Articles | Volume 23, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
High contribution of anthropogenic combustion sources to atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen in South China evidenced by isotopes
Tingting Li
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province
Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and
Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and
Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province
Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and
Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and
Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Zeyu Sun
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
Hongxing Jiang
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province
Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and
Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and
Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Chongguo Tian
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
Gan Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province
Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and
Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and
Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Related authors
Huanhuan Zhang, Rui Li, Chengpeng Huang, Xiaofei Li, Shuwei Dong, Fu Wang, Tingting Li, Yizhu Chen, Guohua Zhang, Yan Ren, Qingcai Chen, Ru-jin Huang, Siyu Chen, Tao Xue, Xinming Wang, and Mingjin Tang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3543–3559, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigated the seasonal variation of aerosol Fe solubility for coarse and fine particles in Xi’an, a megacity in northwestern China severely affected by anthropogenic emission and desert dust aerosol. In addition, we discussed in depth what controlled aerosol Fe solubility at different seasons for coarse and fine particles.
Pingyang Li, Boji Lin, Zhineng Cheng, Jing Li, Jun Li, Duohong Chen, Tao Zhang, Run Lin, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Liu, Yujun Lin, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Zhenchuan Niu, Ping Ding, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1931, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1931, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Our study indicates fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) reductions in Chinese megacities via atmospheric Δ(14CO2) and δ(13CO2) measurements, driven by coal-to-gas transitions and combustion efficiency improvement. Three-decade data show steeper declined urban RCO/CO2ff ratios than inventory estimates, implying underestimation of efficiency improvements and CO reductions. Integrating top-down observations with inventories is critical to track policy-driven emission shifts and optimize co-benefit strategies.
Hongxing Jiang, Yuanghang Deng, Yunxi Huo, Fengwen Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Hai Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2264, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined the use of a series of online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometer to characterize the chemical composition and sources of organic aerosols in a background site of south China from bulk to molecular levels. We suggested that anthropogenic source dominated the OA origins, and the gas-phase and particle-phase oxidation processes are conducive to the formation of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing compounds, respectively.
Yuying Wu, Yuhan Wang, Wenzheng Yang, Jie Zhang, Yanhong Wu, Jun Li, Gan Zhang, and Haijian Bing
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-302, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-302, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a large, open-access dataset of mountain soil chemistry in China, based on over 1,300 samples from 166 sites across diverse climates and vegetation types. The dataset includes concentrations of 24 elements and key environmental variables like temperature, rainfall, and soil properties. This dataset offers a valuable resource for studying mountain ecosystems, supporting Earth system modeling, and predicting how soils respond to environmental change.
Tao Cao, Cuncun Xu, Hao Chen, Jianzhong Song, Jun Li, Haiyan Song, Bin Jiang, Yin Zhong, and Ping’an Peng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-561, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-561, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the evolution of biomass and coal combustion-derived WSOM during aqueous photochemical process. The results indicate that photochemical aging induces distinct changes in the optical and molecular properties of WSOM and more pronounced alterations were observed during ·OH photooxidation than direct photolysis. Notably, our results also demostrated that atmospheric photooxidation may represent a significant source of BC-like substances.
Zihan Song, Leiming Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Qiang Fu, Zhenxing Shen, Renjian Zhang, Dong Liu, and Song Cui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13101–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel concept integrating crop cycle information into fire spot extraction was proposed. Spatiotemporal variations of open straw burning in Northeast China are revealed. Open straw burning in Northeast China emitted a total of 218 Tg of CO2-eq during 2001–2020. The policy of banning straw burning effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
Zeyu Sun, Zheng Zong, Yang Tan, Chongguo Tian, Zeyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Rong Sun, Yingjun Chen, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12851–12865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results showed that δ15N–NOx from ships was −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰ and increased monotonically with tightening emission regulations. The selective catalytic reduction system was the most vital factor. The temporal variation in δ15N–NOx was evaluated and can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx for a more accurate assessment of the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx.
Mengying Bao, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Yihang Hong, Yu-Chi Lin, Mingyuan Yu, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Rongshuang Xu, and Xiaoying Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8305–8324, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction between the sources and molecular compositions of humic-like substances (HULIS) at Nanjing, China, was explored. Significant fossil fuel source contributions to HULIS were found in the 14C results from biomass burnng and traffic emissions. Increasing biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products and anthropogenic aromatic compounds were detected in summer and winter, respectively.
Xiangyun Zhang, Jun Li, Sanyuan Zhu, Junwen Liu, Ping Ding, Shutao Gao, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, Ping'an Peng, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7495–7502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results show that 14C elemental carbon (EC) was not only related to the isolation method but also to the types and proportions of the biomass sources in the sample. The hydropyrolysis (Hypy) method, which can be used to isolate a highly stable portion of ECHypy and avoid charring, is a more effective and stable approach for the matrix-independent 14C quantification of EC in aerosols, and the 13C–ECHypy and non-fossil ECHypy values of SRM1649b were –24.9 ‰ and 11 %, respectively.
Jiao Tang, Jun Li, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Yangzhi Mo, Hongxing Jiang, Bin Jiang, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Chongguo Tian, Zheng Zong, Jabir Hussain Syed, Jianzhong Song, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive molecular identification of atmospheric common fluorescent components and deciphers their related formation pathways. The fluorescent components varied in molecular composition, and a dominant oxidation pathway for the formation of humic-like fluorescent components was suggested, notwithstanding their different precursor types. Our findings are expected to be helpful to further studies using the EEM-PARAFAC as a tool to study atmospheric BrC.
Huanhuan Zhang, Rui Li, Chengpeng Huang, Xiaofei Li, Shuwei Dong, Fu Wang, Tingting Li, Yizhu Chen, Guohua Zhang, Yan Ren, Qingcai Chen, Ru-jin Huang, Siyu Chen, Tao Xue, Xinming Wang, and Mingjin Tang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3543–3559, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigated the seasonal variation of aerosol Fe solubility for coarse and fine particles in Xi’an, a megacity in northwestern China severely affected by anthropogenic emission and desert dust aerosol. In addition, we discussed in depth what controlled aerosol Fe solubility at different seasons for coarse and fine particles.
Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Cuncun Xu, Jianzhong Song, Xingjun Fan, Jun Li, Wanglu Jia, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2613–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work comprehensively investigated the fluorescence data of light-absorbing organic compounds, water-soluble organic matter in different types of aerosol samples, soil dust, and fulvic and humic acids using an excitation–emission matrix (EEM) method and parallel factor modeling. The results revealed which light-absorbing species can be detected by EEM and also provided important information for identifying the chemical composition and possible sources of these species in atmospheric samples.
Buqing Xu, Jiao Tang, Tiangang Tang, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1565–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed compound-specific dual-carbon isotope signatures (Δ14C and δ13C) of dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracer molecules (i.e., oxalic acid) to investigate the fates of SOAs in the atmosphere at five emission hotspots in China. The results indicated that SOA carbon sources and chemical processes producing SOAs vary spatially and seasonally, and these variations need to be included in Chinese climate projection models and air quality management practices.
Chunlin Zou, Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Jianzhong Song, Bin Jiang, Wanglu Jia, Jun Li, Xiang Ding, Zhiqiang Yu, Gan Zhang, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 963–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, PM2.5 samples were obtained during a winter haze event in Guangzhou, China, and light absorption and molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. The findings obtained present some differences from the results reported in other regions of China and significantly enhanced our understanding of HULIS evolution during haze bloom-decay processes in the subtropic region of southern China.
Hongxing Jiang, Jun Li, Jiao Tang, Min Cui, Shizhen Zhao, Yangzhi Mo, Chongguo Tian, Xiangyun Zhang, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6919–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted field observation employing Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to characterize the molecular composition and major formation pathways or sources of organosulfur compounds in Guangzhou, where is heavily influenced by biogenic–anthropogenic interactions and has high relative humidity and temperature. We suggested that heterogeneous reactions such as SO2 uptake and heterogeneous oxidations are important to the molecular variations of organosulfur compounds.
Jiao Tang, Jiaqi Wang, Guangcai Zhong, Hongxing Jiang, Yangzhi Mo, Bolong Zhang, Xiaofei Geng, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Congguo Tian, Surat Bualert, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11337–11352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides a combined EEM–PARAFAC and statistical analysis method to explore how excitation–emission matrix (EEM) chromophores influence BrC light absorption in soluble organic matter. The application enables us to deduce that BrC absorption is mainly dependent on longer-emission-wavelength chromophores largely associated with biomass burning emissions. This method promotes the application of EEM spectroscopy and helps us understand the light absorption of BrC in the atmosphere.
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6721–6734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions in 10 Chinese cities showed strong seasonality with higher TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg and lower δ202Hg in summer. We found the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions were highly related to regional surface Hg(0) emissions, suggesting land surface Hg(0) emissions are an important source of atmospheric TGM that contribute dominantly to the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions.
Jianzhong Sun, Yuzhe Zhang, Guorui Zhi, Regina Hitzenberger, Wenjing Jin, Yingjun Chen, Lei Wang, Chongguo Tian, Zhengying Li, Rong Chen, Wen Xiao, Yuan Cheng, Wei Yang, Liying Yao, Yang Cao, Duo Huang, Yueyuan Qiu, Jiali Xu, Xiaofei Xia, Xin Yang, Xi Zhang, Zheng Zong, Yuchun Song, and Changdong Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2329–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2329-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2329-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) emission factors from household biomass fuels were measured with an integrating sphere optics approach supported by iterative calculations. A novel algorithm to directly estimate the absorption contribution of BrC relative to that of BrC + black carbon (FBrC) was proposed based purely on the absorption exponent (AAE)
(FBrC = 0.5519 lnAAE + 0.0067). The FBrC for household biomass fuels was as high as 50.8 % across the strongest solar spectral range of 350−850 nm.
Qingcai Chen, Haoyao Sun, Wenhuai Song, Fang Cao, Chongguo Tian, and Yan-Lin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14407–14417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study found environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are widely present in atmospheric particles of different particle sizes and exhibit significant particle size distribution characteristics. EPFR concentrations are higher in coarse particles than in fine particles in summer and vice versa in winter. The potential toxicity caused by EPFRs may also vary with particle size and season. Combustion is the most important source of EPFRs (>70 %).
Cited articles
Action Plan for Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province (2014–2017):
http://www.gd.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/0/142/mpost_142687.html, last access: 14 February 2014.
Baskaran, M., Michalski, G., Bhattacharya, S. K., and Mase, D. F.: Oxygen isotope dynamics of
atmospheric nitrate and its precursor molecules, in: Handbook of
Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 613–635, 2011.
Bhattarai, H., Zhang, Y. L., Pavuluri, C. M., Wan, X., Wu, G., Li, P., Cao,
F., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Kang, S., Ram, K., Kawamura, K., Ji, Z., Widory,
D., and Cong, Z.: Nitrogen speciation and isotopic composition of aerosols
collected at Himalayan Forest (3326 m a.s.l.): seasonality, sources, and
implications, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 12247–12256, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03999, 2019.
Bhattarai, N., Wang, S., Xu, Q., Dong, Z., Chang, X., Jiang, Y., and Zheng,
H.: Sources of gaseous NH3 in urban Beijing from parallel sampling of
NH3 and NH , their nitrogen isotope measurement and
modeling, Sci. Total Environ., 747, 141361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141361, 2020.
Bhattarai, N., Wang, S., Pan, Y., Xu, Q., Zhang, Y., Chang, Y., and Fang,
Y.: δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical
measurements, source sampling and its source apportionment, Front. Environ.
Sci. Eng., 15, 126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1414-6,
2021.
Breemen, N. V.: Nitrogen cycle natural organic tendency, Nature, 415, 381–382,
https://doi.org/10.1038/415381a, 2002.
Chang, Y., Liu, X., Deng, C., Dore, A. J., and Zhuang, G.: Source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia before, during, and after the 2014 APEC summit in Beijing using stable nitrogen isotope signatures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11635–11647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11635-2016, 2016.
Chen, Z., Pei, C., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Ding, P., Dang, L., Zong, Z., Jiang,
F., Wu, L., Sun, X., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zheng, J., Tian, C.,
Li, J., and Zhang, G.: Non-agricultural source dominates the ammonium
aerosol in the largest city of South China based on the vertical
δ15N measurements, Sci. Total Environ., 848, 157750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157750, 2022a.
Chen, Z. L., Song, W., Hu, C. C., Liu, X. J., Chen, G. Y., Walters, W. W.,
Michalski, G., Liu, C. Q., Fowler, D., and Liu, X. Y.: Significant
contributions of combustion-related sources to ammonia emissions, Nat.
Commun., 13, 7710, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35381-4,
2022b.
Cui, M., Chen, Y., Zheng, M., Li, J., Tang, J., Han, Y., Song, D., Yan, C.,
Zhang, F., Tian, C., and Zhang, G.: Emissions and characteristics of
particulate matter from rainforest burning in the Southeast Asia, Atmos.
Environ., 191, 194–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.062, 2018.
Dunne, E. M., Gordon, H., Kürten, A., Almeida, J., Duplissy, J.,
Williamson, C., Ortega, I. K., Pringle, K. J., Adamov, A., and
Schobesberger, S.: Global atmospheric particle formation from cern cloud
measurements, Science, 354, 1119–1123, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2649, 2016.
Elliott, E. M., Kendall, C., Wankel, S. D., Burns, D. A., Boyer, E. W.,
Harlin, K., Bain, D. J., and Butler, T. J.: Nitrogen isotopes as indicators
of NOx source contributions to atmospheric nitrate deposition across the
midwestern and Northeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41,
7661–7667, https://doi.org/10.1021/es070898t, 2007.
Elliott, E. M., Kendall, C., Boyer, E. W., Burns, D. A., Lear, G. G.,
Golden, H. E., Harlin, K., Bytnerowicz, A., Butler, T. J., and Glatz, R.:
Dual nitrate isotopes in dry deposition: Utility for partitioning NOx source
contributions to landscape nitrogen deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G04020,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000889, 2009.
Fan, M. Y., Zhang, Y. L., Lin, Y. C., Cao, F., Zhao, Z. Y., Sun, Y., Qiu,
Y., Fu, P., and Wang, Y.: Changes of emission sources to nitrate aerosols in
Beijing after the clean air actions: evidence from dual isotope
compositions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, 031998, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031998, 2020.
Fan, M.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Hong, Y., Lin, Y.-C., Zhao, Z.-Y., Cao, F., Sun,
Y., Guo, H., and Fu, P.: Vertical differences of nitrate sources in urban
boundary layer based on tower measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.,
9, 2c00600, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00600, 2022.
Fang, Y. T., Koba, K., Wang, X. M., Wen, D. Z., Li, J., Takebayashi, Y., Liu, X. Y., and Yoh, M.: Anthropogenic imprints on nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation nitrate in a nitrogen-polluted city in southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1313–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1313-2011, 2011.
Felix, J. D. and Elliott, E. M.: The agricultural history of human-nitrogen
interactions as recorded in ice core δ15N-NO , Geophys.
Res. Lett., 40, 1642–1646, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50209,
2013.
Felix, J. D., Elliott, E. M., and Shaw, S. L.: Nitrogen isotopic composition
of coal-fired power plant NOx: influence of emission controls and
implications for global emission inventories, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46,
3528–3535, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203355v, 2012.
Felix, J. D., Elliott, E. M., Gish, T. J., McConnell, L. L., and Shaw, S.
L.: Characterizing the isotopic composition of atmospheric ammonia emission
sources using passive samplers and a combined oxidation-bacterial
denitrifier approach, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 27, 2239–2246,
https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6679, 2013.
Felix, J. D., Elliott, E. M., Avery, G. B., Kieber, R. J., Mead, R. N.,
Willey, J. D., and Mullaugh, K. M.: Isotopic composition of nitrate in
sequential Hurricane Irene precipitation samples: Implications for changing
NOx sources, Atmos. Environ., 106, 191–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.075, 2015.
Fibiger, D. L. and Hastings, M. G.: First Measurements of the Nitrogen
Isotopic Composition of NOx from Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
50, 11569–11574, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03510, 2016.
Freyer, H. D., Kley, D., Volz-Thomas, A., and Kobel, K.: On the interaction
of isotopic exchange processes with photochemical reactions in atmospheric
oxides of nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14791–714796, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD00874, 1993.
Fu, X., Wang, S., Xing, J., Zhang, X., Wang, T., and Hao, J.: Increasing
ammonia concentrations reduce the effectiveness of particle pollution
control achieved via SO2 and NOX emissions reduction in East
China, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 4, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00143, 2017.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R.
W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A.,
Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A.
R., and Vörösmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles past
present and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0, 2004.
Gobel, A. R., Altieri, K. E., Peters, A. J., Hastings, M. G., and Sigman, D.
M.: Insights into anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to the North Atlantic
investigated using the isotopic composition of aerosol and rainwater
nitrate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5977–5982, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058167, 2013.
Hall, S. J. and Matson, P. A.: NOx emissions from soil: implications for air
quality modeling in agricultural regions, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 21,
311–346, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.311, 1996.
Hastings, M. G., Sigman, D. M., and Lipschultz, F.: Isotopic evidence for
source changes of nitrate in rain at Bermuda, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108,
1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003789, 2003.
He, S., Huang, M., Zheng, L., Chang, M., Chen, W., Xie, Q., and Wang, X.:
Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high
inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China, J. Environ. Sci.
(China), 114, 444–453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.024, 2022.
Heaton, T. H. E., Spiro, B., and Robertson, S. M. C.: Potential canopy
influences on the isotopic composition of nitrogen and sulphur in
atmospheric deposition, Oecologia, 109, 600–607, 1997.
Heeb, N. V., Forss, A.-M., Brühlmann, S., Lüscher, R., Saxer, C. J.,
and Hug, P.: Three-way catalyst-induced formation of ammonia-velocity- and
acceleration-dependent emission factors, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5986–5997,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.035, 2006.
Hodas, N., Sullivan, A. P., Skog, K., Keutsch, F. N., Collett Jr., J. L.,
Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Carlton, A. G., Laaksonen, A., and Turpin, B.
J.: Aerosol liquid water driven by anthropogenic nitrate: implications for
lifetimes of water-soluble organic gases and potential for secondary organic
aerosol formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11127–11136, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5025096, 2014.
Holland, E. A., Dentener, F. J., Braswell, B. H., and Sulzman, J. M.:
Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets,
Biogeochemistry, 46, 7–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01007572,
1999.
Huang, S., Elliott, E. M., Felix, J. D., Pan, Y., Liu, D., Li, S., Li, Z.,
Zhu, F., Zhang, N., Fu, P., and Fang, Y.: Seasonal pattern of ammonium
15N natural abundance in precipitation at a rural forested site and
implications for NH3 source partitioning, Environ. Pollut., 247,
541–549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.023, 2019.
Huang, Z., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Yuan, Z., Ye, S., and Kang, D.: Modeling
inorganic nitrogen deposition in Guangdong province, China, Atmos. Environ.,
109, 147–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.014,
2015.
Jiang, H., Li, J., Sun, R., Tian, C., Tang, J., Jiang, B., Liao, Y., Chen,
C., and Zhang, G.: Molecular dynamics and light absorption properties of
atmospheric dissolved organic matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55,
10268–10279, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01770, 2021a.
Jiang, H., Li, J., Sun, R., Liu, G., Tian, C., Tang, J., Cheng, Z., Zhu, S.,
Zhong, G., Ding, X., and Zhang, G.: Determining the sources and transport of
brown carbon using radionuclide tracers and modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034616, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034616, 2021b.
Johnston, J. C. and Thiemens, M. H.: The isotopic composition of
tropospheric ozone in three environments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102,
25395–25404, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02075, 1997.
Kang, Y., Liu, M., Song, Y., Huang, X., Yao, H., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Kang, L., Liu, X., Yan, X., He, H., Zhang, Q., Shao, M., and Zhu, T.: High-resolution ammonia emissions inventories in China from 1980 to 2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2043-2016, 2016.
Kawashima, H. and Kurahashi, T.: Inorganic ion and nitrogen isotopic
compositions of atmospheric aerosols at Yurihonjo, Japan: implications for
nitrogen sources, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6309–6316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.057, 2011.
Kundu, S., Kawamura, K., and Lee, M.: Seasonal variation of the
concentrations of nitrogenous species and their nitrogen isotopic ratios in
aerosols at Gosan, Jeju Island: Implications for atmospheric processing and
source changes of aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013323, 2010.
Li, T. and Li, J.: High contribution of anthropogenic combustion sources to
atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen in south China evidenced by
isotopes, Mendeley data [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/yck5xy22w2.1, 2023.
Li, X. H. and Wang, S. X.: Particulate and trace gas emissions from open
burning of wheat straw and corn stover in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41,
6052–6058, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0705137, 2007.
Liao, B., Wu, D., Chang, Y., Lin, Y., Wang, S., and Li, F.: Characteristics
of particulate SO , NO , NH , and related
gaseous pollutants in Guangzhou (in Chinese), Acta Sci. Circumst., 34,
1551–1559, https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2014.0218, 2014.
Liu, J., Ding, P., Zong, Z., Li, J., Tian, C., Chen, W., Chang, M., Salazar,
G., Shen, C., Cheng, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Szidat, S., and Zhang, G.:
Evidence of rural and suburban sources of urban haze formation in China: a
case study from the Pearl River Delta region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
4712–4726, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd027952, 2018.
Liu, T., Wang, X., Wang, B., Ding, X., Deng, W., Lü, S., and Zhang, Y.:
Emission factor of ammonia (NH3) from on-road vehicles in China: tunnel
tests in urban Guangzhou, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 064027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064027, 2014.
Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Lian, C., Yan, C., Feng, Z., Zheng, F., Fan, X., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Chu, B., Wang, Y., Cai, J., Du, W., Daellenbach, K. R., Kangasluoma, J., Bianchi, F., Kujansuu, J., Petäjä, T., Wang, X., Hu, B., Wang, Y., Ge, M., He, H., and Kulmala, M.: The promotion effect of nitrous acid on aerosol formation in wintertime in Beijing: the possible contribution of traffic-related emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13023–13040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13023-2020, 2020.
Liu, Y., Feng, Z., Zheng, F., Bao, X., Liu, P., Ge, Y., Zhao, Y., Jiang, T., Liao, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, X., Yan, C., Chu, B., Wang, Y., Du, W., Cai, J., Bianchi, F., Petäjä, T., Mu, Y., He, H., and Kulmala, M.: Ammonium nitrate promotes sulfate formation through uptake kinetic regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13269–13286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13269-2021, 2021.
Martinellia, L. A., Camargoa, P. B., Laraa, L. B. L. S., Victoriaa, R. L.,
and Artaxo, P.: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk
aerosol particles in a C4 plant landscape of southeast Brazil, Atmos.
Environ., 36, 2427–2432, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00454-X, 2002.
Meng, W., Zhong, Q., Yun, X., Zhu, X., Huang, T., Shen, H., Chen, Y., Chen,
H., Zhou, F., Liu, J., Wang, X., Zeng, E. Y., and Tao, S.: Improvement of a
global high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for combustion and
industrial sources with new data from the residential and transportation
sectors, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 2821–2829, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03694, 2017.
Meng, Z., Xu, X., Lin, W., Ge, B., Xie, Y., Song, B., Jia, S., Zhang, R., Peng, W., Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Yang, W., and Zhao, H.: Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 167–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-167-2018, 2018.
Michalski, G., Bhattacharya, S. K., and Girsch, G.: NOx cycle and the tropospheric ozone isotope anomaly: an experimental investigation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4935–4953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4935-2014, 2014.
Pan, Y., Tian, S., Liu, D., Fang, Y., Zhu, X., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B.,
Michalski, G., and Wang, Y.: Fossil fuel combustion-related emissions
dominate atmospheric ammonia sources during severe haze episodes: evidence
from 15N-stable isotope in size-resolved aerosol ammonium, Environ.
Sci. Technol., 50, 8049–8056, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00634, 2016.
Pan, Y., Tian, S., Liu, D., Fang, Y., Zhu, X., Gao, M., Gao, J., Michalski,
G., and Wang, Y.: Isotopic evidence for enhanced fossil fuel sources of
aerosol ammonium in the urban atmosphere, Environ. Pollut., 238, 942–947,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.038, 2018a.
Pan, Y., Tian, S., Liu, D., Fang, Y., Zhu, X., Gao, M., Wentworth, G. R.,
Michalski, G., Huang, X., and Wang, Y.: Source Apportionment of Aerosol
Ammonium in an Ammonia-Rich Atmosphere: An Isotopic Study of Summer Clean
and Hazy Days in Urban Beijing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 5681–5689,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd028095, 2018b.
Pan, Y., Gu, M., He, Y., Wu, D., Liu, C., Song, L., Tian, S., Lü, X.,
Sun, Y., Song, T., Walters, W. W., Liu, X., Martin, N. A., Zhang, Q., Fang,
Y., Ferracci, V., and Wang, Y.: Revisiting the concentration observations
and source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 37,
933–938, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-2111-2, 2020.
Phillips, D. L. and Gregg, J. W.: Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too many sources, Oecologia, 136, 261–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1218-3, 2003.
Phillips, D. L., Newsome, S. D., and Gregg, J. W.: Combining sources in stable isotope mixing models: alternative methods, Oecologia, 144, 520–527, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1816-8, 2005.
Qu, K., Wang, X., Xiao, T., Shen, J., Lin, T., Chen, D., He, L. Y., Huang,
X. F., Zeng, L., Lu, K., Ou, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Cross-regional transport of
PM2.5 nitrate in the Pearl River Delta, China: Contributions and
mechanisms, Sci. Total Environ., 753, 142439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142439, 2021.
Savarino, J., Kaiser, J., Morin, S., Sigman, D. M., and Thiemens, M. H.: Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic constraints on the origin of atmospheric nitrate in coastal Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1925–1945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1925-2007, 2007.
Song, W., Liu, X. Y., Hu, C. C., Chen, G. Y., Liu, X. J., Walters, W. W.,
Michalski, G., and Liu, C. Q.: Important contributions of non-fossil fuel
nitrogen oxides emissions, Nat. Commun., 12, 243, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20356-0, 2021.
Song, Y., Dai, W., Wang, X., Cui, M., Su, H., Xie, S., and Zhang, Y.:
Identifying dominant sources of respirable suspended particulates in
Guangzhou, China, Environ. Eng. Sci., 25, 959–968, https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0146, 2008.
Su, T., Li, J., Tian, C., Zong, Z., Chen, D., and Zhang, G.: Source and
formation of fine particulate nitrate in South China: Constrained by
isotopic modeling and online trace gas analysis, Atmos. Environ., 231, 117563,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117563, 2020.
Sun, X., Zong, Z., Li, Q., Shi, X., Wang, K., Lu, L., Li, B., Qi, H., and
Tian, C.: Assessing the emission sources and reduction potential of
atmospheric ammonia at an urban site in Northeast China, Environ. Res., 198,
111230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111230, 2021.
Tan, Z., Lu, K., Jiang, M., Su, R., Wang, H., Lou, S., Fu, Q., Zhai, C., Tan, Q., Yue, D., Chen, D., Wang, Z., Xie, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Daytime atmospheric oxidation capacity in four Chinese megacities during the photochemically polluted season: a case study based on box model simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3493–3513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3493-2019, 2019.
Tang, L., Qu, J., Mi, Z., Bo, X., Chang, X., Anadon, L. D., Wang, S., Xue,
X., Li, S., Wang, X., and Zhao, X.: Substantial emission reductions from
Chinese power plants after the introduction of ultra-low emissions
standards, Nat. Energy, 4, 929–938, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0468-1, 2019.
Urey, H. C.: The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances, J. Chem.
Soc., Apr., 562–581, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9470000562, 1947.
Walters, W. W. and Michalski, G.: Theoretical calculation of oxygen
equilibrium isotope fractionation factors involving various NOy molecules,
OH, and H2O and its implications for isotope variations in atmospheric
nitrate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 191, 89–101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.039, 2016.
Walters, W. W., Tharp, B. D., Fang, H., Kozak, B. J., and Michalski, G.:
Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Thermally Produced NOx from Various
Fossil-Fuel Combustion Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 11363–11371,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02769, 2015.
Walters, W. W., Simonini, D. S., and Michalski, G.: Nitrogen isotope
exchange between NO and NO2 and its implications for δ15N
variations in tropospheric NOx and atmospheric nitrate, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 440–448, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066438, 2016.
Walters, W. W., Song, L., Chai, J., Fang, Y., Colombi, N., and Hastings, M. G.: Characterizing the spatiotemporal nitrogen stable isotopic composition of ammonia in vehicle plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11551–11567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11551-2020, 2020.
Wang, C., Duan, J., Ren, C., Liu, H., Reis, S., Xu, J., and Gu, B.: Ammonia
emissions from croplands decrease with farm size in China, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 56, 9915–9923, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01061, 2022.
Wang, T., Xue, L., Brimblecombe, P., Lam, Y. F., Li, L., and Zhang, L.:
Ozone pollution in China: a review of concentrations, meteorological
influences, chemical precursors, and effects, Sci. Total Environ., 575,
1582–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.081,
2017.
Wang, X., Carmichael, G., Chen, D., Tang, Y., and Wang, T.: Impacts of
different emission sources on air quality during March 2001 in the Pearl
River Delta (PRD) region, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5227–5241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.035, 2005.
Wang, X., Wu, Z., Shao, M., Fang, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, F., Chan, P.-w., Fan,
Q., Wang, Q., Zhu, S., and Bao, R.: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to
forest and estuary environments in the Pearl River Delta region, southern
China, Tellus B: Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 65, 20480, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20480, 2013.
Wedin, D. A. and Tilman, D.: Influence of nitrogen loading and species
composition on the carbon balance of grasslands, Science, 274, 1720–1723, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5293.1720, 1996.
Wu, L., Ren, H., Wang, P., Chen, J., Fang, Y., Hu, W., Ren, L., Deng, J.,
Song, Y., Li, J., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C.-Q., Ying, Q., and Fu, P.:
Aerosol ammonium in the urban boundary layer in Beijing: insights from
nitrogen isotope ratios and simulations in summer 2015, Environ. Sci.
Technol. Lett., 6, 389–395, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00328, 2019.
Xiang, Y.-K., Dao, X., Gao, M., Lin, Y.-C., Cao, F., Yang, X.-Y., and Zhang,
Y.-L.: Nitrogen isotope characteristics and source apportionment of
atmospheric ammonium in urban cities during a haze event in Northern China
Plain, Atmos. Environ., 269, 118800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118800, 2022.
Xiao, H. W., Wu, J. F., Luo, L., Liu, C., Xie, Y. J., and Xiao, H. Y.:
Enhanced biomass burning as a source of aerosol ammonium over cities in
central China in autumn, Environ. Pollut., 266, 115278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115278, 2020.
Xu, Y., Huang, Z., Jia, G., Fan, M., Cheng, L., Chen, L., Shao, M., and
Zheng, J.: Regional discrepancies in spatiotemporal variations and driving
forces of open crop residue burning emissions in China, Sci. Total Environ.,
671, 536–547, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.199,
2019.
Yang, Y., Li, P., He, H., Zhao, X., Datta, A., Ma, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, X.,
Han, W., Wilson, M. C., and Fang, J.: Long-term changes in soil pH across
major forest ecosystems in China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 933–940,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062575, 2015.
Yu, X., Shen, L., Hou, X., Yuan, L., Pan, Y., An, J., and Yan, S.:
High-resolution anthropogenic ammonia emission inventory for the Yangtze
River Delta, China, Chemosphere, 251, 126342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126342, 2020.
Zhang, Z., Zeng, Y., Zheng, N., Luo, L., Xiao, H., and Xiao, H.: Fossil
fuel-related emissions were the major source of NH3 pollution in urban
cities of northern China in the autumn of 2017, Environ. Pollut., 256,
113428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113428, 2020.
Zhang, Z., Zhu, W., Hu, M., Wang, H., Tang, L., Hu, S., Shen, R., Yu, Y.,
Song, K., Tan, R., Chen, Z., Chen, S., Canonaco, F., Prevot, A. S. H., and
Guo, S.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in China from urban-lifestyle
sources: Vehicle exhaust and cooking emission, Sci. Total Environ., 857,
159340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159340, 2022.
Zhao, Y., Tkacik, D. S., May, A. A., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.:
Mobile sources are still an important source of secondary organic aerosol
and fine particulate matter in the los angeles region, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 56, 15328–15336, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03317, 2022a.
Zhao, Y., Xi, M., Zhang, Q., Dong, Z., Ma, M., Zhou, K., Xu, W., Xing, J.,
Zheng, B., Wen, Z., Liu, X., Nielsen, C. P., Liu, Y., Pan, Y., and Zhang,
L.: Decline in bulk deposition of air pollutants in China lags behind
reductions in emissions, Nat. Geosci., 15, 190–195, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00899-1, 2022b.
Zheng, L., Chen, W., Jia, S., Wu, L., Zhong, B., Liao, W., Chang, M., Wang,
W., and Wang, X.: Temporal and spatial patterns of nitrogen wet deposition
in different weather types in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, Sci. Total
Environ., 740, 139936, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139936, 2020.
Zhu, J., He, N., Wang, Q., Yuan, G., Wen, D., Yu, G., and Jia, Y.: The
composition, spatial patterns, and influencing factors of atmospheric wet
nitrogen deposition in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems, Sci. Total Environ.,
511, 777–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.038,
2015.
Zong, Z., Wang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Fang, Y., Zhang, F., Li, C., Sun,
J., Li, J., and Zhang, G.: First assessment of NOx sources at a regional
background site in North China using isotopic analysis linked with modeling,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5923–5931, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06316, 2017.
Zong, Z., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Chen, Y., Cui, S.,
and Zhang, G.: Dual-modelling-based source apportionment of NOx in five
Chinese megacities: providing the isotopic footprint from 2013 to 2014,
Environ. Int., 137, 105592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105592, 2020.
Zong, Z., Shi, X., Sun, Z., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Gao, H., and Zhang,
G.: Nitrogen isotopic composition of NOx from residential biomass burning
and coal combustion in North China, Environ. Pollut., 304, 119238,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119238, 2022.
Short summary
N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were vital components in nitrogenous aerosols and contributed 69 % to total nitrogen in PM2.5. Coal combustion was still the most important source of urban atmospheric NO3-. However, the non-agriculture sources play an increasingly important role in NH4+ emissions.
N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were vital components in nitrogenous aerosols and contributed 69 % to total...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint