Articles | Volume 17, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Jul 2017
Research article |
| 17 Jul 2017
Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon
Zbigniew Klimont
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Kaarle Kupiainen
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
Chris Heyes
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Pallav Purohit
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Janusz Cofala
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Peter Rafaj
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Jens Borken-Kleefeld
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Wolfgang Schöpp
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Related authors
Willem E. van Caspel, Zbigniew Klimont, Chris Heyes, and Hilde Fagerli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11545–11563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane in the atmosphere contributes to the production of ozone gas – an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Our results highlight that simultaneous reductions in methane emissions help avoid offsetting the air pollution benefits already achieved by the already-approved precursor emission reductions by 2050 in the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme region, while also playing an important role in bringing air pollution further down towards World Health Organization guideline limits.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter G. Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as variable in size and composition. Here we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the datasets to model output.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek Kaminski, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Harrison Suchyta, Marilena Muntean, Efisio Solazzo, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Tabish Ansari, and Kristen Foley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study responds to the global and regional atmospheric modelling community's need for a mosaic of air pollutant emissions with global coverage, long time series, spatially distributed data at a high time resolution, and a high sectoral resolution in order to enhance the understanding of transboundary air pollution. The mosaic approach to integrating official regional emission inventories with a global inventory based on a consistent methodology ensures policy-relevant results.
Marianne Tronstad Lund, Gunnar Myhre, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6647–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we show that differences, in magnitude and trend, between recent global anthropogenic emission inventories have a notable influence on simulated regional abundances of anthropogenic aerosol over the 1990–2019 period. This, in turn, affects estimates of radiative forcing. Our findings form a basis for comparing existing and upcoming studies on anthropogenic aerosols using different emission inventories.
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Rashed Mahmood, Knut von Salzen, Barbara Winter, Sabine Eckhardt, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Silvia Becagli, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Sujay Manish Damani, Xinyi Dong, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Fabio Giardi, Wanmin Gong, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lin Huang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Srinath Krishnan, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Andreas Massling, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Yiran Peng, David A. Plummer, Olga Popovicheva, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Laura N. Saunders, Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Henrik Skov, Fumikazu Taketani, Manu A. Thomas, Rita Traversi, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven Turnock, Vito Vitale, Kaley A. Walker, Minqi Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Tahya Weiss-Gibbons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5775–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants, like ozone and soot, play a role in both global warming and air quality. Atmospheric models are often used to provide information to policy makers about current and future conditions under different emissions scenarios. In order to have confidence in those simulations, in this study we compare simulated air pollution from 18 state-of-the-art atmospheric models to measured air pollution in order to assess how well the models perform.
Jessica L. McCarty, Juha Aalto, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Steve R. Arnold, Sabine Eckhardt, Zbigniew Klimont, Justin J. Fain, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ari Venäläinen, Nadezhda M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Kaarle Kupiainen, Amber J. Soja, Lin Huang, and Simon Wilson
Biogeosciences, 18, 5053–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Ulas Im, Kostas Tsigaridis, Gregory Faluvegi, Peter L. Langen, Joshua P. French, Rashed Mahmood, Manu A. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Daniel C. Thomas, Cynthia H. Whaley, Zbigniew Klimont, Henrik Skov, and Jørgen Brandt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10413–10438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future (2015–2050) simulations of the aerosol burdens and their radiative forcing and climate impacts over the Arctic under various emission projections show that although the Arctic aerosol burdens are projected to decrease significantly by 10 to 60 %, regardless of the magnitude of aerosol reductions, surface air temperatures will continue to increase by 1.9–2.6 ℃, while sea-ice extent will continue to decrease, implying reductions of greenhouse gases are necessary to mitigate climate change.
Marianne T. Lund, Borgar Aamaas, Camilla W. Stjern, Zbigniew Klimont, Terje K. Berntsen, and Bjørn H. Samset
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals requires both near-zero levels of long-lived greenhouse gases and deep cuts in emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Here we quantify the near- and long-term global temperature impacts of emissions of individual SLCFs and CO2 from 7 economic sectors in 13 regions in order to provide the detailed knowledge needed to design efficient mitigation strategies at the sectoral and regional levels.
Yugo Kanaya, Kazuyo Yamaji, Takuma Miyakawa, Fumikazu Taketani, Chunmao Zhu, Yongjoo Choi, Yuichi Komazaki, Kohei Ikeda, Yutaka Kondo, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fundamental disagreements among bottom-up emission inventories exist about the sign of the black carbon emissions trend from China over the past decade. Our decadal observations on Fukue Island clearly indicate its rapid reduction, after correcting for interannual meteorological variability, which supports inventories reflecting governmental clean air actions after 2010. The reduction pace surpasses those of SSP1 scenarios for 2015–2030, suggesting highly successful emission control policies.
Leyang Feng, Steven J. Smith, Caleb Braun, Monica Crippa, Matthew J. Gidden, Rachel Hoesly, Zbigniew Klimont, Margreet van Marle, Maarten van den Berg, and Guido R. van der Werf
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 461–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the methods used for generating gridded emission datasets produced for use by the modeling community, particularly for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The development of three sets of gridded data (historical open burning, historical anthropogenic, and future scenarios) was coordinated to produce consistent data over 1750–2100. We discuss the methodologies used to produce these data along with limitations and potential for future work.
Chandra Venkataraman, Michael Brauer, Kushal Tibrewal, Pankaj Sadavarte, Qiao Ma, Aaron Cohen, Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel, Joseph Frostad, Zbigniew Klimont, Randall V. Martin, Dylan B. Millet, Sajeev Philip, Katherine Walker, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8017–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, 2018
Meng Li, Zbigniew Klimont, Qiang Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Bo Zheng, Chris Heyes, Janusz Cofala, Yuxuan Zhang, and Kebin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3433–3456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improving emission inventories. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between the two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those in MIX. Discrepancies at the sector and provincial levels are much higher.
Rachel M. Hoesly, Steven J. Smith, Leyang Feng, Zbigniew Klimont, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Tyler Pitkanen, Jonathan J. Seibert, Linh Vu, Robert J. Andres, Ryan M. Bolt, Tami C. Bond, Laura Dawidowski, Nazar Kholod, June-ichi Kurokawa, Meng Li, Liang Liu, Zifeng Lu, Maria Cecilia P. Moura, Patrick R. O'Rourke, and Qiang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 369–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Historical emission trends are key inputs to Earth systems and atmospheric chemistry models. We present a new data set of historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic gases (CO, CH4, NH3, NOx, SO2, NMVOCs, BC, OC, and CO2) developed with the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). This improves on existing inventories as it uses consistent methods and data across emissions species, has annual resolution for a longer and more recent time series, and is designed to be transparent and reproducible.
Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Svetlana Tsyro, Cornelius Cuvelier, Mario Adani, Bertrand Bessagnet, Robert Bergström, Gino Briganti, Tim Butler, Andrea Cappelletti, Florian Couvidat, Massimo D'Isidoro, Thierno Doumbia, Hilde Fagerli, Claire Granier, Chris Heyes, Zig Klimont, Narendra Ojha, Noelia Otero, Martijn Schaap, Katarina Sindelarova, Annemiek I. Stegehuis, Yelva Roustan, Robert Vautard, Erik van Meijgaard, Marta Garcia Vivanco, and Peter Wind
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3255–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA-Trends numerical experiment has been designed to assess the capability of chemistry-transport models to capture the evolution of surface air quality over the 1990–2010 period in Europe. It also includes sensitivity experiments in order to analyse the relative contribution of (i) emission changes, (ii) meteorological variability, and (iii) boundary conditions to air quality trends. The article is a detailed presentation of the experiment design and participating models.
Eri Saikawa, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, Zbigniew Klimont, Fabian Wagner, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze differences in existing air pollutant emission estimates to better understand the magnitude of emissions as well as the source regions and sectors of air pollution in China. We find large disagreements among the inventories, and we show that these differences have a significant impact on regional air quality simulations. Better understanding of air pollutant emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for air pollution mitigation in China.
Gunnar Myhre, Wenche Aas, Ribu Cherian, William Collins, Greg Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Piers Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Zbigniew Klimont, Marianne T. Lund, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Dirk Olivié, Michael Prather, Johannes Quaas, Bjørn H. Samset, Jordan L. Schnell, Michael Schulz, Drew Shindell, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Svetlana Tsyro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2709–2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the geographical distribution of emissions of substances that alter the atmospheric energy balance has changed due to economic growth and pollution regulations. Here, we show the resulting changes to aerosol and ozone abundances and their radiative forcing using recently updated emission data for the period 1990–2015, as simulated by seven global atmospheric composition models. The global mean radiative forcing is more strongly positive than reported in IPCC AR5.
B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, N. Daskalakis, G. Ancellet, C. Clerbaux, S.-W. Kim, M. T. Lund, G. Myhre, D. J. L. Olivié, S. Safieddine, R. B. Skeie, J. L. Thomas, S. Tsyro, A. Bazureau, N. Bellouin, M. Hu, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, S. Myriokefalitakis, J. Quaas, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, R. Cherian, A. Shimizu, J. Wang, S.-C. Yoon, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10765–10792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the ability of six global models and one regional model in reproducing short-lived pollutants (defined here as ozone and its precursors, aerosols and black carbon) concentrations over Asia using satellite, ground-based and airborne observations.
Key findings are that models homogeneously reproduce the trace gas observations although nitrous oxides are underestimated, whereas the aerosol distributions are heterogeneously reproduced, implicating important uncertainties.
Pauli Paasonen, Kaarle Kupiainen, Zbigniew Klimont, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Markus Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6823–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we show the first results of size-segregated anthropogenic particle number emissions from the GAINS emission scenario model. The shares of different sources and their predicted changes from 2010 to 2030 are described, showing clear difference in sources dominating the particle number and mass emissions. We also point out the main uncertainties in number emissions. The GAINS particle number emissions can be applied in improving the evaluation of aerosol climate and health effects.
Wolfgang Knorr, Frank Dentener, Stijn Hantson, Leiwen Jiang, Zbigniew Klimont, and Almut Arneth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5685–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires are generally expected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. For Europe this could mean increased air pollution levels during the summer. Until 2050, predicted changes are moderate, but under a scenario of strong climate change, these may increase considerably during the later part of the current century. In Portugal and several parts of the Mediterranean, emissions may become relevant for meeting WHO concentration targets.
G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating, Q. Zhang, J. Kurokawa, R. Wankmüller, H. Denier van der Gon, J. J. P. Kuenen, Z. Klimont, G. Frost, S. Darras, B. Koffi, and M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides monthly emission grid maps at 0.1deg x 0.1deg resolution with global coverage for air pollutants and aerosols anthropogenic emissions in 2008 and 2010.
Countries are consistently inter-compared with sector-specific implied emission factors, per capita emissions and emissions per unit of GDP.
The emission grid maps compose the reference emissions data set for the community modelling hemispheric transport of air pollution (HTAP).
A. Stohl, B. Aamaas, M. Amann, L. H. Baker, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, O. Boucher, R. Cherian, W. Collins, N. Daskalakis, M. Dusinska, S. Eckhardt, J. S. Fuglestvedt, M. Harju, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, J. Hao, U. Im, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Maas, C. R. MacIntosh, G. Myhre, S. Myriokefalitakis, D. Olivié, J. Quaas, B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, K. P. Shine, R. B. Skeie, S. Wang, K. E. Yttri, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a summary of the findings of the ECLIPSE EU project. The project has investigated the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived climate pollutants (especially methane, ozone, aerosols) and has designed a global mitigation strategy that maximizes co-benefits between air quality and climate policy. Transient climate model simulations allowed quantifying the impacts on temperature (e.g., reduction in global warming by 0.22K for the decade 2041-2050) and precipitation.
S. Eckhardt, B. Quennehen, D. J. L. Olivié, T. K. Berntsen, R. Cherian, J. H. Christensen, W. Collins, S. Crepinsek, N. Daskalakis, M. Flanner, A. Herber, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, L. Huang, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, J. Langner, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Mahmood, A. Massling, S. Myriokefalitakis, I. E. Nielsen, J. K. Nøjgaard, J. Quaas, P. K. Quinn, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, S. Sharma, R. B. Skeie, H. Skov, T. Uttal, K. von Salzen, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The concentrations of sulfate, black carbon and other aerosols in the Arctic are characterized by high values in late winter and spring (so-called Arctic Haze) and low values in summer. Models have long been struggling to capture this seasonality. In this study, we evaluate sulfate and BC concentrations from different updated models and emissions against a comprehensive pan-Arctic measurement data set. We find that the models improved but still struggle to get the maximum concentrations.
J.-P. Pietikäinen, K. Kupiainen, Z. Klimont, R. Makkonen, H. Korhonen, R. Karinkanta, A.-P. Hyvärinen, N. Karvosenoja, A. Laaksonen, H. Lihavainen, and V.-M. Kerminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5501–5519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The global aerosol--climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ is used to study the aerosol burden and forcing changes in the coming decades. We show that aerosol burdens overall can have a decreasing trend leading to reductions in the direct aerosol effect being globally 0.06--0.4W/m2 by 2030, whereas the aerosol indirect radiative effect could decline 0.25--0.82W/m2. We also show that the targeted emission reduction measures can be a much better choice for the climate than overall high reductions globally.
H. S. Gadhavi, K. Renuka, V. Ravi Kiran, A. Jayaraman, A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, and G. Beig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1447–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Emission inventories are a key component of simulating past, present and future climate. In this article we have evaluated three black carbon emission inventories for emissions of India using observations made from a strategic location. Annual average simulated black carbon concentration is found to be 35% to 60% lower than observed concentration because of underestimation of emissions of southern India in the inventories.
S. V. Henriksson, J.-P. Pietikäinen, A.-P. Hyvärinen, P. Räisänen, K. Kupiainen, J. Tonttila, R. Hooda, H. Lihavainen, D. O'Donnell, L. Backman, Z. Klimont, and A. Laaksonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10177–10192, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, 2014
S. Safieddine, A. Boynard, P.-F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, G. Pfister, B. Quennehen, J. L. Thomas, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, Z. Klimont, J. Hadji-Lazaro, M. George, and C. Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10119–10131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, 2014
S. Chatani, M. Amann, A. Goel, J. Hao, Z. Klimont, A. Kumar, A. Mishra, S. Sharma, S. X. Wang, Y. X. Wang, and B. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9259–9277, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, 2014
K. Markakis, M. Valari, A. Colette, O. Sanchez, O. Perrussel, C. Honore, R. Vautard, Z. Klimont, and S. Rao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7323–7340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, 2014
S. X. Wang, B. Zhao, S. Y. Cai, Z. Klimont, C. P. Nielsen, T. Morikawa, J. H. Woo, Y. Kim, X. Fu, J. Y. Xu, J. M. Hao, and K. B. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6571–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, 2014
K. E. Yttri, C. Lund Myhre, S. Eckhardt, M. Fiebig, C. Dye, D. Hirdman, J. Ström, Z. Klimont, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6427–6442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, 2014
B. Zhao, S. X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Y. Xu, K. Fu, Z. Klimont, J. M. Hao, K. B. He, J. Cofala, and M. Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, 2013
A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, K. Kupiainen, V. P. Shevchenko, V. M. Kopeikin, and A. N. Novigatsky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8833–8855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, 2013
A. Colette, B. Bessagnet, R. Vautard, S. Szopa, S. Rao, S. Schucht, Z. Klimont, L. Menut, G. Clain, F. Meleux, G. Curci, and L. Rouïl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7451–7471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, 2013
Martin Vojta, Andreas Plach, Saurabh Annadate, Sunyoung Park, Gawon Lee, Pallav Purohit, Florian Lindl, Xin Lan, Jens Mühle, Rona L. Thompson, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12465–12493, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We constrain the global emissions of the very potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) between 2005 and 2021. We show that SF6 emissions are decreasing in the USA and in the EU, while they are substantially growing in China, leading overall to an increasing global emission trend. The national reports for the USA, EU, and China all underestimated their SF6 emissions. However, stringent mitigation measures can successfully reduce SF6 emissions, as can be seen in the EU emission trend.
Willem E. van Caspel, Zbigniew Klimont, Chris Heyes, and Hilde Fagerli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11545–11563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane in the atmosphere contributes to the production of ozone gas – an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Our results highlight that simultaneous reductions in methane emissions help avoid offsetting the air pollution benefits already achieved by the already-approved precursor emission reductions by 2050 in the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme region, while also playing an important role in bringing air pollution further down towards World Health Organization guideline limits.
Flora Maria Brocza, Peter Rafaj, Robert Sander, Fabian Wagner, and Jenny Marie Jones
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7385–7404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how atmospheric mercury levels will change in the future, we model how anthropogenic Hg releases will change following developments in human energy use and mercury use and efforts to reduce pollution and battle climate change. Overall, the findings emphasize that it will be necessary to implement targeted Hg control measures in addition to stringent climate and clean air policies to achieve significant reductions in Hg emissions.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter G. Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1617, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as variable in size and composition. Here we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the datasets to model output.
Ashu Dastoor, Hélène Angot, Johannes Bieser, Flora Brocza, Brock Edwards, Aryeh Feinberg, Xinbin Feng, Benjamin Geyman, Charikleia Gournia, Yipeng He, Ian M. Hedgecock, Ilia Ilyin, Terry Keating, Jane Kirk, Che-Jen Lin, Igor Lehnherr, Robert Mason, David McLagan, Marilena Muntean, Peter Rafaj, Eric M. Roy, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Francesco De Simone, Anne L. Soerensen, Frits Steenhuisen, Oleg Travnikov, Shuxiao Wang, Xun Wang, Simon Wilson, Rosa Wu, Qingru Wu, Yanxu Zhang, Jun Zhou, Wei Zhu, and Scott Zolkos
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, 2024
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) aimed to inform the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements: the Minamata Convention on Mercury and Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The experimental design exploits a variety of models (atmospheric, land, oceanic and multi-media mass balance models) to assess the short- and long-term influences of anthropogenic Hg releases in the environment.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek Kaminski, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Harrison Suchyta, Marilena Muntean, Efisio Solazzo, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Tabish Ansari, and Kristen Foley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study responds to the global and regional atmospheric modelling community's need for a mosaic of air pollutant emissions with global coverage, long time series, spatially distributed data at a high time resolution, and a high sectoral resolution in order to enhance the understanding of transboundary air pollution. The mosaic approach to integrating official regional emission inventories with a global inventory based on a consistent methodology ensures policy-relevant results.
Marianne Tronstad Lund, Gunnar Myhre, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6647–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we show that differences, in magnitude and trend, between recent global anthropogenic emission inventories have a notable influence on simulated regional abundances of anthropogenic aerosol over the 1990–2019 period. This, in turn, affects estimates of radiative forcing. Our findings form a basis for comparing existing and upcoming studies on anthropogenic aerosols using different emission inventories.
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
Cynthia H. Whaley, Rashed Mahmood, Knut von Salzen, Barbara Winter, Sabine Eckhardt, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Silvia Becagli, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Sujay Manish Damani, Xinyi Dong, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Fabio Giardi, Wanmin Gong, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lin Huang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Srinath Krishnan, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Andreas Massling, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Yiran Peng, David A. Plummer, Olga Popovicheva, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Laura N. Saunders, Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Henrik Skov, Fumikazu Taketani, Manu A. Thomas, Rita Traversi, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven Turnock, Vito Vitale, Kaley A. Walker, Minqi Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Tahya Weiss-Gibbons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5775–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants, like ozone and soot, play a role in both global warming and air quality. Atmospheric models are often used to provide information to policy makers about current and future conditions under different emissions scenarios. In order to have confidence in those simulations, in this study we compare simulated air pollution from 18 state-of-the-art atmospheric models to measured air pollution in order to assess how well the models perform.
Liji M. David, Mary Barth, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Pallav Purohit, Guus J. M. Velders, Sam Glaser, and A. R. Ravishankara
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14833–14849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated the expected concentrations of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) from the atmospheric breakdown of HFO-1234yf (CF3CF=CH2), a substitute for global warming hydrofluorocarbons, emitted now and in the future by India, China, and the Middle East. We used two chemical transport models. We conclude that the projected emissions through 2040 would not be detrimental, given the current knowledge of the effects of TFA on humans and ecosystems.
Jessica L. McCarty, Juha Aalto, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Steve R. Arnold, Sabine Eckhardt, Zbigniew Klimont, Justin J. Fain, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ari Venäläinen, Nadezhda M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Kaarle Kupiainen, Amber J. Soja, Lin Huang, and Simon Wilson
Biogeosciences, 18, 5053–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Ulas Im, Kostas Tsigaridis, Gregory Faluvegi, Peter L. Langen, Joshua P. French, Rashed Mahmood, Manu A. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Daniel C. Thomas, Cynthia H. Whaley, Zbigniew Klimont, Henrik Skov, and Jørgen Brandt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10413–10438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future (2015–2050) simulations of the aerosol burdens and their radiative forcing and climate impacts over the Arctic under various emission projections show that although the Arctic aerosol burdens are projected to decrease significantly by 10 to 60 %, regardless of the magnitude of aerosol reductions, surface air temperatures will continue to increase by 1.9–2.6 ℃, while sea-ice extent will continue to decrease, implying reductions of greenhouse gases are necessary to mitigate climate change.
Marianne T. Lund, Borgar Aamaas, Camilla W. Stjern, Zbigniew Klimont, Terje K. Berntsen, and Bjørn H. Samset
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals requires both near-zero levels of long-lived greenhouse gases and deep cuts in emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Here we quantify the near- and long-term global temperature impacts of emissions of individual SLCFs and CO2 from 7 economic sectors in 13 regions in order to provide the detailed knowledge needed to design efficient mitigation strategies at the sectoral and regional levels.
Pallav Purohit, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, John Dulac, Nihar Shah, Max Wei, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11305–11327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that if energy efficiency improvements in cooling technologies are addressed simultaneously with a phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), not only will global warming be mitigated through the elimination of HFCs but also by saving about a fifth of future global electricity consumption. This means preventing between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases between today and 2100, thereby offering a significant contribution towards staying well below 2 °C warming.
Yugo Kanaya, Kazuyo Yamaji, Takuma Miyakawa, Fumikazu Taketani, Chunmao Zhu, Yongjoo Choi, Yuichi Komazaki, Kohei Ikeda, Yutaka Kondo, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fundamental disagreements among bottom-up emission inventories exist about the sign of the black carbon emissions trend from China over the past decade. Our decadal observations on Fukue Island clearly indicate its rapid reduction, after correcting for interannual meteorological variability, which supports inventories reflecting governmental clean air actions after 2010. The reduction pace surpasses those of SSP1 scenarios for 2015–2030, suggesting highly successful emission control policies.
Leyang Feng, Steven J. Smith, Caleb Braun, Monica Crippa, Matthew J. Gidden, Rachel Hoesly, Zbigniew Klimont, Margreet van Marle, Maarten van den Berg, and Guido R. van der Werf
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 461–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the methods used for generating gridded emission datasets produced for use by the modeling community, particularly for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The development of three sets of gridded data (historical open burning, historical anthropogenic, and future scenarios) was coordinated to produce consistent data over 1750–2100. We discuss the methodologies used to produce these data along with limitations and potential for future work.
Adriana Gómez-Sanabria, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Adv. Geosci., 45, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that global implementation of a circular system to treat waste and wastewater could increase the relative contribution of these sources to global energy demand from 2 % to 9 % by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ per year. The outcome of the study is the result of compiling and analyzing data on waste and wastewater generation and treatment and developing future scenarios in which carbon flows and energy generation are quantified for 174 country-regions.
Chandra Venkataraman, Michael Brauer, Kushal Tibrewal, Pankaj Sadavarte, Qiao Ma, Aaron Cohen, Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel, Joseph Frostad, Zbigniew Klimont, Randall V. Martin, Dylan B. Millet, Sajeev Philip, Katherine Walker, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8017–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, 2018
Cheng Li, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, Junyu Zheng, Zibing Yuan, Jiamin Ou, Yue Li, Yanlong Wang, and Yuanqian Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6075–6093, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6075-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6075-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an integrated approach based on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to promote the estimation of sectoral ship emissions in China. Based upon this approach, the sector-based contributions, decadal evolution from 2004 to 2013, emission projection to 2040, and impact of different sizes of Emission Control Areas (ECAs) on emission reductions were investigated, aiming to provide solid scientific support for ship emissions control policy making in China.
Yaoxian Huang, Nadine Unger, Trude Storelvmo, Kandice Harper, Yiqi Zheng, and Chris Heyes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5219–5233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5219-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5219-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We apply a global 3-D climate model to quantify the climate impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstove emissions. Without black carbon (BC) serving as ice nuclei (IN), global and Indian solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions have net global cooling impacts. However, when BC acts as IN, the net sign of radiative impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstove emissions varies with the choice of maximum freezing efficiency of BC during ice cloud formation.
Meng Li, Zbigniew Klimont, Qiang Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Bo Zheng, Chris Heyes, Janusz Cofala, Yuxuan Zhang, and Kebin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3433–3456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improving emission inventories. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between the two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those in MIX. Discrepancies at the sector and provincial levels are much higher.
Rachel M. Hoesly, Steven J. Smith, Leyang Feng, Zbigniew Klimont, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Tyler Pitkanen, Jonathan J. Seibert, Linh Vu, Robert J. Andres, Ryan M. Bolt, Tami C. Bond, Laura Dawidowski, Nazar Kholod, June-ichi Kurokawa, Meng Li, Liang Liu, Zifeng Lu, Maria Cecilia P. Moura, Patrick R. O'Rourke, and Qiang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 369–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Historical emission trends are key inputs to Earth systems and atmospheric chemistry models. We present a new data set of historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic gases (CO, CH4, NH3, NOx, SO2, NMVOCs, BC, OC, and CO2) developed with the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). This improves on existing inventories as it uses consistent methods and data across emissions species, has annual resolution for a longer and more recent time series, and is designed to be transparent and reproducible.
Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Svetlana Tsyro, Cornelius Cuvelier, Mario Adani, Bertrand Bessagnet, Robert Bergström, Gino Briganti, Tim Butler, Andrea Cappelletti, Florian Couvidat, Massimo D'Isidoro, Thierno Doumbia, Hilde Fagerli, Claire Granier, Chris Heyes, Zig Klimont, Narendra Ojha, Noelia Otero, Martijn Schaap, Katarina Sindelarova, Annemiek I. Stegehuis, Yelva Roustan, Robert Vautard, Erik van Meijgaard, Marta Garcia Vivanco, and Peter Wind
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3255–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA-Trends numerical experiment has been designed to assess the capability of chemistry-transport models to capture the evolution of surface air quality over the 1990–2010 period in Europe. It also includes sensitivity experiments in order to analyse the relative contribution of (i) emission changes, (ii) meteorological variability, and (iii) boundary conditions to air quality trends. The article is a detailed presentation of the experiment design and participating models.
Eri Saikawa, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, Zbigniew Klimont, Fabian Wagner, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze differences in existing air pollutant emission estimates to better understand the magnitude of emissions as well as the source regions and sectors of air pollution in China. We find large disagreements among the inventories, and we show that these differences have a significant impact on regional air quality simulations. Better understanding of air pollutant emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for air pollution mitigation in China.
Pallav Purohit and Lena Höglund-Isaksson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2795–2816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2795-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2795-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Fluorinated gas (F-gas) emissions have increased significantly in recent years and are expected to rise further due to increased demand for cooling services. This study uses a bottom-up approach to assess global F-gas emissions and their abatement potentials and costs for 2005–2050. In the long run F-gas emissions can be almost eliminated using existing alternative options, although achieving deep cuts in emissions is found to be relatively more expensive in developing than developed countries.
Gunnar Myhre, Wenche Aas, Ribu Cherian, William Collins, Greg Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Piers Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Zbigniew Klimont, Marianne T. Lund, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Dirk Olivié, Michael Prather, Johannes Quaas, Bjørn H. Samset, Jordan L. Schnell, Michael Schulz, Drew Shindell, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Svetlana Tsyro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2709–2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the geographical distribution of emissions of substances that alter the atmospheric energy balance has changed due to economic growth and pollution regulations. Here, we show the resulting changes to aerosol and ozone abundances and their radiative forcing using recently updated emission data for the period 1990–2015, as simulated by seven global atmospheric composition models. The global mean radiative forcing is more strongly positive than reported in IPCC AR5.
B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, N. Daskalakis, G. Ancellet, C. Clerbaux, S.-W. Kim, M. T. Lund, G. Myhre, D. J. L. Olivié, S. Safieddine, R. B. Skeie, J. L. Thomas, S. Tsyro, A. Bazureau, N. Bellouin, M. Hu, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, S. Myriokefalitakis, J. Quaas, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, R. Cherian, A. Shimizu, J. Wang, S.-C. Yoon, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10765–10792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the ability of six global models and one regional model in reproducing short-lived pollutants (defined here as ozone and its precursors, aerosols and black carbon) concentrations over Asia using satellite, ground-based and airborne observations.
Key findings are that models homogeneously reproduce the trace gas observations although nitrous oxides are underestimated, whereas the aerosol distributions are heterogeneously reproduced, implicating important uncertainties.
Pauli Paasonen, Kaarle Kupiainen, Zbigniew Klimont, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Markus Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6823–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we show the first results of size-segregated anthropogenic particle number emissions from the GAINS emission scenario model. The shares of different sources and their predicted changes from 2010 to 2030 are described, showing clear difference in sources dominating the particle number and mass emissions. We also point out the main uncertainties in number emissions. The GAINS particle number emissions can be applied in improving the evaluation of aerosol climate and health effects.
Wolfgang Knorr, Frank Dentener, Stijn Hantson, Leiwen Jiang, Zbigniew Klimont, and Almut Arneth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5685–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires are generally expected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. For Europe this could mean increased air pollution levels during the summer. Until 2050, predicted changes are moderate, but under a scenario of strong climate change, these may increase considerably during the later part of the current century. In Portugal and several parts of the Mediterranean, emissions may become relevant for meeting WHO concentration targets.
G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating, Q. Zhang, J. Kurokawa, R. Wankmüller, H. Denier van der Gon, J. J. P. Kuenen, Z. Klimont, G. Frost, S. Darras, B. Koffi, and M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides monthly emission grid maps at 0.1deg x 0.1deg resolution with global coverage for air pollutants and aerosols anthropogenic emissions in 2008 and 2010.
Countries are consistently inter-compared with sector-specific implied emission factors, per capita emissions and emissions per unit of GDP.
The emission grid maps compose the reference emissions data set for the community modelling hemispheric transport of air pollution (HTAP).
A. Stohl, B. Aamaas, M. Amann, L. H. Baker, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, O. Boucher, R. Cherian, W. Collins, N. Daskalakis, M. Dusinska, S. Eckhardt, J. S. Fuglestvedt, M. Harju, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, J. Hao, U. Im, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Maas, C. R. MacIntosh, G. Myhre, S. Myriokefalitakis, D. Olivié, J. Quaas, B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, K. P. Shine, R. B. Skeie, S. Wang, K. E. Yttri, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a summary of the findings of the ECLIPSE EU project. The project has investigated the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived climate pollutants (especially methane, ozone, aerosols) and has designed a global mitigation strategy that maximizes co-benefits between air quality and climate policy. Transient climate model simulations allowed quantifying the impacts on temperature (e.g., reduction in global warming by 0.22K for the decade 2041-2050) and precipitation.
S. Eckhardt, B. Quennehen, D. J. L. Olivié, T. K. Berntsen, R. Cherian, J. H. Christensen, W. Collins, S. Crepinsek, N. Daskalakis, M. Flanner, A. Herber, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, L. Huang, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, J. Langner, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Mahmood, A. Massling, S. Myriokefalitakis, I. E. Nielsen, J. K. Nøjgaard, J. Quaas, P. K. Quinn, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, S. Sharma, R. B. Skeie, H. Skov, T. Uttal, K. von Salzen, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The concentrations of sulfate, black carbon and other aerosols in the Arctic are characterized by high values in late winter and spring (so-called Arctic Haze) and low values in summer. Models have long been struggling to capture this seasonality. In this study, we evaluate sulfate and BC concentrations from different updated models and emissions against a comprehensive pan-Arctic measurement data set. We find that the models improved but still struggle to get the maximum concentrations.
J.-P. Pietikäinen, K. Kupiainen, Z. Klimont, R. Makkonen, H. Korhonen, R. Karinkanta, A.-P. Hyvärinen, N. Karvosenoja, A. Laaksonen, H. Lihavainen, and V.-M. Kerminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5501–5519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The global aerosol--climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ is used to study the aerosol burden and forcing changes in the coming decades. We show that aerosol burdens overall can have a decreasing trend leading to reductions in the direct aerosol effect being globally 0.06--0.4W/m2 by 2030, whereas the aerosol indirect radiative effect could decline 0.25--0.82W/m2. We also show that the targeted emission reduction measures can be a much better choice for the climate than overall high reductions globally.
S. Banzhaf, M. Schaap, R. Kranenburg, A. M. M. Manders, A. J. Segers, A. J. H. Visschedijk, H. A. C. Denier van der Gon, J. J. P. Kuenen, E. van Meijgaard, L. H. van Ulft, J. Cofala, and P. J. H. Builtjes
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1047–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1047-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1047-2015, 2015
G. Kiesewetter, J. Borken-Kleefeld, W. Schöpp, C. Heyes, P. Thunis, B. Bessagnet, E. Terrenoire, H. Fagerli, A. Nyiri, and M. Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1539–1553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1539-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1539-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the multi-stage approach applied in the GAINS model to assess compliance with PM10 limit values at more than 1850 individual air quality monitoring stations in Europe. We analyse source contributions to ambient concentrations and the implications of future policy choices on air quality for 2030. While current legislation does not solve compliance issues, problems are largely eliminated by EU-wide adoption of the best available emission control technology.
H. S. Gadhavi, K. Renuka, V. Ravi Kiran, A. Jayaraman, A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, and G. Beig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1447–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Emission inventories are a key component of simulating past, present and future climate. In this article we have evaluated three black carbon emission inventories for emissions of India using observations made from a strategic location. Annual average simulated black carbon concentration is found to be 35% to 60% lower than observed concentration because of underestimation of emissions of southern India in the inventories.
S. V. Henriksson, J.-P. Pietikäinen, A.-P. Hyvärinen, P. Räisänen, K. Kupiainen, J. Tonttila, R. Hooda, H. Lihavainen, D. O'Donnell, L. Backman, Z. Klimont, and A. Laaksonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10177–10192, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, 2014
S. Safieddine, A. Boynard, P.-F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, G. Pfister, B. Quennehen, J. L. Thomas, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, Z. Klimont, J. Hadji-Lazaro, M. George, and C. Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10119–10131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, 2014
S. Chatani, M. Amann, A. Goel, J. Hao, Z. Klimont, A. Kumar, A. Mishra, S. Sharma, S. X. Wang, Y. X. Wang, and B. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9259–9277, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, 2014
K. Markakis, M. Valari, A. Colette, O. Sanchez, O. Perrussel, C. Honore, R. Vautard, Z. Klimont, and S. Rao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7323–7340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, 2014
S. X. Wang, B. Zhao, S. Y. Cai, Z. Klimont, C. P. Nielsen, T. Morikawa, J. H. Woo, Y. Kim, X. Fu, J. Y. Xu, J. M. Hao, and K. B. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6571–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, 2014
K. E. Yttri, C. Lund Myhre, S. Eckhardt, M. Fiebig, C. Dye, D. Hirdman, J. Ström, Z. Klimont, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6427–6442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, 2014
G. Kiesewetter, J. Borken-Kleefeld, W. Schöpp, C. Heyes, P. Thunis, B. Bessagnet, E. Terrenoire, A. Gsella, and M. Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 813–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-813-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-813-2014, 2014
B. Zhao, S. X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Y. Xu, K. Fu, Z. Klimont, J. M. Hao, K. B. He, J. Cofala, and M. Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, 2013
A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, K. Kupiainen, V. P. Shevchenko, V. M. Kopeikin, and A. N. Novigatsky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8833–8855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, 2013
A. Colette, B. Bessagnet, R. Vautard, S. Szopa, S. Rao, S. Schucht, Z. Klimont, L. Menut, G. Clain, F. Meleux, G. Curci, and L. Rouïl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7451–7471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Quantifying the impacts of marine aerosols over the southeast Atlantic Ocean using a chemical transport model: implications for aerosol–cloud interactions
Quantifying the impact of global nitrate aerosol on tropospheric composition fields and its production from lightning NOx
Rapid oxidation of phenolic compounds by O3 and HO●: effects of the air–water interface and mineral dust in tropospheric chemical processes
Modeling the contribution of leads to sea spray aerosol in the high Arctic
Importance of aerosol composition and aerosol vertical profiles in global spatial variation in the relationship between PM2.5 and aerosol optical depth
The co-benefits of a low-carbon future for PM2.5 and O3 air pollution in Europe
Assessing the effectiveness of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emission reductions in mitigating winter PM2.5 in Taiwan using CMAQ
Modelling of atmospheric concentrations of fungal spores: a 2-year simulation over France using CHIMERE
Cluster-dynamics-based parameterization for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation: comparison and selection through box and three-dimensional modeling
The surface tension and CCN activation of sea spray aerosol particles
Impacts of meteorology and emission reductions on haze pollution during the lockdown in the North China Plain: Insights from six-year simulations
Observed and CMIP6-model-simulated organic aerosol response to drought in the contiguous United States during summertime
Cooling radiative forcing effect enhancement of atmospheric amines and mineral particles caused by heterogeneous uptake and oxidation
Exploring the processes controlling secondary inorganic aerosol: Evaluating the global GEOS-Chem simulation using a suite of aircraft campaigns
Source-resolved atmospheric metal emissions, concentrations, and deposition fluxes into the East Asian seas
Predicted impacts of heterogeneous chemical pathways on particulate sulfur over Fairbanks, Alaska, the N. Hemisphere, and the Contiguous United States
Land use change influence on atmospheric organic gases, aerosols, and radiative effects
Analysis of secondary inorganic aerosols over the greater Athens area using the EPISODE–CityChem source dispersion and photochemistry model
Global estimates of ambient reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100 based on the multi-stage model
Impact of mineral dust on the global nitrate aerosol direct and indirect radiative effect
The role of naphthalene and its derivatives in the formation of secondary organic aerosol in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Unveiling the optimal regression model for source apportionment of the oxidative potential of PM10
Investigating the contribution of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei with largely varying preexisting particles – Part 2: Modeling chemical drivers and 3-D new particle formation occurrence
Technical note: Influence of different averaging metrics and temporal resolutions on the aerosol pH calculated by thermodynamic modeling
Dual roles of the inorganic aqueous phase on secondary organic aerosol growth from benzene and phenol
Global source apportionment of aerosols into major emission regions and sectors over 1850–2017
Modeling atmospheric brown carbon in the GISS ModelE Earth system model
Observation-constrained kinetic modeling of isoprene SOA formation in the atmosphere
Significant impact of urban tree biogenic emissions on air quality estimated by a bottom-up inventory and chemistry transport modeling
Secondary organic aerosols derived from intermediate-volatility n-alkanes adopt low-viscous phase state
Modeling the drivers of fine PM pollution over Central Europe: impacts and contributions of emissions from different sources
Reaction of SO3 with H2SO4 and its implications for aerosol particle formation in the gas phase and at the air–water interface
Weakened aerosol–radiation interaction exacerbating ozone pollution in eastern China since China's clean air actions
Uncertainties from biomass burning aerosols in air quality models obscure public health impacts in Southeast Asia
Oxidative potential apportionment of atmospheric PM1: a new approach combining high-sensitive online analysers for chemical composition and offline OP measurement technique
Aqueous-phase chemistry of glyoxal with multifunctional reduced nitrogen compounds: a potential missing route for secondary brown carbon
An updated modeling framework to simulate Los Angeles air quality – Part 1: Model development, evaluation, and source apportionment
Frequent haze events associated with transport and stagnation over the corridor between the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta
Evaluation of WRF-Chem-simulated meteorology and aerosols over northern India during the severe pollution episode of 2016
How well are aerosol–cloud interactions represented in climate models? – Part 1: Understanding the sulfate aerosol production from the 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption
pH regulates the formation of organosulfates and inorganic sulfate from organic peroxide reaction with dissolved SO2 in aquatic media
Technical note: Accurate, reliable, and high-resolution air quality predictions by improving the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service using a novel statistical post-processing method
Contribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from on-road transport to secondary organic aerosol levels in Europe
Development of an integrated model framework for multi-air-pollutant exposure assessments in high-density cities
CAMx–UNIPAR simulation of secondary organic aerosol mass formed from multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons under the Central Valley urban atmospheres of California
Impact of urbanization on fine particulate matter concentrations over central Europe
Measurement report: Assessing the impacts of emission uncertainty on aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing from biomass burning in peninsular Southeast Asia
The Emissions Model Intercomparison Project (Emissions-MIP): quantifying model sensitivity to emission characteristics
Dynamics-based estimates of decline trend with fine temporal variations in China's PM2.5 emissions
Effects of simulated secondary organic aerosol water on PM1 levels and composition over the US
Mashiat Hossain, Rebecca M. Garland, and Hannah M. Horowitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14123–14143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research examines aerosol dynamics over the southeast Atlantic, a region with significant uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcings. Using the GEOS-Chem model, we find that at cloud altitudes, organic aerosols dominate during the biomass burning season, while sulfate aerosols, driven by marine emissions, prevail during peak primary production. These findings highlight the need for accurate representation of marine aerosols in models to improve climate predictions and reduce uncertainties.
Ashok K. Luhar, Anthony C. Jones, and Jonathan M. Wilkinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14005–14028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate aerosol is often omitted in global chemistry–climate models, partly due to the chemical complexity of its formation process. Using a global model, we show that including nitrate aerosol significantly impacts tropospheric composition fields, such as ozone, and radiation. Additionally, lightning-generated oxides of nitrogen influence both nitrate aerosol mass concentrations and aerosol size distribution, which has important implications for radiative fluxes and indirect aerosol effects.
Yanru Huo, Mingxue Li, Xueyu Wang, Jianfei Sun, Yuxin Zhou, Yuhui Ma, and Maoxia He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12409–12423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work found that the air–water (A–W) interface and TiO2 clusters promote the oxidation of phenolic compounds (PhCs) to varying degrees compared with the gas phase and bulk water. Some byproducts are more harmful than their parent compounds. This work provides important evidence for the rapid oxidation observed in O3/HO• + PhC experiments at the A–W interface and in mineral dust.
Rémy Lapere, Louis Marelle, Pierre Rampal, Laurent Brodeau, Christian Melsheimer, Gunnar Spreen, and Jennie L. Thomas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12107–12132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12107-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12107-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Elongated open-water areas in sea ice, called leads, can release marine aerosols into the atmosphere. In the Arctic, this source of atmospheric particles could play an important role for climate. However, the amount, seasonality and spatial distribution of such emissions are all mostly unknown. Here, we propose a first parameterization for sea spray aerosols emitted through leads in sea ice and quantify their impact on aerosol populations in the high Arctic.
Haihui Zhu, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie S. Hammer, Chi Li, Jun Meng, Christopher R. Oxford, Xuan Liu, Yanshun Li, Dandan Zhang, Inderjeet Singh, and Alexei Lyapustin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11565–11584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11565-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11565-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contributes to 4 million deaths globally each year. Satellite remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (AOD), coupled with a simulated PM2.5–AOD relationship (η), can provide global PM2.5 estimations. This study aims to understand the spatial patterns and driving factors of η to guide future measurement and modeling efforts. We quantified η globally and regionally and found that its spatial variation is strongly influenced by aerosol composition.
Connor J. Clayton, Daniel R. Marsh, Steven T. Turnock, Ailish M. Graham, Kirsty J. Pringle, Carly L. Reddington, Rajesh Kumar, and James B. McQuaid
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10717–10740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that strong climate mitigation could improve air quality in Europe; however, less ambitious mitigation does not result in these co-benefits. We use a high-resolution atmospheric chemistry model. This allows us to demonstrate how this varies across European countries and analyse the underlying chemistry. This may help policy-facing researchers understand which sectors and regions need to be prioritised to achieve strong air quality co-benefits of climate mitigation.
Ping-Chieh Huang, Hui-Ming Hung, Hsin-Chih Lai, and Charles C.-K. Chou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10759–10772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models were used to study ways to reduce particulate matter (PM) pollution in Taiwan during winter. After considering various factors, such as physical processes and chemical reactions, we found that reducing NOx or NH3 emissions is more effective at mitigating PM2.5 than reducing SO2 emissions. When considering both efficiency and cost, reducing NH3 emissions seems to be a more suitable policy for the studied environment in Taiwan.
Matthieu Vida, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Florian Couvidat, Olivier Favez, Gaelle Uzu, Arineh Cholakian, Sébastien Conil, Matthias Beekmann, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10601–10615, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate 2 years of atmospheric fungal spores over France and use observations of polyols and primary biogenic factors from positive matrix factorisation. The representation of emissions taking into account a proxy for vegetation surface and specific humidity enables us to reproduce very accurately the seasonal cycle of fungal spores. Furthermore, we estimate that fungal spores can account for 20 % of PM10 and 40 % of the organic fraction of PM10 over vegetated areas in summer.
Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, An Ning, Yuyang Li, Runlong Cai, Da Gao, Biwu Chu, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10261–10278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extensively compare various cluster-dynamics-based parameterizations for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and identify a newly developed parameterization derived from Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code (ACDC) simulations as being the most reliable one. This study offers a valuable reference for developing parameterizations of other nucleation systems and is meaningful for the accurate quantification of the environmental and climate impacts of new particle formation.
Judith Kleinheins, Nadia Shardt, Ulrike Lohmann, and Claudia Marcolli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2838, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We model the CCN activation of sea spray aerosol particles with classical Köhler theory and with a new model approach that takes surface tension lowering into account. We categorize organic compounds into weak, intermediate, and strong surfactants and we outline for which composition surface tension lowering is important. The results suggest that surface tension lowering allows sea spray aerosol particles in the Aitken mode to be a source of CCN in marine updrafts.
Lang Liu, Xin Long, Yi Li, Zengliang Zang, Yan Han, Zhier Bao, Yang Chen, Tian Feng, and Jinxin Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2704, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study use the WRF-Chem model to assess how meteorological conditions and unexpected emission reductions affected PM2.5 in the North China Plain (NCP). It highlights regional disparities: in the Northern NCP, adverse weather negated emission reduction effects. In contrast, the Southern NCP with PM2.5 decrease due to favorable weather and emission reductions. The research highlighted the interaction between emissions, meteorology and air quality.
Wei Li and Yuxuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9339–9353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9339-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9339-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Droughts immensely increased organic aerosol (OA) in the contiguous United States in summer (1998–2019), notably in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Southeast (SEUS). The OA rise in the SEUS is driven by the enhanced formation of epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol due to the increase in biogenic volatile organic compounds and sulfate, while in the PNW, it is caused by wildfires. A total of 10 climate models captured the OA increase in the PNW yet greatly underestimated it in the SEUS.
Weina Zhang, Jianhua Mai, Zhichao Fan, Yongpeng Ji, Yuemeng Ji, Guiying Li, Yanpeng Gao, and Taicheng An
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9019–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9019-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9019-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals heterogeneous oxidation causes further radiative forcing effect (RFE) enhancement of amine–mineral mixed particles. Note that RFE increment is higher under clean conditions than that under polluted conditions, which is contributed to high-oxygen-content products. The enhanced RFE of amine–mineral particles caused by heterogenous oxidation is expected to alleviate warming effects.
Olivia G. Norman, Colette L. Heald, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Hugh Coe, Marc N. Fiddler, Jaime R. Green, Jose L. Jimenez, Katharina Kaiser, Jin Liao, Ann M. Middlebrook, Benjamin A. Nault, John B. Nowak, Johannes Schneider, and André Welti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2296, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study finds that one component of secondary inorganic aerosols, nitrate, is greatly overestimated by a global atmospheric chemistry model compared to observations from 11 flight campaigns. None of the loss and production pathways explored can explain the nitrate bias alone. The model’s inability to capture the variability in the observations remains and requires future investigation to avoid biases in policy-related studies (i.e., air quality, health, climate impacts of these aerosols).
Shenglan Jiang, Yan Zhang, Guangyuan Yu, Zimin Han, Junri Zhao, Tianle Zhang, and Mei Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8363–8381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to provide gridded data on sea-wide concentrations, deposition fluxes, and soluble deposition fluxes with detailed source categories of metals using the modified CMAQ model. We developed a monthly emission inventory of six metals – Fe, Al, V, Ni, Zn, and Cu – from terrestrial anthropogenic, ship, and dust sources in East Asia in 2017. Our results reveal the contribution of each source to the emissions, concentrations, and deposition fluxes of metals in the East Asian seas.
Sara Louise Farrell, Havala O. T. Pye, Robert Gilliam, George Pouliot, Deanna Huff, Golam Sarwar, William Vizuete, Nicole Briggs, and Kathleen Fahey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1550, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we implement heterogeneous sulfur chemistry into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. This new chemistry accounts for the formation of sulfate via aqueous oxidation of SO2 in aerosol liquid water and the formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) – often confused by measurement techniques as sulfate. Model performance in predicting sulfur PM2.5 in Fairbanks, Alaska, and other places that experience dark and cold winters, is improved.
Ryan Vella, Matthew Forrest, Andrea Pozzer, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Thomas Hickler, Jos Lelieveld, and Holger Tost
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2014, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how land cover changes influence biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and atmospheric states. Using a coupled chemistry-climate/vegetation model, we compare present-day land cover (deforested for crops and grazing) with natural vegetation, and an extreme reforestation scenario. We find that vegetation changes significantly impact global BVOC emissions and organic aerosols but have a relatively small effect on total aerosols, clouds, and radiative effects.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Matthias Karl, Kim A. Weiss, Dimitris Karagiannis, Eleni Athanasopoulou, Anastasia Kakouri, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Eleni Liakakou, Iasonas Stavroulas, Georgios Papangelis, Georgios Grivas, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Orestis Speyer, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7815–7835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A state-of-the-art thermodynamic model has been coupled with the city-scale chemistry transport model EPISODE–CityChem to investigate the equilibrium between the inorganic gas and aerosol phases over the greater Athens area, Greece. The simulations indicate that the formation of nitrates in an urban environment is significantly affected by local nitrogen oxide emissions, as well as ambient temperature, relative humidity, photochemical activity, and the presence of non-volatile cations.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Lijia Zhang, Yubing Shen, Tianzhao Xu, Wenwen Sun, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7623–7636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A three-stage model was developed to obtain the global maps of reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100. The results implied that cross-validation R2 values of four species showed satisfactory performance (R2 > 0.55). Most reactive nitrogen components, except NH3, in China showed increases during 2000–2013. In the future scenarios, SSP3-7.0 (traditional-energy scenario) and SSP1-2.6 (carbon neutrality scenario) showed the highest and lowest reactive nitrogen component concentrations.
