Articles | Volume 18, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16979-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16979-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Nov 2018
Research article |
| 30 Nov 2018
| 30 Nov 2018
Elucidating real-world vehicle emission factors from mobile measurements over a large metropolitan region: a focus on isocyanic acid, hydrogen cyanide, and black carbon
Sumi N. Wren
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
John Liggio
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Yuemei Han
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Katherine Hayden
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Gang Lu
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Cris M. Mihele
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Richard L. Mittermeier
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Craig Stroud
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Jeremy J. B. Wentzell
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
Jeffrey R. Brook
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Air Quality Process Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
currently at: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 223 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
Related authors
Debora Griffin, Chris A. McLinden, Enrico Dammers, Cristen Adams, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Carsten Warneke, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Kyle J. Zarzana, Jake P. Rowe, Rainer Volkamer, Christoph Knote, Natalie Kille, Theodore K. Koenig, Christopher F. Lee, Drew Rollins, Pamela S. Rickly, Jack Chen, Lukas Fehr, Adam Bourassa, Doug Degenstein, Katherine Hayden, Cristian Mihele, Sumi N. Wren, John Liggio, Ayodeji Akingunola, and Paul Makar
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7929–7957, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-derived NOx emissions from biomass burning are estimated with TROPOMI observations. Two common emission estimation methods are applied, and sensitivity tests with model output were performed to determine the accuracy of these methods. The effect of smoke aerosols on TROPOMI NO2 columns is estimated and compared to aircraft observations from four different aircraft campaigns measuring biomass burning plumes in 2018 and 2019 in North America.
Xiaoyi Zhao, Vitali Fioletov, Debora Griffin, Chris McLinden, Ralf Staebler, Cristian Mihele, Kevin Strawbridge, Jonathan Davies, Ihab Abboud, Sum Chi Lee, Alexander Cede, Martin Tiefengraber, and Robert Swap
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-27, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-27, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores differences between remote sensing and in situ instruments in terms of their vertical, horizontal, and temporal sampling differences. Understanding and resolving these differences are critical for future analyses linking satellite, ground-based remote sensing, and in situ observations in air quality monitoring. It shows the meteorological conditions (wind directions, speed, and boundary layer conditions) will strongly affect the agreement between the two measurements.
Mark Gordon, Dane Blanchard, Timothy Jiang, Paul A. Makar, Ralf M. Staebler, Julian Aherne, Cris Mihele, and Xuanyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7241–7255, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7241-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7241-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the gas sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made in a forest downwind of oil sands mining and production facilities in northern Alberta. These measurements tell us the rate at which SO2 is absorbed by the forest. The measured rate is much higher than what is currently used by air quality models, which is supported by a previous study in this region. This suggests that SO2 may have a much shorter lifetime in the atmosphere at this location than currently predicted by models.
Shuzhan Ren and Craig A. Stroud
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-37, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric boundary layer height is involved in the turbulence parameterization scheme employed in numerical models. It affects the concentration of chemical species by changing the vertical diffusivity and the volume of tracer in the atmosphere. There exists large uncertainties in the boundary layer height. The impacts of the uncertainties on the model simulation of concentration of chemical species are examined. The results show different impacts in different parameterization scheme.
Irene Cheng, Leiming Zhang, Zhuanshi He, Hazel Cathcart, Daniel Houle, Amanda Cole, Jian Feng, Jason O'Brien, Anne Marie Macdonald, Julian Aherne, and Jeffrey Brook
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14631–14656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition decreased significantly at 14 Canadian sites during 2000–2018. The greatest decline was observed in southeastern Canada owing to regional SO2 and NOx reductions. Wet deposition was more important than dry deposition, comprising 71–95 % of total N and 45–89 % of total S deposition. While critical loads (CLs) were exceeded at a few sites in the early 2000s, acidic deposition declined below CLs after 2012, which signifies recovery from legacy acidification.
Katherine L. Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Michael J. Wheeler, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Amy Leithead, Peter Brickell, Richard L. Mittermeier, Zachary Oldham, Cristian M. Mihele, Ralf M. Staebler, Samar G. Moussa, Andrea Darlington, Mengistu Wolde, Daniel Thompson, Jack Chen, Debora Griffin, Ellen Eckert, Jenna C. Ditto, Megan He, and Drew R. Gentner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12493–12523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, airborne measurements provided the most detailed characterization, to date, of boreal forest wildfire emissions. Measurements showed a large diversity of air pollutants expanding the volatility range typically reported. A large portion of organic species was unidentified, likely comprised of complex organic compounds. Aircraft-derived emissions improve wildfire chemical speciation and can support reliable model predictions of pollution from boreal forest wildfires.
Chong Han, Hongxing Yang, Kun Li, Patrick Lee, John Liggio, Amy Leithead, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10827–10839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We presented yields and compositions of Si-containing SOAs generated from the reaction of cVMSs (D3–D6) with OH radicals. NOx played a negative role in cVMS SOA formation, while ammonium sulfate seeds enhanced D3–D5 SOA yields at short photochemical ages under high-NOx conditions. The aerosol mass spectra confirmed that the components of cVMS SOAs significantly relied on OH exposure. A global cVMS-derived SOA source strength was estimated in order to understand SOA formation potentials of cVMSs.
Mahtab Majdzadeh, Craig A. Stroud, Christopher Sioris, Paul A. Makar, Ayodeji Akingunola, Chris McLinden, Xiaoyi Zhao, Michael D. Moran, Ihab Abboud, and Jack Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 219–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new lookup table for aerosol optical properties based on a Mie scattering code was calculated and adopted within an improved version of the photolysis module in the GEM-MACH in-line chemical transport model. The modified version of the photolysis module makes use of online interactive aerosol feedback and applies core-shell parameterizations to the black carbon absorption efficiency based on Bond et al. (2006) to the size bins with black carbon mass fraction of less than 40 %.
Debora Griffin, Chris A. McLinden, Enrico Dammers, Cristen Adams, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Carsten Warneke, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Kyle J. Zarzana, Jake P. Rowe, Rainer Volkamer, Christoph Knote, Natalie Kille, Theodore K. Koenig, Christopher F. Lee, Drew Rollins, Pamela S. Rickly, Jack Chen, Lukas Fehr, Adam Bourassa, Doug Degenstein, Katherine Hayden, Cristian Mihele, Sumi N. Wren, John Liggio, Ayodeji Akingunola, and Paul Makar
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7929–7957, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-derived NOx emissions from biomass burning are estimated with TROPOMI observations. Two common emission estimation methods are applied, and sensitivity tests with model output were performed to determine the accuracy of these methods. The effect of smoke aerosols on TROPOMI NO2 columns is estimated and compared to aircraft observations from four different aircraft campaigns measuring biomass burning plumes in 2018 and 2019 in North America.
Sepehr Fathi, Mark Gordon, Paul A. Makar, Ayodeji Akingunola, Andrea Darlington, John Liggio, Katherine Hayden, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15461–15491, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15461-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15461-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the accuracy of aircraft-based mass balance methodologies through computer model simulations of the atmosphere and air quality at a regional high-resolution scale. We have defined new quantitative metrics to reduce emission retrieval uncertainty by evaluating top-down mass balance estimates against the known simulated meteorology and input emissions. We also recommend methodologies and flight strategies for improved retrievals in future aircraft-based studies.
Paul A. Makar, Craig Stroud, Ayodeji Akingunola, Junhua Zhang, Shuzhan Ren, Philip Cheung, and Qiong Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12291–12316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12291-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Vehicle pollutant emissions occur in an environment where upward transport can be enhanced due to the turbulence created by the vehicles as they move through the atmosphere. An approach for including these turbulence effects in regional air pollution forecast models has been derived from theoretical, observation, and higher-resolution modeling. The enhanced mixing, which occurs in the immediate vicinity of roadways, changes pollutant concentrations on the regional to continental scale.
Paul A. Makar, Ayodeji Akingunola, Jack Chen, Balbir Pabla, Wanmin Gong, Craig Stroud, Christopher Sioris, Kerry Anderson, Philip Cheung, Junhua Zhang, and Jason Milbrandt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10557–10587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10557-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10557-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have examined the effects of airborne particles on absorption and scattering of incoming sunlight by the particles themselves via cloud formation. We used an advanced, combined high-resolution weather forecast and chemical transport computer model, for western North America, and simulations with and without the connections between particles and weather enabled. Feedbacks improved weather and air pollution forecasts and changed cloud behaviour and forest-fire pollutant amount and height.
Konstantin Baibakov, Samuel LeBlanc, Keyvan Ranjbar, Norman T. O'Neill, Mengistu Wolde, Jens Redemann, Kristina Pistone, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Katherine Hayden, Tak W. Chan, Michael J. Wheeler, Leonid Nichman, Connor Flynn, and Roy Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10671–10687, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find that the airborne measurements of the vertical extinction due to aerosols (aerosol optical depth, AOD) obtained in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) can significantly exceed ground-based values. This can have an effect on estimating the AOSR radiative impact and is relevant to satellite validation based on ground-based measurements. We also show that the AOD can marginally increase as the plumes are being transported away from the source and the new particles are being formed.
Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, Paul Makar, John Liggio, Samar G. Moussa, Ayodeji Akingunola, Robert McLaren, Ralf M. Staebler, Andrea Darlington, Jason O'Brien, Junhua Zhang, Mengistu Wolde, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8377–8392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8377-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method using aircraft measurements to determine lifetimes with respect to dry deposition for oxidized sulfur and nitrogen compounds over the boreal forest in Alberta, Canada. Atmospheric lifetimes were significantly shorter than derived from chemical transport models with differences related to modelled dry deposition velocities. The shorter lifetimes suggest models need to reassess dry deposition treatment and predictions of sulfur and nitrogen in the atmosphere and ecosystems.
David S. McLagan, Geoff W. Stupple, Andrea Darlington, Katherine Hayden, and Alexandra Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5635–5653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of mercury emissions from a burning boreal forest was made by flying an aircraft through its plume to collect in situ gas and particulate measurements. Direct data show that in-plume gaseous elemental mercury concentrations reach up to 2.4× background for this fire and up to 5.6× when using a correlation with CO data. These unique data are applied to a series of known empirical emissions estimates and used to highlight current uncertainties in the literature.
Yuan You, Ralf M. Staebler, Samar G. Moussa, James Beck, and Richard L. Mittermeier
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1879-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1879-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Tailings ponds in the Alberta oil sands can be significant sources of methane, an important greenhouse gas. This paper describes a 1-month study conducted in 2017 to measure methane emissions from a pond using a variety of micrometeorological flux methods and demonstrates some advantages of these methods over flux chambers.
Jenna C. Ditto, Megan He, Tori N. Hass-Mitchell, Samar G. Moussa, Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Amy Leithead, Patrick Lee, Michael J. Wheeler, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, and Drew R. Gentner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Forest fires are an important source of reactive organic gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. We analyzed organic aerosols collected from an aircraft above a boreal forest fire and reported an increasing contribution from compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur as the plume aged, with sulfide and ring-bound nitrogen functionality. Our results demonstrated chemistry that is important in biomass burning but also in urban/developing regions with high local nitrogen and sulfur emissions.
E. Morris, X. Liu, A. Manwar, D. Y. Zang, G. Evans, J. Brook, B. Rousseau, C. Clark, and J. MacIsaac
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., VI-4-W2-2020, 119–126, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-VI-4-W2-2020-119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-VI-4-W2-2020-119-2020, 2020
Zoë Y. W. Davis, Udo Frieß, Kevin B. Strawbridge, Monika Aggarwaal, Sabour Baray, Elijah G. Schnitzler, Akshay Lobo, Vitali E. Fioletov, Ihab Abboud, Chris A. McLinden, Jim Whiteway, Megan D. Willis, Alex K. Y. Lee, Jeff Brook, Jason Olfert, Jason O'Brien, Ralf Staebler, Hans D. Osthoff, Cristian Mihele, and Robert McLaren
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1129–1155, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1129-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1129-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we evaluate a ground-based remote sensing method (MAX-DOAS) for measuring total pollutant loading and vertical profiles of pollution in the lower atmosphere by comparing our method to a variety of other measurement methods (lidar, sunphotometer, active DOAS, and aircraft measurements). Measurements were made in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region in Alberta, Canada. The complex dataset provided a rare opportunity to evaluate the performance of MAX-DOAS under varying atmospheric conditions.
Alex K. Y. Lee, Max G. Adam, John Liggio, Shao-Meng Li, Kun Li, Megan D. Willis, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Travis W. Tokarek, Charles A. Odame-Ankrah, Hans D. Osthoff, Kevin Strawbridge, and Jeffery R. Brook
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12209–12219, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12209-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides the first direct field evidence that anthropogenic organo-nitrate contributed up to half of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass that was freshly produced within the emission plumes of oil sands facilities in Alberta, Canada. The findings illustrate the central role of organo-nitrate in SOA production from the oil and gas industry, with relevance for other urban and industrial regions with significant intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) and NOx emissions.
Nathan Hilker, Jonathan M. Wang, Cheol-Heon Jeong, Robert M. Healy, Uwayemi Sofowote, Jerzy Debosz, Yushan Su, Michael Noble, Anthony Munoz, Geoff Doerksen, Luc White, Céline Audette, Dennis Herod, Jeffrey R. Brook, and Greg J. Evans
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5247–5261, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5247-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5247-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Increased interest in monitoring air quality near roadways, combined with traffic's often unclear contribution to elevated concentrations, has created a need for better interpretation of these data. Using 2 years of measurements collected during a near-road monitoring project in Canada, this paper contrasts three methods for estimating the fraction of roadside pollution resulting from on-road traffic. Robustness of these methods was compared with tandem measurements at background locations.
Kun Li, John Liggio, Patrick Lee, Chong Han, Qifan Liu, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9715–9731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9715-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9715-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new oxidation flow reactor was developed and applied to study the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from precursors associated with oil-sands (OS) operations. The results reveal that the SOA yields from OS precursors are related to the volatilities of precursors and that open-pit mining is the main source of SOA formed from oil sands. In addition, cyclic alkanes are found to play an important role in SOA formation from oil-sands precursors.
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, W. Richard Leaitch, Amir A. Aliabadi, Allan K. Bertram, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Aude Boivin-Rioux, Heiko Bozem, Julia Burkart, Rachel Y. W. Chang, Joannie Charette, Jai P. Chaubey, Robert J. Christensen, Ana Cirisan, Douglas B. Collins, Betty Croft, Joelle Dionne, Greg J. Evans, Christopher G. Fletcher, Martí Galí, Roya Ghahreman, Eric Girard, Wanmin Gong, Michel Gosselin, Margaux Gourdal, Sarah J. Hanna, Hakase Hayashida, Andreas B. Herber, Sareh Hesaraki, Peter Hoor, Lin Huang, Rachel Hussherr, Victoria E. Irish, Setigui A. Keita, John K. Kodros, Franziska Köllner, Felicia Kolonjari, Daniel Kunkel, Luis A. Ladino, Kathy Law, Maurice Levasseur, Quentin Libois, John Liggio, Martine Lizotte, Katrina M. Macdonald, Rashed Mahmood, Randall V. Martin, Ryan H. Mason, Lisa A. Miller, Alexander Moravek, Eric Mortenson, Emma L. Mungall, Jennifer G. Murphy, Maryam Namazi, Ann-Lise Norman, Norman T. O'Neill, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Lynn M. Russell, Johannes Schneider, Hannes Schulz, Sangeeta Sharma, Meng Si, Ralf M. Staebler, Nadja S. Steiner, Jennie L. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Megan D. Willis, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jun-Wei Xu, and Jacqueline D. Yakobi-Hancock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2527–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is experiencing considerable environmental change with climate warming, illustrated by the dramatic decrease in sea-ice extent. It is important to understand both the natural and perturbed Arctic systems to gain a better understanding of how they will change in the future. This paper summarizes new insights into the relationships between Arctic aerosol particles and climate, as learned over the past five or so years by a large Canadian research consortium, NETCARE.
Victoria E. Irish, Sarah J. Hanna, Megan D. Willis, Swarup China, Jennie L. Thomas, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Ana Cirisan, Meng Si, W. Richard Leaitch, Jennifer G. Murphy, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Alexander Laskin, Eric Girard, and Allan K. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1027–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1027-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1027-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are atmospheric particles that catalyse the formation of ice crystals in clouds. INPs influence the Earth's radiative balance and hydrological cycle. In this study we measured the concentrations of INPs in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer. Average INP concentrations fell within the range measured in other marine boundary layer locations. We also found that mineral dust is a more important contributor to the INP population than sea spray aerosol.
Kevin B. Strawbridge, Michael S. Travis, Bernard J. Firanski, Jeffrey R. Brook, Ralf Staebler, and Thierry Leblanc
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6735–6759, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6735-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6735-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Environment and Climate Change Canada has recently developed a fully autonomous, mobile lidar system to simultaneously measure the vertical profile of tropospheric ozone, aerosol and water vapor from near the ground to altitudes reaching 10–15 km. These atmospheric constituents play an important role in climate, air quality, and human and ecosystem health. Using an autonomous multi-lidar approach provides a continuous dataset rich in information for atmospheric process studies.
Travis W. Tokarek, Charles A. Odame-Ankrah, Jennifer A. Huo, Robert McLaren, Alex K. Y. Lee, Max G. Adam, Megan D. Willis, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Cristian Mihele, Andrea Darlington, Richard L. Mittermeier, Kevin Strawbridge, Katherine L. Hayden, Jason S. Olfert, Elijah G. Schnitzler, Duncan K. Brownsey, Faisal V. Assad, Gregory R. Wentworth, Alex G. Tevlin, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Jeffrey R. Brook, and Hans D. Osthoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17819–17841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17819-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17819-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of air pollutants at a ground site near Fort McKay in the Athabasca oil sands region in the summer of 2013 are presented. A large number of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) were observed; these molecules were shown previously to generate atmospheric particles downwind of the region. A principal component analysis was performed to identify major pollution source types, including which source(s) is(are) associated with IVOC emissions (e.g., freshly mined bitumen).
Meng Si, Victoria E. Irish, Ryan H. Mason, Jesús Vergara-Temprado, Sarah J. Hanna, Luis A. Ladino, Jacqueline D. Yakobi-Hancock, Corinne L. Schiller, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Ken S. Carslaw, Benjamin J. Murray, and Allan K. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15669–15685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15669-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15669-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using the concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and total aerosol particles measured at three coastal marine sites, the ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles on a per number basis and a per surface-area basis were determined as a function of size. The ice-nucleating ability was strongly dependent on size, with larger particles being more efficient. This type of information can help determine the sources of INPs and constrain the future modelling of INPs and mixed-phase clouds.
Craig A. Stroud, Paul A. Makar, Junhua Zhang, Michael D. Moran, Ayodeji Akingunola, Shao-Meng Li, Amy Leithead, Katherine Hayden, and May Siu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13531–13545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13531-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13531-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
It is shown that using measurement-derived volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic aerosol (OA) emissions in the GEM-MACH air quality model provides better overall predictions compared to using bottom-up emission inventories. This work was done to better constrain the fugitive organic emissions from the Athabasca oil sands region, which are a challenge to estimate with bottom-up emission approaches. We use observations from the 2013 Joint Oil Sands Monitoring study.
Emma L. Mungall, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jennifer G. Murphy, Daniel Kunkel, Ellen Gute, David W. Tarasick, Sangeeta Sharma, Christopher J. Cox, Taneil Uttal, and John Liggio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10237–10254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10237-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10237-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We measured gas-phase formic and acetic acid at Alert, Nunavut. These acids play an important role in cloud water acidity in remote environments, yet they are not well represented in chemical transport models, particularly in the Arctic. We observed high levels of formic and acetic acid under both cold, wet, and cloudy and warm, sunny, and dry conditions, suggesting that multiple sources significantly contribute to gas-phase concentrations of these species in the summer Arctic.
Paul A. Makar, Ayodeji Akingunola, Julian Aherne, Amanda S. Cole, Yayne-abeba Aklilu, Junhua Zhang, Isaac Wong, Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, Jane Kirk, Ken Scott, Michael D. Moran, Alain Robichaud, Hazel Cathcart, Pegah Baratzedah, Balbir Pabla, Philip Cheung, Qiong Zheng, and Dean S. Jeffries
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9897–9927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9897-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9897-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Complex computer model output was compared to and fused with observation data, to estimate potential damage due to acidifying precipitation for ecosystems in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Estimated deposition was compared to the maximum no-damage ecosystem capacity for sulfur and/or nitrogen uptake; these critical loads were exceeded, for areas between 10 000 and 330 000 square kilometres, depending on ecosystem type: ecosystem damage will occur at 2013 emission levels.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Elisabeth Galarneau, Paul A. Makar, Ayodeji Akingunola, Wanmin Gong, Sylvie Gravel, Michael D. Moran, Craig Stroud, Junhua Zhang, and Qiong Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2609–2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2609-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2609-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new, high-resolution, North American model of PAHs and benzene, which are toxic air pollutants that cause a variety of negative health impacts. Our simulation in a densely populated region of Canada and the U.S. shows that the model is improved over a previous model. The new model is particularly refined regarding the gas–particle partitioning of these pollutants, which has impacts on deposition and inhalation. The simulation was sensitive to the selection of vehicle emissions.
Sabour Baray, Andrea Darlington, Mark Gordon, Katherine L. Hayden, Amy Leithead, Shao-Meng Li, Peter S. K. Liu, Richard L. Mittermeier, Samar G. Moussa, Jason O'Brien, Ralph Staebler, Mengistu Wolde, Doug Worthy, and Robert McLaren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7361–7378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Methane emissions from major oil sands facilities in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) of Alberta were measured in the summer of 2013 using two related aircraft mass-balance approaches. Tailings ponds and fugitive emissions of methane from open pit mines were found to be the major sources of methane in the region. Total methane emissions in the AOSR were measured to be ~ 20 tonnes of CH4 per hour, which is 48 % higher than the Canadian Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Emissions Inventory.
Stephanie C. Pugliese, Jennifer G. Murphy, Felix R. Vogel, Michael D. Moran, Junhua Zhang, Qiong Zheng, Craig A. Stroud, Shuzhan Ren, Douglas Worthy, and Gregoire Broquet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3387–3401, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3387-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3387-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the Southern Ontario CO2 Emissions (SOCE) inventory, which identifies the spatial and temporal distribution (2.5 km and hourly, respectively) of CO2 emissions from seven source sectors. When the SOCE inventory was used with a chemistry transport model, we found strong agreement between modelled and measured mixing ratios. We were able to quantify that natural gas combustion contributes > 80 % of CO2 emissions at nighttime while on-road emissions contribute > 70 % during the day.
Yuan You, Ralf M. Staebler, Samar G. Moussa, Yushan Su, Tony Munoz, Craig Stroud, Junhua Zhang, and Michael D. Moran
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14119–14143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14119-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14119-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach for traffic emission measurements is shown to have the capacity to provide high-time-resolution accurate concentrations of key air pollutants. A top-down method for quantifying real-world emission rates produced vehicular emission factor estimates for carbon monoxide that agreed well with bottom-up values. Significant ammonia and hydrogen cyanide emissions were observed. The main factors modulating the concentrations were turbulent mixing and traffic density.
Catherine Phillips-Smith, Cheol-Heon Jeong, Robert M. Healy, Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Valbona Celo, Jeffrey R. Brook, and Greg Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9435–9449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9435-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9435-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The sources of PM2.5 components exhibited short-term variabilities, and their contributions were identified in the Athabasca oil sands region. Much of the trace elements were found to originate from anthropogenic activities, i.e., oil sands upgrading and on- and off-road transportation. Some of these anthropogenic activities became better defined and understood only through highly time-resolved measurements, which can help guide further studies and policy decisions in the oil sands area.
John Liggio, Samar G. Moussa, Jeremy Wentzell, Andrea Darlington, Peter Liu, Amy Leithead, Katherine Hayden, Jason O'Brien, Richard L. Mittermeier, Ralf Staebler, Mengistu Wolde, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8411–8427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8411-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8411-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The emission and formation of gaseous organic acids from the oil sands industry in Canada is explored through aircraft measurements directly over and downwind wind of industrial facilities. Results demonstrated that the formation of organic acids through atmospheric chemical reactions dominated over the direct emissions from mining activities but could not be explicitly modeled. The results highlight the need for improved understanding of photochemical mechanisms leading to these species.
Yuemei Han, Craig A. Stroud, John Liggio, and Shao-Meng Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13929–13944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13929-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13929-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the acidity effect on the yield and chemical composition of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol based on a series of laboratory experiments performed using a photochemical reaction chamber under high- and low-NOx conditions. We have found that the acidity effect largely depends on NOx level and the inorganic acidity has a significant role to play in determining various organic aerosol chemical properties such as mass yields, oxidation state, and organic nitrate content.
Graydon Snider, Crystal L. Weagle, Kalaivani K. Murdymootoo, Amanda Ring, Yvonne Ritchie, Emily Stone, Ainsley Walsh, Clement Akoshile, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian, Jeff Brook, Fatimah D. Qonitan, Jinlu Dong, Derek Griffith, Kebin He, Brent N. Holben, Ralph Kahn, Nofel Lagrosas, Puji Lestari, Zongwei Ma, Amit Misra, Leslie K. Norford, Eduardo J. Quel, Abdus Salam, Bret Schichtel, Lior Segev, Sachchida Tripathi, Chien Wang, Chao Yu, Qiang Zhang, Yuxuan Zhang, Michael Brauer, Aaron Cohen, Mark D. Gibson, Yang Liu, J. Vanderlei Martins, Yinon Rudich, and Randall V. Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9629–9653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9629-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected on filters at traditionally undersampled, globally dispersed urban locations. Several PM2.5 chemical components (e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and black carbon) vary by more than an order of magnitude between sites while aerosol hygroscopicity varies by a factor of 2. Enhanced anthropogenic dust fractions in large urban areas are apparent from high Zn : Al ratios.
Vitali E. Fioletov, Chris A. McLinden, Alexander Cede, Jonathan Davies, Cristian Mihele, Stoyka Netcheva, Shao-Meng Li, and Jason O'Brien
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2961–2976, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2961-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2961-2016, 2016
Alex K. Y. Lee, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, W. Richard Leaitch, Shao-Meng Li, Steve J. Sjostedt, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, John Liggio, and Anne Marie Macdonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6721–6733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Substantial biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) formation was investigated in a coniferous forest mountain region in Whistler, British Columbia. A largely biogenic aerosol growth episode was observed, providing a unique opportunity to investigate BSOA formation chemistry in a forested environment. In particular, our observations provide insights into the relative importance of different oxidation mechanisms between day and night.
Emma L. Mungall, Betty Croft, Martine Lizotte, Jennie L. Thomas, Jennifer G. Murphy, Maurice Levasseur, Randall V. Martin, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, John Liggio, and Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6665–6680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6665-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6665-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Previous work has suggested that marine emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) could impact the Arctic climate through interactions with clouds. We made the first high-time-resolution measurements of summertime atmospheric DMS in the Canadian Arctic, and performed source sensitivity simulations. We found that regional marine sources dominated, but do not appear to be sufficient to explain our observations. Understanding DMS sources in the Arctic is necessary to model future climate in the region.
Bin Yuan, John Liggio, Jeremy Wentzell, Shao-Meng Li, Harald Stark, James M. Roberts, Jessica Gilman, Brian Lerner, Carsten Warneke, Rui Li, Amy Leithead, Hans D. Osthoff, Robert Wild, Steven S. Brown, and Joost A. de Gouw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2139–2153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2139-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2139-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We describe high-resolution measurements of nitrated phenols using a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS). Strong diurnal profiles were observed for nitrated phenols, with concentration maxima at night. Box model simulations were able to reproduce the measured nitrated phenols.
M. W. Shephard, C. A. McLinden, K. E. Cady-Pereira, M. Luo, S. G. Moussa, A. Leithead, J. Liggio, R. M. Staebler, A. Akingunola, P. Makar, P. Lehr, J. Zhang, D. K. Henze, D. B. Millet, J. O. Bash, L. Zhu, K. C. Wells, S. L. Capps, S. Chaliyakunnel, M. Gordon, K. Hayden, J. R. Brook, M. Wolde, and S.-M. Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 5189–5211, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5189-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5189-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides direct validations of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite retrieved profiles against coincident aircraft profiles of carbon monoxide, ammonia, methanol, and formic acid, all of which are of interest for air quality. The comparisons are performed over the Canadian oil sands region during an intensive field campaign in support of the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for the Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM). Initial model evaluations are also provided.
Y. Liu, J. Liggio, R. Staebler, and S.-M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13569–13584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13569-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13569-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This work for the first time demonstrated that organonitrogen compounds (NOC) can be formed efficiently via the uptake of ammonia by newly formed secondary organic aerosol using a smog chamber equipped with a HR-ToF-AMS. Based on the measured kinetics, this study suggests that light absorption by NOC in atmospheric particles may be important in regions where the BC contribution is minimal and NOC from ammonia should be considered with respect to overall deposition of nitrogen to ecosystems.
N. D. Rider, Y. M. Taha, C. A. Odame-Ankrah, J. A. Huo, T. W. Tokarek, E. Cairns, S. G. Moussa, J. Liggio, and H. D. Osthoff
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2737–2748, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2737-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2737-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A photochemical source of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs) in which a dialkyl ketone (acetone, diethyl-, di-isopropyl, or di-n-propyl ketone) in the presence of oxygen and nitric oxide is photodissociated by arrays of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) is described. The source output was analyzed by gas chromatography and thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectroscopy and modeled using the Master Chemical Mechanism.
G. Snider, C. L. Weagle, R. V. Martin, A. van Donkelaar, K. Conrad, D. Cunningham, C. Gordon, M. Zwicker, C. Akoshile, P. Artaxo, N. X. Anh, J. Brook, J. Dong, R. M. Garland, R. Greenwald, D. Griffith, K. He, B. N. Holben, R. Kahn, I. Koren, N. Lagrosas, P. Lestari, Z. Ma, J. Vanderlei Martins, E. J. Quel, Y. Rudich, A. Salam, S. N. Tripathi, C. Yu, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, M. Brauer, A. Cohen, M. D. Gibson, and Y. Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 505–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-505-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-505-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We have initiated a global network of ground-level monitoring stations to measure concentrations of fine aerosols in urban environments. Our findings include major ions species, total mass, and total scatter at three wavelengths. Results will be used to further evaluate and enhance satellite remote sensing estimates.
L. Huang, S. L. Gong, M. Gordon, J. Liggio, R. Staebler, C. A. Stroud, G. Lu, C. Mihele, J. R. Brook, and C. Q. Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12631–12648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12631-2014, 2014
Y. Liu, L. Huang, S.-M. Li, T. Harner, and J. Liggio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12195–12207, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12195-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12195-2014, 2014
Y. Liu, S.-M. Li, and J. Liggio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9201–9211, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9201-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9201-2014, 2014
M. Gordon, A. Vlasenko, R. M. Staebler, C. Stroud, P. A. Makar, J. Liggio, S.-M. Li, and S. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9087–9097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9087-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9087-2014, 2014
M. L. McGuire, R. Y.-W. Chang, J. G. Slowik, C.-H. Jeong, R. M. Healy, G. Lu, C. Mihele, J. P. D. Abbatt, J. R. Brook, and G. J. Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8017–8042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8017-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8017-2014, 2014
I. Levy, C. Mihele, G. Lu, J. Narayan, N. Hilker, and J. R. Brook
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7173–7193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7173-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7173-2014, 2014
D. Mendolia, R. J. C. D'Souza, G. J. Evans, and J. Brook
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2907–2924, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2907-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2907-2013, 2013
J. R. Brook, P. A. Makar, D. M. L. Sills, K. L. Hayden, and R. McLaren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10461–10482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10461-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10461-2013, 2013
L. Ahlm, K. M. Shakya, L. M. Russell, J. C. Schroder, J. P. S. Wong, S. J. Sjostedt, K. L. Hayden, J. Liggio, J. J. B. Wentzell, H. A. Wiebe, C. Mihele, W. R. Leaitch, and A. M. Macdonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3393–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3393-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3393-2013, 2013
J. Liggio and S.-M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2989–3002, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2989-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2989-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Measurement report: Urban ammonia and amines in Houston, Texas
Biomass-burning sources control ambient particulate matter, but traffic and industrial sources control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and secondary-pollutant formation during extreme pollution events in Delhi
Multi-year observations of variable incomplete combustion in the New York megacity
Observations of the vertical distributions of summertime atmospheric pollutants in Nam Co: OH production and source analysis
Measurement report: Elevated atmospheric ammonia may promote particle pH and HONO formation – insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Measurement report: Vertical and temporal variability in the near-surface ozone production rate and sensitivity in an urban area in the Pearl River Delta region, China
Elevated oxidized mercury in the free troposphere: analytical advances and application at a remote continental mountaintop site
Using observed urban NOx sinks to constrain VOC reactivity and the ozone and radical budget in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Real-world emission characteristics of VOCs from typical cargo ships and their potential contributions to secondary organic aerosol and O3 under low-sulfur fuel policies
NO3 reactivity during a summer period in a temperate forest below and above the canopy
The role of oceanic ventilation and terrestrial outflow in atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons over the Chinese marginal seas
Concentration and source changes of nitrous acid (HONO) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing
Characteristics and sources of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and O3–NOx–NMVOC relationships in Zhengzhou, China
Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products at a stressed pine forest close to a biogas power plant
Deciphering anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to selected non-methane volatile organic compound emissions in an urban area
Emission characteristics of reactive organic gases (ROGs) from industrial volatile chemical products (VCPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China
Measurement report: Enhanced photochemical formation of formic and isocyanic acids in urban regions aloft – insights from tower-based online gradient measurements
Sources of organic gases and aerosol particles and their roles in nighttime particle growth at a rural forested site in southwest Germany
Surface snow bromide and nitrate at Eureka, Canada, in early spring and implications for polar boundary layer chemistry
Opinion: Strengthening research in the Global South – atmospheric science opportunities in South America and Africa
Analysis of ozone vertical profile day-to-day variability in the lower troposphere during the Paris-2022 ACROSS campaign
Consistency evaluation of tropospheric ozone from ozonesonde and IAGOS aircraft observations: vertical distribution, ozonesonde types and station-airport distance
Investigating Carbonyl Compounds above the Amazon Rainforest using PTR-ToF-MS with NO+ Chemical Ionization
Shipping and algae emissions have a major impact on ambient air mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and methanethiol on Utö Island in the Baltic Sea
Measurement report: Long-term measurements of ozone concentrations in semi-natural African ecosystems
Contribution of cooking emissions to the urban volatile organic compounds in Las Vegas, NV
Reanalysis of NOAA H2 observations: implications for the H2 budget
A large role of missing volatile organic compound reactivity from anthropogenic emissions in ozone pollution regulation
Measurement report: Insights into the chemical composition and origin of molecular clusters and potential precursor molecules present in the free troposphere over the southern Indian Ocean: observations from the Maïdo Observatory (2150 m a.s.l., Réunion)
Ozone deposition measurements over wheat fields in the North China Plain: variability and related factors of deposition flux and velocity
Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from the ozonolysis of coastal seawater
Comment on “Transport of substantial stratospheric ozone to the surface by a dying typhoon and shallow convection” by Chen et al. (2022)
Observations of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the global troposphere and their relation to polar surface O3 destruction
CO2 and CO temporal variability over Mexico City from ground-based total column and surface measurements
Individual coal mine methane emissions constrained by eddy covariance measurements: low bias and missing sources
Discovery of reactive chlorine, sulphur and nitrogen containing ambient volatile organic compounds in the megacity of Delhi during both clean and extremely polluted seasons
Measurement report: In-flight and ground-based measurements of nitrogen oxide emissions from latest generation jet engines and 100% sustainable aviation fuel
Measurement report: Observations of ground-level ozone concentration gradients perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline
Measurement report: The Palau Atmospheric Observatory and its ozonesonde record – continuous monitoring of tropospheric composition and dynamics in the tropical western Pacific
Quantifying SO2 oxidation pathways to atmospheric sulfate using stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes: laboratory simulation and field observation
Influences of downward transport and photochemistry on surface ozone over East Antarctica during austral summer: in situ observations and model simulations
Iodine oxoacids and their roles in sub-3 nm particle growth in polluted urban environments
Intensive photochemical oxidation in the marine atmosphere: evidence from direct radical measurements
Diurnal variations in oxygen and nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and nitrate: implications for tracing NOx oxidation pathways and emission sources
Measurement report: Method for evaluating CO2 emissions from a cement plant using atmospheric δ(O2 ∕ N2) and CO2 measurements and its implication for future detection of CO2 capture signals
Aircraft-based mass balance estimate of methane emissions from offshore gas facilities in the southern North Sea
Measurement report: Sources, sinks and lifetime of NOX in a sub-urban temperate forest at night
Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements
Measurement report: Atmospheric nitrate radical chemistry in the South China Sea influenced by the urban outflow of the Pearl River Delta
The interhemispheric gradient of SF6 in the upper troposphere
Lee Tiszenkel, James H. Flynn, and Shan-Hu Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11351–11363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia and amines are important ingredients for aerosol formation in urban environments, but the measurements of these compounds are extremely challenging. Our observations show that urban ammonia and amines in Houston are emitted from urban sources, and diurnal variations in their concentrations are likely governed by gas-to-particle conversion and emissions.
Arpit Awasthi, Baerbel Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Sachin Mishra, Varkrishna Mummidivarapu, Gurmanjot Singh, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Vinayak Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10279–10304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use 111 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM10, and PM2.5 in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to resolve 11 pollution sources validated with chemical fingerprints. Crop residue burning and heating account for ~ 50 % of the PM, while traffic and industrial emissions dominate the gas-phase VOC burden and formation potential of secondary organic aerosols (> 60 %). Non-tailpipe emissions from compressed-natural-gas-fuelled commercial vehicles dominate the transport sector's PM burden.
Luke D. Schiferl, Cong Cao, Bronte Dalton, Andrew Hallward-Driemeier, Ricardo Toledo-Crow, and Róisín Commane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10129–10142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant and an important indicator of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in cities. Using 4 years of winter and spring observations in New York City, we found that both the magnitude and variability of CO from the metropolitan area are greater than expected. Transportation emissions cannot explain the missing and variable CO, which points to energy from buildings as a likely underappreciated source of urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Chengzhi Xing, Cheng Liu, Chunxiang Ye, Jingkai Xue, Hongyu Wu, Xiangguang Ji, Jinping Ou, and Qihou Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10093–10112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the contributions of ozone (O3) and nitrous acid (HONO) to the production rates of hydroxide (OH) in vertical space on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A new insight was offered: the contributions of HONO and O3 to the production rates of OH on the TP are even greater than in lower-altitudes areas. This study enriches the understanding of vertical distribution of atmospheric components and explains the strong atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) on the TP.
Xinyuan Zhang, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Shuangliang Ma, Shenbo Wang, Ruiqin Zhang, Dong Zhang, Mingkai Wang, and Hongyu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9885–9898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of the redox reaction of NO2 with SO2 based on actual atmospheric observations. The particle pH in future China is expected to rise steadily. Consequently, this reaction could become a significant source of HONO in China. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions to avoid a rapid increase in the particle pH.
Jun Zhou, Chunsheng Zhang, Aiming Liu, Bin Yuan, Yan Wang, Wenjie Wang, Jie-Ping Zhou, Yixin Hao, Xiao-Bing Li, Xianjun He, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Suxia Yang, Shuchun Yang, Yanfeng Wu, Bin Jiang, Shan Huang, Junwen Liu, Yuwen Peng, Jipeng Qi, Minhui Deng, Bowen Zhong, Yibo Huangfu, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9805–9826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In-depth understanding of the near-ground vertical variability in photochemical ozone (O3) formation is crucial for mitigating O3 pollution. Utilizing a self-built vertical observation system, a direct net photochemical O3 production rate detection system, and an observation-based model, we diagnosed the vertical distributions and formation mechanism of net photochemical O3 production rates and sensitivity in the Pearl River Delta region, one of the most O3-polluted areas in China.
Eleanor J. Derry, Tyler R. Elgiar, Taylor Y. Wilmot, Nicholas W. Hoch, Noah S. Hirshorn, Peter Weiss-Penzias, Christopher F. Lee, John C. Lin, A. Gannet Hallar, Rainer Volkamer, Seth N. Lyman, and Lynne E. Gratz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9615–9643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) is a globally distributed neurotoxic pollutant. Atmospheric deposition is the main source of Hg in ecosystems. However, measurement biases hinder understanding of the origins and abundance of the more bioavailable oxidized form. We used an improved, calibrated measurement system to study air mass composition and transport of atmospheric Hg at a remote mountaintop site in the central US. Oxidized Hg originated upwind in the low to middle free troposphere under clean, dry conditions.
Benjamin A. Nault, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Donald R. Blake, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Kyung-Eun Min, Young Ro Lee, Isobel J. Simpson, Kirk Ullmann, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9573–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) is a pollutant formed from the reactions of gases emitted from various sources. In urban areas, the density of human activities can increase the O3 formation rate (P(O3)), thus impacting air quality and health. Observations collected over Seoul, South Korea, are used to constrain P(O3). A high local P(O3) was found; however, local P(O3) was partly reduced due to compounds typically ignored. These observations also provide constraints for unmeasured compounds that will impact P(O3).
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scope of a field campaign in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we measured the reactivity of the nitrate radical NO3 towards biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs; e.g. monoterpenes) mainly below but also above the canopy. NO3 reactivity was the highest during nights with strong temperature inversions and decreased strongly with height. Reactions with BVOCs were the main removal process of NO3 throughout the diel cycle below the canopy.
Jian Wang, Lei Xue, Qianyao Ma, Feng Xu, Gaobin Xu, Shibo Yan, Jiawei Zhang, Jianlong Li, Honghai Zhang, Guiling Zhang, and Zhaohui Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8721–8736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the distribution and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the lower atmosphere over the marginal seas of China. NMHCs, a subset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Derived from systematic atmospheric sampling in coastal cities and marginal sea regions, this study offers valuable insights into the interaction between land and sea in shaping offshore atmospheric NMHCs.
Yusheng Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Zemin Feng, Chaofan Lian, Weigang Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Ma, Zhuohui Lin, Chang Li, Gen Zhang, Chao Yan, Ying Zhang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Federico Bianch, Tuukka Petäjä, Juha Kangasluoma, Markku Kulmala, and Yongchun Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8569–8587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nitrous acid (HONO) budget was validated during a COVID-19 lockdown event. The main conclusions are (1) HONO concentrations showed a significant decrease from 0.97 to 0.53 ppb during lockdown; (2) vehicle emissions accounted for 53 % of nighttime sources, with the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground surfaces more important than aerosol; and (3) the dominant daytime source shifted from the homogenous reaction between NO and OH (51 %) to nitrate photolysis (53 %) during lockdown.
Dong Zhang, Xiao Li, Minghao Yuan, Yifei Xu, Qixiang Xu, Fangcheng Su, Shenbo Wang, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8549–8567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing concentration of O3 precursors and unfavorable meteorological conditions are key factors in the formation of O3 pollution in Zhengzhou. Vehicular exhausts (28 %), solvent usage (27 %), and industrial production (22 %) are identified as the main sources of NMVOCs. Moreover, O3 formation in Zhengzhou is found to be in an anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC)-limited regime. Thus, to reduce O3 formation, a minimum AVOCs / NOx reduction ratio ≥ 3 : 1 is recommended.
Junwei Song, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ralf Tillmann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1768, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
VOCs and organic aerosol (OA) particles were measured online at an European stressed pine forest site. Higher temperatures can enhance the forest emissions of biogenic VOCs exceeding their photochemical consumption during daytime. Weakly oxidized monoterpene products dominated the VOCs during nighttime. Moreover, increasing relative humidity can promote the gas-to-particle partitioning of these weakly oxidized monoterpene products, leading to increased OA mass.
Arianna Peron, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Christian Lamprecht, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Thomas Karl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7063–7083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic fraction of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions associated with biogenic sources (e.g., terpenes) is investigated based on eddy covariance observations. The anthropogenic fraction of terpene emissions is strongly dependent on season. When analyzing volatile chemical product (VCP) emissions in urban environments, we caution that observations from short-term campaigns might over-/underestimate their significance depending on local and seasonal circumstances.
Sihang Wang, Bin Yuan, Xianjun He, Ru Cui, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Caihong Wu, Chaomin Wang, Yibo Huangfu, Xiao-Bing Li, Boguang Wang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7101–7121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of reactive organic gases from industrial volatile chemical product sources are measured. There are large differences among these industrial sources. We show that oxygenated species account for significant contributions to reactive organic gas emissions, especially for industrial sources utilizing water-borne chemicals.
Qing Yang, Xiao-Bing Li, Bin Yuan, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Yibo Huangfu, Lei Yang, Xianjun He, Jipeng Qi, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6865–6882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Online vertical gradient measurements of formic and isocyanic acids were made based on a 320 m tower in a megacity. Vertical variations and sources of the two acids were analyzed in this study. We find that formic and isocyanic acids exhibited positive vertical gradients and were mainly contributed by photochemical formations. The formation of formic and isocyanic acids was also significantly enhanced in urban regions aloft.
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6699–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forested site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contributed significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help us to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in central European rural forested environments.
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison S. Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley A. Walker, Sara M. Morris, and Peter Effertz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5863–5886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses snow samples collected from a Canadian high Arctic site, Eureka, to demonstrate that surface snow in early spring is a net sink of atmospheric bromine and nitrogen. Surface snow bromide and nitrate are significantly correlated, indicating the oxidation of reactive nitrogen is accelerated by reactive bromine. In addition, we show evidence that snow photochemical release of reactive bromine is very weak, and its emission flux is much smaller than the deposition flux of bromide.
Rebecca M. Garland, Katye E. Altieri, Laura Dawidowski, Laura Gallardo, Aderiana Mbandi, Nestor Y. Rojas, and N'datchoh E. Touré
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5757–5764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This opinion piece focuses on two geographical areas in the Global South where the authors are based that are underrepresented in atmospheric science. This opinion provides context on common challenges and constraints, with suggestions on how the community can address these. The focus is on the strengths of atmospheric science research in these regions. It is these strengths, we believe, that highlight the critical role of Global South researchers in the future of atmospheric science research.
Gerard Ancellet, Camille Viatte, Anne Boynard, François Ravetta, Jacques Pelon, Cristelle Cailteau-Fischbach, Pascal Genau, Julie Capo, Axel Roy, and Philippe Nédélec
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-892, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-892, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of ozone pollution in urban areas has benefited from a measurement campaign in summer 2022 in the Paris region. The analysis is based on 21 days of lidar and aircraft observations. The main objective is a sensitivity analysis of ozone pollution to first the micrometeorological processes in the urban atmospheric boundary layer, and second, the transport of regional pollution. The paper also discuss to what extent satellite observations can track the observed ozone plumes.
Honglei Wang, David W. Tarasick, Jane Liu, Herman G. J. Smit, Roeland Van Malderen, Lijuan Shen, and Tianliang Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1015, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we identify 23 suitable pairs of sites in the WOUDC and IAGOS datasets from 1995 to 2021, compare the average vertical distribution of tropospheric O3 shown by ozonesonde and aircraft measurements, and analyze their differences by ozonesonde type and by station-airport distance.
Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, Christopher Poehlker, Marta O. Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1210, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the average height distribution of separately observed aldehydes and ketones over a day and discuss their rainforest-specific sources and sinks and their seasonal changes above the Amazon rainforest. Ketones have much longer atmospheric lifetimes than aldehydes, and thus different implications for atmospheric chemistry. However, they are commonly observed together, which we overcome by measuring with a NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the first time in the Amazon rainforest.
Heidi Hellén, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Kaisa Kraft, Jukka Seppälä, Mika Vestenius, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lauri Laakso, and Hannele Hakola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4717–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing ratios of C2-C5 NMHCs and methanethiol were measured on an island in the Baltic Sea using an in situ gas chromatograph. Shipping emissions were found to be an important source of ethene, ethyne, propene, and benzene. High summertime mixing ratios of methanethiol and dependence of mixing ratios on seawater temperature and height indicated the biogenic origin to possibly be phytoplankton or macroalgae. These emissions may have a strong impact on SO2 production and new particle formation.
Hagninou Elagnon Venance Donnou, Aristide Barthélémy Akpo, Money Ossohou, Claire Delon, Véronique Yoboué, Dungall Laouali, Marie Ouafo-Leumbe, Pieter Gideon Van Zyl, Ousmane Ndiaye, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias-Alves, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-284, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-284, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a secondary air pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. A better understanding of its chemical evolution is a challenge for Africa, where it is still under-sampled. Out of 14 sites examined (1995–2020), high levels of O3 are reported in southern Africa. The dominant chemical processes leading to O3 formation are identified. A decrease in O3 is observed at Katibougou (Mali) and Banizoumbou (Niger), and an increase at Zoétélé (Cameroon) and Skukuza (South Africa).
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Lu Xu, Jeff Peischl, Jessica B. Gilman, Aaron Lamplugh, Henry J. Bowman, Kenneth Aikin, Colin Harkins, Qindan Zhu, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Jian He, Meng Li, Karl Seltzer, Brian McDonald, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4289–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Residential and commercial cooking emits pollutants that degrade air quality. Here, ambient observations show that cooking is an important contributor to anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in Las Vegas, NV. These emissions are not fully presented in air quality models, and more work may be needed to quantify emissions from important sources, such as commercial restaurants.
Fabien Paulot, Gabrielle Pétron, Andrew M. Crotwell, and Matteo B. Bertagni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4217–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show that hydrogen (H2) concentrations increased from 2010 to 2019, which is consistent with the simulated increase in H2 photochemical production (mainly from methane). But this cannot be reconciled with the expected decrease (increase) in H2 anthropogenic emissions (soil deposition) in the same period. This shows gaps in our knowledge of the H2 biogeochemical cycle that must be resolved to quantify the impact of higher H2 usage.
Wenjie Wang, Bin Yuan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Jipeng Qi, Sihang Wang, Wei Song, Xinming Wang, Chaoyang Xue, Chaoqun Ma, Fengxia Bao, Hongli Wang, Shengrong Lou, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4017–4027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the important role of unmeasured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation. Based on results in a megacity of China, we show that unmeasured VOCs can contribute significantly to ozone fomation and also influence the determination of ozone control strategy. Our results show that these unmeasured VOCs are mainly from human sources.
Romain Salignat, Matti Rissanen, Siddharth Iyer, Jean-Luc Baray, Pierre Tulet, Jean-Marc Metzger, Jérôme Brioude, Karine Sellegri, and Clémence Rose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3785–3812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using mass spectrometry data collected at the Maïdo Observatory (2160 m a.s.l., Réunion), we provide the first detailed analysis of molecular cluster chemical composition specifically in the marine free troposphere. The abundance of the identified species is related both to in situ meteorological parameters and air mass history, which also provide insight into their origin. Our work makes an important contribution to documenting the chemistry and physics of the marine free troposphere.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-643, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-643, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process removing surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystem and climate change. This study conducted an O3 deposition measurement over wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities of O3 deposition were detected mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanism, model optimization.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3729–3742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments with seawater mimics suggest ozone deposition to the surface ocean can be a source of reactive carbon to the marine atmosphere. We conduct both field and laboratory measurements to assess abiotic VOC composition and yields from ozonolysis of real surface seawater. We show that C5–C11 aldehydes contribute to the observed VOC emission flux. We estimate that VOCs generated by the ozonolysis of surface seawater are competitive with biological VOC production and emission.
Xiangdong Zheng, Wen Yang, Yuting Sun, Chunmei Geng, Yingying Liu, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3759–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chen et al. (2022) attributed the nocturnal ozone enhancement (NOE) during the night of 31 July 2021 in the North China Plain (NCP) to "the direct stratospheric intrusion to reach the surface". We analyzed in situ data from the NCP. Our results do not suggest that there was a significant impact from the stratosphere on surface ozone during the NOE. We argue that the NOE was not caused by stratospheric intrusion but originated from fresh photochemical production in the lower troposphere.
James M. Roberts, Siyuan Wang, Patrick R. Veres, J. Andrew Neuman, Michael A. Robinson, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Hannah M. Allen, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Simone Meinardi, Isobel J. Simpson, and Donald Blake
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3421–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the troposphere for the first time. BrCN is a product of the same active bromine chemistry that destroys ozone and removes mercury in polar surface environments and is a previously unrecognized sink for active Br compounds. BrCN has an apparent lifetime against heterogeneous loss in the range 1–10 d, so it serves as a cumulative marker of Br-radical chemistry. Accounting for BrCN chemistry is an important part of understanding polar Br cycling.
Noémie Taquet, Wolfgang Stremme, María Eugenia Gonzalez del Castillo, Victor Almanza, Alejandro Bezanilla, Olivier Laurent, Carlos Alberti, Frank Hase, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, Ke Che, and Michel Grutter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-512, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-512, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the variability of CO and CO2 and their ratio over Mexico City from long-term time-resolved FTIR solar absorption and surface measurements. Using the average intraday CO growth rate from total columns and TROPOMI measurements, we additionally estimate the interannual variability of CO and CO2 anthropogenic emissions of the City and relate it to the main influencing events of the last decade, such as the COVID-19 lock-down.
Kai Qin, Wei Hu, Qin He, Fan Lu, and Jason Blake Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3009–3028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3009-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3009-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compute CH4 emissions and uncertainty on a mine-by-mine basis, including underground, overground, and abandoned mines. Mine-by-mine gas and flux data and 30 min observations from a flux tower located next to a mine shaft are integrated. The observed variability and bias correction are propagated over the emissions dataset, demonstrating that daily observations may not cover the range of variability. Comparisons show both an emissions magnitude and spatial mismatch with current inventories.
Sachin Mishra, Vinayak Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Arpit Awasthi, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Baerbel Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-500, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-500, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified 111 gases using extended volatility mass spectrometry to understand how changes in seasonality and emissions lead from clean air in monsoon to extremely polluted air in the post-monsoon season in Delhi. Averaged total mass concentrations (260 µgm-3) were >4 times in polluted periods, driven by biomass burning emissions and reduced atmospheric ventilation. Reactive gaseous nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur compounds hitherto un-reported from such a polluted environment were discovered.
Theresa Harlass, Rebecca Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Raphael Märkl, Daniel Sauer, Monika Scheibe, Paul Stock, Tiziana Bräuer, Andreas Dörnbrack, Anke Roiger, Hans Schlager, Ulrich Schumann, Tobias Schripp, Tobias Grein, Linda Bondorf, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Mark Johnson, Darren Luff, Paul Madden, Peter Swann, Denise Ahrens, Reetu Sallinen, and Christiane Voigt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-454, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-454, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft have a direct impact on our climate. Here, we present airborne and ground based measurement data of nitrogen oxides which were collected in the exhaust of an Airbus aircraft. We study the impact of burning fossil and sustainable aviation fuel on nitrogen oxide emissions at different engine settings related to combustor temperature, pressure and fuel flow. Further, we compare observations with engine emission models.
Yao Yan Huang and D. James Donaldson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2387–2398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone interacts at the lake–land boundary; this is important to our understanding and modelling of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution in the lower atmosphere. We show that a steep ozone gradient occurs year-round moving inland up to 1 km from the lake and that this gradient is influenced by seasonal factors on the local land environment, where more rural areas are more greatly affected seasonally.
Katrin Müller, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Peter von der Gathen, Christoph Ritter, Sharon Patris, Justus Notholt, and Markus Rex
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2169–2193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Palau Atmospheric Observatory is introduced as an ideal site to detect changes in atmospheric composition and dynamics above the remote tropical western Pacific. We focus on the ozone sounding program from 2016–2021, including El Niño 2016. The year-round high convective activity is reflected in dominant low tropospheric ozone and high relative humidity. Their seasonal distributions are unique compared to other tropical sites and are modulated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
Ziyan Guo, Keding Lu, Pengxiang Qiu, Mingyi Xu, and Zhaobing Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2195–2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of secondary sulfate needs to be further explored. In this work, we simultaneously measured sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions to gain an increased understanding of specific sulfate formation processes. The results indicated that secondary sulfate was mainly ascribed to SO2 homogeneous oxidation by OH radicals and heterogeneous oxidation by H2O2 and Fe3+ / O2. This study is favourable for deeply investigating the sulfur cycle in the atmosphere.
Imran A. Girach, Narendra Ojha, Prabha R. Nair, Kandula V. Subrahmanyam, Neelakantan Koushik, Mohammed M. Nazeer, Nadimpally Kiran Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1979–1995, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate surface ozone variability in East Antarctica based on measurements and EMAC global model simulations during austral summer. Nearly half of the surface ozone is found to be of stratospheric origin. The east coast of Antarctica acts as a stronger sink of ozone than surrounding regions. Photochemical loss of ozone is counterbalanced by downward transport of ozone. The study highlights the intertwined role of chemistry and dynamics in governing ozone variations over East Antarctica.
Ying Zhang, Duzitian Li, Xu-Cheng He, Wei Nie, Chenjuan Deng, Runlong Cai, Yuliang Liu, Yishuo Guo, Chong Liu, Yiran Li, Liangduo Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Chenjie Hua, Tingyu Liu, Zongcheng Wang, Jiali Xie, Lei Wang, Tuukka Petäjä, Federico Bianchi, Ximeng Qi, Xuguang Chi, Pauli Paasonen, Yongchun Liu, Chao Yan, Jingkun Jiang, Aijun Ding, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1873–1893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducts a long-term observation of gaseous iodine oxoacids in two Chinese megacities, revealing their ubiquitous presence with peak concentrations (up to 0.1 pptv) in summer. Our analysis suggests a mix of terrestrial and marine sources for iodine. Additionally, iodic acid is identified as a notable contributor to sub-3 nm particle growth and particle survival probability.
Guoxian Zhang, Renzhi Hu, Pinhua Xie, Changjin Hu, Xiaoyan Liu, Liujun Zhong, Haotian Cai, Bo Zhu, Shiyong Xia, Xiaofeng Huang, Xin Li, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1825–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observation of HOx radicals was conducted at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta. Radical chemistry was influenced by different air masses in a time-dependent way. Land mass promotes a more active photochemical process, with daily averages of 7.1 × 106 and 5.2 × 108 cm−3 for OH and HO2 respectively. The rapid oxidation process was accompanied by a higher diurnal HONO concentration, which influences the ozone-sensitive system and eventually magnifies the background ozone.
Sarah Albertin, Joël Savarino, Slimane Bekki, Albane Barbero, Roberto Grilli, Quentin Fournier, Irène Ventrillard, Nicolas Caillon, and Kathy Law
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1361–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1361-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1361-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports the first simultaneous records of oxygen (Δ17O) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrate (NO3−). These data are combined with atmospheric observations to explore sub-daily N reactive chemistry and quantify N fractionation effects in an Alpine winter city. The results highlight the necessity of using Δ17O and δ15N in both NO2 and NO3− to avoid biased estimations of NOx sources and fates from NO3− isotopic records in urban winter environments.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hiroaki Kondo, Kentaro Ishijima, Nobuyuki Aoki, Hidekazu Matsueda, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method evaluating techniques for carbon neutrality, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is important. This study presents a method to evaluate CO2 emissions from a cement plant based on atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements. The method will also be useful for evaluating CO2 capture from flue gas at CCS plants, since the plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere without causing any O2 changes, just as cement plants do, differing only in the direction of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
Magdalena Pühl, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Alan M. Gorchov Negron, Eric A. Kort, Stefan Schwietzke, Ignacio Pisso, Amy Foulds, James Lee, James L. France, Anna E. Jones, Dave Lowry, Rebecca E. Fisher, Langwen Huang, Jacob Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Stephen Andrews, Stuart Young, Pamela Dominutti, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Alexandra Weiss, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In April–May 2019 we carried out an airborne field campaign in the southern North Sea with the aim of studying methane emissions of offshore gas installations. We determined methane emissions from elevated methane measured downstream of the sampled installations. We compare our measured methane emissions with estimated methane emissions from national and global annual inventories. As a result, we find inconsistencies of inventories and large discrepancies between measurements and inventories.
Simone T. Andersen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Tobias Seubert, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Lucy J. Carpenter, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2848, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2848, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Through measurements of various trace gases in a sub-urban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022 we were able to gain insight into the sources and sinks of NOx (NO+NO2) with a special focus on their nighttime chemical/physical loss processes. NO was observed as a result of nighttime soil emissions when ozone levels were strongly depleted by deposition. NO oxidation products were not observed at night indicating that soil and/or foliar surfaces are an efficient sink of reactive nitrogen.
Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Hannah Allen, Eric C. Apel, Megan M. Bela, Donald R. Blake, Ilann Bourgeois, Steven S. Brown, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jason M. St. Clair, James H. Crawford, John D. Crounse, Douglas A. Day, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Hongyu Guo, Johnathan W. Hair, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem Hannun, Alan Hills, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Joseph M. Katich, Aaron Lamplugh, Young Ro Lee, Jin Liao, Jakob Lindaas, Stuart A. McKeen, Tomas Mikoviny, Benjamin A. Nault, J. Andrew Neuman, John B. Nowak, Demetrios Pagonis, Jeff Peischl, Anne E. Perring, Felix Piel, Pamela S. Rickly, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Thomas B. Ryerson, Melinda K. Schueneman, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Joshua P. Schwarz, Kanako Sekimoto, Vanessa Selimovic, Taylor Shingler, David J. Tanner, Laura Tomsche, Krystal T. Vasquez, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca Washenfelder, Petter Weibring, Paul O. Wennberg, Armin Wisthaler, Glenn M. Wolfe, Caroline C. Womack, Lu Xu, Katherine Ball, Robert J. Yokelson, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 929–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports emissions of gases and particles from wildfires. These emissions are related to chemical proxies that can be measured by satellite and incorporated into models to improve predictions of wildfire impacts on air quality and climate.
Jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Lili Ming, Zelong Zheng, Guizhen Fang, Cuizhi Sun, Zhenhao Ling, Jun Zhao, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 977–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many works report NO3 chemistry in inland regions while less target marine regions. We measured N2O5 and related species on a typical island and found intensive nighttime chemistry and rapid NO3 loss. NO contributed significantly to NO3 loss despite its sub-ppbv level, suggesting nocturnal NO3 reactions would be largely enhanced once free from NO emissions in the open ocean. This highlights the strong influences of urban outflow on downward marine areas in terms of nighttime chemistry.
Tanja J. Schuck, Johannes Degen, Eric Hintsa, Peter Hoor, Markus Jesswein, Timo Keber, Daniel Kunkel, Fred Moore, Florian Obersteiner, Matt Rigby, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Luke M. Western, Andreas Zahn, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 689–705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the interhemispheric gradient of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a strong long-lived greenhouse gas. Its emissions are stronger in the Northern Hemisphere; therefore, mixing ratios in the Southern Hemisphere lag behind. Comparing the observations to a box model, the model predicts air in the Southern Hemisphere to be older. For a better agreement, the emissions used as model input need to be increased (and their spatial pattern changed), and we need to modify north–south transport.
Cited articles
Air Pollutants Emission Inventory: Air Pollutants Emission Inventory online
search, available at:
https://pollution-waste.canada.ca/air-emission-inventory (last access:
18 April 2018), 2015.
Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S.,
Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and
domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,
4039–4072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
Ambrose, J. L., Haase, K., Russo, R. S., Zhou, Y., White, M. L., Frinak, E. K.,
Jordan, C., Mayne, H. R., Talbot, R., and Sive, B. C.: A comparison of GC-FID
and PTR-MS toluene measurements in ambient air under conditions of enhanced
monoterpene loading, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 959–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-959-2010, 2010.
Ambrose, J. L., Zhou, Y., Haase, K., Mayne, H. R., Talbot, R., and Sive, B. C.:
A gas chromatographic instrument for measurement of hydrogen cyanide in the
lower atmosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1229–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1229-2012, 2012.
Araizaga, A. E., Mancilla, Y., and Mendoza, A.: Volatile organic compound
emissions from light-duty vehicles in Monterrey, Mexico: a tunnel study, Int.
J. Environ. Res., 7, 277–292, 2013.
Bahadur, R., Feng, Y., Russell, L. M., and Ramanathan, V.: Impact of California's
air pollution laws on black carbon and their implications for direct radiative
forcing, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1162–1167, 2011.
Ban-Weiss, G. A., McLaughlin, J. P., Harley, R. A., Lunden, M. M., Kirchstetter,
T. W., Kean, A. J., Strawa, A. W., Stevenson, E. D., and Kendall, G. R.: Long-term
changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from on-road
gasoline and diesel vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 42, 220–232, 2008.
Ban-Weiss, G. A., Lunden, M. M., Kirchstetter, T. W., and Harley, R. A.:
Size-resolved particle number and volume emission factors for on-road gasoline
and diesel motor vehicles, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 5–12, 2010.
Barillo, D. J.: Diagnosis and treatment of cyanide toxicity, J. Burn Care Res.,
30, 148–152, 2009.
Barth, M. C., Cochran, A. K., Fiddler, M. N., Roberts, J. M., and Bililign, S.:
Numerical modeling of cloud chemistry effects on isocyanic acid (HNCO), J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 8688–8701, 2013.
Baum, M. M., Moss, J. A., Pastel, S. H., and Poskrebyshev, G. A.: Hydrogen
cyanide exhaust emissions from in-use motor vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
41, 857–862, 2006.
Becker, K. H., Lörzer, Kurtenbach, R., Wiesen, P., Jensen, T. E., and
Wallington, T. J.: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from vehicles,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4134–4139, 1999.
Beckerman, B., Jerrett, M., Brook, J. R., Verma, D. K., Arain, M. A., and
Finkelstein, M. M.: Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants
near a major expressway, Atmos. Environ., 42, 275–290, 2008.
Bishop, G. A. and Stedman, D. H.: A decade of on-road emissions measurements,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1651–1656, 2008.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo,
B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo,
Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C.,
Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson,
M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D.,
Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black
carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
118, 5380–5552, 2013.
Borduas, N., Abbatt, J. P., and Murphy, J. G.: Gas phase oxidation of
monoethanolamine (MEA) with OH radical and ozone: kinetics, products, and
particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 6377–6383, 2013.
Borduas, N., da Silva, G., Murphy, J. G., and Abbatt, J. P.: Experimental and
theoretical understanding of the gas phase oxidation of atmospheric amides with
OH radicals: kinetics, products, and mechanisms, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119, 4298–4308, 2015.
Borduas, N., Place, B., Wentworth, G. R., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Murphy, J. G.:
Solubility and reactivity of HNCO in water: insights into HNCO's fate in the
atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 703–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-703-2016, 2016.
Bradow, R. L. and Stump, F. D.: Unregulated emissions from three-way catalyst
cars, SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., 770369, 7703, https://doi.org/10.4271/770369, 1977.
Brady, J. M., Crisp, T. A., Collier, S., Kuwayama, T., Forestieri, S. D.,
Perraud, V., Zhang, Q., Kleeman, M. J., Cappa, C. D., and Bertram, T. H.:
Real-time emission factor measurements of isocyanic acid from light duty
gasoline vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11405–11412, 2014.
Brook, J. R., Burnett, R. T., Dann, T. F., Cakmak, S., Goldberg, M. S., Fan,
X., and Wheeler, A. J.: Further interpretation of the acute effect of nitrogen
dioxide observed in Canadian time-series studies, J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.,
17, S36, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500626, 2007.
Bukowiecki, N., Dommen, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Richter, R., Weingartner,
E., and Baltensperger, U.: A mobile pollutant measurement laboratory – measuring
gas phase and aerosol ambient concentrations with high spatial and temporal
resolution, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5569–5579, 2002.
Cadle, S. H., Nebel, G. J., and Williams, R. L.: Measurements of unregulated
emissions from General Motors' light-duty vehicles, SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.,
790694, 7906, https://doi.org/10.4271/790694, 1979.
Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Ghertner, D. A., Herndon, S., Shi, Q., Jimenez,
J. L., Silva, P. J., Williams, P., Lanni, T., Drewnick, F., Demerjian, K. L.,
Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chase studies of particulate emissions from
in-use New York City vehicles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 555–573, 2004.
CCME – Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment: Canada-Wide Standard
for Benzene: 2010 Final Report, January 2012, CCME, Winnipeg, Canada, 12 pp., 2012.
Chan, T. W., Brook, J. R., Smallwood, G. J., and Lu, G.: Time-resolved measurements
of black carbon light absorption enhancement in urban and near-urban locations
of southern Ontario, Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10407–10432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10407-2011, 2011.
Chan, T. W., Meloche, E., Kubsh, J., and Brezny, R.: Black Carbon Emissions in
Gasoline Exhaust and a Reduction Alternative with a Gasoline Particulate Filter,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6027–6034, 2014.
Chandra, B. P. and Sinha, V.: Contribution of post-harvest agricultural paddy
residue fires in the N.W. Indo-Gangetic Plain to ambient carcinogenic benzenoids,
toxic isocyanic acid and carbon monoxide, Environ. Int., 88, 187–197, 2016.
Choi, M. Y., Hamins, A., Mulholland, G. W., and Kashiwagi, T.: Simultaneous
optical measurement of soot volume fraction and temperature in premixed flames,
Combust. Flame, 99, 174–186, 1994.
Coderre, A. R., Thomson, K. A., Snelling, D. R., and Johnson, M. R.: Spectrally
resolved light absorption properties of cooled soot from a methane flame, Appl.
Phys. B, 104, 175–188, 2011.
Coggon, M. M., Veres, P. R., Yuan, B., Koss, A., Warneke, C., Gilman, J. B.,
Lerner, B. M., Peischl, J., Aikin, K. C., Stockwell, C. E., Hatch, L. E.,
Ryerson, T. B., Roberts, J. M., Yokelson, R. J., de Gouw, J. A.: Emissions of
nitrogen-containing organic compounds from the burning of herbaceous and
arboraceous biomass: Fuel composition dependence and the variability of
commonly used nitrile tracers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9903–9912, 1016.
Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel,
E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez,
J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the
Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929–4944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4929-2009, 2009.
Dallmann, T. R., DeMartini, S. J., Kirchstetter, T. W., Herndon, S. C., Onasch,
T. B., Wood, E. C., and Harley, R. A.: On-road measurement of gas and particle
phase pollutant emission factors for individual heavy-duty diesel trucks,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8511–8518, 2012.
Dallmann, T. R., Kirchstetter, T. W., DeMartini, S. J., and Harley, R. A.:
Quantifying on-road emissions from gasoline-powered motor vehicles: Accounting
for the presence of medium- and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
47, 13873–13881, 2013.
Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Barr, C. D., and Bell, M. L.: Protecting human health
from air pollution: Shifting from a single-pollutant to a multi-pollutant
approach, Epidemiology, 21, 187–194, 2010.
ECCC – Environment and Climate Change Canada: Canada's Black Carbon Inventory:
2017 Edition, ECCC, Canada, 29 pp., 2017.
Franco, V., Kousoulidou, M., Muntean, M., Ntziachristos, L., Hausberger, S.,
and Dilara, P.: Road vehicle emission factors development: A review, Atmos.
Environ., 70, 84–97, 2013.
Gentner, D. R., Worton, D. R., Isaacman, G., Davis, L. C., Dallmann, T. R.,
Wood, E. C., Herndon, S. C., Goldstein, A. H., and Harley, R. A.: Chemical
composition of gas-phase organic carbon emissions from motor vehicles and
implications for ozone production, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11837–11848, 2013.
Grahame, T. J., Klemm, R., and Schlesinger, R. B.: Public health and components
of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon, J. Air Waste
Manage. Assoc., 64, 620–660, 2014.
Government of Canada: Pan Am 2016 Study, available at: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/1260ee96-7acf-489e-826b-de96f0c19fcb,
last access: 20 November 2018.
Harvey, C. A., Garbe, R. J., Baines, T. M., Somers, J. H., Hellman, K. H.,
and Carey, P. M.: A study of the potential impact of some unregulated motor vehicle emissions,
SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., 830987, 8309, https://doi.org/10.4271/830987, 1983.
Heeb, N. V., Zimmerli, Y., Czerwinski, J., Schmid, P., Zennegg, M., Haag, R.,
Seiler, C., Wichser, A., Ulrich, A., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Emmenegger, L.,
Mosimann, T., Kasper, M., and Mayer, A.: Reactive nitrogen compounds (RNCs) in
exhaust of advanced PM–NOx abatement technologies for future
diesel applications, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3203–3209, 2011.
Heeb, N. V., Haag, R., Seiler, C., Schmid, P., Zennegg, M., Wichser, A., Ulrich,
A., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Emmenegger, L., Zimmerli, Y., Czerwinski, J.,
Kasper, M., and Mayer, A.: Effects of a combined Diesel particle filter-DeNOx
system (DPN) on reactive nitrogen compounds emissions: a parameter study,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13317–13325, 2012.
HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Traffic-related
air pollution: A critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and
health effects, HEI Special Report 17, Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, 386 pp., 2010.
Highwood, E. J. and Kinnersley, R. P.: When smoke gets in our eyes: The multiple
impacts of atmospheric black carbon on climate, air quality and health, Environ.
Int., 32, 560–566, 2006.
Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Ho, W. K., Blake, D. R., Cheng, Y., Li, Y. S., Ho, S. S.
H., Fung, K., Louie, P. K. K., and Park, D.: Vehicular emission of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from a tunnel study in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
9, 7491–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7491-2009, 2009.
Hudda, N., Fruin, S., Delfino, R. J., and Sioutas, C.: Efficient determination
of vehicle emission factors by fuel use category using on-road measurements:
downward trends on Los Angeles freight corridor I-710, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13,
347–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-347-2013, 2013.
Hwa, M.-Y., Hsieh, C.-C., Wu, T.-C., and Chang, L.-F. W.: Real-world vehicle
emissions and VOCs profile in the Taipei tunnel located at Taiwan Taipei area,
Atmos. Environ., 36, 1993–2002, 2002.
Janssen, N. A., Hoek, G., Simic-Lawson, M., Fischer, P., van Bree, L., ten Brink,
H., Keuken, M., Atkinson, R. W., Anderson, H. R., Brunekreef, B., and Cassee,
F. R.: Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of
airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5, Environ. Health
Perspect., 119, 1691–1699, 2011.
Jathar, S. H., Heppding, C., Link, M. F., Farmer, D. K., Akherati, A., Kleeman,
M. J., de Gouw, J. A., Veres, P. R., and Roberts, J. M.: Investigating diesel
engines as an atmospheric source of isocyanic acid in urban areas, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 17, 8959–8970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8959-2017, 2017.
Jerrett, M., Finkelstein, M. M., Brook, J. R., Arain, M. A., Kanaroglou, P.,
Stieb, D. M., Gilbert, N. L., Verma, D., Finkelstein, N., and Chapman, K. R.:
A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution and mortality in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 772–777, 2009.
Jiang, M., Marr, L. C., Dunlea, E. J., Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E.,
Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.:
Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and
other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 5, 3377–3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3377-2005, 2005.
Jimenez, J. L., McRae, G. J., Nelson, D. D., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.:
Remote sensing of NO and NO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks
using tunable diode lasers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2380–2387, 2000.
Joe, P., Belair, S., Bernier, N. B., Bouchet, V., Brook, J. R., Brunet, D.,
Burrows, W., Charland, J. P., Dehghan, A., Driedger, N., Duhaime, C., Evans,
G., Filion, A.-B., Frenette, R., Grandpré, J. d., Gultepe, I., Henderson,
D., Herdt, A., Hilker, N., Huang, L., Hung, E., Isaac, G., Jeong, C.-H.,
Johnston, D., Klaassen, J., Leroyer, S., Lin, H., MacDonald, M., MacPhee, J.,
Mariani, Z., Munoz, T., Reid, J., Robichaud, A., Rochon, Y., Shairsingh, K.,
Sills, D., Spacek, L., Stroud, C., Su, Y., Taylor, N., Vanos, J., Voogt, J.,
Wang, J. M., Wiechers, T., Wren, S., Yang, H., and Yip, T.: The Environment
and Canada Pan and ParaPan American Science Showcase Project, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 99,
921–953, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0162.1, 2018.
Jordan, A., Haidacher, S., Hanel, G., Hartungen, E., Märk, L., Seehauser,
H., Schottkowsky, R., Sulzer, P., and Märk, T. D.: A high resolution and
high sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer
(PTR-TOF-MS), Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 286, 122–128, 2009.
Karlsson, H. L.: Ammonia, nitrous oxide and hydrogen cyanide emissions from
five passenger vehicles, Sci. Total Environ., 334–335, 125–132, 2004.
Keirns, M. H. and Holt, E. L.: Hydrogen cyanide emissions from three-way
catalyst prototypes under malfunctioning conditions, SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.,
780201, https://doi.org/10.4271/780201, 1978.
Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., Kreisberg, N. M., Stolzenburg, M. R., and
Hering, S. V.: On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide
emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 33,
2955–2968, 1999.
Knighton, W. B., Fortner, E. C., Midey, A. J., Viggiano, A. A., Herndon, S. C.,
Wood, E. C., and Kolb, C. E.: HCN detection with a proton transfer reaction
mass spectrometer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 283, 112–121, 2009.
Knox, A., Evans, G. J., Brook, J. R., Yao, X., Jeong, C. H., Godri, K. J.,
Sabaliauskas, K., and Slowik, J. G.: Mass absorption cross-section of ambient
black carbon aerosol in relation to chemical age, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 522–532, 2009.
Krecl, P., Johansson, C., Targino, A. C., Ström, J., and Burman, L.: Trends
in black carbon and size-resolved particle number concentrations and vehicle
emission factors under real-world conditions, Atmos. Environ., 165, 155–168, 2017.
Kristensson, A., Johansson, C., Westerholm, R., Swietlicki, E., Gidhagen, L.,
Wideqvist, U., and Vesely, V.: Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and
particles measured in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden, Atmos. Environ., 38, 657–673, 2004.
Kröcher, O., Elsener, M., and Koebel, M.: An ammonia and isocyanic acid
measuring method for soot containing exhaust gases, Anal. Chim. Acta, 537, 393–400, 2005.
Kumar, V., Chandra B. P., Sinha, V.: Large unexplained suite of chemically
reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires, Sci. Rep., 8,
626, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3, 2018.
Larson, T., Gould, T., Riley, E. A., Austin, E., Fintzi, J., Sheppard, L., Yost,
M., and Simpson, C.: Ambient air quality measurements from a continuously moving
mobile platform: Estimation of area-wide, fuel-based, mobile source emission
factors using absolute principal component scores, Atmos. Environ., 152, 201–211, 2017.
Le Breton, M., Bacak, A., Muller, J. B. A., O'Shea, S. J., Xiao, P., Ashfold,
M. N. R., Cooke, M. C., Batt, R., Shallcross, D. E., Oram, D. E., Forster, G.,
Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Palmer, P. I., Parrington, M., Lewis, A. C., Lee, J. D.,
and Percival, C. J.: Airborne hydrogen cyanide measurements using a chemical
ionisation mass spectrometer for the plume identification of biomass burning
forest fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9217–9232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9217-2013, 2013.
Levy, I., Mihele, C., Lu, G., Narayan, J., Hilker, N., and Brook, J. R.:
Elucidating multipollutant exposure across a complex metropolitan area by
systematic deployment of a mobile laboratory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7173–7193,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7173-2014, 2014.
Li, Q., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Zhao, Y., Kondo, Y., and Notholt,
J.: Atmospheric hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Biomass burning source, ocean sink?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 357–360, 2000.
Li, Q., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Heald, C. L., Singh, H. B., Koike, M.,
Zhao, Y., Sachse, G. W., and Streets, D. G.: A global three-dimensional model
analysis of the atmospheric budgets of HCN and CH3CN: Constraints
from aircraft and ground measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8827,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003075, 2003.
Li, Q., Palmer, P. I., Pumphrey, H. C., Bernath, P., and Mahieu, E.: What drives
the observed variability of HCN in the troposphere and lower stratosphere?,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8531–8543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8531-2009, 2009.
Li, S.-M., Leithead, A., Moussa, S. G., Liggio, J., Moran, M. D., Wang, D.,
Hayden, K., Darlington, A., Gordon, M., Staebler, R., Makar, P. A., Stroud, C.
A., McLaren, R., Liu, P. S. K., O'Brien, J., Mittermeier, R. L., Zhang, J.,
Marson, G., Cober, S. G., Wolde, M., and Wentzell, J. J. B.: Differences
between measured and reported volatile organic compound emissions from oil sands
facilities in Alberta, Canada, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E3756–E3765, 2017.
Liggio, J., Gordon, M., Smallwood, G., Li, S.-M., Stroud, C., Staebler, R., Lu,
G., Lee, P., Taylor, B., and Brook, J. R.: Are emissions of black carbon from
gasoline vehicles underestimated? Insights from near and on-road measurements,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4819–4828, 2012.
Liggio, J., Moussa, S. G., Wentzell, J., Darlington, A., Liu, P., Leithead, A.,
Hayden, K., O'Brien, J., Mittermeier, R. L., Staebler, R., Wolde, M., and Li,
S.-M.: Understanding the primary emissions and secondary formation of gaseous
organic acids in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
17, 8411–8427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8411-2017, 2017a.
Liggio, J., Stroud, C. A., Wentzell, J. J. B., Zhang, J., Sommers, J.,
Darlington, A., Liu, P. S. K., Moussa, S. G., Leithead, A., Hayden, K.,
Mittermeier, R. L., Staebler, R., Wolde, M., and Li, S. M.: Quantifying the
primary emissions and photochemical formation of isocyanic acid downwind of
oil sands operations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 14462–14471, 2017b.
Link, M. F., Friedman, B., Fulgham, R., Brophy, P., Galang, A., Jathar, S. H.,
Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., and Farmer, D. K.: Photochemical processing of diesel
fuel emissions as a large secondary source of isocyanic acid (HNCO), Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 4033–4041, 2016.
Logue, B. A., Hinkens, D. M., Baskin, S. I., and Rockwood, G. A.: The analysis
of cyanide and its breakdown products in biological samples, Crit. Rev. Anal.
Chem., 40, 122–147, 2010.
Lough, G. C., Schauer, J. J., Lonneman, W. A., and Allen, M. K.: Summer and
winter nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from on-road motor vehicles in the
Midwestern United States, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 55, 629–646, 2005.
Matz, C. J., Stieb, D. M., and Brion, O.: Urban-rural differences in daily
time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics,
Environ. Health, 14, 88, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0075-y, 2015.
Mauderly, J. L. and Samet, J. M.: Is there evidence for synergy among air
pollutants in causing health effects?, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1–6, 2009.
McCarter, J.: 2012 Annual Report, Offic of the Auditor General of Ontario,
Ontario, Canada, 457 pp., 2012.
McDonald, B. C., Dallmann, T. R., Martin, E. W., and Harley, R. A.: Long-term
trends in nitrogen oxide emissions from motor vehicles at national, state, and
air basin scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00V18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018304, 2012.
McDonald, B. C., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., and Harley, R. A.: Long-Term
Trends in Motor Vehicle Emissions in U.S. Urban Areas, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
47, 10022–10031, 2013.
Moussa, S. G., Leithead, A., Li, S.-M., Chan, T. W., Wentzell, J. J. B., Stroud,
C., Zhang, J., Lee, P., Lu, G., Brook, J. R., Hayden, K., Narayan, J., and
Liggio, J.: Emissions of hydrogen cyanide from on-road gasoline and diesel
vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 131, 185–195, 2016.
Natural Resources Canada's Office of Energy Efficiency: Canadian Vehicle Survey:
2009 Summary Report, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 72 pp., 2011.
Park, S. S., Kozawa, K., Fruin, S., Mara, S., Hsu, Y. K., Jakober, C., Winer,
A., and Herner, J.: Emission factors for high-emitting vehicles based on on-road
measurements of individual vehicle exhaust with a mobile measurement platform,
J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 61, 1046–1056, 2011.
Parrish, D. D.: Critical evaluation of US on-road vehicle emission
inventories, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2288–2300, 2006.
Pavlovic, R., Chen, J., Anderson, K., Moran, M. D., Beaulieu, P.-A., Davignon,
D., and Cousineau, S.: The FireWork air quality forecast system with
near-real-time biomass burning emissions: Recent developments and evaluation
of performance for the 2015 North American wildfire season, J. Air Waste Manage.
Assoc., 66, 819–841, 2016.
Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U.,
Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler,
A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.
Pope, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution:
Lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 709–742, 2006.
Rinsland, C. P., Dufour, G., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Chiou, L., Coheur,
P.-F., Turquety, S., and Clerbaux, C.: Satellite boreal measurements over Alaska
and Canada during June–July 2004: Simultaneous measurements of upper tropospheric
CO, C2H6, HCN, CH3Cl, CH4, C2H2,
CH3OH, HCOOH, OCS, and SF6 mixing ratios, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 21, GB3008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002795, 2007.
Roberts, J. M., Veres, P. R., Cochran, A. K., Warneke, C., Burling, I. R.,
Yokelson, R. J., Lerner, B., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Fall, R., and de Gouw,
J.: Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related
health effects, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 8966–8971, 2011.
Roberts, J. M., Veres, P. R., VandenBoer, T. C., Warneke, C., Graus, M.,
Williams, E. J., Lefer, B., Brock, C. A., Bahreini, R., Öztürk, F.,
Middlebrook, A. M., Wagner, N. L., Dubé, W. P., and de Gouw, J. A.: New
insights into atmospheric sources and sinks of isocyanic acid, HNCO, from recent
urban and regional observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1060–1072, 2014.
Saliba, G., Saleh, R., Zhao, Y., Presto, A. A., Lambe, A. T., Frodin, B., Sardar,
S., Maldonado, H., Maddox, C., May, A. A., Drozd, G. T., Goldstein, A. H.,
Russell, L. M., Hagen, F., and Robinson, A. L.: Comparison of gasoline
direct-injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI) vehicle emissions: Emission
certification standards, cold-start, secondary organic aerosol formation
potential, and potential climate impacts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6542–6552, 2017.
Sarkar, C., Sinha, V., Kumar, V., Rupakheti, M., Panday, A., Mahata, K. S.,
Rupakheti, D., Kathayat, B., and Lawrence, M. G.: Overview of VOC emissions and
chemistry from PTR-TOF-MS measurements during the SusKat-ABC campaign: high
acetaldehyde, isoprene and isocyanic acid in wintertime air of the Kathmandu
Valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3979–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3979-2016, 2016.
Shim, C., Wang, Y., Singh, H. B., Blake, D. R., and Guenther, A. B.: Source
characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds and hydrogen
cyanide, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D10305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007543,
2007.
Snelling, D. R., Smallwood, G. J., Liu, F., Gülder, Ö. L., and Bachalo,
W. D.: A calibration-independent laser-induced incandescence technique for soot
measurement by detecting absolute light intensity, Appl. Optics, 44, 6773–6785, 2005.
Statistics Canada: Road motor vehicle registrations, by type of vehicle,
available at:
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/trade14b-eng.htm
(last access: 18 April 2018), 2016.
Stirn, R., Baquet, T. G., Kanjarkar, S., Meier, W., Geigle, K. P., Grotheer, H.
H., Wahl, C., and Aigner, M.: Comparison of particle size measurements with
laser-induced incandescence, mass spectroscopy, and scanning mobility particle
sizing in a laminar premixed ethylene/air flame, Combust. Sci. Technol.,
181, 329–349, 2009.
Suarez-Bertoa, R. and Astorga, C.: Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle
emissions, Transp. Res. D, 49, 259–270, 2016.
Tan, Y., Lipsky, E. M., Saleh, R., Robinson, A. L., and Presto, A. A.:
Characterizing the spatial variation of air pollutants and the contributions of
high emitting vehicles in Pittsburgh, PA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 14186–14194, 2014.
Urban, C. M. and Garbe, R. J.: Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions from
malfunctioning automobiles, SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., 790696, 7906, https://doi.org/10.4271/790696, 1979.
Urban, C. M. and Garbe, R. J.: Exhaust emissions form malfunctioning three-way
catalyst-equipped automobiles, SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., 800511, 8005, https://doi.org/10.4271/800511, 1980.
US EPA – US Environmental Protection Agency: Toxicological review of hydrogen
cyanide and cyanide salts, September 2010, US EPA, Washington, D.C., 153 pp., 2010.
Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Zahniser, M., Herndon,
S., Fall, R., and de Gouw, J.: Development of negative-ion proton-transfer
chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS) for the measurement of
gas-phase organic acids in the atmosphere, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 274, 48–55, 2008.
Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Burling, I. R., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J., and
Yokelson, R. J.: Measurements of gas-phase inorganic and organic acids from
biomass fires by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass
spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D23302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014033, 2010.
Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Zimmerman, N., Healy, R. M., Wang, D. K., Ke, F.,
and Evans, G. J.: Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions
and the contribution from high emitters, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3263–3275,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3263-2015, 2015.
Wang, Y., Xing, Z., Zhao, S., Zheng, M., Mu, C., and Du, K.: Are emissions of
black carbon from gasoline vehicles overestimated? Real-time, in situ measurement
of black carbon emission factors, Sci. Total Environ., 547, 422–428, 2016.
Wang, Z., Nicholls, S. J., Rodriguez, E. R., Kummu, O., Hörkkö, S.,
Barnard, J., Reynolds, W. F., Topol, E. J., DiDonato, A. J., and Hazen, S. L.:
Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking,uremia and atherogenesis,
Nat. Med., 13, 1176–1184, 2007.
Wentzell, J. J., Liggio, J., Li, S. M., Vlasenko, A., Staebler, R., Lu, G.,
Poitras, M. J., Chan, T., and Brook, J. R.: Measurements of gas phase acids
in diesel exhaust: a relevant source of HNCO?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7663–7671, 2013.
Westerdahl, D., Wang, X., Pan, X., and Zhang, K. M.: Characterization of on-road
vehicle emission factors and microenvironmental air quality in Beijing, China,
Atmos. Environ., 43, 697–705, 2009.
Woodward-Massey, R., Taha, Y. M., Moussa, S. G., and Osthoff, H. D.: Comparison
of negative-ion proton-transfer with iodide ion chemical ionization mass
spectrometry for quantification of isocyanic acid in ambient air, Atmos. Environ.,
98, 693–703, 2014.
Wu, J. S., Krishnan, S. S., and Faeth, G. M.: Refractive indices at visible
wavelengths of soot emitted from buoyant turbulent diffusion flames, J. Heat
Transfer, 119, 230–237, 1997.
Yli-Tuomi, T., Aarnio, P., Pirjola, L., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., and
Jantunen, M.: Emissions of fine particles, NOx, and CO from
on-road vehicles in Finland, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6696–6706, 2005.
You, Y., Staebler, R. M., Moussa, S. G., Su, Y., Munoz, T., Stroud, C., Zhang,
J., and Moran, M. D.: Long-path measurements of pollutants and micrometeorology
over Highway 401 in Toronto, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14119–14143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14119-2017, 2017.
Young, P. J., Emmons, L. K., Roberts, J. M., Lamarque, J.-F., Wiedinmyer, C.,
Veres, P., and VandenBoer, T. C.: Isocyanic acid in a global chemistry transport
model: Tropospheric distribution, budget, and identification of regions with
potential health impacts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D10308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017393, 2012.
Zavala, M., Herndon, S. C., Slott, R. S., Dunlea, E. J., Marr, L. C., Shorter,
J. H., Zahniser, M., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Kolb, C. E., Molina, L. T.,
and Molina, M. J.: Characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in the Mexico
City Metropolitan Area using a mobile laboratory in chase and fleet average
measurement modes during the MCMA-2003 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,
5129–5142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5129-2006, 2006.
Zavala, M., Herndon, S. C., Wood, E. C., Jayne, J. T., Nelson, D. D., Trimborn,
A. M., Dunlea, E., Knighton, W. B., Mendoza, A., Allen, D. T., Kolb, C. E.,
Molina, M. J., and Molina, L. T.: Comparison of emissions from on-road sources
using a mobile laboratory under various driving and operational sampling modes,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1-2009, 2009.
Zhao, R., Lee, A. K. Y., Wentzell, J. J. B., McDonald, A. M., Toom-Sauntry, D.,
Leaitch, W. R., Modini, R. L., Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Noone, K. J.,
Schroder, J. C., Bertram, A. K., Hawkins, L. N., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Liggio,
J.: Cloud partitioning of isocyanic acid (HNCO) and evidence of secondary source
of HNCO in ambient air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6962–6969, 2014.
Zhao, Y., Strong, K., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Matsumi, Y., Irie, H., Rinsland, C.
P., Jones, N. B., Suzuki, K., Nakajima, H., Nakane, H., and Murata, I.:
Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric CO, C2H6, C2H2
and HCN in northern Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4343, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000748, 2002.
Zimmerman, N., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C. H., Ramos, M., Hilker, N., Healy, R. M.,
Sabaliauskas, K., Wallace, J. S., and Evans, G. J.: Field measurements of
gasoline direct injection emission factors: Spatial and seasonal variability,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2035–2043, 2016.
Short summary
We made measurements from a mobile laboratory across a large urban area and determined fleet-average vehicle emission factors (EFs) for a suite of traffic-related air pollutants. We present the first real-world EFs for isocyanic acid (HNCO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and insight into their on-road variability. We find that vehicles may represent an important source of these air toxics at an urban scale. This work has implications for understanding population exposure to these species.
We made measurements from a mobile laboratory across a large urban area and determined...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint