Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5045-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5045-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Continuous non-marine inputs of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the High Arctic: a multi-decadal temporal record
Heidi M. Pickard
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7,
Canada
Alison S. Criscitiello
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Christine Spencer
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Martin J. Sharp
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
Derek C. G. Muir
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Amila O. De Silva
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X7,
Canada
now at: Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J
1P3, Canada
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Cited
63 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Gas-Phase Detection of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Other Oxygenated Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry T. Riedel et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00196
- Wastewater sources of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in four Canadian Arctic communities K. Stroski et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134494
- New insights into the mechanism and kinetics of the addition reaction of unsaturated Criegee intermediates to CF3COOH and tropospheric implications M. Lily et al. 10.1039/D3EM00554B
- Atmospheric perfluoroalkyl acid occurrence and isomer profiles in Beijing, China J. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113129
- Tubing material considerably affects measurement delays of gas-phase oxygenated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances J. Mattila et al. 10.1080/10962247.2023.2174612
- The fate of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in a marine food web influenced by land-based sources in the Norwegian Arctic A. Ali et al. 10.1039/D0EM00510J
- Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment – a review H. Hung et al. 10.1039/D1EM00485A
- Fate of ‘forever chemicals’ in the global cryosphere Y. Zhou et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104973
- Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c01645
- Transport of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Replacement Compound HFPO-DA through the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean—Is the Arctic a Sink or a Source? H. Joerss et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c00228
- Sedimentary records of contaminant inputs in Frobisher Bay, Nunavut M. Bartley et al. 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100313
- Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers A. De Silva et al. 10.1039/D3EM00215B
- Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides (FASA) H. Pickard et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00143
- Exploring controls on perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) gas–particle partitioning using a model with observational constraints Y. Tao et al. 10.1039/D2EM00261B
- Proglacial river sediments are a substantial sink of perfluoroalkyl substances released by glacial meltwater Y. Zhou et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01223-y
- Perfluoroalkyl substances in precipitation from the Tibetan Plateau during monsoon season: Concentrations, source regions and mass fluxes M. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131105
- Side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers in children car seats Y. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115477
- Legacy and emerging per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in polar regions Z. Xie & R. Kallenborn 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100840
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface sediments of the North-east Atlantic Ocean: A non-natural PFAS background S. Boitsov et al. 10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100545
- Increasing Accumulation of Perfluorocarboxylate Contaminants Revealed in an Antarctic Firn Core (1958–2017) J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c02592
- Understanding PFAAs exposure in a generalist seabird species breeding in the vicinity of a fluorochemical plant: Influence of maternal transfer and diet A. Lopez-Antia et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116355
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, gas and particle in open ocean and coastal environment E. Yamazaki et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129869
- Snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivealis) as bio-indicators for exposure differences to legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants from the Arctic terrestrial environment on Svalbard N. Warner et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.351
- A 50 year record for perfluoroalkyl acids in the high arctic: implications for global and local transport D. Persaud et al. 10.1039/D4EM00219A
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American School Uniforms C. Xia et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c02111
- Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere K. Spaan et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b06773
- Winter Tracking Data Suggest that Migratory Seabirds Transport Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Their Arctic Nesting Site D. Léandri-Breton et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c02661
- A Bad Start in Life? Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Emerging Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances to Eggs in an Arctic Seabird W. Jouanneau et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03773
- Zürich II Statement on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Scientific and Regulatory Needs J. DeWitt et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00147
- Investigation of perfluoroalkyl substances in proglacial rivers and permafrost seep in a high Arctic watershed J. MacInnis et al. 10.1039/D1EM00349F
- Levels and Seasonal Trends of C1–C4 Perfluoroalkyl Acids and the Discovery of Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid in Surface Snow in the Arctic M. Björnsdotter et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04776
- Characterizing Volatile Emissions and Combustion Byproducts from Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Using Online Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry J. Mattila et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c09255
- Assessing the contribution of atmospheric transport and tourism activities to the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in an Alpine Nature Reserve C. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133851
- Lethal and sublethal toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in chronic tests with Hyalella azteca (amphipod) and early-life stage tests with Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) A. Bartlett et al. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111250
- Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment S. Madronich et al. 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8
- Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Seawater and Plankton from the Northwestern Atlantic Margin X. Zhang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b03230
- A global atmospheric chemistry model for the fate and transport of PFCAs and their precursors C. Thackray et al. 10.1039/C9EM00326F
- Levels and distribution profiles of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a high Arctic Svalbard ice core W. Hartz et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161830
- Perfluoroalkyl acids in pregnant women from Nunavik (Quebec, Canada): Trends in exposure and associations with country foods consumption É. Caron-Beaudoin et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106169
- Organic Fluorine as an Indicator of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Dust from Buildings with Healthier versus Conventional Materials A. Young et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c05198
- PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding A. De Silva et al. 10.1002/etc.4935
- Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Juvenile Seabirds from the U.S. Atlantic Coast A. Robuck et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c01951
- Ice Core Record of Persistent Short‐Chain Fluorinated Alkyl Acids: Evidence of the Impact From Global Environmental Regulations H. Pickard et al. 10.1029/2020GL087535
- Levels and trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic environment – An update D. Muir et al. 10.1016/j.emcon.2019.06.002
- Occurrence and source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the atmosphere in China D. Han et al. 10.5194/acp-19-14107-2019
- Occurrence and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the ice-melting lakes of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica G. Shan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146747
- High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c01676
- Preferential Partitioning of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Freshwater Ice S. Sherman-Bertinetti et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c04636
- Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging G. Glenn et al. 10.1111/1541-4337.12726
- Occurrence, spatial heterogeneity, and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the major rivers of the Tibetan Plateau J. Ren et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159026
- Occurrence and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids along the estuarine and coastal regions under varied environmental factors R. Avellán-Llaguno et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144584
- A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects E. Sunderland et al. 10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1
- Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources A. Cabrerizo et al. 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011
- Atmospheric Deposition and Annual Flux of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Replacement Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in Wilmington, NC, USA M. Shimizu et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00251
- Fate and Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Substances from Snowpacks into a Lake in the High Arctic of Canada J. MacInnis et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b03372
- Influence of Water Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) on Their Size-Resolved Enrichment in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosols B. Sha et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c03804
- Constraining global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids on sea spray aerosol using field measurements B. Sha et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl1026
- Influence of atmospheric conditions on the role of trifluoroacetic acid in atmospheric sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation L. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-6221-2021
- A closer look into the contribution of atmospheric gas-phase pathways in the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids M. Altarawneh 10.1016/j.apr.2021.101255
- An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices Z. Zango et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102
- Cross-cutting studies of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Arctic wildlife and humans R. Lohmann et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176274
- Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA) as a Source of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) to the Atmosphere: Field Evidence from Long-Term Air Monitoring B. Sha et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04277
- Characterization of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediment cores from High and Low Arctic lakes in Canada J. MacInnis et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.210
62 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Gas-Phase Detection of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Other Oxygenated Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry T. Riedel et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00196
- Wastewater sources of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in four Canadian Arctic communities K. Stroski et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134494
- New insights into the mechanism and kinetics of the addition reaction of unsaturated Criegee intermediates to CF3COOH and tropospheric implications M. Lily et al. 10.1039/D3EM00554B
- Atmospheric perfluoroalkyl acid occurrence and isomer profiles in Beijing, China J. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113129
- Tubing material considerably affects measurement delays of gas-phase oxygenated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances J. Mattila et al. 10.1080/10962247.2023.2174612
- The fate of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in a marine food web influenced by land-based sources in the Norwegian Arctic A. Ali et al. 10.1039/D0EM00510J
- Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment – a review H. Hung et al. 10.1039/D1EM00485A
- Fate of ‘forever chemicals’ in the global cryosphere Y. Zhou et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104973
- Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c01645
- Transport of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Replacement Compound HFPO-DA through the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean—Is the Arctic a Sink or a Source? H. Joerss et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c00228
- Sedimentary records of contaminant inputs in Frobisher Bay, Nunavut M. Bartley et al. 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100313
- Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers A. De Silva et al. 10.1039/D3EM00215B
- Bioaccumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides (FASA) H. Pickard et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00143
- Exploring controls on perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) gas–particle partitioning using a model with observational constraints Y. Tao et al. 10.1039/D2EM00261B
- Proglacial river sediments are a substantial sink of perfluoroalkyl substances released by glacial meltwater Y. Zhou et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01223-y
- Perfluoroalkyl substances in precipitation from the Tibetan Plateau during monsoon season: Concentrations, source regions and mass fluxes M. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131105
- Side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers in children car seats Y. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115477
- Legacy and emerging per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in polar regions Z. Xie & R. Kallenborn 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100840
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface sediments of the North-east Atlantic Ocean: A non-natural PFAS background S. Boitsov et al. 10.1016/j.envadv.2024.100545
- Increasing Accumulation of Perfluorocarboxylate Contaminants Revealed in an Antarctic Firn Core (1958–2017) J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c02592
- Understanding PFAAs exposure in a generalist seabird species breeding in the vicinity of a fluorochemical plant: Influence of maternal transfer and diet A. Lopez-Antia et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116355
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, gas and particle in open ocean and coastal environment E. Yamazaki et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129869
- Snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivealis) as bio-indicators for exposure differences to legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants from the Arctic terrestrial environment on Svalbard N. Warner et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.351
- A 50 year record for perfluoroalkyl acids in the high arctic: implications for global and local transport D. Persaud et al. 10.1039/D4EM00219A
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American School Uniforms C. Xia et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c02111
- Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere K. Spaan et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b06773
- Winter Tracking Data Suggest that Migratory Seabirds Transport Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Their Arctic Nesting Site D. Léandri-Breton et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c02661
- A Bad Start in Life? Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Emerging Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances to Eggs in an Arctic Seabird W. Jouanneau et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c03773
- Zürich II Statement on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Scientific and Regulatory Needs J. DeWitt et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00147
- Investigation of perfluoroalkyl substances in proglacial rivers and permafrost seep in a high Arctic watershed J. MacInnis et al. 10.1039/D1EM00349F
- Levels and Seasonal Trends of C1–C4 Perfluoroalkyl Acids and the Discovery of Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid in Surface Snow in the Arctic M. Björnsdotter et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04776
- Characterizing Volatile Emissions and Combustion Byproducts from Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Using Online Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry J. Mattila et al. 10.1021/acs.est.3c09255
- Assessing the contribution of atmospheric transport and tourism activities to the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in an Alpine Nature Reserve C. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133851
- Lethal and sublethal toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in chronic tests with Hyalella azteca (amphipod) and early-life stage tests with Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) A. Bartlett et al. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111250
- Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment S. Madronich et al. 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8
- Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Seawater and Plankton from the Northwestern Atlantic Margin X. Zhang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b03230
- A global atmospheric chemistry model for the fate and transport of PFCAs and their precursors C. Thackray et al. 10.1039/C9EM00326F
- Levels and distribution profiles of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a high Arctic Svalbard ice core W. Hartz et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161830
- Perfluoroalkyl acids in pregnant women from Nunavik (Quebec, Canada): Trends in exposure and associations with country foods consumption É. Caron-Beaudoin et al. 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106169
- Organic Fluorine as an Indicator of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Dust from Buildings with Healthier versus Conventional Materials A. Young et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c05198
- PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding A. De Silva et al. 10.1002/etc.4935
- Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Juvenile Seabirds from the U.S. Atlantic Coast A. Robuck et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c01951
- Ice Core Record of Persistent Short‐Chain Fluorinated Alkyl Acids: Evidence of the Impact From Global Environmental Regulations H. Pickard et al. 10.1029/2020GL087535
- Levels and trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic environment – An update D. Muir et al. 10.1016/j.emcon.2019.06.002
- Occurrence and source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the atmosphere in China D. Han et al. 10.5194/acp-19-14107-2019
- Occurrence and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the ice-melting lakes of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica G. Shan et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146747
- High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice J. Garnett et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c01676
- Preferential Partitioning of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Freshwater Ice S. Sherman-Bertinetti et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c04636
- Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging G. Glenn et al. 10.1111/1541-4337.12726
- Occurrence, spatial heterogeneity, and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the major rivers of the Tibetan Plateau J. Ren et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159026
- Occurrence and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids along the estuarine and coastal regions under varied environmental factors R. Avellán-Llaguno et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144584
- A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects E. Sunderland et al. 10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1
- Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Terrestrial Compartments in the High Arctic: Sorption and Secondary Sources A. Cabrerizo et al. 10.1021/acs.est.8b05011
- Atmospheric Deposition and Annual Flux of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Replacement Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in Wilmington, NC, USA M. Shimizu et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00251
- Fate and Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Substances from Snowpacks into a Lake in the High Arctic of Canada J. MacInnis et al. 10.1021/acs.est.9b03372
- Influence of Water Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) on Their Size-Resolved Enrichment in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosols B. Sha et al. 10.1021/acs.est.0c03804
- Constraining global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids on sea spray aerosol using field measurements B. Sha et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adl1026
- Influence of atmospheric conditions on the role of trifluoroacetic acid in atmospheric sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation L. Liu et al. 10.5194/acp-21-6221-2021
- A closer look into the contribution of atmospheric gas-phase pathways in the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids M. Altarawneh 10.1016/j.apr.2021.101255
- An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices Z. Zango et al. 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102
- Cross-cutting studies of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Arctic wildlife and humans R. Lohmann et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176274
- Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA) as a Source of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) to the Atmosphere: Field Evidence from Long-Term Air Monitoring B. Sha et al. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04277
Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 20 Nov 2024
Short summary
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds found in the environment far from source regions, including the remote Arctic. We collected a 15 m ice core from the Canadian High Arctic to measure a 38-year deposition record of PFAAs, proving information about major pollutant sources and production changes over time. Our results demonstrate that PFAAs have continuous and increasing deposition, despite recent North American regulations and phase-outs.
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds found in the environment...
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Final-revised paper
Preprint