Alexandros Milousis, Klaus Klingmüller, Alexandra P. Tsimpidi, Jasper F. Kok, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, and Vlassis A. Karydis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1579, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of dust on the global radiative effect of nitrate aerosols. The results indicate both positive and negative regional shortwave and longwave radiative effects due to aerosol-radiation interactions and cloud adjustments. The global average net REari and REaci of nitrate aerosols are -0.11 and +0.17 W/m², respectively, mainly affecting the shortwave spectrum. Sensitivity simulations evaluated the influence of mineral dust composition and emissions on the results.
Fei Ye, Jingyi Li, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Jingyu An, Cheng Huang, Song Guo, Keding Lu, Kangjia Gong, Haowen Zhang, Momei Qin, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7467–7479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Naphthalene (Nap) and methylnaphthalene (MN) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), yet their sources and sinks are often inadequately represented in air quality models. In this study, we incorporated detailed emissions, gas-phase chemistry, and SOA parameterization of Nap and MN into CMAQ to address this issue. The findings revealed remarkably high SOA formation potentials for these compounds despite their low emissions in the Yangtze River Delta region during summer.
Vy Dinh Ngoc Thuy, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Ian Hough, Pamela A. Dominutti, Guillaume Salque Moreton, Grégory Gille, Florie Francony, Arabelle Patron-Anquez, Olivier Favez, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7261–7282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The capacity of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species in vivo is represented by oxidative potential (OP). This study focuses on finding the appropriate model to evaluate the oxidative character of PM sources in six sites using the PM sources and OP. Eight regression techniques are introduced to assess the OP of PM. The study highlights the importance of selecting a model according to the input data characteristics and establishes some recommendations for the procedure.
Ming Chu, Xing Wei, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Yujiao Zhu, Biwu Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Yele Sun, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6769–6786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 20-bin WRF-Chem model to simulate NPF events in the NCP during a three-week observational period in the summer of 2019. The model was able to reproduce the observations during June 29–July 6, which was characterized by a high frequency of NPF occurrence.
Haoqi Wang, Xiao Tian, Wanting Zhao, Jiacheng Li, Haoyu Yu, Yinchang Feng, and Shaojie Song
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6583–6592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
pH is a key property of ambient aerosols, which affect many atmospheric processes. As aerosol pH is a non-conservative parameter, diverse averaging metrics and temporal resolutions may influence the pH values calculated by thermodynamic models. This technical note seeks to quantitatively evaluate the average pH using varied metrics and resolutions. The ultimate goal is to establish standardized reporting practices in future research endeavors.
Jiwon Choi, Myoseon Jang, and Spencer Blau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6567–6582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent phenoxy radical (PPR), formed by phenol gas oxidation and its aqueous reaction, catalytically destroys O3 and retards secondary organic aerosol (SOA) growth. Explicit gas mechanisms including the formation of PPR and low-volatility products from the oxidation of phenol or benzene are applied to the UNIPAR model to predict SOA mass via multiphase reactions of precursors. Aqueous reactions of reactive organics increase SOA mass but retard SOA growth via heterogeneously formed PPR.
Yang Yang, Shaoxuan Mou, Hailong Wang, Pinya Wang, Baojie Li, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6509–6523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The variations in anthropogenic aerosol concentrations and source contributions and their subsequent radiative impact in major emission regions during historical periods are quantified based on an aerosol-tagging system in E3SMv1. Due to the industrial development and implementation of economic policies, sources of anthropogenic aerosols show different variations, which has important implications for pollution prevention and control measures and decision-making for global collaboration.
Maegan A. DeLessio, Kostas Tsigaridis, Susanne E. Bauer, Jacek Chowdhary, and Gregory L. Schuster
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6275–6304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first explicit representation of brown carbon aerosols in the GISS ModelE Earth system model (ESM). Model sensitivity to a range of brown carbon parameters and model performance compared to AERONET and MODIS retrievals of total aerosol properties were assessed. A summary of best practices for incorporating brown carbon into ModelE is also included.
Chuanyang Shen, Xiaoyan Yang, Joel Thornton, John Shilling, Chenyang Bi, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, and Haofei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6153–6175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, a condensed multiphase isoprene oxidation mechanism was developed to simulate isoprene SOA formation from chamber and field studies. Our results show that the measured isoprene SOA mass concentrations can be reasonably reproduced. The simulation results indicate that multifunctional low-volatility products contribute significantly to total isoprene SOA. Our findings emphasize that the pathways to produce these low-volatility species should be considered in models.
Alice Maison, Lya Lugon, Soo-Jin Park, Alexia Baudic, Christopher Cantrell, Florian Couvidat, Barbara D'Anna, Claudia Di Biagio, Aline Gratien, Valérie Gros, Carmen Kalalian, Julien Kammer, Vincent Michoud, Jean-Eudes Petit, Marwa Shahin, Leila Simon, Myrto Valari, Jérémy Vigneron, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6011–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the development of a bottom-up inventory of urban tree biogenic emissions. Emissions are computed for each tree based on their location and characteristics and are integrated in the regional air quality model WRF-CHIMERE. The impact of these biogenic emissions on air quality is quantified for June–July 2022. Over Paris city, urban trees increase the concentrations of particulate organic matter by 4.6 %, of PM2.5 by 0.6 %, and of ozone by 1.0 % on average over 2 months.
Tommaso Galeazzo, Bernard Aumont, Marie Camredon, Richard Valorso, Yong B. Lim, Paul J. Ziemann, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5549–5565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from n-alkanes is a major component of anthropogenic particulate matter. We provide an analysis of n-alkane SOA by chemistry modeling, machine learning, and laboratory experiments, showing that n-alkane SOA adopts low-viscous semi-solid or liquid states. Our results indicate few kinetic limitations of mass accommodation in SOA formation, supporting the application of equilibrium partitioning for simulating n-alkane SOA in large-scale atmospheric models.
Lukáš Bartík, Peter Huszár, Jan Karlický, Ondřej Vlček, and Kryštof Eben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4347–4387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The presented study deals with the attribution of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations to anthropogenic emissions over Central Europe using regional-scale models. It calculates the present-day contributions of different emissions sectors to concentrations of PM2.5 and its secondary components. Moreover, the study investigates the effect of chemical nonlinearities by using multiple source attribution methods and secondary organic aerosol calculation methods.
Rui Wang, Yang Cheng, Shasha Chen, Rongrong Li, Yue Hu, Xiaokai Guo, Tianlei Zhang, Fengmin Song, and Hao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4029–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used quantum chemical calculations, Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, and the ACDC kinetic model to characterize SO3–H2SO4 interaction in the gas phase and at the air–water interface and to study the effect of H2S2O7 on H2SO4–NH3-based clusters. The work expands our understanding of new pathways for the loss of SO3 in acidic polluted areas and helps reveal some missing sources of NPF in metropolitan industrial regions and understand the atmospheric organic–sulfur cycle better.
Hao Yang, Lei Chen, Hong Liao, Jia Zhu, Wenjie Wang, and Xin Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4001–4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study quantifies the response of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) to anthropogenic emission reduction from 2013 to 2017, with the main focus on the contribution to changed O3 concentrations over eastern China both in summer and winter using the WRF-Chem model. The weakened ARI due to decreased anthropogenic emission aggravates the summer (winter) O3 pollution by +0.81 ppb (+0.63 ppb), averaged over eastern China.
Margaret R. Marvin, Paul I. Palmer, Fei Yao, Mohd Talib Latif, and Md Firoz Khan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric chemistry model to investigate aerosols emitted from fire activity across Southeast Asia. We find that the limited nature of measurements in this region leads to large uncertainties that significantly hinder the model representation of these aerosols and their impacts on air quality. As a result, the number of monthly attributable deaths is underestimated by as many as 4500, particularly in March at the peak of the mainland burning season.
Julie Camman, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Amandine Durand, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Henri Wortham, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3257–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine particle (PM1) pollution is a major health issue in the city of Marseille, which is subject to numerous pollution sources. Sampling carried out during the summer enabled a fine characterization of the PM1 sources and their oxidative potential, a promising new metric as a proxy for health impact. PM1 came mainly from combustion sources, secondary ammonium sulfate, and organic nitrate, while the oxidative potential of PM1 came from these sources and from resuspended dust in the atmosphere.
Yuemeng Ji, Zhang Shi, Wenjian Li, Jiaxin Wang, Qiuju Shi, Yixin Li, Lei Gao, Ruize Ma, Weijun Lu, Lulu Xu, Yanpeng Gao, Guiying Li, and Taicheng An
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3079–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation mechanisms for secondary brown carbon (SBrC) contributed by multifunctional reduced nitrogen compounds (RNCs) remain unclear. Hence, from combined laboratory experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we investigated the heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal (GL) with multifunctional RNCs, which are driven by four-step indirect nucleophilic addition reactions. Our results show a possible missing source for SBrC formation on urban, regional, and global scales.
Elyse A. Pennington, Yuan Wang, Benjamin C. Schulze, Karl M. Seltzer, Jiani Yang, Bin Zhao, Zhe Jiang, Hongru Shi, Melissa Venecek, Daniel Chau, Benjamin N. Murphy, Christopher M. Kenseth, Ryan X. Ward, Havala O. T. Pye, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2345–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the air quality in Los Angeles (LA), we improved the CMAQ model by using dynamic traffic emissions and new secondary organic aerosol schemes to represent volatile chemical products. Source apportionment demonstrates that the urban areas of the LA Basin and vicinity are NOx-saturated, with the largest sensitivity of O3 to changes in volatile organic compounds in the urban core. The improvement and remaining issues shed light on the future direction of the model development.
Feifan Yan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Rujin Huang, Hong Liao, Ting Yang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Wenbin Kou, Xinran Zeng, Shengnan Xiang, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution is a major air quality issue deteriorating human health, and previous studies mostly focus on regions like the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. However, the characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations between these two regions are studied less often. Focusing on the transport corridor region, we identify an interesting seesaw transport phenomenon with stagnant weather conditions, conducive to PM2.5 accumulation over this region, resulting in large health effects.
Prerita Agarwal, David S. Stevenson, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2239–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution levels across northern India are amongst some of the worst in the world, with episodic and hazardous haze events. Here, the ability of the WRF-Chem model to predict air quality over northern India is assessed against several datasets. Whilst surface wind speed and particle pollution peaks are over- and underestimated, respectively, meteorology and aerosol trends are adequately captured, and we conclude it is suitable for investigating severe particle pollution events.
George Jordan, Florent Malavelle, Ying Chen, Amy Peace, Eliza Duncan, Daniel G. Partridge, Paul Kim, Duncan Watson-Parris, Toshihiko Takemura, David Neubauer, Gunnar Myhre, Ragnhild Skeie, Anton Laakso, and James Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1939–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption caused a huge aerosol plume in an otherwise unpolluted region, providing a chance to study how aerosol alters cloud properties. This two-part study uses observations and models to quantify this relationship’s impact on the Earth’s energy budget. Part 1 suggests the models capture the observed spatial and chemical evolution of the plume, yet no model plume is exact. Understanding these differences is key for Part 2, where changes to cloud properties are explored.
Lin Du, Xiaofan Lv, Makroni Lily, Kun Li, and Narcisse Tsona Tchinda
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1841-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1841-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the pH effect on the reaction of dissolved SO2 with selected organic peroxides. Results show that the formation of organic and/or inorganic sulfate from these peroxides strongly depends on their electronic structures, and these processes are likely to alter the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in different ways. The rate constants of these reactions exhibit positive pH and temperature dependencies within pH 1–10 and 240–340 K ranges.
Angelo Riccio and Elena Chianese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1673–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Starting from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), we provided a novel ensemble statistical post-processing approach to improve their air quality predictions. Our approach is able to provide reliable short-term forecasts of pollutant concentrations, which is a key challenge in supporting national authorities in their tasks related to EU Air Quality Directives, such as planning and reporting the state of air quality to the citizens.
Stella E. I. Manavi and Spyros N. Pandis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 891–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic vapors of intermediate volatility have often been neglected as sources of atmospheric organic aerosol. In this work we use a new approach for their simulation and quantify the contribution of these compounds emitted by transportation sources (gasoline and diesel vehicles) to particulate matter over Europe. The estimated secondary organic aerosol levels are on average 60 % higher than predicted by previous approaches. However, these estimates are probably lower limits.
Zhiyuan Li, Kin-Fai Ho, Harry Fung Lee, and Steve Hung Lam Yim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 649–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-649-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed an integrated model framework for accurate multi-air-pollutant exposure assessments in high-density and high-rise cities. Following the proposed integrated model framework, we established multi-air-pollutant exposure models for four major PM10 chemical species as well as four criteria air pollutants with R2 values ranging from 0.73 to 0.93. The proposed framework serves as an important tool for combined exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
Yujin Jo, Myoseon Jang, Sanghee Han, Azad Madhu, Bonyoung Koo, Yiqin Jia, Zechen Yu, Soontae Kim, and Jinsoo Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CAMx–UNIPAR model simulated the SOA budget formed via multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons and the impact of emissions and climate on SOA characteristics under California’s urban environments during winter 2018. SOA growth was dominated by daytime oxidation of long-chain alkanes and nighttime terpene oxidation with O3 and NO−3 radicals. The spatial distributions of anthropogenic SOA were affected by the northwesterly wind, whereas those of biogenic SOA were insensitive to wind directions.
Peter Huszar, Alvaro Patricio Prieto Perez, Lukáš Bartík, Jan Karlický, and Anahi Villalba-Pradas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 397–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Urbanization transforms rural land into artificial land, while due to human activities, it also introduces a great quantity of emissions. We quantify the impact of urbanization on the final particulate matter pollutant levels by looking not only at these emissions, but also at the way urban land cover influences meteorological conditions, how the removal of pollutants changes due to urban land cover, and how biogenic emissions from vegetation change due to less vegetation in urban areas.
Yinbao Jin, Yiming Liu, Xiao Lu, Xiaoyang Chen, Ao Shen, Haofan Wang, Yinping Cui, Yifei Xu, Siting Li, Jian Liu, Ming Zhang, Yingying Ma, and Qi Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 367–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to address these issues by evaluating eight independent biomass burning (BB) emission inventories (GFED, FINN1.5, FINN2.5 MOS, FINN2.5 MOSVIS, GFAS, FEER, QFED, and IS4FIRES) using the WRF-Chem model and analyzing their impact on aerosol optical properties (AOPs) and direct radiative forcing (DRF) during wildfire events in peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA) that occurred in March 2019.
Hamza Ahsan, Hailong Wang, Jingbo Wu, Mingxuan Wu, Steven J. Smith, Susanne Bauer, Harrison Suchyta, Dirk Olivié, Gunnar Myhre, Hitoshi Matsui, Huisheng Bian, Jean-François Lamarque, Ken Carslaw, Larry Horowitz, Leighton Regayre, Mian Chin, Michael Schulz, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Vaishali Naik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14779–14799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact of the assumed effective height of SO2 injection, SO2 and BC emission seasonality, and the assumed fraction of SO2 emissions injected as SO4 on climate and chemistry model results. We find that the SO2 injection height has a large impact on surface SO2 concentrations and, in some models, radiative flux. These assumptions are a
hiddensource of inter-model variability and may be leading to bias in some climate model results.
Zhen Peng, Lili Lei, Zhe-Min Tan, Meigen Zhang, Aijun Ding, and Xingxia Kou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14505–14520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Annual PM2.5 emissions in China consistently decreased by about 3% to 5% from 2017 to 2020 with spatial variations and seasonal dependencies. High-temporal-resolution and dynamics-based PM2.5 emission estimates provide quantitative diurnal variations for each season. Significant reductions in PM2.5 emissions in the North China Plain and northeast of China in 2020 were caused by COVID-19.
Stylianos Kakavas, Spyros N. Pandis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13555–13564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water uptake from organic species in aerosol can affect the partitioning of semi-volatile inorganic compounds but are not considered in global and chemical transport models. We address this with a version of the PM-CAMx model that considers such organic water effects and use it to carry out 1-year aerosol simulations over the continental US. We show that such organic water impacts can increase dry PM1 levels by up to 2 μg m-3 when RH levels and PM1 concentrations are high.
Cited articles
Aasestad, K.: Emissions of Black carbon and Organic carbon in Norway 1990–2011, Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway, 2013.
Adria, O. and Bethge, J.: What users can save with energy- efficient cooking stoves and ovens Oliver Adria (CSCP) Jan Bethge, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Wuppertal, Germany, 2013.
Aggarwal, R. and Chandel, S.: Review of Improved Cookstoves Programme in Western Himalayan State of India, Biomass Bioenerg., 27, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.01.001, 2004.
Aghalino, S.: Gas flaring, environmental pollution and abatement measures in Nigeria, 1969–2001, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 11, 219–238, 2009.
Agrawal, H., Malloy, Q. G. J., Welch, W. A., Wayne Miller, J., and Cocker III, D. R.: In-use gaseous and particulate matter emissions from a modern ocean going container vessel, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5504–5510, 2008.
Agrawal, H., Welch, W. A., Henningsen, S., Miller, J. W., and III, D. R. C.: Emissions from main propulsion engine on container ship at sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013346, 2010.
Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O ∕ C and OM ∕ OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, https://doi.org/10.1021/es703009q, 2008.
AIT: Small and Medium scale Industries in Asia: Energy and Environment, Brick and Ceramic Sectors, Regional Energy Resources Information Center (RERIC), Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Pathumthani, Thailand, 2003.
Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken, J., Chambers, A., Cofala, J., Dentener, F., Heyes, C., Kejun, J., Klimont, Z., Makowski, M., Matur, R., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: GAINS-Asia. A tool to combat air pollution and climate change simultaneously, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, 2008.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications, Environ. Modell. Softw., 26, 1489–1501, 2011.
Amann, M., Klimont, Z., and Wagner, F.: Regional and Global Emissions of Air Pollutants: Recent Trends and Future Scenarios, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 38, 31–55, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-052912-173303, 2013.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Schöpp, W., Vellinga, N., and Winiwarter, W.: Adjusted historic emission data, projections, and optimized emission reduction targets for 2030 – A comparison with COM data 2013, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/review/TSAP_16a.pdf, 2015.
Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., Purohit, P., Schöpp, W., and Winiwarter, W.: Future emissions of air pollutants in Europe – Current legistation baseline and the scope for futher reductions. TSAP Report #1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, available at: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/policy/TSAP-BASELINE-20120613.pdf, last access: 4 July 2017.
AMAP: AMAP Assessment 2015: Black carbon and ozone as Arctic climate forcers, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, available at: http://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-black-carbon-and-ozone-as-arctic (last access: 1 July 2017), 2015.
Anand, M.: Diesel Pricing in India: Entangled in Policy Maze, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP), New Delhi, available at: http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/medialibrary/2013/04/Diesel Price Reform.pdf (last access: 3 July 2017), 2012.
Anayochukwu, A. V., Nnene, E. A., and Onyeka, A. E.: Assessment of Environmental Impact of Power Generation in Banking Industry, Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits, 3, 13–21, 2013.
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001.
Anenberg, S. C., Schwartz, J., Shindell, D., Amann, M., Faluvegi, G., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pozzoli, L., Van Dingenen, R., Vignati, E., Emberson, L., Muller, N. Z., West, J. J., Williams, M., Demkine, V., Hicks, W. K., Kuylenstierna, J., Raes, F., and Ramanathan, V.: Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls, Environ. Health Persp., 120, 831–839, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104301, 2012.
Apple, J., Vicente, R., Yarberry, A., Lohse, N., Mills, E., Jacobson, A., and Poppendieck, D.: Characterization of particulate matter size distributions and indoor concentrations from kerosene and diesel lamps, Indoor Air, 20, 399–411, 2010.
Armas, O., Gómez, A., and Herreros, J. M.: Uncertainties in the determination of particle size distributions using a mini tunnel–SMPS system during Diesel engine testing, Meas. Sci. Technol., 18, 2121, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/7/044, 2007.
Ban-Weiss, G. A., Lunden, M. M., Kirchstetter, T. W., and Harley, R. A.: Measurement of Black Carbon and Particle Number Emission Factors from Individual Heavy-Duty Trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1419–1424, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8021039, 2009.
Boman, C., Pettersson, E., Westerholm, R., Boström, D., and Nordin, A.: Stove Performance and Emission Characteristics in Residential Wood Log and Pellet Combustion, Part 1: Pellet Stoves, Energy Fuels, 25, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100774x, 2011.
Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 1–43, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N. M.: Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840, 2007.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Bonjour, S., Adair-Rohani, H., Wolf, J., Bruce, N. G., Mehta, S., Pruss-Ustun, A., Lahiff, M., Rehfuess, E. A., Mishra, V., and Smith, K. R.: Solid fuel use for household cooking: country and regional estimates for, Environ. Health Persp., 121, 784–790, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205987, 2013.
Borken-Kleefeld, J. and Chen, Y.: New emission deterioration rates for gasoline cars – Results from long-term measurements, Atmos. Environ., 101, 58–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.013, 2015.
Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B., and Jones, P. D.: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006548, 2006.
Cadle, S., Ayala, A., Black, K., Graze, R., Koupal, J., Minassian, F., Murray, H., Natarajan, M., Zhu, F., Takaoka, M., Oshita, K., Morisawa, S., Tsuno, H., Takaoka, M., Oshita, K., Morisawa, S., Tsuno, H., Kitajima, Y., Chiang, W.-F., Fang, H.-Y., Fang, H.-Y., Wu, C.-H., Huang, C.-J., Huang, C.-J., Chang, C.-Y., Chang, Y.-M., Chen, C.-L., Nielsen, A., Nielsen, L., Feilberg, A., Christensen, K., Liu, Y.-Y., Lin, T.-C., Lin, T.-C., Wang, Y.-J., Ho, W.-L., Yanowitz, J., McCormick, R., Yu, L., Jia, S., Shi, Q., Chang, T.-J., Kao, H.-M., Wu, Y.-T., Huang, W.-H., Kao, H.-M., Wu, Y.-T., Huang, W.-H., Goodman, P., Rich, D., Zeka, A., Clancy, L., Dockery, D., Lavery, T., Rogers, C., Baumgardner, R., Mishoe, K., Chen, W.-C., Lin, H.-Y., Yuan, C.-S., Hung, C.-H., He, L., Huang, G., Zeng, G., and Lu, H.: Real-World Vehicle Emissions: A Summary of the 18th Coordinating Research Council On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 130–138, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.2.130, 2009.
Cadle, S. H., Mulawa, P. A., Ball, J., Donase, C., Weibel, A., Sagebiel, J. C., Knapp, K. T., and Snow, R.: Particulate Emission Rates from In-Use High-Emitting Vehicles Recruited in Orange County, California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3405–3412, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9700257, 1997.
CAI-Asia: Factsheet No. 17- Roadmap for Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles in Asia, 2011.
Cames, M. and Helmers, E.: Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom – global comparison, environmental effects and various national strategies, Environmental Sciences Europe, 25, 15–36, https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-25-15, 2013.
Cao, G., Zhang, X., and Zheng, F.: Inventory of black carbon and organic carbon emissions from China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6516–6527, 2006.
Cao, G., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., and Zheng, F.: Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China, Chinese Sci. Bull., 53, 784–790, 2008.
CAPP: A Recommended Approach to Completing the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) for the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), available at: http://www.capp.ca/publications-and-statistics/publications (last access: 3 July 2017), 2007.
Cardenas, B., Maiz, P., Márquez, R. O., Munguia, J. L., Angeles, F., Baum, E., and Molina, L. T.: Determining Emissions of Black carbon, greenhouse gases and other pollutants from artisanal brick production in Mexico, Clean Air Task Force and MCE2, 2012.
Carslaw, D. C., Beevers, S. D., Tate, J. E., Westmoreland, E. J., and Williams, M. L.: Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passenger cars and light duty vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7053–7063, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063, 2011.
Castellanos, P., Boersma, K. F., and van der Werf, G. R.: Satellite observations indicate substantial spatiotemporal variability in biomass burning NOx emission factors for South America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3929–3943, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3929-2014, 2014.
CEPMEIP: CEPMEIP (Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance), available at: http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip/ (last access: 1 July 2015), 2002.
Chafe, Z. A., Brauer, M., Klimont, Z., Van Dingenen, R., Mehta, S., Rao, S., Riahi, K., Dentener, F., and Smith, K. R.: Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2. 5 Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease, Environ. Health Persp., 122, 1314–1320, 2014.
Chafe, Z. A., Brauer, M., Héroux, M.-E., Klimont, Z., Lanki, T., Salonen, R. O., and Smith, K. R.: Residential heating with wood and coal: health impacts and policy options in Europe and North America, World Health Organization, available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and (last access: 3 July 2017), 2015.
Chen, Y. and Borken-Kleefeld, J.: Real-driving emissions from cars and light commercial vehicles – Results from 13 years remote sensing at Zurich/CH, Atmos. Environ., 88, 157–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.040, 2014.
Chen, Y. and Borken-Kleefeld, J.: NOx Emissions from Diesel Passenger Cars Worsen with Age, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 3327–3332, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04704, 2016.
Chen, Y., Zhi, G., Feng, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, G., Li, J., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Measurements of Black and Organic Carbon Emission Factors for Household Coal Combustion in China: Implication for Emission Reduction, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9495–9500, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9021766, 2009.
Chen, Y., Morton, D. C., Jin, Y., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., van der Werf, G. R., DeFries, R. S., and Randerson, J. T.: Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America, Carbon Management, 4, 617–638, https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.61, 2013.
Cheung, K. L., Polidori, A., Ntziachristos, L., Tzamkiozis, T., Samaras, Z., Cassee, F. R., Gerlofs, M., and Sioutas, C.: Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of particulate matter emissions from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel cars, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6334–6340, 2009.
Christian, T. J., Yokelson, R. J., Cárdenas, B., Molina, L. T., Engling, G., and Hsu, S.-C.: Trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central Mexico, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-565-2010, 2010.
Cofala, J. and Syri, S.: Sulfur emissions, abatement technologies and related costs for Europe in the RAINS model datatabase, Interim Report, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, available at: http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Publications/Documents/IR-98-035.pdf (last access: 14 May 2013), 1998.
Cofala, J., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., and Höglund-Isaksson, L.: Scenarios of Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Air Pollutants and Methane Until 2030, Atmos. Environ., 41/38, 8486–8499, 2007.
Conrad, B. M. and Johnson, M. R.: Field Measurements of Black Carbon Yields from Gas Flaring, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 1893–1900, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03690, 2017.
Coquelin, L., Fischer, N., Motzkus, C., Mace, T., Gensdarmes, F., Le Brusquet, L., and Fleury, G.: Aerosol size distribution estimation and associated uncertainty for measurement with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 429, 012018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012018, 2013.
Corbett, J. J. and Koehler, H. W.: Updated emissions from ocean shipping, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4650, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003751, 2003.
CPCB: Comprehensive industry document with emission standards, guidelines and stack height regulation for vertical shaft brick kilns (VSBK) vis-à-vis pollution control measures, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India, 2007.
Crippa, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Dentener, F., Guizzardi, D., Sindelarova, K., Muntean, M., Van Dingenen, R., and Granier, C.: Forty years of improvements in European air quality: regional policy-industry interactions with global impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3825–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3825-2016, 2016.
Dalsøren, S. B., Eide, M. S., Endresen, Ø., Mjelde, A., Gravir, G., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2171–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2171-2009, 2009.
Delphi Inc.: Worldwide Emission Standards – Heavy Duty and Off-Highway Vehicles 2013/14, Delphi Inc., Troy, MICH/USA, 2013.
Delphi Inc.: Worldwide Emission Standards – Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles 2014/15, Delphi Inc., Troy, MICH/USA, 2015.
Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Gehrig, R., Gustafsson, M., Janssen, N., Harrison, R. M., Hulskotte, J., Johansson, C., Jozwicka, M., Keuken, M., Krijgsheld, K., Ntziachristos, L., Riediker, M., and Cassee, F. R.: The Policy Relevance of Wear Emissions from Road Transport, Now and in the Future – An International Workshop Report and Consensus Statement, J. Air Waste Manage., 63, 136–149, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.741055, 2013.
Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Bergström, R., Fountoukis, C., Johansson, C., Pandis, S. N., Simpson, D., and Visschedijk, A. J. H.: Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe – revised estimates and an evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6503–6519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6503-2015, 2015.
Desai, S., Dubey, A., Joshi, B. L., Sen, M., Shariff, A., and Vanneman, R.: Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, 2010.
Driscoll, T., Milkovits, G., and Fredenberger, D.: Impact and Use of Firewood in Australia, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, 2000.
Durbin, T. D., Norbeck, J. M., Smith, M. R., and Truex, T. J.: Particulate Emission Rates from Light Duty Vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4401–4406, 1999.
EAWAG: Global waste challenge, Situation in developing countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, available at: http://www.ecopost.co.ke/assets/pdf/global_waste_challenge.pdf (last acess: 3 July 2017) 2008.
Ebel, A., Friedrich, R., and Rodhe, H.: GENEMIS: Assessment, Improvement, and Temporal and Spatial Disaggregation of European Emission Data, in Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation: Chemical Transport and Emission Modelling on Regional, Global and Urban Scales, edited by: Ebel, A., Friedrich, R., and Rodhe, H., 181–214, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03470-5_6, 1997.
EC: Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants, 2001a.
EC: Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants, European Parliament and Council, Luxembourg, 2001b.
EC: Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the council on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control), Commission of the Europan Communities, Brussels, Belgium, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:334:0017:0119:EN:PDF (last access: 3 July 2017), 2010.
EC-JRC/PBL: Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)., European Commission (EC), Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), available at: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu (last access: 3 July 2017), 2010.
Eckhardt, S., Quennehen, B., Olivié, D. J. L., Berntsen, T. K., Cherian, R., Christensen, J. H., Collins, W., Crepinsek, S., Daskalakis, N., Flanner, M., Herber, A., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Huang, L., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Langner, J., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Mahmood, R., Massling, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Nielsen, I. E., Nøjgaard, J. K., Quaas, J., Quinn, P. K., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Schulz, M., Sharma, S., Skeie, R. B., Skov, H., Uttal, T., von Salzen, K., and Stohl, A.: Current model capabilities for simulating black carbon and sulfate concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere: a multi-model evaluation using a comprehensive measurement data set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015.
Edwards, P.: Global cement emissions standards, Global Cement Magazine, available at: www.GlobalCement.com (last access: 3 July 2015), 2014.
EEA: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook, Technical report, European Environmental Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Denmark, available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013 (last access: 3 July 2017), 2013.
Ekström, M., Sjödin, Å., and Andreasson, K.: Evaluation of the COPERT III emission model with on-road optical remote sensing measurements, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6631–6641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.019, 2004.
Elisabeth, T.: Black Carbon Emissions from Kerosene Lamps: Potential for a new CCAC Initiative, Ecologic Institute, Berlin, Germany, available at: http://www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2014/black-carbon-and-kerosene-lamps-study_0.pdf (last access: 3 July 2017), 2013.
Elvidge, C. D., Ziskin, D., Baugh, K. E., Tuttle, B. T., Ghosh, T., Pack, D. W., Erwin, E. H., and Zhizhin, M.: A Fifteen Year Record of Global Natural Gas Flaring Derived from Satellite Data, Energies, 2, 595, https://doi.org/10.3390/en20300595, 2009.
Elvidge, C. D., Baugh, K. E., Anderson, S., Ghosh, T., and Ziskin, D.: Estimation of Gas Flaring Volumes Using NASA MODIS Fire Detection Products, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, US, available at: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/interest/flare_docs/NGDC_annual_report_20110209.pdf (last access: 3 July 2017), 2011.
Elvidge, C. D., Zhizhin, M., Hsu, F.-C., and Baugh, K. E.: VIIRS Nightfire: Satellite Pyrometry at Night, Remote Sens., 5, 4423, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5094423, 2013.
Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Behrens, H. L., Brett, P. O., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: A historical reconstruction of ships' fuel consumption and emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D12301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007630, 2007.
ESMAP: Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing Impact on Poor People, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), World Bank, Washington DC, 2005.
EUROSTAT: Statistics database, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database, last access: 5 September 2011.
Evans, M., Kholod, N., Kuklinski, T., Denysenko, A., Smith, S. J., Staniszewski, A., Hao, W. M., Liu, L., and Bond, T. C.: Black carbon emissions in Russia: A critical review, Atmos. Environ., 163, 9–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.026, 2017.
Eyring, V., Isaksen, I. S. A., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. J., Corbett, J. J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R. G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., and Stevenson, D. S.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4735–4771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059, 2010.
FAO: Status and development issues of the brick industry in Asia, Field Document, FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 1993.
Fernandes, S. D., Trautmann, N. M., Streets, D. G., Roden, C. A., and Bond, T. C.: Global biofuel use, 1850–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002836, 2007.
Foell, W., Pachauri, S., Spreng, D., and Zerriffi, H.: Household cooking fuels and technologies in developing economies, Energ. Policy, 39, 7487–7496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.016, 2011.
Fortner, E. C., Brooks, W. A., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Massoli, P., Jayne, J. T., Franklin, J. P., Knighton, W. B., Wormhoudt, J., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., and Herndon, S. C.: Particulate Emissions Measured During the TCEQ Comprehensive Flare Emission Study, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 12586–12592, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202692y, 2012.
Frost and Sullivan: Indian Diesel Generator Set Market, available at: http://www.frost.com/sublib/frost-content.do?sheetName=report-overview&sheetGroup=P420-01-00-00-00&viewName=virtual-brochure&repid=P420-01-00-00-00 (last access: 3 July 2017), 2010.
Gadhavi, H. S., Renuka, K., Ravi Kiran, V., Jayaraman, A., Stohl, A., Klimont, Z., and Beig, G.: Evaluation of black carbon emission inventories using a Lagrangian dispersion model – a case study over southern India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1447–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, 2015.
GEA: Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2012.
Geller, M. D., Ntziachristos, L., Mamakos, A., Samaras, Z., Schmitz, D. A., Froines, J. R., and Sioutas, C.: Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6988–7004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.018, 2006.
Germain, A., Granger, F., and Gosselin, A.: A Model Municipal By-Law for regulating wood burning appliances A. Germain, F. Granger & A. Gosselin, WIT Trans. Ecol. Envir., 116, https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR080631, 2008.
Gilmore, E. A., Lave, L. B., and Adams, P. J.: The costs, air quality and human health effects of meeting peak electricity demand with installed backup generators, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6887–6893, 2006.
Goel, R. and Guttikunda, S. K.: Role of urban growth, technology, and judicial interventions on vehicle exhaust emissions in Delhi for 1991–2014 and 2014–2030 periods, Environmental Development, 14, 6–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.03.002, 2015.
GOI: 2011 Census of India: Source of Lighting, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (GOI), New Delhi, 2011.
Granier, C., Bessagnet, B., Bond, T., D'Angiola, A., Denier van der Gon, H., Frost, G. J., Heil, A., Kaiser, J. W., Kinne, S., Klimont, Z., Kloster, S., Lamarque, J.-F., Liousse, C., Masui, T., Meleux, F., Mieville, A., Ohara, T., Raut, J.-C., Riahi, K., Schultz, M. G., Smith, S. J., Thompson, A., Aardenne, J., Werf, G. R., and Vuuren, D. P.: Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period, Climatic Change, 109, 163–190, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1, 2011.
Guo, H., Zhang, Q., Shi, Y., and Wang, D.: On-road remote sensing measurements and fuel-based motor vehicle emission inventory in Hangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 3095–3107, 2007.
Guttikunda, S. K. and Jawahar, P.: Atmospheric emissions and pollution from the coal-fired thermal power plants in India, Atmos. Environ., 92, 449–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.057, 2014.
Guttikunda, S. K., Begum, B. A., and Wadud, Z.: Particulate pollution from brick kiln clusters in the Greater Dhaka region, Bangladesh, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 6, 357–365, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-012-0187-2, 2013.
Habib, G., Venkataraman, C., Bond, T. C., and Schauer, J. J.: Chemical, Microphysical and Optical Properties of Primary Particles from the Combustion of Biomass Fuels, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8829–8834, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800943f, 2008.
Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., Gietl, J., Yin, J., and Green, D. C.: Estimation of the Contributions of Brake Dust, Tire Wear, and Resuspension to Nonexhaust Traffic Particles Derived from Atmospheric Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 6523–6529, https://doi.org/10.1021/es300894r, 2012.
Haugland, T., Saunier, S., Pederstad, A., Holm, T., Darani, H., and Kertesheva, A.: Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring Study for Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, Final Report, Carbon Limits AS, Oslo, Norway, available at: www.carbonlimits.no (last access: 3 July 2017), 2013.
HBEFA 3.1: HBEFA – Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, available at: http://www.hbefa.net/d/index.html (last access: 20 March 2012), 2010.
Hegg, D. A., Livingston, J., Hobbs, P. V., Novakov, T., and Russell, P.: Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 25293–25303, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02293, 1997.
Heierli, U. and Maithel, S.: Brick by Brick: The Herculean Task of Cleaning of the Asian Brick Industry, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Bern, 2008.
Herzog, J. W.: Current and near-term emission control strategies for diesel powered generator sets, in Proceedings of 24th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 394–399, Montréal, 29 September–3 October 2002.
Hodzic, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Salcedo, D., and Jimenez, J. L.: Impact of Trash Burning on Air Quality in Mexico City, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4950–4957, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203954r, 2012.
Hsu, Y. and Mullen, M.: Compilation of Diesel Emissions Speciation Data, Final Report for CRC, 2007.
Huang, K., Fu, J. S., Prikhodko, V. Y., Storey, J. M., Romanov, A., Hodson, E. L., Cresko, J., Morozova, I., Ignatieva, Y., and Cabaniss, J.: Russian anthropogenic black carbon: Emission reconstruction and Arctic black carbon simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11306–11333, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023358, 2015.
Huo, H., Zhang, Q., He, K., Yao, Z., Wang, X., Zheng, B., Streets, D. G., Wang, Q., and Ding, Y.: Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities: Importance of vehicle fleet and local features, Environ. Pollut., 159, 2954–2960, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.025, 2011.
Huo, H., Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhao, L., and He, K.: China's coke industry: Recent policies, technology shift, and implication for energy and the environment, Energ. Policy, 51, 397–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.041, 2012.
ICC & SRI: Atmospheric emissions of particulates from agriculture: a scoping study, Final report for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Research and Development, ICConsultants and Silsoe Research Institute, London, UK, 2000.
ICCT & Dieselnet: Transportpolicy.net, available at: http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=Main_Page, last access: 15 March 2014.
IEA: Coal Power 2: World coal-fired power stations and their pollution control systems, International Energy Agency, London, UK, 1997.
IEA: World Energy Outlook 2007, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2007.
IEA: World Energy Outlook 2011, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2011.
IEA: Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 – Pathways to a Clean Energy System, International Energy Agency, IEA/OECD, Paris, available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/ETP2012_free.pdf (last access: 3 July 2017), 2012a.
IEA: World Energy Outlook 2012, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2012b.
IEA: Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2015, International Energy Agency, IEA/OECD, Paris, France, 2015a.
IEA: Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2015, International Energy Agency, IEA/OECD, Paris, France, 2015b.
IEA: World Energy Outlook Special Report: Energy and Air Pollution, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France, 2016.
IEA CCC: Coal Power. Coal Power Database, IEA Clean Coal Centre, London, UK, 2012.
IFC/WB: Lighting Africa market assessment results: quantitative assessment – Ethiopia, International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the World Bank (WB), Washington DC, 2008.
IIDFC: Environmental Management Framework for improving kiln efficiency in the brick making industry in Bangladesh, Hybrid Hoffman Kiln (HHK) project, Industrial and Infrastructure Development Finance Company Ltd (IIDFC), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009.
IIASA: Global emission fields of air pollutants and GHGs, available at: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/Global_emissions.html (last accessed: 4 July 2017), 2015.
IIASA: GAINS-IAM, available at: http://gains.iiasa.ac.at/gains/IAM/index.login, last access: 4 July 2017a.
IIASA: GAINS-Online, available at: http://gains.iiasa.ac.at/models/index.html, last access: 4 July 2017b.
IPCC: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IGES, Japan, available at: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm (last access: 3 July 2017), 2006a.
IPCC: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5, Waste, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kanagawa, Japan, available at: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm (last access: 3 July 2017), 2006b.
Ite, A. and Ibok, U. J.: Gas flaring and venting associated with petroleum exploration and production in the Nigeria's Niger Delta, American Journal of Environmental Protection, 1, 70–77, 2013.
Jacobson, A., Lam, N. L., Bond, T. C., and Hultman, N.: Black Carbon and Kerosene Lighting: An Opportunity for Rapid Action on Climate Change and Clean Energy for Development, Policy Paper 2013-03, The Bookings Institution, Washington DC, 2013.
Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Dentener, F., Muntean, M., Pouliot, G., Keating, T., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Wankmüller, R., Denier van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J. J. P., Klimont, Z., Frost, G., Darras, S., Koffi, B., and Li, M.: HTAP_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015.
Jiang, M., Marr, L. C., Dunlea, E. J., Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3377–3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3377-2005, 2005.
Jimenez, J. L., McRae, G. J., Nelson, D., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Remote Sens. of NO and NO2 Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Using Tunable Diode Lasers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2380–2387, 2000.
Johnson, G. R., Jayaratne, E. R., Lau, J., Thomas, V., Juwono, A. M., Kitchen, B., and Morawska, L.: Remote measurement of diesel locomotive emission factors and particle size distributions, Atmos. Environ., 81, 148–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.019, 2013.
Johnson, M., Edwards, R., Alatorre Frenk, C., and Masera, O.: In-field greenhouse gas emissions from cookstoves in rural Mexican households, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1206–1222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.034, 2008.
Johnson, M. R., Devillers, R. W., and Thomson, K. A.: Quantitative Field Measurement of Soot Emission from a Large Gas Flare Using Sky-LOSA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 345–350, 2011.
KEEI: Yearbook of Energy Statistics 2011, Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI), South Korea, 2011.
Kholod, N., Evans, M., and Kuklinski, T.: Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11267–11281, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11267-2016, 2016.
Kinsey, J. S.: Characterization of emissions from commercial aircraft engines during the aircraft particle emissions experiment (APEX) 1–3, Technical report, US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA, available at: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P1005KRK.pdf (last access: 3 July 2017), 2009.
Kirchstetter, T. W., Harley, R. A., Kreisberg, N. M., Stolzenburg, M. R., and Hering, S. V.: On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2955–2968, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00089-8, 1999.
Klimont, Z., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Heyes, C., Rafaj, P., Schöpp, W., Cofala, J., Purohit, P., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Kupiainen, K., Kiesewetter, G., Winiwarter, W., Amann, M., Zhao, B., Wang, S., Bertok, I., and Sander, R.: Global scenarios of air pollutants and methane: 1990–2050, in preparation, 2017.
Klimont, Z., Streets, D. G., Gupta, S., Cofala, J., Lixin, F., and Ichikawa, Y.: Anthropogenic Emissions of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) in China, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1309–1322, 2002a.
Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Amann, M., Heyes, C., and Gyarfas, F.: Modelling Particulate Emissions in Europe. A Framework to Estimate Reduction Potential and Control Costs, Interim Report, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, 2002b.
Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Xing, J., Wei, W., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Kejun, J., Bhandari, P., Mathur, R., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Chambers, A., Amann, M., and Hao, J.: Projections of SO2, NOx, and carbonaceous aerosols emissions in Asia, Tellus, 61B, 602–617, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00428.x, 2009.
Klimont, Z., Smith, S. J., and Cofala, J.: The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000–2011 emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 014003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003, 2013.
Kondo, Y., Oshima, N., Kajino, M., Mikami, R., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Verma, R. L., Kajii, Y., Kato, S., and Takami, A.: Emissions of black carbon in East Asia estimated from observations at a remote site in the East China Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D16201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015637, 2011.
Krasenbrink, A. and Dobranskyte-Niskota, A.: 2007 Technical Review of the NRMM Directive 1997/68/EC as amended by Directives 2002/88/EC and 2004/26/EC, JRC, Ispra, Italy, 2008.
Kumar, S., Aggarwal, S. G., Gupta, P. K., and Kawamura, K.: Investigation of the tracers for plastic-enriched waste burning aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 108, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.066, 2015.
Kupiainen, K. and Klimont, Z.: Primary Emissions of Submicron and Carbonaceous Particles in Europe and the Potential for their Control, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, 2004.
Kupiainen, K. and Klimont, Z.: Primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2156–2170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.066, 2007.
Kupiainen, K. J. and Pirjola, L.: Vehicle non-exhaust emissions from the tyre–road interface – effect of stud properties, traction sanding and resuspension, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4141–4146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.027, 2011.
Kupiainen, K. J., Tervahattu, H., Räisänen, M., Mäkelä, T., Aurela, M., and Hillamo, R.: Size and Composition of Airborne Particles from Pavement Wear, Tires, and Traction Sanding, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 699–706, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035419e, 2005.
Lack, D., Lerner, B., Granier, C., Baynard, T., Lovejoy, E., Massoli, P., Ravishankara, A. R., and Williams, E.: Light absorbing carbon emissions from commercial shipping, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033906, 2008.
Lack, D. A. and Corbett, J. J.: Black carbon from ships: a review of the effects of ship speed, fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3985–4000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3985-2012, 2012.
Lack, D. A., Corbett, J. J., Onasch, T., Lerner, B., Massoli, P., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D., Sierau, B., Lack, D. A. Corbett, J. J., Onasch, T., Lerner, B., Massoli, P., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D., Sierau, B., Herndon, S., Allan, J., Baynard, T., Lovejoy, E., Ravishankara, A. R., and Williams, E.: Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011300, 2009.
Lam, N. L., Chen, Y., Weyant, C., Venkataraman, C., Sadavarte, P., Johnson, M. A., Smith, K. R., Brem, B. T., Arineitwe, J., Ellis, J. E., and Bond, T. C.: Household Light Makes Global Heat: High Black Carbon Emissions From Kerosene Wick Lamps, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13531–13538, https://doi.org/10.1021/es302697h, 2012.
Lam, N. L., Pachauri, S., Cameron, C., Purohit, P., and Nagai, Y.: Characterizing Kerosene Demand for Light in India and Evaluating the Impact of Measures Affecting Access and Dependence, in Discovering Untapped Resources, 116–119, UC Berkeley, available at: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-tuberlin/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5185 (last access: 20 March 2015), 2014.
Lam, N. L., Pachauri, S., Purohit, P., Nagai, Y., Bates, M. N., Cameron, C., and Smith, K. R.: Kerosene subsidies for household lighting in India: what are the impacts?, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 044014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044014, 2016.
Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., McConnell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D. P.: Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017–7039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010, 2010.
Lange, D. and Domke, F.: The exhaust emissions scandal (“Dieselgate”) – Take a deep breath into pollution trickery, available at: https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7331-the_exhaust_emissions_scandal_dieselgate (last access: 5 January 2016), 2015.
Lawson, D. R.: (On-Road) Mobile Source Emissions and Mitigation Potential, Workshop on Addressing Black Carbon and Ozone as Short-Lived Climate Forcers, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US, 3–4 March 2010.
Le, H. A. and Oanh, N. T. K.: Integrated assessment of brick kiln emission impacts on air quality, Environ. Monit. Assess., 171, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1285-y, 2010.
Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Newton, P. J., Wit, R. C. N., Lim, L. L., Owen, B., and Sausen, R.: Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3520–3537, 2009.
Lee, W. J., Liu, Y. C., Mwangi, F. K., Chen, W. H., Lin, S. L., Fukushima, Y., Liao, C. N., and Wang, L. C.: Assessment of energy performance and air pollutant emissions in a diesel engine generator fueled with water-containing ethanol–biodiesel–diesel blend of fuels, Energy, 36, 5591–5599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.012, 2011.
Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., He, K. B., and Streets, D. G.: Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 931–954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-931-2011, 2011.
Lewis, J. J. and Pattanayak, S. K.: Who Adopts Improved Fuels and Cookstoves? A Systematic Review, Environ. Health Persp., 120, 637–645, 2012.
Li, Q., Li, X., Jiang, J., Duan, L., Ge, S., Zhang, Q., Deng, J., Wang, S., and Hao, J.: Semi-coke briquettes: towards reducing emissions of primary PM2. 5, particulate carbon, and carbon monoxide from household coal combustion in China, Scientific Reports, 6, 19306, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19306, 2016.
Li, X. H., Wang, S. X., Duan, L., Hao, J. M., and Nie, Y. F.: Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from household biofuel combustion in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6076–6081, 2009.
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., Aryee, M., Atkinson, C., Bacchus, L. J., Bahalim, A. N., Balakrishnan, K., Balmes, J., Barker-Collo, S., Baxter, A., Bell, M. L., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F., Bonner, C., Borges, G., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Brauer, M., Brooks, P., Bruce, N. G., Brunekreef, B., Bryan-Hancock, C., Bucello, C., Buchbinder, R., Bull, F., Burnett, R. T., Byers, T. E., Calabria, B., Carapetis, J., Carnahan, E., Chafe, Z., Charlson, F., Chen, H., Chen, J. S., Cheng, A. T.-A., Child, J. C., Cohen, A., Colson, K. E., Cowie, B. C., Darby, S., Darling, S., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dentener, F., Des Jarlais, D. C., Devries, K., Dherani, M., Ding, E. L., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T., Edmond, K., Ali, S. E., Engell, R. E., Erwin, P. J., Fahimi, S., Falder, G., Farzadfar, F., Ferrari, A., Finucane, M. M., Flaxman, S., Fowkes, F. G. R., Freedman, G., Freeman, M. K., Gakidou, E., Ghosh, S., Giovannucci, E., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Grainger, R., Grant, B., Gunnell, D., Gutierrez, H. R., Hall, W., Hoek, H. W., Hogan, A., Hosgood, H. D., Hoy, D., Hu, H., Hubbell, B. J., Hutchings, S. J., Ibeanusi, S. E., Jacklyn, G. L., Jasrasaria, R., Jonas, J. B., Kan, H., Kanis, J. A., Kassebaum, N., Kawakami, N., Khang, Y.-H., Khatibzadeh, S., Khoo, J.-P., et al.: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, The Lancet, 380, 2224–2260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8, 2012.
Lin, J., Nielsen, C. P., Zhao, Y., Lei, Y., Liu, Y., and McElroy, M. B.: Recent changes in particulate air pollution over China observed from space and the ground: Effectiveness of emission control, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7771–7776, https://doi.org/10.1021/es101094t, 2010.
Lin, Y. C., Lee, W. J., Chao, H. R., Wang, S. L., Tsou, T. C., Chang-Chien, G. P., and Tsai, P. J.: Approach for energy saving and pollution reducing by fueling diesel engines with emulsified biosolution/biodiesel/diesel blends, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3849–3855, 2008.
Liu, F., Zhang, Q., Tong, D., Zheng, B., Li, M., Huo, H., and He, K. B.: High-resolution inventory of technologies, activities, and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China from 1990 to 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13299–13317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13299-2015, 2015.
Liu, H., He, K., Lents, J. M., Wang, Q., and Tolvett, S.: Characteristics of Diesel Truck Emission in China Based on Portable Emissions Measurement Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9507–9511, https://doi.org/10.1021/es902044x, 2009.
Louhelainen, K., Vilhunen, P., Kangas, J., and Terho, F. O.: Dust exposure in piggeries, Eur. J. Respir. Dis., 71, 80–90, 1987.
Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., and Streets, D. G.: Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839–9864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011, 2011.
Lükewille, A., Bertok, I., Amann, M., Cofala, J., Gyarfas, F., Johansson, M., Klimont, Z., Pacyna, E., and Pacyna, J.: A Module to Calculate Primary Particulate Matter Emissions and Abatement Measures in Europe, Water Air Soil Poll., 130, 229–234, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013807101561, 2001.
Lund, M. T., Berntsen, T. K., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., and Samset, B. H.: Global and regional climate impacts of black carbon and co-emitted species from the on-road diesel sector, Atmos. Environ., 98, 50–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.033, 2014.
MacCarty, N., Ogle, D., Still, D., Bond, T., Roden, C., and Willson, B.: Laboratory Comparison of the Global-Warming Potential of Six Categories of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Aprovecho Research Center, available at: http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/stovesdoc/Aprovecho/gwp/Global_Warming_Potential_of_Six_Types_of_Stoves_Aprovecho_9-6-07.pdf, (3 July 2017) 2007.
Mahapatra, S., Chanakya, H. N., and Dasappa, S.: Evaluation of various energy devices for domestic lighting in India: Technology, economics and CO2 emissions, Energy for Sustainable Development, 13, 271–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.10.005, 2009.
Maithel, S.: Factsheets about Brick Kilns in South and South-East Asia, available at: http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/factsheets-about-brick-kilns-south-and-south-east-asia (last access: 3 July 2017), 2014.
Maithel, S., Lalchandani, D., Malhotra, G., Bhanware, P., Uma, R., Ragavan, S., Athalye, V., Bindiya, K., Reddy, S., Bond, T. C., Weyant, C., Baum, E., Kim Thoa, V. T., Thu Phuong, N., and Kim Thanh, T.: Brick Kilns Performance Asessment, A Roadmap for Cleaner Brick Production in India, Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation and Climate Works Foundation, available at: http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/view/161 (last access: 3 July 2017), 2012.
Maíz, P.: Experiencias en Medición de Emisiones en Hornos para Manufactura Artesanal de Ladrillos en Mexico, available at: http://www.inecc.gob.mx/descargas/dgcenica/2012_ladrilleras_pon_s4_pmaiz_eng.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), a presentation at: Workshop on public policies to mitigate environmental impact of artisanal brick production, Guanajuato, Mexico, 4–6 September 2012.
Mancilla, Y., Araizaga, A. E., and Mendoza, A.: A tunnel study to estimate emission factors from mobile sources in Monterrey, Mexico, J. Air Waste Manage., 62, 1431–1442, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.717902, 2012.
Maricq, M. M.: Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review, Aerosol Science, 38, 1079–1118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.08.001, 2007.
Mazzoleni, C., Moosmüller, H., Kuhns, H. D., Keislar, R. E., Barber, P. W., Nikolic, D., Nussbaum, N. J., and Watson, J. G.: Correlation between automotive CO, HC, NO, and PM emission factors from on-road remote sensing: implications for inspection and maintenance programs, Transportation Res. D-Tr. E., 9, 477–496, 2004.
McClintock, P.: Remote Sens. Measurements of Real World High Exhaust Emitters, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 1999.
McClintock, P.: 2007 High Emitter Remote Sens. Project, Prepared for Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Environmental Systems Products Inc., Tiburon, CA/USA, 2007.
McEwen, J. D. N. and Johnson, M. R.: Black Carbon Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Buoyancy Driven Associated Gas Flares, J. Air Waste Manage., 63, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2011.650040, 2012.
Mills, E.: Technical and Economic Performance Analysis of Kerosene Lamps and Alternative Approaches to Illumination in Developing Countries, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, available at: http://evanmills.lbl.gov/pubs/pdf/offgrid-lighting.pdf (last access: 4 July 2014), 2003.
Mills, E.: The specter of fuel-based lighting, Science, 308, 1263–1264, 2005.
Ministério do Meio Ambiente: Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários, Final Report, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria de Mudanças Climáticas e Qualidade Ambiental (MMA), Brasilia/BR, 2011.
Moldanova, J., Fridell, E., Popovichieva, O., Demirdjian, B., Tishkova, V., Faccinetto, A., and Focsa, C.: Characterisation of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from a Large Ship Diesel Engine, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2632–2641, 2009.
Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Schroeder, W., and Van Der Werf, G. R.: Agricultural intensification increases deforestation fire activity in Amazonia, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2262–2275, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01652.x, 2008.
Mukai, S., Nakata, M., Yasumoto, M., Sano, I., and Kokhanovsky, A.: A study of aerosol pollution episode due to agriculture biomass burning in the east-central China using satellite data, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 3, 57, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00057, 2015.
Murphy, S. M., Agrawal, H., Sorooshian, A., Padro, L. T., Gates, H., Hersey, S., Welch, W. A., Jung, H., Miller, J. W., Cocker III, D. R., Nenes, A., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Comprehensive Simultaneous Shipboard and Airborne Characterization of Exhaust from a Modern Container Ship at Sea., Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4626–4640, 2009.
NEA: A Year in Review: Fiscal Year 2011/2012, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Kathmandu, 2012.
Neurath, C.: Open Burning of Domestic Wastes: The Single Largest Source of Dioxin to Air?, Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 60–65, 2003.
NIELSEN: All India Study on Sectoral Demand of Diesel & Petrol, Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India, New Delhi, available at: http://ppac.org.in (last access: 4 July 2017), 2013.
Niemi, J. K.: Atmospheric Emissions from Open Biomass Burning; Development of Datasets for RAINS Model, Interim Report, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2007.
Norris, J. O. W.: An In-Service Emissions Test for Spark Ignition (SI) Petrol Engines – PPAD 9/107/09. Phase 1 Report. Definition of an Excess Emitter and Effectiveness of Current Annual Test, AEAT Technology, Harwell, UK, available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat15/0408171318_SIPhase1reportIssue3.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), 2001.
NSSO: Energy sources of India household for cooking and lighting, NSS 61st Round (July 2004–June 2005), National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi, India, 2007.
Ntziachristos, L., Gkatzoflias, D., Kouridis, C., and Samaras, Z.: COPERT: A European Road Transport Emission Inventory Model, in Information Technologies in Environmental Engineering, Proceedings of the 4th International ICSC Symposium Thessaloniki, Greece, 28–29 May 2009, 491–504, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
Oanh, N. T. K., Bich, T. L., Tipayarom, D., Manadhar, B. R., Prapat, P., Simpson, C. D., and Liu, L.-J. S.: Charazcterization of particulate matter emission from open burning of rice straw, Atmos. Environ., 45, 493–502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.023, 2011.
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.
Ohlström, M. O., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Moisio, M., and Jokiniemi, J. K.: Fine-particle emissions of energy production in Finland, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3701–3711, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00076-5, 2000.
O'Neill, B. C., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., Ebi, K. L., Hallegatte, S., Carter, T. R., Mathur, R., and van Vuuren, D. P.: A new scenario framework for climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways, Climatic Change, 122, 387–400, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0905-2, 2014.
OTAQ: Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression-Ignition, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004.
Paasonen, P., Visschedijk, A., Kupiainen, K., Klimont, Z., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Kulmala, M., and Amann, M.: Aerosol particle number emissions and size distributions: Implementation in the GAINS model and initial results, IIASA Interim Report, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2013.
Paasonen, P., Kupiainen, K., Klimont, Z., Visschedijk, A., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., and Amann, M.: Continental anthropogenic primary particle number emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6823–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, 2016.
Paniz, A. and Bau, L.: Italy, The most important European pellet market, available at: http://www.biomasseverband.at/veranstaltungen/tagungen-und-vortraege/archiv/4-mitteleuropaeische-biomassekonferenz/ (last access: 27 May 2017), 2014.
Parashar, D. C., Gadi, R., Mandal, T. K., and Mitra, A. P.: Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from India, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7861–7871, 2005.
Parikh, K. S.: Report of the expert group on a viable and sustainable system of pricing petroleum products, Government of India, New Delhi, India, 2010.
Pederstad, A., Smith, J. D., Jackson, R., Saunier, S., and Holm, T.: Assessment of flare strategies, techniques for reduction of flaring and associated emissions, emission factors and methods for determination of emissions to air from flaring, Carbon Limits AS, Trondheim, Norway, available at: www.miljodirektoratet.no, 2015.
Pettersson, E., Boman, C., Westerholm, R., Boström, D., and Nordin, A.: Stove Performance and Emission Characteristics in Residential Wood Log and Pellet Combustion, Part 2: Wood Stove, Energy Fuels, 25, 315–323, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef1007787, 2011.
Pettus, A.: Agricultural Fires and Arctic Climate Change, CATF (Clean Air Task Force), Boston, US, available at: http://www.catf.us, 2009.
Petzold, A., Hasselbach, J., Lauer, P., Baumann, R., Franke, K., Gurk, C., Schlager, H., and Weingartner, E.: Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2387-2008, 2008.
Petzold, A., Weingartner, E., Hasselbach, J., Lauer, P., Kurok, C., and Fleischer, F.: Physical Properties, Chemical Composition, and Cloud Forming Potential of Particulate Emissions from a Marine Diesel Engine at Various Load Conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3800–3805, 2010.
PFC Energy: Using Russia's Associated Gas, PFC Energy, Washington DC, USA, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGGFR/Resources/pfc_energy_report.pdf (last access: 4 July 2014), 2007.
Philip, S., Martin, R. V., Snider, G., Weagle, C. L., van Donkelar, A., Brauer, M., Henze, D. K., Klimont, Z., Venkataraman, C., Guttikunda, S. K., and Zhang, Q.: Anthropogenic fugitive, combustion and industrial dust is a significant, underrepresented fine particulate matter source in global atmospheric models, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 044018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa65a4, 2017.
Pine, K., Edwards, R., Masera, O., Schilmann, A., Marrón-Mares, A., and Riojas-Rodríguez, H.: Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural Mexico, Energy for Sustainable Development, 15, 176–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.04.001, 2011.
Pode, R.: Solution to enhance the acceptability of solar-powered LED lighting technology, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 1096–1103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.006, 2010.
Pokhrel, A. K., Bates, M. N., Verma, S. C., Joshi, H. S., Sreeramareddy, C. T., and Smith, K. R.: Tuberculosis and indoor biomass and kerosene use in Nepal: a case-control study, Environ. Health Persp., 118, 558–564, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901032, 2010.
Polenske, K. R. (Ed.): The Technology-Energy-Environment-Health (TEEH) Chain in China, A Case Study of Cokemaking, Springer Netherlands, 2006.
Purohit, P. and Michaelowa, A.: CDM potential of SPV lighting systems in India, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 23–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-9078-x, 2008.
Purohit, P., Amann, M., Mathur, R., Gupta, I., Marwah, S., Verma, V., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Chambers, A., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Toth, G., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: GAINS-Asia. Scenarios for cost-effective control of air pollution and greenhouse gases in India, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, 2010.
Quennehen, B., Raut, J.-C., Law, K. S., Daskalakis, N., Ancellet, G., Clerbaux, C., Kim, S.-W., Lund, M. T., Myhre, G., Olivié, D. J. L., Safieddine, S., Skeie, R. B., Thomas, J. L., Tsyro, S., Bazureau, A., Bellouin, N., Hu, M., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Myriokefalitakis, S., Quaas, J., Rumbold, S. T., Schulz, M., Cherian, R., Shimizu, A., Wang, J., Yoon, S.-C., and Zhu, T.: Multi-model evaluation of short-lived pollutant distributions over east Asia during summer 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10765–10792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, 2016.
Rajarathnam, U., Athalye, V., Ragavan, S., Maithel, S., Lalchandani, D., Kumar, S., Baum, E., Weyant, C., and Bond, T.: Assessment of air pollutant emissions from brick kilns, Atmos. Environ., 98, 549–553, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.075, 2014.
Randerson, J. T., Chen, Y., van der Werf, G. R., Rogers, B. M., and Morton, D. C.: Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, G04012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002128, 2012.
Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 4, (GFEDv4), https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1293, 2015.
Rao, S., Pachauri, S., Dentener, F., Kinney, P., Klimont, Z., Riahi, K., and Schöpp, W.: Better air for better health: Forging synergies in policies for energy access, climate change and air pollution, Global Environ. Chang., 23, 1122–1130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.003, 2013.
Rao, S., Klimont, Z., Smith, S. J., Van Dingenen, R., Dentener, F., Bouwman, L., Riahi, K., Amann, M., Bodirsky, B. L., van Vuuren, D. P., Aleluia Reis, L., Calvin, K., Drouet, L., Fricko, O., Fujimori, S., Gernaat, D., Havlik, P., Harmsen, M., Hasegawa, T., Heyes, C., Hilaire, J., Luderer, G., Masui, T., Stehfest, E., Strefler, J., van der Sluis, S., and Tavoni, M.: Future air pollution in the Shared Socio-economic Pathways, Global Environ. Chang., 42, 346–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.012, 2017.
Reddington, C. L., Butt, E. W., Ridley, D. A., Artaxo, P., Morgan, W. T., Coe, H., and Spracklen, D. V.: Air quality and human health improvements from reductions in deforestation-related fire in Brazil, Nat. Geosci., 8, 768–771, 2015.
Riahi, K., Dentener, F., Gielen, D., Grubler, A., Jewell, J., Klimont, Z., Krey, V., McCollum, D., Pachauri, S., Rao, S., van Ruijven, B., van Vuuren, D. P., and Wilson, C.: Chapter 17 – Energy Pathways for Sustainable Development, in Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, 1203–1306, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, available at: www.globalenergyassessment.org (last access: 4 July 2017), 2012.
Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O'Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., Lutz, W., Popp, A., Cuaresma, J. C., KC, S., Leimbach, M., Jiang, L., Kram, T., Rao, S., Emmerling, J., Ebi, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Humpenöder, F., Da Silva, L. A., Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Bosetti, V., Eom, J., Gernaat, D., Masui, T., Rogelj, J., Strefler, J., Drouet, L., Krey, V., Luderer, G., Harmsen, M., Takahashi, K., Baumstark, L., Doelman, J. C., Kainuma, M., Klimont, Z., Marangoni, G., Lotze-Campen, H., Obersteiner, M., Tabeau, A., and Tavoni, M.: The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview, Global Environ. Chang., 42, 153–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009, 2017.
Roden, C. A., Bond, T. C., Conway, S., and Pinel, A. B. O.: Emission Factors and Real-Time Optical Properties of Particles Emitted from Traditional Wood Burning Cookstoves, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6750–6757, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052080i, 2006.
Roden, C. A., Bond, T. C., Conway, S., Osorto Pinel, A. B., MacCarty, N., and Still, D.: Laboratory and field investigations of particulate and carbon monoxide emissions from traditional and improved cookstoves, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1170–1181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.041, 2009.
Røland, T. H.: Associated Petroleum Gas in Russia: Reasons for non-utilization, Fridtjof Nansens Institute, Lysaker, Norway, available at: https://www.fni.no/getfile.php/132059/Filer/Publikasjoner/FNI-R1310.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), 2010.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., Masera, O., Zamora, H., and Smith, K. R.: Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves, Energ. Policy, 39, 7557–7566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.028, 2011.
Schaap, M., Van Der Gon, H. A. C. D., Dentener, F. J., Visschedijk, A. J. H., Van Loon, M., ten Brink, H. M., Putaud, J.-P., Guillaume, B., Liousse, C., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: Anthropogenic black carbon and fine aerosol distribution over Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004330, 2004.
Schäffeler, U. and Keller, M.: Non-road fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Study for the period from 1980 to 2020, Federal Office for the Environment, Bern/CH, 2008.
Schilderman, T. and Mason, K.: Using residues as fuel in small-scale brickmaking, in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT 2009), Bath, UK, 6–9 September 2009.
Schmidl, C., Luisser, M., Padouvas, E., Lasselsberger, L., Rzaca, M., Cruz, C.-S., Handler, M., Peng, G., Bauer, H., and Puxbaum, H.: Particulate and gaseous emissions from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7443–7454, 2011.
Schmidt, C. W.: Modernizing Artisanal Brick Kilns: A Global Need, Environ. Health Persp., 121, A242–A249, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-A242, 2013.
Schöpp, W., Klimont, Z., Suutari, R., and Cofala, J.: Uncertainty analysis of emission estimates in the RAINS integrated assessment model, Environ. Sci. Policy, 8, 601–613, 2005.
Schwarz, J. P., Holloway, J. S., Katich, J. M., McKeen, S., Kort, E. A., Smith, M. L., Ryerson, T. B., Sweeney, C., and Peischl, J.: Black Carbon Emissions from the Bakken Oil and Gas Development Region, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2, 281–285, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00225, 2015.
Scott, A. J.: Real-life emissions from residential wood burning appliances in New Zealand, Ministry for the Environment, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2005.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, available at: https://books.google.at/books?id=J3s30hwn_K0C (last access: 4 July 2017), 2012.
Shafizadeh, K., Niemeier, D., and Eisinger, D. S.: Gross Emitting Vehicles: A Review of the Literature, Caltrans Air Quality Project, US Davis, 2004.
Shah, S. D., Cocker, D. R., Miller, J. W., and Norbeck, J. M.: Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2544–2550, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0350583, 2004.
Shah, S. D., Cocker, D. R., Johnson, K. C., Lee, J. M., Soriano, B. L., and Miller, J. W.: Emissions of regulated pollutants from in-use diesel backup generators, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4199–4209, 2006.
Shah, S. D., Cocker III, D. R., Johnson, K. C., Lee, J. M., Soriano, B. L., and Miller, J. W.: Reduction of particulate matter emissions from diesel backup generators equipped with four different exhaust after treatment devices, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5070–5076, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0614161, 2007.
Shi, X., Pang, X., Mu, Y., He, H., Shuai, S., Wang, J., Chen, H., and Li, R.: Emission reduction potential of using ethanol–biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2567–2574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.026, 2006.
Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., Van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S. C., Muller, N., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Raes, F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K., Oanh, N. T. K., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.: Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security, Science, 335, 183–189, 2012.
Shrimali, G., Slaski, X., Thurber, M. C., and Zerriffi, H.: Improved stoves in India: A study of sustainable business models, Energ. Policy, 39, 7543–7556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.031, 2011.
Silk, B. J., Sudamah, I., Patel, M. K., Were, V., Person, R., Harris, J., Otieno, R., Nygren, B., Loo, J., Eleveld, A., Quick, R. E., and Cohen, A. L.: A strategy to increase adoption of locallyproduced, ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan households, BMC Public Health, 12, 359–369, 2012.
Sippula, O., Hokkinen, J., Puustinen, H., Yli-Pirila, P., and Jokiniemi, J.: Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4855–4864, 2009.
Skinder, B. M., Sheikh, A. Q., Pandit, A. K., and Ganai, B. A.: Brick kiln emissions and its environmental impact: A Review, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 6, 1–11, 2014.
Smit, R. and Bluett, J.: A new method to compare vehicle emissions measured by remote sensing and laboratory testing: High-emitters and potential implications for emission inventories, Sci. Total Environ., 409(13), 2626–2634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.026, 2011.
Smith, T. W., Jalkanen, J. P., Anderson, B. A., Corbett, J. J., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., O'Keeffe, E., Parker, S., Johansson, L., Aldous, L., Raucci, C., Traut, M., Ettinger, S., Nelissen, D., Lee, D. S., Ng, S., Agrawal, A., Winebrake, J. J., Hoen, M., Chesworth, S., and Pandey, A.: Third IMO GHG Study 2014, International Maritime Organization (IMO), London, UK, available at: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/IMO-Publications.aspx (last access: 4 July 2017), 2015.
Stein, G., Wuenstel, E., and Travnicek-Pagaimo, W.: Reifenabrieb in Feinstaub – kein Grund zur Panik!, GAK – Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, Jahrgang 65, 441–445, 2012.
Stettler, M. E. J., Boies, A. M., Petzold, A., and Barrett, S. R. H.: Global Civil Aviation Black Carbon Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10397–10404, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401356v, 2013.
Stoerk, T.: Statistical corruption in Beijing's air quality data has likely ended in 2012, Atmos. Environ., 127, 365–371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.055, 2016.
Stohl, A., Berg, T., Burkhart, J. F., Fjæraa, A. M., Forster, C., Herber, A., Hov, Ø., Lunder, C., McMillan, W. W., Oltmans, S., Shiobara, M., Simpson, D., Solberg, S., Stebel, K., Ström, J., Tørseth, K., Treffeisen, R., Virkkunen, K., and Yttri, K. E.: Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 511–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-511-2007, 2007.
Stohl, A., Klimont, Z., Eckhardt, S., Kupiainen, K., Shevchenko, V. P., Kopeikin, V. M., and Novigatsky, A. N.: Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8833–8855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, 2013.
Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, O., Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, N., Dusinska, M., Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, B., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., and Zhu, T.: Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015.
Stratus Consulting: CCAC initiative to mitigate black carbon and other pollutants from brick production: Regional Assessment, Black Carbon Mitigation in Brick Production: A Summary for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Peru, Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), 2014.
Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J. H., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.
Subramanian, R., Winijkul, E., Bond, T. C., Thiansathit, W., Oanh, N. T. K., Paw-armart, I., and Duleep, K. G.: Climate-Relevant Properties of Diesel Particulate Emissions: Results from a Piggyback Study in Bangkok, Thailand, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4213–4218, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8032296, 2009.
Takai, H., Pedersen, S., Johnsen, J. O., Metz, J. H. M., Groot Koerkamp, P. W. G., Uenk, G. H., Phillips, V. R., Holden, M. R., Sneath, R. W., Short, J. L., White, R. P., Hartung, J., Seedorf, J., Schröder, M., Linkert, K. H., and Wathes, C. M.: Concentrations and emission of airborne dust in livestock buildings in Northern Europe, J. Agric. Engng. Res., 1, 59–77, 1998.
Tang, N. W., Apte, J. S., Martien, P. T., and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Measurement of black carbon emissions from in-use diesel-electric passenger locomotives in California, Atmos. Environ., 115, 295–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.001, 2015.
Tissari, J., Hytönen, K., Lyyränen, J., and Jokiniemi, J.: A novel field measurement method for determining fine particle and gas emissions from residential wood combustion, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8330–8344, 2007.
Tissari, J., Lyyranen, J., Hytonen, K., Sippula, O., Tapper, U., Frey, A., Saarnio, K., Pennanen, A. S., Hillamo, R., Salonen, R. O., Hirvonen, M.-R., and Jokiniemi, J.: Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7862–7873, 2008.
Tissari, J., Hytonen, K., Sippula, O., and Jokiniemi, J.: The effects of operating conditions on emissions from masonry heaters and sauna stoves, Biomass Bioenerg., 33, 513–520, 2009.
Todd, J. J.: Wood-Smoke Handbook: Woodheaters, Firewood and Operator Practice, Eco-Energy Options, Lindisfarne Tasmania, 2003.
Triple E.: Diesel power generation: Inventories, black carbon emissions, initial stakeholder meeting and data mapping for Nigeria, World Bank, Washington DC, 2013.
Troncoso, K., Castillo, A., Merino, L., Lazos, E., and Masera, O. R.: Understanding an improved cookstove program in rural Mexico: An analysis from the implementers' perspective, Energ. Policy, 39, 7600–7608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.070, 2011.
Tsai, J. H., Chen, S. J., Huang, K. L., Lin, Y. C., Lee, W. J., Lin, C. C., and Lin, W. Y.: PM, carbon, and PAH emissions from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends, J. Hazard. Mater., 179, 237–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.085, 2010.
Turn, S. Q., Jenkins, B. M., Chow, J. C., Pritchett, L. C., Campbell, D., Cahill, T., and Whalem, S. A.: Elemental Characterization of Particulate Matter Emitted from Biomass Burning: Windtunnel Derived Source Profiles for Herbaceous and Wood Fuels, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3683–3699, 1997.
Turpin, J. T. and Lim, H.: Species contributions to PM2. 5 mass concentrations: revisting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 602–610, 2001.
UBOS: Uganda national household survey 2009/2010, Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Kampala, Uganda, 2010.
Uma, R., Kandpal, T. C., and Kishore, V. V. N.: Emission characteristics of an electricity generation system in diesel alone and dual fuel modes, Biomass Bioenerg., 27, 195–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.01.003, 2004.
UNEP: Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits: Actions for Controlling Short-Lived Climate Forcers, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, available at: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8048 (last access: 4 July 2017), 2011.
UNEP/WMO: Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, Nairobi, Kenya, available at: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8028 (last access: 4 July 2017), 2011.
US EPA: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors – Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42 5th Edition, US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Springfield, VA, 1995.
US EPA: SPECIATE – US EPA repository of volatile organic gas and particulate matter (PM) speciation profiles of air pollution sources, available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-modeling/speciate-version-45-through-40 (last access: 4 July 2017), 2002.
US EPA: Documents Related to Volkswagen Violations for Model Years 2009–2016, available at: https://www.epa.gov/vw/documents-related-volkswagen-violations-model-years-2009-2016, last access: 4 July 2017.
UN-Habitat: Global Reports on Human Settlements 2005, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Nairobi, Kenya, 2005.
US EPA: Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Industrial Diesel Engines, Section 3.3 Small Engines, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Washington DC, 1996.
US-EPA OTAQ: Development of Emission Rates for Light-Duty Vehicles in the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010), Final Report, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, available at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/documents/420r11011.pdf (last access: 5 October 2013), 2011.
Van Aardenne, J. A., Dentener, F. J., Olivier, J. G. J., Peters, J. A. H. W., and Ganzeveld, L. N.: The EDGAR 3.2 Fast Track 2000 datasset (32FT2000), available at: http://themasites.pbl.nl/images/Description_of_EDGAR_32FT2000(v8)_tcm61-46462.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), 2005.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707–11735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
Van Vuuren, D. P., Edmonds, J. A., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A. M., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G. C., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Masui, T., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Smith, S. J., and Rose, S.: The representative concentration pathways: an overview, Climatic Change, 109, 5–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z, 2011.
Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Eiguren-Fernandez, A., Miguel, A. H., and Friedlander, S. K.: Residential Biofuels in South Asia: Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions and Climate Impacts, Science, 307, 1454–1456, 2005.
Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Kadamba, D., Shrivastava, M., Leon, J. F., Crouzille, B., Boucher, O., and Streets, D. G.: Emissions from open biomass burning in India: Integrating the inventory approach with high-resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active-fire and land cover data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002547, 2006.
Venkataraman, C., Sagar, A. D., Habib, G., and Smith, K. R.: The Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves: The benefits of clean combustion, Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, 63–72, 2010.
Vongmahadlek, C., Thao, P. T. B., Satayopas, B., and Thongboonchu, N.: An Inventory of Primary Gaseous Emissions from Thailand with Spatial and Temporal Allocation Profile, in Proceedings of the 3rd IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy & Environment, 313–318, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA, available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1576758.1576812 (last access: 4 July 2017), 2008.
Vongmahadlek, C., Pham, T. B. T., Satayopas, B., and Thongboonchoo, N.: A compilation and development of spatial and temporal profiles of high-resolution emissions inventory over Thailand., J. Air Waste Manage., 59, 845–856, 2009.
Wang, S. X., Zhao, B., Cai, S. Y., Klimont, Z., Nielsen, C. P., Morikawa, T., Woo, J. H., Kim, Y., Fu, X., Xu, J. Y., Hao, J. M., and He, K. B.: Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6571–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, 2014.
Wang, S.-X., Zhao, X.-J., Li, X.-H., Wei, W., and Hao, J.-M.: Emission characteristics of fine particles from grate firing boilers, Environm. Sci., 30, 963–968, 2009.
Weitkamp, E. A., Lipsky, E. M., Pancras, P. J., Ondov, J. M., Polidori, A., Turpin, B. J., and Robinson, A. L.: Fine particle emission profile for a large coke production facility based on highly time-resolved fence line measurements, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6719–6733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.028, 2005.
Weyant, C., Athalye, V., Ragavan, S., Rajarathnam, U., Lalchandani, D., Maithel, S., Baum, E., and Bond, T. C.: Emissions from South Asian Brick Production, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6477–6483, https://doi.org/10.1021/es500186g, 2014.
Weyant, C. L., Shepson, P. B., Subramanian, R., Cambaliza, M. O. L., Heimburger, A., McCabe, D., Baum, E., Stirm, B. H., and Bond, T. C.: Black Carbon Emissions from Associated Natural Gas Flaring, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2075–2081, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04712, 2016.
WHO: Health aspects of air pollution; Results from the WHO project “Systematic review of Health aspects of air pollution in Europe”, Technical report, Copenhagen, Denmark, available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/74730/E83080.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), 2004.
Wickramasinghe, A.: Energy access and transition to cleaner cooking fuels and technologies in Sri Lanka: Issues and policy limitations, Energ. Policy, 39, 7567–7574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.032, 2011.
Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
Wiedinmyer, C., Yokelson, R. J., and Gullett, B. K.: Global Emissions of Trace Gases, Particulate Matter, and Hazardous Air Pollutants from Open Burning of Domestic Waste, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9523–9530, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502250z, 2014.
WIP: Pellet market overview report – EUROPE, WIP Renewable Energies, Wuppertal, Germany, available at: https://pelletsatlas.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Pelletsatlas_overview_EU_December2009.pdf (last access: 4 July 2017), 2009.
Wobus, C., Flanner, M., Sarofim, M. C., Moura, M. C. P., and Smith, S. J.: Future Arctic temperature change resulting from a range of aerosol emissions scenarios, Earth's Future, 4, 270–281, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000361, 2016.
World Bank: Diesel Power Generation: Inventories and Black Carbon Emissions in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA, 2014a.
World Bank: Diesel Power Generation: Inventories and Black Carbon Emissions in Nigeria, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA, 2014b.
World Bank and ICCI: On Thin Ice, How cutting pollution can slow warming and save lives, The World Bank, The International Cryosphere Climate Initiative, Washington DC, USA, 2013.
Xu, Y.: Improvements in the operation of SO2 scrubbers in China's coal power plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 380–385, 2011.
Xu, Y., Williams, R. H., and Socolow, R. H.: China's rapid deployment of SO2 scrubbers, Energy Environ. Sci., 2, 459–465, https://doi.org/10.1039/B901357C, 2009.
Yan, F., Winijkul, E., Jung, S., Bond, T. C., and Streets, D. G.: Global emission projections of particulate matter (PM): I. Exhaust emissions from on-road vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4830–4844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.018, 2011.
Yan, F., Winijkul, E., Streets, D. G., Lu, Z., Bond, T. C., and Zhang, Y.: Global emission projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5709–5733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5709-2014, 2014.
Yanowitz, J., McCormick, R. L., and Graboski, M. S.: In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 729–740, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990903w, 2000.
Yelverton, T. L. B., Holder, A. L., and Pavlovic, J.: Emissions removal efficiency from diesel gensets using aftermarket PM controls, Clean Technol. Envir., 17, 1861–1871, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0900-6, 2016.
Yim, S. H. L., Lee, G. L., Lee, I. H., Allroggen, F., Ashok, A., Caiazzo, F., Eastham, S. D., Malina, R., and Barrett, S. R. H.: Global, regional and local health impacts of civil aviation emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 034001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/034001, 2015.
Yttri, K. E., Lund Myhre, C., Eckhardt, S., Fiebig, M., Dye, C., Hirdman, D., Ström, J., Klimont, Z., and Stohl, A.: Quantifying black carbon from biomass burning by means of levoglucosan – a one-year time series at the Arctic observatory Zeppelin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6427–6442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, 2014.
Zhang, Q., Klimont, Z., Streets, D., Huo, H., and He, K.: An anthropogenic PM emission model for China and emission inventory for the year 2001, Prog. Nat. Sci., 16, 223–231, 2006 (in Chinese).
Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131–5153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.
Zhang, W., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Bi, J., and Jiang, H.: Can China Comply with Its 12th Five-Year Plan on Industrial Emissions Control: A Structural Decomposition Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 4816–4824, https://doi.org/10.1021/es504529x, 2015.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., and Nielsen, C. P.: The effects of recent control policies on trends in emissions of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants and CO2 in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-487-2013, 2013.
Zhi, G., Chen, Y., Feng, Y., Xiong, S., Li, J., Zhang, G., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Emission Characteristics of Carbonaceous Particles from Various Residential Coal-Stoves in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3310–3315, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702247q, 2008.
Zhi, G., Peng, C., Chen, Y., Liu, D., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Deployment of Coal Briquettes and Improved Stoves: Possibly an Option for both Environment and Climate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5586–5591, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802955d, 2009.
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter for 1990–2010. Global emissions have not changed much in this period, showing a strong decoupling from the increase in energy consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions). Regional trends were different – increase in East Asia and Africa and decline in Europe and North America. In 2010, 60 % of emissions originated in Asia and more than half from cooking and heating stoves.
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of global anthropogenic emissions of particulate...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint