Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14851-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14851-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Oct 2018
Research article |
| 17 Oct 2018
| 17 Oct 2018
Seasonal evaluation of tropospheric CO2 over the Asia-Pacific region observed by the CONTRAIL commercial airliner measurements
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Hidekazu Matsueda
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Yousuke Sawa
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Yosuke Niwa
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
now at: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Toshinobu Machida
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Lingxi Zhou
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Related authors
Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Masahito Ueyama, Satoshi Kameyama, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3285, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
To take effective mitigation actions, accurate understanding of methane emission characteristics in cities is important. We conducted atmospheric methane and ethane measurements using a vehicle in the world’s largest megacity, Tokyo, to identify locations and types of emissions and estimate their magnitudes. Waste sectors and fugitive natural gas emissions were found to be the major urban sources, and our data suggested need of improved accounting of natural gas related emissions.
Yosuke Niwa, Yasunori Tohjima, Yukio Terao, Tazu Saeki, Akihiko Ito, Taku Umezawa, Kyohei Yamada, Motoki Sasakawa, Toshinobu Machida, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hideki Nara, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Yukio Yoshida, Shinji Morimoto, Shinya Takatsuji, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yousuke Sawa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Kentaro Ishijima, Ryo Fujita, Daisuke Goto, Xin Lan, Kenneth Schuldt, Michal Heliasz, Tobias Biermann, Lukasz Chmura, Jarsolaw Necki, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Damiano Sferlazzo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6757–6785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated regional and sectoral emission contributions to the unprecedented surge of atmospheric methane for 2020–2022. The methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, and its emissions reduction is urgently required to mitigate global warming. Numerical modeling-based estimates with three different sets of atmospheric observations consistently suggested large contributions of biogenic emissions from South Asia and Southeast Asia to the surge of atmospheric methane.
Bibhasvata Dasgupta, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Ingeborg Levin, Cora Veidt, Heiko Moossen, Sylvia Englund Michel, Peter Sperlich, Shinji Morimoto, Ryo Fujita, Taku Umezawa, Stephen Matthew Platt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Rebecca Fisher, David Lowry, Euan Nisbet, James France, Ceres Woolley Maisch, Gordon Brailsford, Rowena Moss, Daisuke Goto, Sudhanshu Pandey, Sander Houweling, Nicola Warwick, and Thomas Röckmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2439, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2439, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined long-term methane mole fraction and isotope measurements from eight laboratories that sample high-latitude stations to compare, offset correct and harmonise the datasets into a hemisphere merged timeseries. Because each laboratory uses slightly different methods, we adjusted the data to make it directly comparable. This allowed us to create a consistent record of atmospheric methane concentration and its isotopes from 1988 to 2023.
Masahito Ueyama, Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3926, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3926, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions were measured in Megacity Osaka, Japan, using mobile and eddy covariance methods. The CH4 emissions were much higher than those reported in local inventories, with natural gas contributing up to 74 % of the emissions. Several CH4 sources not accounted for in current inventories were identified. These results emphasize the need for more comprehensive emissions tracking in urban areas to enhance climate change mitigation efforts.
Hideki Nara, Takuya Saito, Taku Umezawa, and Yasunori Tohjima
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5187–5200, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a high-accuracy dynamic dilution system for generating reference gas mixtures containing carbonyl sulfide (COS). Although COS at ambient levels generally has poor storage stability, our approach involves the dilution of a gas mixture containing micromole-per-mole levels of COS, the stability of which was validated for more than 1 decade. The developed system has excellent dilution performance and will facilitate accurate instrumental calibration for atmospheric COS observation.
Taku Umezawa, Satoshi Sugawara, Kenji Kawamura, Ikumi Oyabu, Stephen J. Andrews, Takuya Saito, Shuji Aoki, and Takakiyo Nakazawa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6899–6917, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6899-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6899-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas methane in the Arctic atmosphere has not been accurately reported for 1900–1980 from either direct observations or ice core reconstructions. By using trace gas data from firn (compacted snow layers above ice sheet), air samples at two Greenland sites, and a firn air transport model, this study suggests a likely range of the Arctic methane reconstruction for the 20th century. Atmospheric scenarios from two previous studies are also evaluated for consistency with the firn data sets.
Yosuke Niwa, Yousuke Sawa, Hideki Nara, Toshinobu Machida, Hidekazu Matsueda, Taku Umezawa, Akihiko Ito, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hiroshi Tanimoto, and Yasunori Tohjima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9455–9473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires in Equatorial Asia release a large amount of carbon into the atmosphere. Extensively using high-precision atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) data from a commercial aircraft observation project, we estimated fire carbon emissions in Equatorial Asia induced by the big El Niño event in 2015. Additional shipboard measurement data elucidated the validity of the analysis and the best estimate indicated 273 Tg C for fire emissions during September–October 2015.
Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Masahito Ueyama, Satoshi Kameyama, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3285, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3285, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
To take effective mitigation actions, accurate understanding of methane emission characteristics in cities is important. We conducted atmospheric methane and ethane measurements using a vehicle in the world’s largest megacity, Tokyo, to identify locations and types of emissions and estimate their magnitudes. Waste sectors and fugitive natural gas emissions were found to be the major urban sources, and our data suggested need of improved accounting of natural gas related emissions.
Yosuke Niwa, Yasunori Tohjima, Yukio Terao, Tazu Saeki, Akihiko Ito, Taku Umezawa, Kyohei Yamada, Motoki Sasakawa, Toshinobu Machida, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hideki Nara, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Yukio Yoshida, Shinji Morimoto, Shinya Takatsuji, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yousuke Sawa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Kentaro Ishijima, Ryo Fujita, Daisuke Goto, Xin Lan, Kenneth Schuldt, Michal Heliasz, Tobias Biermann, Lukasz Chmura, Jarsolaw Necki, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Damiano Sferlazzo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6757–6785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated regional and sectoral emission contributions to the unprecedented surge of atmospheric methane for 2020–2022. The methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, and its emissions reduction is urgently required to mitigate global warming. Numerical modeling-based estimates with three different sets of atmospheric observations consistently suggested large contributions of biogenic emissions from South Asia and Southeast Asia to the surge of atmospheric methane.
Bibhasvata Dasgupta, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Ingeborg Levin, Cora Veidt, Heiko Moossen, Sylvia Englund Michel, Peter Sperlich, Shinji Morimoto, Ryo Fujita, Taku Umezawa, Stephen Matthew Platt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Rebecca Fisher, David Lowry, Euan Nisbet, James France, Ceres Woolley Maisch, Gordon Brailsford, Rowena Moss, Daisuke Goto, Sudhanshu Pandey, Sander Houweling, Nicola Warwick, and Thomas Röckmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2439, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2439, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined long-term methane mole fraction and isotope measurements from eight laboratories that sample high-latitude stations to compare, offset correct and harmonise the datasets into a hemisphere merged timeseries. Because each laboratory uses slightly different methods, we adjusted the data to make it directly comparable. This allowed us to create a consistent record of atmospheric methane concentration and its isotopes from 1988 to 2023.
Yuming Jin, Britton B. Stephens, Matthew C. Long, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Joram J. D. Hooghiem, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Shamil Maksyutov, Eric J. Morgan, Yosuke Niwa, Prabir K. Patra, Christian Rödenbeck, and Jesse Vance
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1736, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We carry out a comprehensive atmospheric transport model (ATM) intercomparison project. This project aims to evaluate errors in ATMs and three air-sea O2 exchange products by comparing model simulations with observations collected from surface stations, ships, and aircraft. We also present a model evaluation framework to independently quantify transport-related and flux-related biases that contribute to model-observation discrepancies in atmospheric tracer distributions.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Motoki Sasakawa, Noritsugu Tsuda, Toshinobu Machida, Mikhail Arshinov, Denis Davydov, Aleksandr Fofonov, and Boris Belan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1717–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1717-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1717-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Standard gases are essential for accurate greenhouse gas measurements. However, exchanging cylinders at remote sites presents logistical challenges, requiring systems that minimize gas consumption. We developed methods for calculating greenhouse gas mole fractions and uncertainties using our original system designed to reduce standard gas use. We validated its long-term stability through instrument comparisons. The system has proven effective for maintaining observations at remote sites.
Zhu Deng, Philippe Ciais, Liting Hu, Adrien Martinez, Marielle Saunois, Rona L. Thompson, Kushal Tibrewal, Wouter Peters, Brendan Byrne, Giacomo Grassi, Paul I. Palmer, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Xuekun Fang, Tengjiao Wang, Hanqin Tian, Katsumasa Tanaka, Ana Bastos, Stephen Sitch, Benjamin Poulter, Clément Albergel, Aki Tsuruta, Shamil Maksyutov, Rajesh Janardanan, Yosuke Niwa, Bo Zheng, Joël Thanwerdas, Dmitry Belikov, Arjo Segers, and Frédéric Chevallier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1121–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1121-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1121-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reconciles national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories with updated atmospheric inversion results to evaluate discrepancies for three principal GHG fluxes at the national level. Compared to our previous study, new satellite-based CO2 inversions were included and an updated mask of managed lands was used, improving agreement for Brazil and Canada. The proposed methodology can be regularly applied as a check to assess the gap between top-down inversions and bottom-up inventories.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Masahito Ueyama, Taku Umezawa, Yukio Terao, Mark Lunt, and James Lawrence France
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3926, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3926, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions were measured in Megacity Osaka, Japan, using mobile and eddy covariance methods. The CH4 emissions were much higher than those reported in local inventories, with natural gas contributing up to 74 % of the emissions. Several CH4 sources not accounted for in current inventories were identified. These results emphasize the need for more comprehensive emissions tracking in urban areas to enhance climate change mitigation efforts.
Chiranjit Das, Ravi Kumar Kunchala, Prabir K. Patra, Naveen Chandra, Kentaro Ishijima, and Toshinobu Machida
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3976, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3976, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Our study compares model CO2 with aircraft and OCO-2 data to identify transport model errors to better policy-related flux estimation. The model align better with aircraft data than satellite data, especially over oceans, but struggles near the surface due to inaccurate CO2 estimates. Over the Amazon and Asian megacities, differences arise from limited measurements and coarse model resolution, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and higher-resolution data to capture emissions better.
Hideki Nara, Takuya Saito, Taku Umezawa, and Yasunori Tohjima
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5187–5200, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a high-accuracy dynamic dilution system for generating reference gas mixtures containing carbonyl sulfide (COS). Although COS at ambient levels generally has poor storage stability, our approach involves the dilution of a gas mixture containing micromole-per-mole levels of COS, the stability of which was validated for more than 1 decade. The developed system has excellent dilution performance and will facilitate accurate instrumental calibration for atmospheric COS observation.
Astrid Müller, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Takafumi Sugita, Prabir K. Patra, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Toshinobu Machida, Isamu Morino, André Butz, and Kei Shiomi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1297–1316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite CH4 observations with high accuracy are needed to understand changes in atmospheric CH4 concentrations. But over oceans, reference data are limited. We combine various ship and aircraft observations with the help of atmospheric chemistry models to derive observation-based column-averaged mixing ratios of CH4 (obs. XCH4). We discuss three different approaches and demonstrate the applicability of the new reference dataset for carbon cycle studies and satellite evaluation.
Zhendong Wu, Alex Vermeulen, Yousuke Sawa, Ute Karstens, Wouter Peters, Remco de Kok, Xin Lan, Yasuyuki Nagai, Akinori Ogi, and Oksana Tarasova
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1249–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on exploring the differences in calculating global surface CO2 and its growth rate, considering the impact of analysis methodologies and site selection. Our study reveals that the current global CO2 network has a good capacity to represent global surface CO2 and its growth rate, as well as trends in atmospheric CO2 mass changes. However, small differences exist in different analyses due to the impact of methodology and site selection.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hiroaki Kondo, Kentaro Ishijima, Nobuyuki Aoki, Hidekazu Matsueda, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method evaluating techniques for carbon neutrality, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is important. This study presents a method to evaluate CO2 emissions from a cement plant based on atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements. The method will also be useful for evaluating CO2 capture from flue gas at CCS plants, since the plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere without causing any O2 changes, just as cement plants do, differing only in the direction of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Sophie Wittig, Antoine Berchet, Isabelle Pison, Marielle Saunois, Joël Thanwerdas, Adrien Martinez, Jean-Daniel Paris, Toshinobu Machida, Motoki Sasakawa, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Xin Lan, Rona L. Thompson, Espen Sollum, and Mikhail Arshinov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6457–6485, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6457-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6457-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, an inverse modelling approach is applied to estimate CH4 sources and sinks in the Arctic from 2008 to 2019. We study the magnitude, seasonal patterns and trends from different sources during recent years. We also assess how the current observation network helps to constrain fluxes. We find that constraints are only significant for North America and, to a lesser extent, West Siberia, where the observation network is relatively dense. We find no clear trend over the period of inversion.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Naveen Chandra, Prabir K. Patra, Yousuke Niwa, Akihiko Ito, Yosuke Iida, Daisuke Goto, Shinji Morimoto, Masayuki Kondo, Masayuki Takigawa, Tomohiro Hajima, and Michio Watanabe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9215–9243, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9215-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9215-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is intended to accomplish two goals: (1) quantify mean and uncertainty in non-fossil-fuel CO2 fluxes estimated by inverse modeling and (2) provide in-depth analyses of regional CO2 fluxes in support of emission mitigation policymaking. CO2 flux variability and trends are discussed concerning natural climate variability and human disturbances using multiple lines of evidence.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yosuke Niwa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Shohei Murayama, Kentaro Ishijima, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6953–6970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric O2 / N2 ratio and CO2 concentration over the western North Pacific are presented. We found significant modification of the seasonal APO cycle in the middle troposphere due to the interhemispheric mixing of air. APO driven by the net marine biological activities indicated annual sea–air O2 flux during El Niño. Terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes during 2012–2019 were estimated to be 1.8 and 2.8 Pg C a−1, respectively.
Taku Umezawa, Satoshi Sugawara, Kenji Kawamura, Ikumi Oyabu, Stephen J. Andrews, Takuya Saito, Shuji Aoki, and Takakiyo Nakazawa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6899–6917, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6899-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6899-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas methane in the Arctic atmosphere has not been accurately reported for 1900–1980 from either direct observations or ice core reconstructions. By using trace gas data from firn (compacted snow layers above ice sheet), air samples at two Greenland sites, and a firn air transport model, this study suggests a likely range of the Arctic methane reconstruction for the 20th century. Atmospheric scenarios from two previous studies are also evaluated for consistency with the firn data sets.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Shohei Nomura, Manish Naja, M. Kawser Ahmed, Hitoshi Mukai, Yukio Terao, Toshinobu Machida, Motoki Sasakawa, and Prabir K. Patra
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16427–16452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in India and Bangladesh unveiled specific characteristics in their variations in these regions. Plants including rice cultivated in winter and summer strongly affected seasonal variations and levels in CO2 and CH4. Long-term variability of GHGs showed quite different features in their growth rates from those in Mauna Loa. GHG trends in this region seemed to be hardly affected by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Yosuke Niwa, Yousuke Sawa, Hideki Nara, Toshinobu Machida, Hidekazu Matsueda, Taku Umezawa, Akihiko Ito, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hiroshi Tanimoto, and Yasunori Tohjima
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9455–9473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires in Equatorial Asia release a large amount of carbon into the atmosphere. Extensively using high-precision atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) data from a commercial aircraft observation project, we estimated fire carbon emissions in Equatorial Asia induced by the big El Niño event in 2015. Additional shipboard measurement data elucidated the validity of the analysis and the best estimate indicated 273 Tg C for fire emissions during September–October 2015.
Astrid Müller, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Takafumi Sugita, Toshinobu Machida, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Prabir K. Patra, Joshua Laughner, and David Crisp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8255–8271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Over oceans, high uncertainties in satellite CO2 retrievals exist due to limited reference data. We combine commercial ship and aircraft observations and, with the aid of model calculations, obtain column-averaged mixing ratios of CO2 (XCO2) data over the Pacific Ocean. This new dataset has great potential as a robust reference for XCO2 measured from space and can help to better understand changes in the carbon cycle in response to climate change using satellite observations.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, Yasunori Tohjima, Daisuke Goto, Kentaro Ishijima, Yosuke Niwa, Nobuyuki Aoki, and Shohei Murayama
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1357–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The surface Ar / N2 ratio showed not only secular increasing trends, but also interannual variations in phase with the global ocean heat content (OHC). Sensitivity test by using a two-dimensional model indicated that the secular trend in the Ar / N2 ratio is modified by the gravitational separation in the stratosphere. The analytical results imply that the surface Ar/N2 ratio is an important tracer for detecting spatiotemporally integrated changes in OHC and stratospheric circulation.
Shamil Maksyutov, Tomohiro Oda, Makoto Saito, Rajesh Janardanan, Dmitry Belikov, Johannes W. Kaiser, Ruslan Zhuravlev, Alexander Ganshin, Vinu K. Valsala, Arlyn Andrews, Lukasz Chmura, Edward Dlugokencky, László Haszpra, Ray L. Langenfelds, Toshinobu Machida, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Michel Ramonet, Colm Sweeney, and Douglas Worthy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to improve the top-down estimation of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, a high-resolution inverse modelling technique was developed for applications to global transport modelling of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian transport model and its adjoint are combined with surface fluxes at 0.1° resolution to provide high-resolution forward simulation and inverse modelling of surface fluxes accounting for signals from emission hot spots.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Cited articles
Adachi, S. and Kimura, F.: A 36-year Climatology of Surface Cyclogenesis in
East Asia Using High-resolution Reanalysis Data, SOLA, 3, 113–116,
https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2007?029, 2007.
Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., and Marland, G.: Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2
Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree
Longitude, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA,
https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.MonthlyMass.2013, 2013.
Ballantyne, A. P., Alden, C. B., Miller, J. B., Tans P. P., and White, J. W.
C.: Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during
the past 50 years, Nature, 488, 70–72, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11299, 2012.
Bergman, J. W., Fierli, F., Jensen, E. J., Honomichl, S., and Pan, L. L.:
Boundary layer sources for the Asian anticyclone: Regional contributions to
a vertical conduit, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2560–2575,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50142, 2013.
Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., and Yantosca, R. M.: Asian chemical
outflow to the Pacific in spring: Origins, pathways, and budgets, J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 23097–23113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000806, 2001.
Boden, T. A., Marland, G., and Andres, R. J.: Global, Regional, and National
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn.,
USA, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/00001 V2016, 2016.
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Crutzen, P., Boumard, F., Dauer, T., Dix, B.,
Ebinghaus, R., Filippi, D., Fischer, H., Franke, H., Frieß, U.,
Heintzenberg, J., Helleis, F., Hermann, M., Kock, H. H., Koeppel, C.,
Lelieveld, J., Leuenberger, M., Martinsson, B. G., Miemczyk, S., Moret,
H. P., Nguyen, H. N., Nyfeler, P., Oram, D., O'Sullivan, D.,
Penkett, S., Platt, U., Pupek, M., Ramonet, M., Randa, B., Reichelt,
M., Rhee, T. S., Rohwer, J., Rosenfeld, K., Scharffe, D., Schlager,
H., Schumann, U., Slemr, F., Sprung, D., Stock, P., Thaler, R.,
Valentino, F., van Velthoven, P., Waibel, A., Wandel, A., Waschitschek,
K., Wiedensohler, A., Xueref-Remy, I., Zahn, A., Zech, U., and Ziereis,
H.: Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere
based on an instrumented container: The new CARIBIC system, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 7, 4953–4976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4953-2007, 2007.
Calle, L., Canadell, J. G., Patra, P., Ciais, P., Ichii, K., Tian, H.,
Kondo, M., Piao, S., Arneth, A., Harper, A. B., Ito, A., Kato, E., Koven,
C., Sitch, S., Stocker, B. D., Vivoy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and
Poulter, B.: Regional carbon fluxes from land use and land cover change in
Asia, 1980–2009, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 074011,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074011, 2016.
Cervarich, M., Shu, S., Jain, A. K., Arneth, A., Canadell, J.,
Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Kato, E., Koven, C., Patra, P.,
Poulter, B., Sitch, S., Stocker, B., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., and Zeng, N.:
The terrestrial carbon budget of South and Southeast Asia, Environ. Res.
Lett., 11, 105006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/105006, 2016.
Chandra, N., Hayashida, S., Saeki, T., and Patra, P. K.: What controls the
seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over different regions
in India?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12633–12643,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12633-2017, 2017.
Chen, S.-J., Kuo, Y.-H., Zhang, P.-Z., and Bai, Q.-F.: Synoptic climatology
of cyclogenesis over East Asia, 1958–1987, Mon. Weather Rev., 119,
1407–1418, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1407:SCOCOE>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Garny, H. and Randel, W. J.: Dynamic variability of the Asian monsoon
anticyclone observed in potential vorticity and correlations with tracer
distributions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 13421–13433,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020908, 2013.
Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D.,
Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y.,
Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S.,
Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento,
J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W.: Towards robust regional
estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models,
Nature, 415, 626–630, https://doi.org/10.1038/415626a, 2002.
Hoor, P., Fischer, H., Lange, L., Lelieveld, J., and Brunner, D.: Seasonal
variations of a mixing layer in the lowermost stratosphere as identified by
the CO-O3 correlation from in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res.,
107, 4044, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000289, 2002.
Iida Y., Kojima, A., Takatani, Y., Nakano T., Midorikawa, T., and Ishii, M.:
Trends in pCO2 and sea-air CO2 flux over the global open oceans
for the last two decades, J. Oceanogr., 71, 637–661, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4, 2015.
Jiang, F., Wang, H. M., Cheu, J. M., Machida, T., Zhou, L. X., Ju, W. M.,
Matsueda, H., and Sawa, Y.: Carbon balance of China constrained by CONTRAIL
aircraft CO2 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10133–10144,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10133-2014, 2014.
Jiang, F., Chen, J. M., Zhou, L., Ju, W., Zhang, H., Machida, T., Ciais, P.,
Peters, W., Wang, H., Chen, B., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Matsueda, H., and Sawa,
Y.: A comprehensive estimate of recent carbon sinks in China using both
top-down and bottom-up approaches, Sci. Rep., 6, 22130,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22130, 2016.
Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi,
K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., Miyaoka, K., and Takahashi, K.:
The JRA-55 reanalysis: general specifications and basic characteristics, J.
Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 93, 1, 5–48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, 2015.
Lawrence, M. G. and Lelieveld, J.: Atmospheric pollutant outflow from
southern Asia: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11017–11096,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010, 2010.
Liang, Q., Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and
Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast
Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide, J.
Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004402, 2004.
Liu, C.-M., Buhr, M., and Merrill, J. T.: Ground-based observation of ozone,
carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide at Kenting, Taiwan, during the PEM-West
B campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28613–28625, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD02980,
1997.
Liu, H., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Duncan, B. N., and Sachse,
G. W.: Transport pathways for Asian pollution outflow over the Pacific:
Interannual and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8786,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003102, 2003.
Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Hirotani, K., Kondo, N.,
Goto, K., Ishikawa, K., Nakazawa, T., and Ogawa, T.: Worldwide measurements
of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gas species using commercial
airlines, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1744–1754,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1082.1, 2008.
Machida, T., Sawa, Y., Matsueda, H., and Niwa, Y.: Atmospheric CO2
mole fraction data of CONTRAIL-CME,
https://doi.org/10.17595/20180208.001, 2018.
Matsueda, H. and Inoue, H. Y.: Measurements of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 using
a commercial airliner from 1993 to 1994, Atmos. Environ., 30, 10–11,
1647–1655, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00374-6, 1996.
Matsueda, H., Inoue, H. Y., and Ishii M.: Aircraft observation of carbon
dioxide at 8–13 km altitude over the western Pacific from 1993 to 1999,
Tellus, 54B, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.00304.x, 2002.
Miyazaki, K., Patra, P. K., Takigawa, M., Iwasaki, T., and Nakazawa, T.:
Global-scale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D15301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009557, 2008.
Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Fuelberg, H. E., Kiley, C. M., Kita, K.,
Takegawa, N., Sachse, G. W., Flocke, F., Weinheimer, A. J., Singh, H. B.,
Eisele, F. L., Zondlo, M., Talbot, R. W., Sandholm, S. T., Avery, M. A., and
Blake, D. R.: Synoptic-scale transport of reactive nitrogen over the western
Pacific in spring, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8788,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003248, 2003.
Nakazawa, T., Miyashita, K., Aoki, S., and Tanaka, M.: Temporal and spatial
variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide,
Tellus, 43B, 106–117, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-1-00005.x, 1991.
Nakazawa, T., Ishizawa, M., Higuchi, K., and Trivett, N. B. A.: Two curve
fitting methods applied to CO2 flask data, Environmetrics, 8, 197–218,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199705)8:3<197::AID-ENV248>3.0.CO;2-C, 1997.
Niwa, Y., Patra, P. K., Sawa, Y., Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Belikov, D.,
Maki, T., Ikegami, M., Imasu, R., Maksyutov, S., Oda, T., Satoh, M., and
Takigawa, M.: Three-dimensional variations of atmospheric CO2: aircraft
measurements and multi-transport model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,
13359–13375, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13359-2011, 2011.
Niwa, Y., Machida, T., Sawa, Y., Matsueda, H., Schuck, T. J.,
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Imasu, R., and Satoh, M.: Imposing strong
constraints on tropical terrestrial CO2 fluxes using passenger aircraft
based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D11303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017474,
2012.
Niwa, Y., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., Imasu, R., Sawa, Y., Tsuboi, K., Matsueda,
H., Machida, T., Sasakawa, M., Belan, B., and Saigusa, N.: A 4D-Var
inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0)
– Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models, Geosci. Model Dev.,
10, 1157–1174, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1157-2017, 2017.
Onogi, K., Tsutsui, J., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S., Hatsushika,
H., Matsumoto, T., Yamazaki, N., Kamahori, H., Takahashi, K., Kadokura, S.,
Wada, K., Kato, K., Oyama, R., Ose, T., Mannoji, N., and Taira, R.: The
JRA-25 Reanalysis, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85, 369–432,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.85.369, 2007.
Oshima, N., Koike, M., Nakamura, H., Kondo, Y., Takegawa, N., Miyazaki, Y.,
Blake, D. R., Shirai, T., Kita, K., Kawakami, S., and Ogawa, T.: Asian
chemical outflow to the Pacific in late spring observed during the PEACE-B
aircraft mission, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004976,
2004.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., and Liversey, N. J.: Transport
pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from
MOZART, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010621, 2009.
Patra, P. K., Law, R. M., Peters, W., Rödenbeck, C., Takigawa, M.,
Aulagnier, C., Baker, I., Bergmann, D. J., Bousquet, P., Brandt, J.,
Bruhwiler, L., Cameron-Smith, P. J., Christensen, J. H., Delage, F.,
Denning, A. S., Fan, S., Geels, C., Houweling, S., Imasu, R., Karstens, U.,
Kawa, S. R., Kleist, J., Krol, M. C., Lin, S.-J., Lokupitiya, R., Maki, T.,
Maksyutov, S., Niwa, Y., Onishi, R., Parazoo, N., Pieterse, G., Rivier, L.,
Satoh, M., Serrar, S., Taguchi, S., Vautard, R., Vermeulen, A. T., and Zhu,
Z.: TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO2: Analysis of
synoptic-scale variations for the period 2002–2003, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 22, GB4013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003081, 2008.
Patra, P. K., Niwa, Y., Schuck, T. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Machida,
T., Matsueda, H., and Sawa, Y.: Carbon balance of South Asia constrained by
passenger aircraft CO2 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,
4163–4175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4163-2011, 2011, 2011.
Patra, P. K., Canadell, J. G., Houghton, R. A., Piao, S. L., Oh, N.-H.,
Ciais, P., Manjunath, K. R., Chhabra, A., Wang, T., Bhattacharya, T.,
Bousquet, P., Hartman, J., Ito, A., Mayorga, E., Niwa, Y., Raymond, P. A.,
Sarma, V. V. S. S., and Lasco, R.: The carbon budget of South Asia,
Biogeosciences, 10, 513–527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-513-2013, 2013.
Randel, W. J. and Park, M.: Deep convective influence on the Asian summer
monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12314,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006490, 2006.
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K.
A., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the
Stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
Randerson, J. T., Thompson, M. V., Conway, T. J., Fung, I. Y., and Field, C.
B.: The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the
seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11,
535–560, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB02268, 1997.
Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Fung, I. Y., and Tans, P. P.: Increases in
early season ecosystem uptake explain recent changes in the seasonal cycle
of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26,
2765–2768, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900500, 1999.
Rauthe-Schöch, A., Baker, A. K., Schuck, T. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A.
M., Zahn, A., Hermann, M., Stratmann, G., Ziereis, H., van Velthoven, P. F.
J., and Lelieveld, J.: Trapping, chemistry, and export of trace gases in the
South Asian summer monsoon observed during CARIBIC flights in 2008, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 16, 3609–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3609-2016, 2016.
Saeki, T., Maksyutov, S., Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Arshinov, M., Tans, P.,
Conway, T. J., Saito, M., Valsala, V., Oda, T., Andres, R. J., and Belikov,
D.: Carbon flux estimation for Siberia by inverse modeling constrained by
aircraft and tower CO2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118,
1100–1122, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50127, 2013.
Satoh, M., Tomita, H., Yashiro, H., Miura, H., Kodama, C., Seiki, T., Noda,
A. T., Yamada, Y., Goto, D., Sawada, M., Miyoshi, T., Niwa, Y., Hara, M.,
Ohno, T., Iga, S., Arakawa, T., Inoue, T., and Kubokawa, H.: The
Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model: description and development,
Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 1, 1–32,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-014-0018-1, 2014.
Sawa, Y., Matsueda, H., Makino, Y., Inoue, H. Y., Murayama, S., Hirota, M.,
Tsutsumi, Y., Zaizen, Y., Ikegami, M., and Okada, K.: Aircraft Observation
of CO2, CO, O3 and H2 over the North Pacific during the
PACE-7 Campaign, Tellus, 56B, 2–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00088.x,
2004.
Sawa, Y., Tanimoto, H., Yonemura, S., Matsueda, H., Wada, A., Taguchi, S.,
Hayasaka, T., Tsuruta, H., Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Kikuchi, N., Katagiri,
S., and Tsuboi, K.: Widespread pollution events of carbon monoxide observed
over the western North Pacific during the East Asian Regional Experiment
(EAREX) 2005 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S26,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008055, 2007.
Sawa, Y., Machida, T., and Matsueda, H.: Seasonal variations of CO2
near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D23301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010568, 2008.
Sawa, Y., Machida, T., and Matsueda, H.: Aircraft observation of the
seasonal variation in the transport of CO2 in the upper atmosphere, J.
Geophys. Res., 117, D05305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016933, 2012.
Sawa, Y., Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Niwa, Y., Tsuboi, K., Murayama, S.,
Morimoto, S., and Aoki, S.: Seasonal changes of CO2, CH4,
N2O, and SF6 in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere over the
Eurasian continent observed by commercial airliner, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
2001–2008, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062734, 2015.
Schuck, T. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Baker, A. K., Slemr, F., van
Velthoven, P. F. J., and Zahn, A.: Greenhouse gas relationships in the
Indian summer monsoon plume measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3965–3984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3965-2010, 2010.
Shirai, T., Machida, T., Marsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Niwa, Y., Maksyutov, S.,
and Higuchi, K.: Relative contribution of transport/surface flux to the
seasonal vertical synoptic CO2 variability in the troposphere over
Narita, Tellus, 64B, 19138, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.19138, 2012.
Shirai, T., Ishizawa, M., Zhuravlev, R., Ganshin, A., Belikov, D., Saito,
M., Oda, T., Valsala, V., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J., Langenfelds, R., and
Maksyutov, S.: A decadal inversion of CO2 using the Global
Eulerian–Lagrangian Coupled Atmospheric model (GELCA): sensitivity to the
ground-based observation network, Tellus B, 69, 1291158,
https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2017.1291158, 2017.
Stephens, B. B., Gurney, K. R., Tans, P. P., Sweeney, C., Peters, W.,
Bruhwiler, L., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Bousquet, P., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S.,
Machida, T., Inoue, G., Vinnichenko, N., Lloyd, J., Jordan, A., Heimann, M.,
Shibistova, O., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Francey, R. J., and
Denning, A. S.: Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from
vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2, Science, 316, 1732–1735,
doi:10.1126/science.1137004, 2007.
Sweeney, C., Karion, A., Wolter, S., Newberger, T., Guenther, D., Higgs, J.
A., Andrews, A. E., Lang, P. M., Neff, D., Dlugokencky, E., Miller, J. B.,
Montzka, S. A., Miller, B. R., Masarie, K. A., Biraud, S. C., Novelli, P.
C., Crotwell, M., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K., and Tans, P. P.: Seasonal
climatology of CO2 across North America from aircraft measurements in
the NOAA/ESRL Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
120, 5155–5190, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022591, 2015.
Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., and Ohshima, H.: Aircraft measurements
of tropospheric carbon dioxide over the Japanese islands, Tellus, 40B,
16–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1988.tb00209.x, 1988.
Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Hashimoto, S., and Patra, P. K.: Increasing synoptic
scale variability in atmospheric CO2 at Hateruma Island associated with
increasing East-Asian emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 453–462,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-453-2010, 2010.
Tohjima, Y., Kubo, M., Minejima, C., Mukai, H., Tanimoto, H., Ganshin, A.,
Maksyutov, S., Katsumata, K., Machida, T., and Kita, K.: Temporal changes in
the emissions of CH4 and CO from China estimated from CH4∕CO2 and
CO/CO2 correlations observed at Hateruma Island, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
14, 1663–1677, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1663-2014, 2014.
Umezawa, T., Machida, T., Ishijima, K., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Patra, P.
K., Aoki, S., and Nakazawa, T.: Carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of
atmospheric methane in the upper troposphere over the Western Pacific,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8095–8113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8095-2012, 2012.
Umezawa, T., Niwa, Y., Sawa, Y., Machida, T., and Matsueda, H.: Winter crop
CO2 uptake inferred from CONTRAIL measurements over Delhi, India,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11859–11866, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070939, 2016.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M.,
Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen,
T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna,
forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10,
11707–11735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
Xiong, X., Houweling, S., Wei, J., Maddy, E., Sun, F., and Barnet, C.:
Methane plume over south Asia during the monsoon season: satellite
observation and model simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 783–794,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-783-2009, 2009.
Zhang, H. F., Chen, B. Z., van der Laan-Luijk, I. T., Machida, T., Matsueda,
H., Sawa, Y., Fukuyama, Y., Langenfelds, R., van der Schoot, M., Xu, G.,
Yan, J. W., Cheng, M. L., Zhou, L. X., Tans, P. P., and Peters, W.:
Estimating Asian terrestrial carbon fluxes from CONTRAIL aircraft and
surface CO2 observations for the period 2006–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
14, 5807–5824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5807-2014, 2014.
Short summary
Distribution of atmospheric CO2 is key to estimate surface CO2 sources and sinks. We present extensive analysis of a unique 10-year three-dimensional dataset of atmospheric CO2 achieved by the CONTRAIL commercial airliner measurements over the Asia-Pacific region. Aided by model simulations, we identified the influence of anthropogenic and biospheric CO2 fluxes in the seasonal evolution of the spatial CO2 distributions under the seasonally varying meteorology (e.g., Asian summer monsoon)
Distribution of atmospheric CO2 is key to estimate surface CO2 sources and sinks. We present...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint