Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14965-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14965-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Oct 2018
Research article |
| 18 Oct 2018
| 18 Oct 2018
The quasi-liquid layer of ice revisited: the role of temperature gradients and tip chemistry in AFM studies
Julián Gelman Constantin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes,
Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Martín, B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y
Energía (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
current address: División de Química Atmosférica, Centro Atómico
Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Martín, B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Melisa M. Gianetti
Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y
Energía (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
María P. Longinotti
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y
Energía (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Horacio R. Corti
Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes,
Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, San Martín, B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y
Energía (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Related authors
Julián Gelman Constantin, Lucas Ruiz, Gustavo Villarosa, Valeria Outes, Facundo N. Bajano, Cenlin He, Hector Bajano, and Laura Dawidowski
The Cryosphere, 14, 4581–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of two field campaigns and modeling activities on the impact of atmospheric particles on Alerce Glacier (Argentinean Andes). We found that volcanic ash remains at different snow layers several years after eruption, increasing light absorption on the glacier surface (with a minor contribution of soot). This leads to 36 % higher annual glacier melting. We find remarkably that volcano eruptions in 2011 and 2015 have a relevant effect on the glacier even in 2016 and 2017.
Julián Gelman Constantin, Lucas Ruiz, Gustavo Villarosa, Valeria Outes, Facundo N. Bajano, Cenlin He, Hector Bajano, and Laura Dawidowski
The Cryosphere, 14, 4581–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of two field campaigns and modeling activities on the impact of atmospheric particles on Alerce Glacier (Argentinean Andes). We found that volcanic ash remains at different snow layers several years after eruption, increasing light absorption on the glacier surface (with a minor contribution of soot). This leads to 36 % higher annual glacier melting. We find remarkably that volcano eruptions in 2011 and 2015 have a relevant effect on the glacier even in 2016 and 2017.
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Effects of pH and light exposure on the survival of bacteria and their ability to biodegrade organic compounds in clouds: implications for microbial activity in acidic cloud water
Towards a chemical mechanism of the oxidation of aqueous sulfur dioxide via isoprene hydroxyl hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH)
On the importance of atmospheric loss of organic nitrates by aqueous-phase ●OH oxidation
Lignin's ability to nucleate ice via immersion freezing and its stability towards physicochemical treatments and atmospheric processing
Biodegradation of phenol and catechol in cloud water: comparison to chemical oxidation in the atmospheric multiphase system
Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 2: Quartz and amorphous silica
Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 3: Aluminosilicates
Aqueous reactions of organic triplet excited states with atmospheric alkenes
Ice nucleation activity of silicates and aluminosilicates in pure water and aqueous solutions – Part 1: The K-feldspar microcline
Direct molecular-level characterization of different heterogeneous freezing modes on mica – Part 1
Chemistry of riming: the retention of organic and inorganic atmospheric trace constituents
Surface-charge-induced orientation of interfacial water suppresses heterogeneous ice nucleation on α-alumina (0001)
Screening of cloud microorganisms isolated at the Puy de Dôme (France) station for the production of biosurfactants
Comparing contact and immersion freezing from continuous flow diffusion chambers
A better understanding of hydroxyl radical photochemical sources in cloud waters collected at the puy de Dôme station – experimental versus modelled formation rates
Deposition and immersion-mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash
Organic matter matters for ice nuclei of agricultural soil origin
Effect of atmospheric organic complexation on iron-bearing dust solubility
Are sesquiterpenes a good source of secondary organic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)? Revisiting β-caryophyllene CCN
Ice nucleation efficiency of clay minerals in the immersion mode
Atmospheric chemistry of carboxylic acids: microbial implication versus photochemistry
Yields of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of hydroxyl radical with organic compounds in solution and ice
In-cloud processes of methacrolein under simulated conditions – Part 1: Aqueous phase photooxidation
In-cloud processes of methacrolein under simulated conditions – Part 2: Formation of secondary organic aerosol
Yushuo Liu, Chee Kent Lim, Zhiyong Shen, Patrick K. H. Lee, and Theodora Nah
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1731–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how cloud water pH and solar radiation impact the survival and energetic metabolism of two neutrophilic bacteria species and their biodegradation of organic acids. Experiments were performed using artificial cloud water that mimicked the pH and composition of cloud water in South China. We found that there is a minimum cloud water pH threshold at which neutrophilic bacteria will survive and biodegrade organic compounds in cloud water during the daytime and/or nighttime.
Eleni Dovrou, Kelvin H. Bates, Jean C. Rivera-Rios, Joshua L. Cox, Joshua D. Shutter, and Frank N. Keutsch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8999–9008, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the mechanism and products of oxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide with the main isomers of isoprene hydroxyl hydroperoxides, via laboratory and model analysis. Two chemical mechanism pathways are proposed and the results provide an improved understanding of the broader atmospheric chemistry and role of multifunctional organic hydroperoxides, which should be the dominant VOC oxidation products under low-NO conditions, highlighting their significant contribution to sulfate formation.
Juan Miguel González-Sánchez, Nicolas Brun, Junteng Wu, Julien Morin, Brice Temime-Roussel, Sylvain Ravier, Camille Mouchel-Vallon, Jean-Louis Clément, and Anne Monod
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4915–4937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic nitrates play a crucial role in air pollution as they are considered NOx reservoirs. This work lights up the importance of their reactions with OH radicals in the aqueous phase (cloud/fog, wet aerosol), which is slower than in the gas phase. For compounds that significantly partition in water such as polyfunctional biogenic nitrates, these aqueous-phase reactions should drive their atmospheric removal, leading to a broader spatial distribution of NOx than previously accounted for.
Sophie Bogler and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14509–14522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14509-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14509-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To study the role of organic matter in ice crystal formation, we investigated the ice nucleation ability of a subcomponent of organic aerosols, the biopolymer lignin, using a droplet-freezing technique. We found that lignin is an ice-active macromolecule with changing abilities based on dilutions. The effects of atmospheric processing and of physicochemical treatments on the ability of lignin solutions to freeze were negligible. Thus, lignin is a recalcitrant ice-nucleating macromolecule.
Saly Jaber, Audrey Lallement, Martine Sancelme, Martin Leremboure, Gilles Mailhot, Barbara Ervens, and Anne-Marie Delort
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4987–4997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4987-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4987-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Current atmospheric multiphase models do not include biotransformations of organic compounds by bacteria, although many previous studies of our and other research groups have shown microbial activity in cloud water. The current lab/model study shows that for water-soluble aromatic compounds, biodegradation by bacteria may be as efficient as chemical reactions in cloud water.
Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6035–6058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6035-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6035-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper not only interests the atmospheric science community but has a potential to cater to a broader audience. We discuss both long- and
short-term effects of various
atmospherically relevantchemical species on a fairly abundant mineral surface
Quartz. We of course discuss these chemical interactions from the perspective of fate of airborne mineral dust but the same interactions could be interesting for studies on minerals at the ground level.
Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6059–6084, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6059-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6059-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper not only interests the Atmospheric Science community but has a potential to cater to a broader audience. We discuss both long- and short-term effects of various
atmospherically relevantchemical species on fairly abundant mineral surfaces like feldspars and clays. We of course discuss these chemical interactions from the perspective of fate of airborne mineral dust but the same interactions could be interesting for studies on minerals at the ground level.
Richie Kaur, Brandi M. Hudson, Joseph Draper, Dean J. Tantillo, and Cort Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5021–5032, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5021-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5021-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Organic triplets are an important class of aqueous photooxidants, but little is known about their reactions with most atmospheric organic compounds. We measured the reaction rate constants of a model triplet with 17 aliphatic alkenes; using their correlation with oxidation potential, we predicted rate constants for some atmospherically relevant alkenes. Depending on their reactivities, triplets can be minor to important sinks for isoprene- and limonene-derived alkenes in cloud or fog drops.
Anand Kumar, Claudia Marcolli, Beiping Luo, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7057–7079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7057-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7057-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We have performed immersion freezing experiments with microcline (most active ice nucleation, IN, K-feldspar polymorph) and investigated the effect of ammonium and non-ammonium solutes on its IN efficiency. We report increased IN efficiency of microcline in dilute ammonia- or ammonium-containing solutions, which opens up a pathway for condensation freezing occurring at a warmer temperature than immersion freezing.
Ahmed Abdelmonem
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10733–10741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10733-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10733-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
On the basis of supercooled SHG spectroscopy, I report molecular-level evidence for the existence of one- and two-step deposition freezing depending on the surface type and the supersaturation conditions. In addition, immersion freezing shows a transient ice phase with a lifetime of c. 1 min. This study provides new insights into atmospheric processes and can impact various industrial and research branches, particularly climate change, weather modification, and tracing water in the hydrosphere.
Alexander Jost, Miklós Szakáll, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9717–9732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9717-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9717-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
During riming of graupel and hail, soluble chemical trace constituents contained in the liquid droplets could be retained while freezing onto the glaciated particle, or released back to the air potentially at other altitudes as retained. Quantification of retention constitutes a major uncertainty in numerical models for atmospheric chemistry and improvements hinge upon experimental determination of retention for carboxylic acids, aldehydes, SO2, H2O2, NH2, and others, as presented in this paper.
Ahmed Abdelmonem, Ellen H. G. Backus, Nadine Hoffmann, M. Alejandra Sánchez, Jenée D. Cyran, Alexei Kiselev, and Mischa Bonn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7827–7837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7827-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7827-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We report the effect of surface charge on heterogeneous immersion freezing for the atmospherically relevant sapphire surface. Combining linear and nonlinear optical techniques and investigating isolated drops, we find that charge-induced surface templating is detrimental for ice nucleation on α-alumina surface. This study provides new insights into atmospheric processes and can impact various industrial and research branches, particularly climate change and tracing of water in the hydrosphere.
Pascal Renard, Isabelle Canet, Martine Sancelme, Nolwenn Wirgot, Laurent Deguillaume, and Anne-Marie Delort
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12347–12358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12347-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12347-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 480 microorganisms collected from 39 clouds sampled in France were isolated and identified. This unique collection was screened for biosurfactant production by measuring the surface tension. 41 % of the tested strains were active producers. Pseudomonas, the most frequently detected genus in clouds, was the dominant group for the production of biosurfactants. Further, the potential impact of the production of biosurfactants by cloud microorganisms on atmospheric processes is discussed.
Baban Nagare, Claudia Marcolli, André Welti, Olaf Stetzer, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8899–8914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8899-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8899-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The relative importance of contact freezing and immersion freezing at mixed-phase cloud temperatures is the subject of debate. We performed experiments using continuous-flow diffusion chambers to compare the freezing efficiency of ice-nucleating particles for both these nucleation modes. Silver iodide, kaolinite and Arizona Test Dust were used as ice-nucleating particles. We could not confirm the dominance of contact freezing over immersion freezing for our experimental conditions.
A. Bianco, M. Passananti, H. Perroux, G. Voyard, C. Mouchel-Vallon, N. Chaumerliac, G. Mailhot, L. Deguillaume, and M. Brigante
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9191–9202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9191-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9191-2015, 2015
G. P. Schill, K. Genareau, and M. A. Tolbert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7523–7536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7523-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7523-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Fine volcanic ash can influence cloud glaciation and, therefore, global climate. In this work we examined the heterogeneous ice nucleation properties of three distinct types of volcanic ash. We find that, in contrast to previous studies, these volcanic ash samples have different ice nucleation properties in the immersion mode. In the deposition mode, however, they nucleate ice with similar efficiency. We show that this behavior may be due to their mineralogy.
Y. Tobo, P. J. DeMott, T. C. J. Hill, A. J. Prenni, N. G. Swoboda-Colberg, G. D. Franc, and S. M. Kreidenweis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8521–8531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8521-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8521-2014, 2014
R. Paris and K. V. Desboeufs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4895–4905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4895-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4895-2013, 2013
X. Tang, D. R. Cocker III, and A. Asa-Awuku
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8377–8388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8377-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8377-2012, 2012
V. Pinti, C. Marcolli, B. Zobrist, C. R. Hoyle, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5859–5878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5859-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5859-2012, 2012
M. Vaïtilingom, T. Charbouillot, L. Deguillaume, R. Maisonobe, M. Parazols, P. Amato, M. Sancelme, and A.-M. Delort
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8721–8733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8721-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8721-2011, 2011
T. Hullar and C. Anastasio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7209–7222, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7209-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7209-2011, 2011
Yao Liu, I. El Haddad, M. Scarfogliero, L. Nieto-Gligorovski, B. Temime-Roussel, E. Quivet, N. Marchand, B. Picquet-Varrault, and A. Monod
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5093–5105, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5093-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5093-2009, 2009
I. El Haddad, Yao Liu, L. Nieto-Gligorovski, V. Michaud, B. Temime-Roussel, E. Quivet, N. Marchand, K. Sellegri, and A. Monod
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5107–5117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5107-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5107-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Anderson, P. S. and Neff, W. D.: Boundary layer physics over snow and ice,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3563–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008,
2008.
Attard, P.: Measurement and interpretation of elastic and viscoelastic
properties with the atomic force microscope, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 19,
473201, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/47/473201, 2007.
Bartels-Rausch, T., Jacobi, H.-W., Kahan, T. F., Thomas, J. L., Thomson, E.
S., Abbatt, J. P. D., Ammann, M., Blackford, J. R., Bluhm, H., Boxe, C.,
Domine, F., Frey, M. M., Gladich, I., Guzmán, M. I., Heger, D., Huthwelker,
Th., Klán, P., Kuhs, W. F., Kuo, M. H., Maus, S., Moussa, S. G., McNeill, V.
F., Newberg, J. T., Pettersson, J. B. C., Roeselová, M., and Sodeau, J. R.: A
review of air-ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids,
quasi-liquids, and solids in snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1587–1633,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014, 2014.
Beaglehole, D. and Nason, D.: Transition layer on the surface on ice, Surf.
Sci., 96, 357–363, 1980.
Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N: Transport Phenomena, John
Wiley & Sons, Revised 2nd edition, 2007.
Bluhm, H. and Salmeron, M.: Growth of nanometric thin ice films from water
vapor studied using scanning polarization force microscopy, J. Chem. Phys.,
111, 6947–6954, 1999.
Bluhm, H., Inoue, T., and Salmeron, M.: Friction of ice measured using
lateral force microscopy, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 61,
7760–7765, 2000.
Bluhm, H., Ogletree, D. F., Fadley, C. S., Hussain, Z., and Salmeron, M.: The
premelting of ice studied with photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Phys.:
Condens. Matter, 14, L227–L233, 2002.
Boxe, C. S. and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Multiphase modeling of nitrate photochemistry
in the quasi-liquid layer (QLL): implications for NOx release from the Arctic
and coastal Antarctic snowpack, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4855–4864,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4855-2008, 2008.
Butt, H.-J., Döppenschmidt, A., Hüttl, G., Müller, E., and
Vinogradova, O. I.: Analysis of plastic deformation in atomic force
microscopy: Application to ice, J. Chem. Phys., 113, 1194–1203, 2000.
Carignano, M. A.: Formation of stacking faults during ice growth on
hexagonal and cubic substrates, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 501–504, 2007.
Conde, M. M., Vega, C., and Patrykiejew, A.: The thickness of a liquid layer
on the free surface of ice as obtained from computer simulation, J. Chem.
Phys., 120, 014702, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2940195, 2008.
Conklin, M. H. and Bales, R. C: SO2 uptake on ice spheres: Liquid
nature of the ice-air interface. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16851–16855, 1993.
Dash, J. G., Rempel, A. W., and Wettlaufer, J. S.: The physics of premelted
ice and its geophysical consequences. Rev. Mod. Phys., 78, 695–741, 2006.
Döppenschmidt, A. and Butt, H. J.: Measuring the thickness of the
liquid like layer on ice surfaces with Atomic Force Microscopy, Langmuir,
16, 6709–6714, 2000.
Dosch, H., Lied, A., and Bilgram, J.: Glancing-angle X-ray scattering
studies of the premelting of ice surfaces, Surf. Sci., 327, 145–164, 1995.
Dosch, H., Lied, A., and Bilgram, J. H.: Disruption of the hydrogen-bonding
network at the surface of Ih ice near surface premelting, Surf. Sci., 366,
43–50, 1996.
Elbaum, M., Lipson, S. G., and Dash, J. G.: Optical study of surface melting
on ice, J. Cryst. Growth, 129, 491–505, 1993.
Furukawa, Y. and Nada, H.: Anisotropic surface melting of an ice crystal
and its relationship to growth forms, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6167–6170,
1997.
Furukawa, Y., Yamamoto, M., and Kuroda, T.: Ellipsometric study of the
transition layer on the surface of ice crystal, J. Cryst. Growth, 82,
665–677, 1987.
Gelman Constantin, J.: Propiedades termodinámicas y estructurales de
nanoagregados de agua y de la interfase hielo-aire, PhD Thesis, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, 2015.
Gelman Constantin, J., Carignano, M. A., Corti, H. R., and Szleifer, I.:
Molecular dynamics simulation of ice indentation by model AFM tips, J. Phys.
Chem. C, 119, 27118–27124, 2015.
Goertz, M., Zhu, X.-Y., and Houston, J.: Exploring the liquid-like layer on
the ice surface, Langmuir, 25, 6905–6908, 2009.
Golecki, I. and Jaccard, C.: The surface of ice near 0 ∘C
studied by 100 keV proton channeling, Phys. Letters A, 63, 374–376, 1977.
Grannas, A. M., Jones, A. E., Dibb, J., Ammann, M., Anastasio, C., Beine, H.
J., Bergin, M., Bottenheim, J., Boxe, C. S., Carver, G., Chen, G., Crawford,
J. H., Dominé, F., Frey, M. M., Guzmán, M. I., Heard, D. E., Helmig, D.,
Hoffmann, M. R., Honrath, R. E., Huey, L. G., Hutterli, M., Jacobi, H. W.,
Klán, P., Lefer, B., McConnell, J., Plane, J., Sander, R., Savarino, J.,
Shepson, P. B., Simpson, W. R., Sodeau, J. R., von Glasow, R., Weller, R.,
Wolff, E. W., and Zhu, T.: An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence,
mechanisms and impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4329–4373,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007, 2007.
Ishizaki, T., Maruyama, M., Furukawa, Y., and Dash, J. G.: Premelting of ice
in porous silica glass, J. Cryst. Growth, 163, 455–460, 1996.
Kuo, M. H., Moussa, S. G., and McNeill, V. F.: Modeling interfacial liquid
layers on environmental ices, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9971–9982,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9971-2011, 2011.
Kroes, G. J.: Surface melting of the (0001) face of TIP4P ice, Surf. Sci.,
275, 365–382, 1992.
Lied, A., Dosch, H., and Bilgram, J. H.: Surface melting of ice Ih single
crystals revealed by glancing angle x-ray scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett.,
72, 3554–3557, 1994.
Limmer, D. and Chandler, D.: Premelting fluctuations and coarse-graining of
water-ice interfaces, Phys. Rev. B, 66, 085401, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4895399, 2002.
Mate, C. M., Lorenz, M. R. and Novotny, V. J.: Atomic force microscopy of
polymeric liquid films, J. Chem. Phys., 90, 7550–7555, 1989.
McNeill, V. F., Geiger, F. M., Loerting, T. Trout, B. L., Molina L. T., and
Molina, M. J.: Interaction of hydrogen chloride with ice surfaces: The
effects of grain size, surface roughness, and surface disorder. J. Phys.
Chem. A, 111, 6274–6284, 2007
Michalowski, B. A., Francisco, J. S., Li, S. M., Barrie, L. A., Bottenheim,
J. W., and Shepson, P. B: A computer model study of multiphase chemisty in
the Arctic boundary layer during polar sunrise, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
13115–13145, 2000.
Petrenko, V. F.: The surface of ice, USA Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report, 94–22, 1994.
Petrenko, V. F.: Study of the surface of ice, ice/solid and ice/liquid
interfaces with scanning force microscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6276–6281,
1997.
Pickering, I., Paleico, M., Perez Sirkin, Y. A., Scherlis, D. A., and
Factorovich, M. H.: Grand Canonical Investigation of the Quasi Liquid Layer
of Ice: Is It Liquid?, J. Phys. Chem. B, 122, 4880–4890, 2018.
Pittenger, B., Fain, S. C., Cochran, M. J., Doney, J. M. K., Robertson, B.
E., Szuchmacher, A., and Overney, R. M.: Premelting at ice-solid interfaces
studied via velocity-dependent indentation with force microscope tips, Phys.
Rev. B., 63, 134102, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.134102, 2001.
Richardson, H. H.: 2D-IR correlation and principle component analysis of
interfacial melting of thin ice films, J. Mol. Struct., 799, 56–60, 2006.
Sadtchenko, V. and Ewing, G. E.: Interfacial melting of thin ice films: An
infrared study, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 4686–4697, 2002.
Sadtchenko, V. and Ewing. G. E.: A new approach to the study of interfacial
melting of ice:infrared spectroscopy, Can. J. Phys., 81, 333–341, 2003.
Scilab Enterprises, Scilab: Free and Open Source software for numerical
computation, Scilab Enterprises: Orsay, France, 2012.
Weber, T. A. and Stillinger, F. H.: Molecular dynamics study of ice
crystalline melting, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4277–4281, 1983.
Wettlaufer, J. S. and Dash, J. G.: Melting below zero, Scientific American
(International Edition), 282, 50–53, 2000.
Short summary
Numerous studies have shown that ice surface is actually coated by a thin layer of water even for temperatures below melting temperature. This quasi-liquid layer is relevant in the atmospheric chemistry of clouds, polar regions, glaciers, and other cold regions. We present new results of atomic force microscopy on pure ice, which suggests a thickness for this layer below 1 nm between -7 ºC and -2 ºC. We propose that in many cases previous authors have overestimated this thickness.
Numerous studies have shown that ice surface is actually coated by a thin layer of water even...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint