Jordan, Gabrielle R. Leung, Richard H. Moore, Kevin J. Sanchez, Taylor J. Shingler, and Elizabeth B. Wiggins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13269–13302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The linkage between cloud droplet and aerosol particle chemical composition was analyzed using samples collected in a polluted tropical marine environment. Variations in the droplet composition were related to physical and dynamical processes in clouds to assess their relative significance across three cases that spanned a range of rainfall amounts. In spite of the pollution, sea salt still remained a major contributor to the droplet composition and was preferentially enhanced in rainwater.
Pascal Renard, Maxence Brissy, Florent Rossi, Martin Leremboure, Saly Jaber, Jean-Luc Baray, Angelica Bianco, Anne-Marie Delort, and Laurent Deguillaume
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2467–2486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2467-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2467-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Amino acids (AAs) have been quantified in cloud water collected at the Puy de Dôme station (France). Concentrations and speciation of those compounds are highly variable among the samples. Sources from the sea surface and atmospheric transformations during the air mass transport, mainly in the free troposphere, have been shown to modulate AA levels in cloud water.
Karine Desboeufs, Franck Fu, Matthieu Bressac, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Sylvain Triquet, Jean-François Doussin, Chiara Giorio, Patrick Chazette, Julie Disnaquet, Anaïs Feron, Paola Formenti, Franck Maisonneuve, Araceli Rodríguez-Romero, Pascal Zapf, François Dulac, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2309–2332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article reports the first concurrent sampling of wet deposition samples and surface seawater and was performed during the PEACETIME cruise in the remote Mediterranean (May–June 2017). Through the chemical composition of trace metals (TMs) in these samples, it emphasizes the decrease of atmospheric metal pollution in this area during the last few decades and the critical role of wet deposition as source of TMs for Mediterranean surface seawater, especially for intense dust deposition events.
Pamela A. Dominutti, Pascal Renard, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Angelica Bianco, Jean-Luc Baray, Agnès Borbon, Thierry Bourianne, Frédéric Burnet, Aurélie Colomb, Anne-Marie Delort, Valentin Duflot, Stephan Houdier, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Muriel Joly, Martin Leremboure, Jean-Marc Metzger, Jean-Marc Pichon, Mickaël Ribeiro, Manon Rocco, Pierre Tulet, Anthony Vella, Maud Leriche, and Laurent Deguillaume
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 505–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the results obtained during an intensive field campaign conducted in March to April 2019 in Reunion. Our study integrates a comprehensive chemical and microphysical characterization of cloud water. Our investigations reveal that air mass history and cloud microphysical properties do not fully explain the variability observed in their chemical composition. This highlights the complexity of emission sources, multiphasic exchanges, and transformations in clouds.
Wei Sun, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Feng Jiang, Xiufeng Lian, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinhui Bi, Duohong Chen, Jianmin Chen, Xinming Wang, Jie Ou, Ping'an Peng, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16631–16644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled cloud water at a remote mountain site and investigated the molecular characteristics. CHON and CHO are dominant in cloud water. No statistical difference in the oxidation state is observed between cloud water and interstitial PM2.5. Most of the formulas are aliphatic and olefinic species. CHON, with aromatic structures and organosulfates, are abundant, especially in nighttime samples. The in-cloud and multi-phase dark reactions likely contribute significantly.
Connor Stahl, Ewan Crosbie, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Rachel A. Braun, Zenn Marie Cainglet, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Julie Mae Dado, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Gabrielle Frances Leung, Alexander B. MacDonald, Angela Monina Magnaye, Jeffrey Reid, Claire Robinson, Michael A. Shook, James Bernard Simpas, Shane Marie Visaga, Edward Winstead, Luke Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14109–14129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14109-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 159 cloud water samples were collected and measured for total organic carbon (TOC) during CAMP2Ex. On average, 30 % of TOC was speciated based on carboxylic/sulfonic acids and dimethylamine. Results provide a critical constraint on cloud composition and vertical profiles of TOC and organic species ranging from ~250 m to ~ 7 km and representing a variety of cloud types and air mass source influences such as biomass burning, marine emissions, anthropogenic activity, and dust.
Martin J. Wolf, Megan Goodell, Eric Dong, Lilian A. Dove, Cuiqi Zhang, Lesly J. Franco, Chuanyang Shen, Emma G. Rutkowski, Domenic N. Narducci, Susan Mullen, Andrew R. Babbin, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15341–15356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray is the largest aerosol source on Earth. These aerosol particles can impact climate by inducing ice formation in clouds. The role that ocean biology plays in determining the composition and ice nucleation abilities of sea spray aerosol is unclarified. In this study, we demonstrate that atomized seawater from highly productive ocean regions is more effective at nucleating ice than seawater from lower-productivity regions.
Damien Héron, Stéphanie Evan, Jérôme Brioude, Karen Rosenlof, Françoise Posny, Jean-Marc Metzger, and Jean-Pierre Cammas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8611–8626, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using a statistical method, summer variations (between 2013 and 2016) of ozone and water vapor are characterized in the upper troposphere above Réunion island (21° S, 55° E). It suggests a convective influence between 9 and 13 km. As deep convection is rarely observed near Réunion island, this study provides new insights on the long-range impact of deep convective outflow from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on the upper troposphere over a subtropical site.
Tao Li, Zhe Wang, Yaru Wang, Chen Wu, Yiheng Liang, Men Xia, Chuan Yu, Hui Yun, Weihao Wang, Yan Wang, Jia Guo, Hartmut Herrmann, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 391–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-391-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-391-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a field study of cloud water chemistry and interactions of cloud, gas, and aerosols in the polluted coastal boundary layer in southern China. Substantial dissolved organic matter in the acidic cloud water was observed, and the gas- and aqueous-phase partitioning of carbonyl compounds was investigated. The results demonstrated the significant role of cloud processing in altering aerosol properties, especially in producing aqueous organics and droplet-mode aerosols.
Andrea Spolaor, Elena Barbaro, David Cappelletti, Clara Turetta, Mauro Mazzola, Fabio Giardi, Mats P. Björkman, Federico Lucchetta, Federico Dallo, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Hélène Angot, Aurelien Dommergue, Marion Maturilli, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Carlo Barbante, and Warren R. L. Cairns
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13325–13339, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13325-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13325-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The main aims of the study are to (a) detect whether mercury in the surface snow undergoes a daily cycle as determined in the atmosphere, (b) compare the mercury concentration in surface snow with the concentration in the atmosphere, (c) evaluate the effect of snow depositions, (d) detect whether iodine and bromine in the surface snow undergo a daily cycle, and (e) evaluate the role of metereological and atmospheric conditions. Different behaviours were determined during different seasons.
Rui Li, Lulu Cui, Yilong Zhao, Ziyu Zhang, Tianming Sun, Junlin Li, Wenhui Zhou, Ya Meng, Kan Huang, and Hongbo Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11043–11070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11043-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11043-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Acid deposition is still an important environmental issue in China. Rainwater samples in 320 cities in China were collected to determine the acidic ion concentrations and identify their spatiotemporal variations and sources. The higher acidic ions showed higher concentrations in winter. Furthermore, the highest acidic ion concentrations were mainly distributed in YRD and SB. These acidic ions were mainly sourced from industrial emissions and agricultural activities.
Hans-Werner Jacobi, Friedrich Obleitner, Sophie Da Costa, Patrick Ginot, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Wenche Aas, and Marco Zanatta
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10361–10377, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By combining atmospheric, precipitation, and snow measurements with snowpack simulations for a high Arctic site in Svalbard, we find that during wintertime the transfer of sea salt components to the snowpack was largely dominated by wet deposition. However, dry deposition contributed significantly for nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and black carbon. The comparison of monthly deposition and snow budgets indicates an important redistribution of the impurities in the snowpack even during winter.
Christopher Pearson, Dean Howard, Christopher Moore, and Daniel Obrist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6913–6929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6913-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6913-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation-based deposition of mercury and other trace metals throughout Alaska provides a significant input of pollutants. Deposition shows significant seasonal and spatial variability, largely driven by precipitation patterns. Annual wet deposition of Hg at all AK collection sites is consistently lower than other monitoring stations throughout the CONUS. Hg showed no clear relationship to other metals, likely due to its highly volatile nature and capability of long-range transport.
Lourdes Arellano, Pilar Fernández, Barend L. van Drooge, Neil L. Rose, Ulrike Nickus, Hansjoerg Thies, Evzen Stuchlík, Lluís Camarero, Jordi Catalan, and Joan O. Grimalt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16081–16097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16081-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain areas are key for studying the impact of diffuse pollution due to human activities on the continental areas. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), human carcinogens with increased levels since the 1950s, are significant constituents of this pollution. We determined PAHs in monthly atmospheric deposition collected in European high mountain areas. The number of sites, period of study and sampling frequency provide the most comprehensive description of PAH fallout at remote sites.
Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Liang Xu, Qi Yuan, Dao Huang, Jianmin Chen, Zongbo Shi, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Zifa Wang, Daizhou Zhang, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14681–14693, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14681-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14681-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using transmission electron microscopy, we studied individual cloud droplet residual and interstitial particles collected in cloud events at Mt. Tai in the polluted North China region. We found that individual cloud droplets were an extremely complicated mixture containing abundant refractory soot (i.e., black carbon), fly ash, and metals. The complicated cloud droplets have not been reported in clean continental or marine air before.
Stine Eriksen Hammer, Stephan Mertes, Johannes Schneider, Martin Ebert, Konrad Kandler, and Stephan Weinbruch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13987–14003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13987-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13987-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to study ice-nucleating particles in the environment to learn more about cloud formation. We studied the composition of ice particle residuals and total aerosol particles sampled in parallel during mixed-phase cloud events at Jungfraujoch and discovered that soot and complex secondary particles were not present. In contrast, silica, aluminosilicates, and other aluminosilicates were the most important ice particle residual groups at site temperatures between −11 and −18 °C.
Pourya Shahpoury, Zoran Kitanovski, and Gerhard Lammel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13495–13510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13495-2018, 2018
Ryan D. Cook, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Zhuoyu Peng, Eric Boone, Rosalie K. Chu, James E. Dukett, Matthew J. Gunsch, Wuliang Zhang, Nikola Tolic, Alexander Laskin, and Kerri A. Pratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15167–15180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15167-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15167-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Reactions occur within water in both atmospheric particles and cloud droplets, yet little is known about the organic compounds in cloud water. In this work, cloud water samples were collected at Whiteface Mountain, New York, and analyzed using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the molecular composition of the dissolved organic compounds. The results focus on changes in cloud water composition with air mass origin – influences of forest, urban, and wildfire emissions.
Guohua Zhang, Qinhao Lin, Long Peng, Xinhui Bi, Duohong Chen, Mei Li, Lei Li, Fred J. Brechtel, Jianxin Chen, Weijun Yan, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, Guoying Sheng, and Zhen Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14975–14985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14975-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14975-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The mixing state of black carbon (BC)-containing particles and the mass scavenging efficiency of BC in cloud were investigated at a mountain site (1690 m a.s.l.) in southern China. The measured BC-containing particles were internally mixed extensively with sulfate, and thus the number fraction of scavenged BC-containing particles is close to that of all the measured particles. BC-containing particles with higher fractions of organics were scavenged relatively less.
Marc D. Mallet, Luke T. Cravigan, Andelija Milic, Joel Alroe, Zoran D. Ristovski, Jason Ward, Melita Keywood, Leah R. Williams, Paul Selleck, and Branka Miljevic
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3605–3617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3605-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3605-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents data on the size, composition and concentration of aerosol particles emitted from north Australian savannah fires and how these properties influence cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Both the size and composition of aerosol were found to be important in determining CCN. Despite large CCNc enhancements during periods of close biomass burning, the aerosol was very weakly hygroscopic which should be accounted for in climate models to avoid large CCNc overestimates.
Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Helene Angot, Carlo Barbante, Ernst-Günther Brunke, Flor Arcega-Cabrera, Warren Cairns, Sara Comero, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Xuewu Fu, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Ulla Hageström, Katarina Hansson, Milena Horvat, Jože Kotnik, Casper Labuschagne, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Nikolay Mashyanov, Thumeka Mkololo, John Munthe, Vladimir Obolkin, Martha Ramirez Islas, Fabrizio Sena, Vernon Somerset, Pia Spandow, Massimiliano Vardè, Chavon Walters, Ingvar Wängberg, Andreas Weigelt, Xu Yang, and Hui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The results on total mercury (THg) wet deposition flux obtained within the GMOS network have been presented and discussed to understand the atmospheric Hg cycling and its seasonal depositional patterns over the 2011–2015 period. The data set provides new insight into baseline concentrations of THg concentrations in precipitation particularly in regions where wet deposition and atmospheric Hg species were not investigated before, opening the way for additional measurements and modeling studies.
Xuewu Fu, Xu Yang, Xiaofang Lang, Jun Zhou, Hui Zhang, Ben Yu, Haiyu Yan, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11547–11562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, 2016
Zeyuan Chen, Liang Chu, Edward S. Galbavy, Keren Ram, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9579–9590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9579-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9579-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We made the first measurements of the concentrations of hydroxyl radical (•OH), a dominant environmental oxidant, in snow grains. Concentrations of •OH in snow at Summit, Greenland, are comparable to values reported for midlatitude cloud and fog drops, even though impurity levels in the snow are much lower. At these concentrations, the lifetimes of organics and bromide in Summit snow are approximately 3 days and 7 h, respectively, suggesting that OH is a major oxidant for both species.
Dominik van Pinxteren, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Stephan Mertes, Konrad Müller, Gerald Spindler, Johannes Schneider, Taehyoung Lee, Jeffrey L. Collett, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3185–3205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3185-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3185-2016, 2016
A. J. Boris, T. Lee, T. Park, J. Choi, S. J. Seo, and J. L. Collett Jr.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 437–453, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-437-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-437-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Samples of fog water collected in the Yellow Sea during summer 2014 represent fog downwind of polluted regions and provide new insight into the fate of regional emissions. Organic and inorganic components reveal contributions from urban, biogenic, marine, and biomass burning emissions, as well as evidence of aqueous organic processing reactions. Many fog components are products of extensive photochemical aging during multiday transport, including oxidation within wet aerosols or fogs.
Y. W. Liu, Xu-Ri, Y. S. Wang, Y. P. Pan, and S. L. Piao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11683–11700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11683-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11683-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated inorganic N wet deposition at five sites in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Combining in situ measurements in this and previous studies, the average wet deposition of NH4+-N, NO3--N, and inorganic N in the TP was estimated to be 1.06, 0.51, and 1.58 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Results suggest that earlier estimations based on chemical transport model simulations and/or limited field measurements likely overestimated substantially the regional inorganic N wet deposition in the TP.
Y. P. Pan and Y. S. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 951–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-951-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-951-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first concurrent measurements of wet and dry deposition of various trace elements in Northern China, covering an extensive area over 3 years in a global hotspot of air pollution. The unique field data can serve as a sound basis for the validation of regional emission inventories and biogeochemical or atmospheric chemistry models. The findings are very important for policy makers to create legislation to reduce the emissions and protect soil and water from air pollution.
S. Makowski Giannoni, R. Rollenbeck, K. Trachte, and J. Bendix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11297–11312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11297-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11297-2014, 2014
J. D. Felix, S. B. Jones, G. B. Avery, J. D. Willey, R. N. Mead, and R. J. Kieber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10509–10516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10509-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10509-2014, 2014
A. Tilgner, L. Schöne, P. Bräuer, D. van Pinxteren, E. Hoffmann, G. Spindler, S. A. Styler, S. Mertes, W. Birmili, R. Otto, M. Merkel, K. Weinhold, A. Wiedensohler, H. Deneke, R. Schrödner, R. Wolke, J. Schneider, W. Haunold, A. Engel, A. Wéber, and H. Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9105–9128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9105-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9105-2014, 2014
S. Henning, K. Dieckmann, K. Ignatius, M. Schäfer, P. Zedler, E. Harris, B. Sinha, D. van Pinxteren, S. Mertes, W. Birmili, M. Merkel, Z. Wu, A. Wiedensohler, H. Wex, H. Herrmann, and F. Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7859–7868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7859-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7859-2014, 2014
L. Deguillaume, T. Charbouillot, M. Joly, M. Vaïtilingom, M. Parazols, A. Marinoni, P. Amato, A.-M. Delort, V. Vinatier, A. Flossmann, N. Chaumerliac, J. M. Pichon, S. Houdier, P. Laj, K. Sellegri, A. Colomb, M. Brigante, and G. Mailhot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1485–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1485-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1485-2014, 2014
H. Brenot, J. Neméghaire, L. Delobbe, N. Clerbaux, P. De Meutter, A. Deckmyn, A. Delcloo, L. Frappez, and M. Van Roozendael
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5425–5449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5425-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5425-2013, 2013
B. Ervens, Y. Wang, J. Eagar, W. R. Leaitch, A. M. Macdonald, K. T. Valsaraj, and P. Herckes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5117–5135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5117-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5117-2013, 2013
R. N. Mead, K. M. Mullaugh, G. Brooks Avery, R. J. Kieber, J. D. Willey, and D. C. Podgorski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4829–4838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4829-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4829-2013, 2013
K. M. Mullaugh, J. D. Willey, R. J. Kieber, R. N. Mead, and G. B. Avery Jr.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2321–2330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2321-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2321-2013, 2013
Y. M. Wang, D. Y. Wang, B. Meng, Y. L. Peng, L. Zhao, and J. S. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9417–9426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9417-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9417-2012, 2012
Y. P. Pan, Y. S. Wang, G. Q. Tang, and D. Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6515–6535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6515-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6515-2012, 2012
Z. H. Dai, X. B. Feng, J. Sommar, P. Li, and X. W. Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6207–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6207-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6207-2012, 2012
K. E. Altieri, M. G. Hastings, A. J. Peters, and D. M. Sigman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3557–3571, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3557-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3557-2012, 2012
F. Yang, J. Tan, Z. B. Shi, Y. Cai, K. He, Y. Ma, F. Duan, T. Okuda, S. Tanaka, and G. Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2025–2035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2025-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2025-2012, 2012
M. A. S. Lombard, J. G. Bryce, H. Mao, and R. Talbot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7657–7668, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7657-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7657-2011, 2011
R. Das, L. Granat, C. Leck, P. S. Praveen, and H. Rodhe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3743–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3743-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3743-2011, 2011
K. Desboeufs, E. Journet, J.-L. Rajot, S. Chevaillier, S. Triquet, P. Formenti, and A. Zakou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9283–9293, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9283-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9283-2010, 2010
J. M. Caffrey, W. M. Landing, S. D. Nolek, K. J. Gosnell, S. S. Bagui, and S. C. Bagui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5425–5434, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5425-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5425-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Armitage, J. M., MacLeod, M., and Cousins, I. T.: Comparative Assessment of
the Global Fate and Transport Pathways of Long-Chain Perfluorocarboxylic
Acids (PFCAs) and Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCs) Emitted from Direct Sources,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5830–5836, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900753y, 2009a.
Armitage, J. M., Schenker, U., Scheringer, M., Martin, J. W., MacLeod, M., and
Cousins, I. T.: Modeling the Global Fate and Transport of Perfluorooctane
Sulfonate (PFOS) and Precursor Compounds in Relation to Temporal Trends in
Wildlife Exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9274–9280,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es901448p, 2009b.
Barrie, L. A. and Barrie, M. J.: Chemical Components of Lower Tropospheric
Aerosols in the High Arctic?: Six Years of Observations, J. Atmos. Chem.,
11, 211–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118349, 1990.
Benskin, J. P., Phillips, V., St. Louis, V. L., and Martin, J. W.: Source
Elucidation of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids in Remote Alpine Lake Sediment
Cores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7188–7194, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2011176,
2011.
Benskin, J. P., Ahrens, L., Muir, D. C. G., Scott, B. F., Spencer, C.,
Rosenberg, B., Tomy, G., Kylin, H., Lohmann, R., and Martin, J. W.:
Manufacturing origin of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Atlantic and Canadian
Arctic seawater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 677–685, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202958p, 2012a.
Benskin, J. P., Muir, D. C. G., Scott, B. F., Spencer, C., De Silva, A. O.,
Kylin, H., Martin, J. W., Morris, A., Lohmann, R., Tomy, G., Rosenberg, B.,
Taniyasu, S., and Yamashita, N.: Perfluoroalkyl Acids in the Atlantic and
Canadian Arctic Oceans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5815–5823,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es300578x, 2012b.
Bezeau, P., Sharp, M., Burgess, D., and Gascon, G.: Firn profile changes in
response to extreme 21st-century melting at Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada,
J. Glaciol., 59, 981–991, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J208, 2013.
Boon, S., Burgess, D. O., Koerner, R. M., and Sharp, M. J.: Forty-seven years
of research on the Devon Island Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, Arctic, 63, 13–29,
https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic643, 2010.
Bourgeois, J. C., Gajewski, K., and Koerner, R. M.: Spatial patterns of pollen
deposition in arctic snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 5255–5265,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900708, 2001.
Braune, B. M. and Letcher, R. J.: Perfluorinated Sulfonate and Carboxylate
Compounds in Eggs of Seabirds Breeding in the Canadian Arctic: Temporal
Trends (1975–2011) and Interspecies Comparison, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47,
616–624, https://doi.org/10.1021/es303733d, 2013.
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de
Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., and van Leeuwen, S. P.:
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment:
Terminology, classification, and origins, Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag.,
7, 513–541, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.258, 2011.
Bullard, J. E., Baddock, M., Bradwell, T., Crusius, J., Darlington, E.,
Gaiero, D., Gassó, S., Gisladottir, G., Hodgkins, R., McCulloch, R.,
McKenna-Neuman, C., Mockford, T., Stewart, H., and Thorsteinsson, T.:
High-latitude dust in the Earth system, Rev. Geophys., 54, 447–485,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000518, 2016.
Busch, J., Ahrens, L., Xie, Z., Sturm, R., and Ebinghaus, R.: Polyfluoroalkyl
compounds in the East Greenland Arctic Ocean, J. Environ. Monit., 12,
1242, https://doi.org/10.1039/c002242j, 2010.
Butt, C. M., Muir, D. C. G., Stirling, I., Kwan, M., and Mabury, S. A.: Rapid
response of Arctic ringed seals to changes in perfluoroalkyl production,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 42–49, https://doi.org/10.1021/es061267m, 2007.
Butt, C. M., Berger, U., Bossi, R., and Tomy, G. T.: Levels and trends of
poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment, Sci. Total
Environ., 408, 2936–2965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.015, 2010.
Cabrerizo, A., Silva, A. De, Muir, D., Spencer, C., Lamoureux, S., and
Lafreniere, M.: Transport and Bioaccumulation of Perfluorinated Compounds in
an Arctic Lake Catchment Influenced by Permafrost Disturbance and Climate
Change, in: SETAC North America 37th Annual Meeting, 2016.
Cai, M., Zhao, Z., Yin, Z., Ahrens, L., Huang, P., Cai, M., Yang, H., He, J.,
Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R., and Xie, Z.: Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds
in Surface Waters from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 46, 661–668, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2026278, 2012a.
Calafat, A. M., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., Caudill, S. P., Tully, J. S., and
Needham, L. L.: Serum Concentrations of 11 Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in the
U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2237–2242,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es062686m, 2007.
Calvert, J. G., Derwent, R. G., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., and
Wallington, T. J.: Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes, Oxford University Press, England,, 2008.
Casal, P., Zhang, Y., Martin, J. W., Pizarro, M., Jiménez, B., and Dachs,
J.: Role of Snow Deposition of Perfluoroalkylated Substances at Coastal
Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica), Environ. Sci. Technol., 51,
8460–8470, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02521, 2017.
Criscitiello, A. S., Marshall, S. J., Evans, M. J., Kinnard, C., Norman,
A.-L., and Sharp, M. J.: Marine aerosol source regions to Prince of Wales
Icefield, Ellesmere Island, and influence from the tropical Pacific,
1979–2001, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 9492–9507,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024457, 2016.
Dassuncao, C., Hu, X. C., Zhang, X., Bossi, R., Dam, M., Mikkelsen, B., and
Sunderland, E. M.: Temporal Shifts in Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances
(PFASs) in North Atlantic Pilot Whales Indicate Large Contribution of
Atmospheric Precursors, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4512–4521,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00293, 2017.
D'eon, J. C., Hurley, M. D., Wallington, T. J., and Mabury, S. A.: Atmospheric
chemistry of N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoethanol,
C4F9SO2N(CH3)CH2CH2OH: Kinetics and mechanism of reaction with OH, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 40, 1862–1868, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0520767, 2006.
Dinglasan-Panlilio, M. J. A. and Mabury, S. A.: Significant residual
fluorinated alcohols present in various fluorinated materials, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 40, 1447–1453, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051619+, 2006.
Eichler, A., Schwikowski, M., and Gaggeler, H. W.: Meltwater-induced
relocation of chemical species in Alpine firn, Tellus B, 53, 192–203,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-15.x, 2001.
Ellis, D. A., Martin, J. W., De Silva, A. O., Mabury, S. A., Hurley, M. D.,
Sulbaek Andersen, M. P., and Wallington, T. J.: Degradation of fluorotelomer
alcohols: A likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3316–3321, https://doi.org/10.1021/es049860w, 2004.
Environment and Climate Change Canada: Environmental Performance Agreement,
available at: http://ec.gc.ca/epe-epa/default.asp?lang=En&n=AE06B51E-1 (last access: 27 October 2017), 2006.
Eetoolook, J., Koihok, M., Analok, F., Mala, C., Pigalak, T., Igutsaq, D., Angutinguniq, J., Pijamini, A., Aqpik, S., Tattuinee, J.,
Arnaqjuaq, B., Ivalu, A., Kaunak, J., Tasigat, N., Utok, T., Attungalak, N., Novolinga, Z., Arragutainaq, J. and Kilukishuk, G.,
Report of the Elder's Conference on Climate Change: 29–31 March 2001, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, 2001, (Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated), 2001.
Gascon, G., Sharp, M., Burgess, D., Bezeau, P., and Bush, A. B. G.: Changes in
accumulation-area firn stratigraphy and meltwater flow during a period of
climate warming: Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2380–2391, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002838, 2013.
Gewurtz, S. B., Martin, P. A., Letcher, R. J., Burgess, N. M., Champoux, L.,
Elliott, J. E., and Weseloh, D. V. C.: Spatio-temporal trends and monitoring
design of perfluoroalkyl acids in the eggs of gull (Larid) species from
across Canada and parts of the United States, Sci. Total Environ., 565,
440–450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.149, 2016.
Groot Zwaaftink, C. D., Grythe, H., Skov, H., and Stohl, A.: Substantial
contribution of northern high-latitude sources to mineral dust in the Arctic,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 13678–13697, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025482,
2016.
Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., and Ebinghaus, R.: Emissions of Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Textile Manufacturing Plant in China and
Their Relevance for Workers' Exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50,
10386–10396, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03213, 2016.
Houde, M., Martin, J. W., Letcher, R. J., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C. G.:
Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 40, 3463–3473, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052580b, 2006.
Hung, H., Wong, F., Shoeib, M., Yu, Y., Harner, T., Steffen, A., Muir, D.,
Teixeira, C., Jantunen, L., Sverko, E., Barresi, E., Fellin, P., Li, H.,
Green, C., Roach, P., and Wania, F.: Synopsis of Research Conducted Under the
2015–2016 Northern Contaminants Program, available at:
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/ncp/Synopsis20152016SupportingData.pdf (last access: 27 October 2017), 2016.
Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Chu, X., and Zhu, L.: Perfluoroalkyl acids
(PFAAs) with isomer analysis in the commerical PFOS and PFOA products in
China, Chemosphere, 127, 180–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.049, 2015.
Kahl, J. D. W., Martinez, D. A., Kuhns, H., Davidson, C. I., Jaffrezo, J.-L.,
and Harris, J. M.: Air mass trajectories to Summit, Greenland: A 44-year
climatology and some episodic events, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 102,
26861–26875, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00296, 1997.
Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Galloway, J. N., and Hawley, M. E.: Sea-salt
corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation,
J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6647–6658, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD06p06647, 1986.
Kirchgeorg, T., Dreyer, A., Gabrieli, J., Kehrwald, N., Sigl, M.,
Schwikowski, M., Boutron, C., Gambaro, A., Barbante, C., and Ebinghaus, R.:
Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers in alpine snow, Environ. Pollut., 178, 367–374,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.043, 2013.
Koerner, R. M.: Mass balance of glaciers in the Queen Elizabeth Islands,
Nunavut, Canada, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 417–423,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813122, 2005.
Kwok, K. Y., Yamazaki, E., Yamashita, N., Taniyasu, S., Murphy, M. B., Horii,
Y., Petrick, G., Kallenborn, R., Kannan, K., Murano, K., and Lam, P. K. S.:
Transport of Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from an arctic glacier to
downstream locations: Implications for sources, Sci. Total Environ., 447,
46–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.091, 2013.
Lam, J. C. W., Lyu, J., Kwok, K. Y., and Lam, P. K. S.: Perfluoroalkyl
Substances (PFASs) in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea and Their
Temporal Changes 2002–2014: Concern for Alternatives of PFOS?, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 6728–6736, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06076, 2016.
Land, M., de Wit, C. A., Cousins, I. T., Herzke, D., Johansson, J., and
Martin, J. W.: What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and
their precursors in the environment? A systematic review protocol, Environ.
Evid., 4, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2382-4-3, 2015.
Legrand, M. and Mayewski, P.: Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review,
Rev. Geophys., 35, 219–243, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG03527, 1997.
Lim, T. C., Wang, B., Huang, J., Deng, S., and Yu, G.: Emission Inventory for
PFOS in China: Review of Past Methodologies and Suggestions, Sci. World J.,
11, 1963–1980, https://doi.org/10.1100/2011/868156, 2011.
Luo, C., Mahowald, N. M., and del Corral, J.: Sensitivity study of
meteorological parameters on mineral aerosol mobilization, transport, and
distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4447, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003483, 2003.
MacInnis, J. J., French, K., Muir, D. C. G., Spencer, C., Criscitiello, A.,
De Silva, A. O., and Young, C. J.: A 14-year depositional ice record of
perfluoroalkyl substances in the High Arctic, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts,
19, 22–30, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00593D, 2017.
Martin, J. W., Ellis, D. A., Mabury, S. A., Hurley, M. D., and Wallington, T.
J.: Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides: Kinetic and Product
Studies of the OH Radical and Cl Atom Initiated Oxidation of N-Ethyl
Perfluorobutanesulfonamide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 864–872,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es051362f, 2006.
McMurdo, C. J., Ellis, D. A., Webster, E., Butler, J., Christensen, R. D., and
Reid, L. K.: Aerosol Enrichment of the Surfactant PFO and Mediation of the
Water-Air Transport of Gaseous PFOA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42,
3969–3974, https://doi.org/10.1021/es7032026, 2008.
Meyer, T., Muir, D. C. G., Teixeira, C., Wang, X., Young, T., and Wania, F.:
Deposition of Brominated Flame Retardants to the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut,
Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 826–833, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202900u, 2012.
Miller, J. E., Kahl, J. D. W., Heller, F., and Harris, J. M.: A
three-dimensional residence-time analysis of potential summertime atmospheric
transport to Summit, Greenland, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 403–408,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816663, 2002.
Mochizuki, T., Kawamura, K., Aoki, K., and Sugimoto, N.: Long-range atmospheric transport of volatile monocarboxylic acids with Asian
dust over a high mountain snow site, central Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14621–14633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14621-2016, 2016.
NSIDC: Arctic Sea Ice Minimum, National Snow and Ice Data Center,
available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/ (last access: 1 March
2018), 2017.
Olsen, G. W., Church, T. R., Miller, J. P., Burris, J. M., Hansen, K. J.,
Lundberg, J. K., Armitage, J. B., Herron, R. M., Medhdizadehkashi, Z.,
Nobiletti, J. B., O'Neill, E. M., Mandel, J. H., and Zobel, L. R.:
Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Other Fluorochemicals in the Serum of American
Red Cross Adult Blood Donors, Environ. Health Persp., 111, 1892–1901,
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6316, 2003.
Paul, A. G., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J.: A First Global Production, Emission, And Environmental Inventory For Perfluorooctane
Sulfonate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 386–392, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802216n, 2009.
Pinglot, J. F., Vaikmäe, R. A., Kamiyama, K., Igarashi, M., Fritzsche,
D., Wilhelms, F., Koerner, R., Henderson, L., Isaksson, E., Winther, J.-G.,
Van de wal, R. S. W., Fournier, M., Bouisset, P., and Meijer, H. A. J.: Ice
cores from Arctic sub-polar glaciers: chronology and post-depositional
processes deduced from radioactivity measurements, J. Glaciol., 49,
149–158, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830944, 2003.
Plassmann, M. M., Meyer, T., Lei, Y. D., Wania, F., McLachlan, M. S., and
Berger, U.: Laboratory Studies on the Fate of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylates and
Sulfonates during Snowmelt, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6872–6878,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es201249d, 2011.
Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., and Wagenbach, D.: Causes of enhanced fluoride
levels in Alpine ice cores over the last 75 years: Implications for the
atmospheric fluoride budget, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
12619–12632, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900755, 2001.
Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C., and Korzeniowski, S. H.:
Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
40, 32–44, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0512475, 2006.
Rahn, K. A., Borys, R. D., and Shaw, G. E.: The Asian source of Arctic haze
bands, Nature, 268, 713–715, https://doi.org/10.1038/268713a0, 1977.
Readinger, C.: Ice Core Proxy Methods for Tracking Climate Change, CSA
Discov. Guid., 1–10 available at: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main.php (last access: 27 October 2017), 2006.
Reth, M., Berger, U., Broman, D., Cousins, I. T., Nilsson, E. D., and
McLachlan, M. S.: Water-to-air transfer of perfluorinated carboxylates and
sulfonates in a sea spray simulator, Environ. Chem., 8, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN11007, 2011.
Ruisheng, Y.: Preliminary Information on Risk Management Evaluation of
PFOS's in China, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, 2008.
Schenker, U., Scheringer, M., MacLeod, M., Martin, J. W., Cousins, I. T., and
Hungerbühler, K.: Contribution of Volatile Precursor Substances to the
Flux of Perfluorooctanoate to the Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42,
3710–3716, https://doi.org/10.1021/es703165m, 2008.
Scheringer, M., Trier, X., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Fletcher, T., Wang,
Z., and Webster, T. F.: Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated
alkyl substances (PFASs), Chemosphere, 114, 337–339,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.044, 2014.
Sharp, M., Burgess, D. O., Cogley, J. G., Ecclestone, M., Labine, C., and
Wolken, G. J.: Extreme melt on Canada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047381, 2011.
Shoeib, M., Harner, T., and Vlahos, P.: Perfluorinated Chemicals in the Arctic
Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7577–7583,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0618999, 2006.
Stahl, T., Mattern, D., and Brunn, H.: Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds,
Environ. Sci. Eur., 23, 38, https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-23-38, 2011.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D.,
and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling
System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015.
Steinlin, C., Bogdal, C., Lüthi, M. P., Pavlova, P. A., Schwikowski, M.,
Zennegg, M., Schmid, P., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbühler, K.: A Temperate
Alpine Glacier as a Reservoir of Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Model Results of
Incorporation, Transport, and Release, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50,
5572–5579, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05886, 2016.
Stock, N. L., Furdui, V. I., Muir, D. C. G., and Mabury, S. A.: Perfluoroalkyl
contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: Evidence of atmospheric transport and
local contamination, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3529–3536, https://doi.org/10.1021/es062709x, 2007.
Sullivan, R. C., Guazzotti, S. A., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1213–1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1213-2007, 2007.
Thackray, C. P. and Selin, N. E.: Uncertainty and variability in atmospheric formation of PFCAs from fluorotelomer precursors,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4585–4597, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4585-2017, 2017.
US EPA: PFOA Stewardship Program Baseline Year Summary Report,
available at: https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/epas-non-cbi-summary-tables-2015-company-progress
(last access: 6 April 2018), 2016.
Wallington, T. J., Hurley, M. D., Xia, J., Wuebbles, D. J., Sillman, S., Ito,
A., Penner, J. E., Ellis, D. A., Martin, J., Mabury, S. A., Nielsen, O. J.,
and Sulbaek Andersen, M. P.: Formation of C7F15COOH (PFOA) and Other
Perfluorocarboxylic Acids during the Atmospheric Oxidation of 8:2
Fluorotelomer Alcohol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 924–930,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es051858x, 2006.
Wang, T., Vestergren, R., Herzke, D., Yu, J. ,and Cousins, I. T.: Levels,
Isomer Profiles, and Estimated Riverine Mass Discharges of Perfluoroalkyl
Acids and Fluorinated Alternatives at the Mouths of Chinese Rivers, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 50, 11584–11592, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03752, 2016.
Wang, X., Halsall, C., Codling, G., Xie, Z., Xu, B., Zhao, Z., Xue, Y.,
Ebinghaus, R., and Jones, K. C.: Accumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in
Tibetan Mountain Snow: Temporal Patterns from 1980 to 2010, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 48, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4044775, 2014.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbühler, K.:
Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids
(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential
precursors, Environ. Int., 60, 242–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021,
2013.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., Buck, R. C., and Hungerbuhler, K.:
Global emission inventories for C4-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA)
homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part 1: Production and emissions from
quantifiable sources, Environ. Int., 70, 62–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.013, 2014a.
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., Buck, R. C., and Hungerbühler,
K.: Global emission inventories for C4–C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid
(PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, part II: The remaining pieces of the
puzzle, Environ. Int., 69, 166–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.006, 2014b.
Wang, Z., Boucher, J. M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., and
Hungerbühler, K.: Toward a Comprehensive Global Emission Inventory of
C4–C10 Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids (PFSAs) and Related Precursors: Focus
on the Life Cycle of C8-Based Products and Ongoing Industrial Transition,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4482–4493, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06191, 2017.
Weppner, W. A.: 3M Company, Phase-out plan for POSF-based products; US
Environmental Protection Agency, 2000.
Xie, S., Wang, T., Liu, S., Jones, K. C., Sweetman, A. J., and Lu, Y.:
Industrial source identification and emission estimation of perfluorooctane
sulfonate in China, Environ. Int., 52, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.004, 2013.
Xu, Z., Li, L., Henkelmann, B., and Schramm, K.-W.: Occurrence of
fluorotelomer alcohols at two Alpine summits: sources, transport and temporal
trends, Environ. Chem., 14, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN16190, 2017.
Yao, Y., Sun, H., Gan, Z., Hu, H., Zhao, Y., Chang, S., and Zhou, Q.-X.:
Nationwide Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor
Dust in Mainland China From Eastern to Western Areas, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
50, 3676–3685, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00649, 2016.
Yarwood, G., Kemball-Cook, S., Keinath, M., Waterland, R. L., Korzeniowski,
S. H., Buck, R. C., Russell, M. H., and Washburn, S. T.: High-Resolution
Atmospheric Modeling of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Perfluorocarboxylic Acids
in the North American Troposphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41,
5756–5762, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0708971, 2007.
Young, C. J. and Mabury, S. A.: Atmospheric Perfluorinated Acid Precursors:
Chemistry, Occurrence, and Impacts, edited by: Whitacre, D. M., Springer New
York, New York, NY, 2010.
Young, C. J., Furdui, V. I., Franklin, J., Koerner, R. M., Muir, D. C. G., and
Mabury, S. A.: Perfluorinated acids in Arctic snow: New evidence for
atmospheric formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3455–3461, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0626234, 2007.
Zdanowicz, C. M., Zielinski, G. A., and Wake, C. P.: Characteristics of modern
atmospheric dust deposition in snow on the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island,
Arctic Canada, Tellus B, 50, 506–520,
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-1-00008.x, 1998.
Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Möller, A., Sturm, R., Tang, J., Zhang, G., and
Ebinghaus, R.: Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl
substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast, Environ.
Pollut., 170, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.004, 2012.
Short summary
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds found in the environment far from source regions, including the remote Arctic. We collected a 15 m ice core from the Canadian High Arctic to measure a 38-year deposition record of PFAAs, proving information about major pollutant sources and production changes over time. Our results demonstrate that PFAAs have continuous and increasing deposition, despite recent North American regulations and phase-outs.
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds found in the environment...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint