Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-737-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-737-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jan 2014
Research article |
| 22 Jan 2014
Hygroscopic properties of the Paris urban aerosol in relation to its chemical composition
K. A. Kamilli
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
now at: University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Bayreuth, Germany
L. Poulain
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
A. Held
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
now at: University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Bayreuth, Germany
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
now at: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
W. Birmili
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
A. Wiedensohler
Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Anza Waheed, Jorge Saturno, Arpit Malik, Johannes Rosahl, Sonja Pratzler, and Andreas Nowak
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-33, 2026
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
Vehicle exhaust contains ultrafine soot particles that can harm health and the environment. Particle number measurements are essential because these particles contribute little to particulate mass. PTB developed a calibration facility producing stable soot particles of defined sizes for testing particle counters. Instruments are compared with a reference linked to national standards. The facility improves measurement accuracy and comparability between laboratories and supporting authorities.
Malte Schuchard, Konrad Bärfuss, Lutz Bretschneider, Thomas Conrath, Andreas Held, Ralf Käthner, Mona Kellermann, Astrid Lampert, Theresa Mathes, Joshua Müller, Christian Pilz, Andreas Schlerf, Holger Siebert, Birgit Wehner, and Barbara Harm-Altstädter
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-411, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-411, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This article combines measurements from an uncrewed aerial system, a tethered balloon system and a surface flux gradient system to study aerosol particles and meteorological parameters at the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, in spring 2024. The vertical and horizontal observations from the ground to 1.3 kilometres above sea level show strong aerosol variability in correlation with specific meteorological conditions, providing a valuable basis for understanding Arctic aerosol processes.
Babu Suja Arun, Thomas Müller, Mira L. Pöhlker, Andreas Held, Christopher Pöhlker, Manuela van Pinxteren, Yifan Yang, Sabine Lüchtrath, Andreas Walbröl, Janna E. Rückert, Philipp Oehlke, Maik Merkel, and Birgit Wehner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7287–7310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7287-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7287-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) aerosols absorb solar radiation and perturb the Arctic energy budget, yet in-situ studies of their microphysical properties and mixing state in the Arctic remain scarce. Based on observations from a shipborne expedition in the Arctic Ocean, we found substantial BC concentrations and showed that warm airmass intrusions enhanced BC levels. Aged BC exhibited enhanced light absorption. These findings will help improve the representation of BC in climate models.
Theresa Mathes, Ian Brooks, Sonja Murto, Michael Tjernström, Julia Kojoj, Paul Zieger, John Prytherch, Birgit Wehner, and Andreas Held
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1792, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than the global average, affecting key climate processes. We investigated the exchange of particles between the surface and the atmosphere in the High Arctic over a period of five weeks using eddy covariance measurements. While ice surfaces primarily act as a sink, strong winds can also cause particles to be released, a process likely linked to blowing snow. These results enhance our understanding of particle sources and facilitate more precise climate modelling.
Sabine Lüchtrath, Sven Klemer, Florian Fröhlich, Darius Ceburnis, Dominik van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Wolfgang Frenzel, and Andreas Held
Aerosol Research, 4, 81–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-81-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-4-81-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The first online instrument for the speciation of water‑soluble iron in ambient aerosols is presented. The system combines flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection using a liquid waveguide capillary cell. Sensitive iron speciation will help to better describe tropospheric aqueous-phase reactions driven by soluble iron, e.g. hydroxyl radical formation through Fenton chemistry. In first measurements in Berlin, ambient water-soluble-iron concentrations reached up to 47 ng m-3.
Christian Lamprecht, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Michael Stichaner, Werner Jud, Andreas Held, and Thomas Karl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5003–5016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5003-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5003-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution management requires accurate determination of emissions and emission ratios of air pollutants. In this paper, we explore a new way to resolve excess mixing ratios in turbulent plumes, which allows aggregation of unbiased ensemble averages of air pollutant ratios that can be compared with emission models. The approach is tested in an urban environment and used to resolve emission patterns of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide.
Theresa Mathes, Heather Guy, John Prytherch, Julia Kojoj, Ian Brooks, Sonja Murto, Paul Zieger, Birgit Wehner, Michael Tjernström, and Andreas Held
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8455–8474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8455-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8455-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than the global average and an investigation of aerosol–cloud–sea ice interactions is crucial for studying its climate system. During the ARTofMELT Expedition 2023, particle and sensible heat fluxes were measured over different surfaces. Wide lead surfaces acted as particle sources, with the strongest sensible heat fluxes, while closed ice surfaces acted as particle sinks. In this study, methods to measure these interactions are improved, enhancing our understanding of Arctic climate processes.
Eike Maximilian Esders, Christoph Georgi, Wolfgang Babel, Andreas Held, and Christoph Karl Thomas
Aerosol Research, 2, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how tiny plastic particles, known as microplastics (MPs), move through the air. We focus on their journey in a wind tunnel to mimic atmospheric transport. Depending on the air speed and the height of their release, they move downwards or upwards. These results suggest that MPs behave like mineral particles and that we can expect MPs to accumulate where natural dust also accumulates in the environment, offering insights for predicting the spread and impacts of MPs.
Claudio Crazzolara and Andreas Held
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2183–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper describes the development of a collection device that can be used to collect airborne dust particles classified according to their size. This collection device is optimized for a special analysis method based on X-ray fluorescence so that particles can be collected from the air and analyzed with high sensitivity. This enables the determination of the content of heavy metals in the airborne particle fraction, which are of health-relevant significance.
Jonas Elm, Aladár Czitrovszky, Andreas Held, Annele Virtanen, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Benjamin J. Murray, Daniel McCluskey, Daniele Contini, David Broday, Eirini Goudeli, Hilkka Timonen, Joan Rosell-Llompart, Jose L. Castillo, Evangelia Diapouli, Mar Viana, Maria E. Messing, Markku Kulmala, Naděžda Zíková, and Sebastian H. Schmitt
Aerosol Research, 1, 13–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-1-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-1-13-2023, 2023
Baseerat Romshoo, Mira Pöhlker, Alfred Wiedensohler, Sascha Pfeifer, Jorge Saturno, Andreas Nowak, Krzysztof Ciupek, Paul Quincey, Konstantina Vasilatou, Michaela N. Ess, Maria Gini, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Chris Robins, François Gaie-Levrel, and Thomas Müller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6965–6989, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is often assumed to be spherically shaped, causing uncertainties in its optical properties when modelled. This study investigates different modelling techniques for the optical properties of BC by comparing them to laboratory measurements. We provide experimental support for emphasizing the use of appropriate size representation (polydisperse size method) and morphological representation (aggregate morphology) for optical modelling and parameterization scheme development of BC.
Janine Lückerath, Andreas Held, Holger Siebert, Michel Michalkow, and Birgit Wehner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10007–10021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Three different methods were applied to estimate the vertical aerosol particle flux in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and between the MBL and free troposphere. For the first time, aerosol fluxes derived from these three methods were estimated and compared using airborne aerosol measurements using data from the ACORES field campaign in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in July 2017. The amount of fluxes was small and directed up and down for different cases, but the methods were applicable.
Matthias Karl, Liisa Pirjola, Tiia Grönholm, Mona Kurppa, Srinivasan Anand, Xiaole Zhang, Andreas Held, Rolf Sander, Miikka Dal Maso, David Topping, Shuai Jiang, Leena Kangas, and Jaakko Kukkonen
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3969–4026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The community aerosol dynamics model MAFOR includes several advanced features: coupling with an up-to-date chemistry mechanism for volatile organic compounds, a revised Brownian coagulation kernel that takes into account the fractal geometry of soot particles, a multitude of nucleation parameterizations, size-resolved partitioning of semi-volatile inorganics, and a hybrid method for the formation of secondary organic aerosols within the framework of condensation and evaporation.
Cited articles
Achtert, P., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Hu, M., and Zhu, T.: Hygroscopic growth of tropospheric particle number size distributions over the North China Plain, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 1–12, 2009.
Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Water absorption by secondary organic aerosol and its effect on inorganic aerosol behavior, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 71–77, 2000.
Baklanov, A., Lawrence, M., and Pandis, S.: Deliverable 9.1, Copenhagen, Denmark, 150 pp., MEGAPOLI-01-DW-09-03, 2008.
Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design of a DMA-based size spectrometer for a large particle size range and stable operation, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 549–553, 1999.
Birmili, W., Schwirn, K., Nowak, A., Petäjä, T., Joutsensaari, J., Rose, D., Wiedensohler, A., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., and Boy, M.: Measurements of humidified particle number size distributions in a Finnish boreal forest: derivation of hygroscopic particle growth factors, Boreal Environ. Rese., 14, 458–480, 2009.
Brechtel, F. and Kreidenweis, S.: Predicting particle critical supersaturation from hygroscopic growth measurements in the humidified TDMA, part I: Theory and sensitivity studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1854–-1871, 2000.
Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J., Alfarra, M., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A.,Williams, L., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., DeCarlo, P., Kolb, C., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Wiley InterScience, 2006.
Carslaw, K. S., Clegg, S. L., and Brimblecombe, P.: A thermodynamic model of the system HCl-HNO3-H2SO4-H2O, including solubilities of HBr, from <200 K to 328 K, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 11557–11574, 1995.
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Fujita, E. M., Lu, Z. Q., Lawson, D. R., and Ashbaugh, L. L.: Temporal and spatial variations of PM(2.5) and PM(10) aerosol in the Southern California Air-Quality Study, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2061–2080, 1994.
Clegg, S. L. and Brimblecombe, P.: Comment on the "Thermodynamic Dissociation Constant of the Bisulfate Ion from Raman and Ion Interaction Modeling Studies of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid at Low Temperatures" by Knopf et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 2703–2706, 2005.
Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S.: Thermodynamic model of the system H+-NH4+-SO42--NO3--H2O at tropospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2137–2154, http://www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk/aim/aim.php (last access: August 2011), 1998.
Clegg, S. L. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions containing inorganic electrolytes and dicarboxylic acids at 298.15 K. 2. Systems including dissociation equilibria, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 5718–5734, 2006.
Cocker, D. R., Clegg, S. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The effect of water on gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol. Part I: alpha-pinene/ozone system, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6049–6072, 2001a.
Cocker, D. R., Mader, B. T., Kalberer, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: The effect of water on gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol: II. m-xylene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation systems, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6073–6085, 2001b.
Crippa, M., DeCarlo, P. F., Slowik, J. G., Mohr, C., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Poulain, L., Freutel, F., Sciare, J., Cozic, J., Di Marco, C. F., Elsasser, M., Nicolas, J. B., Marchand, N., Abidi, E., Wiedensohler, A., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Borrmann, S., Nemitz, E., Zimmermann, R., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 961–981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-961-2013, 2013.
Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: Deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of mixed inorganic-organic atmospheric aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4313–4319, 2000.
Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY, http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php (last access: July 2010), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2012.
Duce, R. A., Mohnen, V. A., Zimmerman, P. R., Grosjean, D., Cautreels, W., Chatfield, R., Jaenicke, R., Ogren, J. A., Pellizzari, E. D., and Wallace, G. T.: Organic material in the global troposphere, Rev. Geophys., 21, 921–952, 1983.
Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Alfarra, M. R., Dommen, J., Metzger, A., Prevot, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Good, N., Turner, S. F., McFiggans, G., and Baltensperger, U.: Cloud forming potential of secondary organic aerosol under near atmospheric conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031075, 2008.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, 2006.
Eichler, H., Cheng, Y. F., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Wiedensohler, A., Brüggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Herrmann, H., Althausen, D., Ansmann, A., Engelmann, R., Tesche, M., Wendisch, M., Zhang, Y., Hu, M., Liu, S., and Zeng, L. M.: Hygroscopic properties and extinction of aerosol particles at ambient relative humidity in South-Eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6321–6334, 2008.
Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 2: theoretical and experimental hygroscopic properties of laboratory generated aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 63–68, 2002.
Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Nyeki, S., Paulsen, D., Baltensperger, U., Galambos, I., and Kiss, G.: Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in atmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-35-2004, 2004.
Gysel, M., Crosier, J., Topping, D. O., Whitehead, J. D., Bower, K. N., Cubison, M. J., Williams, P. I., Flynn, M. J., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 6131–6144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-6131-2007, 2007.
Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys, 38, 513–543, 2000.
Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Kamili, K., Merkel, M., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Sarda-Estève, R., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1681–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012, 2012.
Heintzenberg, J.: Fine particles in the global troposphere, A review, Tellus, 41, 149–160., 1989.
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Scientific Basis, Summary for Policymakers, http://www.ipcc.ch (last access: May 2013), 2007.
Jayne, J., Leard, D., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K., Kolb, C., and Worsnop, D.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 49–70, 2000.
Jimenez, J., Jayne, J., Shi, Q., Kolb, C., Worsnop, D., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J., Flagan, R., Zhang, X., Smith, K., Morris, J., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient Aerosol Sampling with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
Kostenidou, E., Pathak, R. K., and Pandis, S. N.: An Algorithm for the Cal- culation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Density Combining AMS and SMPS Data, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 1002–1010, 2007.
Krivacsy, Z., Gelencser, A., Kiss, G., Meszaros, G., Molnar, A., Hoffer, A., Meszaros, T., Sarvari, Z., Temesi, D., Varga, B., Baltensperger, U., Nyeki, S., and Weingartner, E.: Study on the chemical character of water soluble organic compounds in fine atmospheric aerosol at the Jungfraujoch, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 235–259, 2001a.
Krivacsy, Z., Hoffer, A., Sarvari, Z., Temesi, D., Baltensperger, U., Nyeki, S., Weingartner, E., Kleefeld, S., and Jennings, S. G.: Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6233–6244, 2001b.
Lide, D. R.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th Edn., Section 4–36, 1993–1994.
Malm, W. C., Day, D. E., Kreidenweis, S. M., Collett, J. L., Carrico, C., McMeeking, G., and Lee, T.: Hygroscopic properties of an organic-laden aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4969–4982, 2005.
Massling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Busch, B., Neusüß, C., Quinn, P., Bates, T., and Covert, D.: Hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1377–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1377-2003, 2003.
Massling, A., Leinert, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Covert, D.: Hygroscopic growth of sub-micrometer and one-micrometer aerosol particles measured during ACE-Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3249–3259, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3249-2007, 2007.
Massucci, M., Clegg, S. L., and Brimblecombe, P.: Equilibrium partial pressures, thermodynamic properties of aqueous and solid phases, and Cl2 production from aqueous HCl and HNO3 and their mixtures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 4209–4226, 1999.
McFiggans, G., Alfarra, M. R., Allan, J., Bower, K., Coe, H., Cubison, M., Topping, D., Williams, P., Decesari, S., Facchini, C., and Fuzzi, S.: Simplification of the representation of the organic component of atmospheric particulates, Faraday Discuss., 130, 341–362, 2007.
Meier, J., Wehner, B., Massling, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Gnauk, T., Brüggemann, E., Herrmann, H., Min, H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Hygroscopic growth of urban aerosol particles in Beijing (China) during wintertime: a comparison of three experimental methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6865–6880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6865-2009, 2009.
Meyer, N. K., Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Fletcher, C., Good, N., McFiggans, G., Jonsson, Å. M., Hallquist, M., Baltensperger, U., and Ristovski, Z. D.: Analysis of the hygroscopic and volatile properties of ammonium sulphate seeded and unseeded SOA particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 721–732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-721-2009, 2009.
Nowak, A.: Das feuchte Partikelgrößenspektrometer: Eine neue Messmethode zur Bestimmung von Partikelgrößenverteilungen (< 1 μm) und größenaufgelösten hygroskopischen Wachstumsfaktoren bei definierten Luftfeuchten, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leipzig, Germany, 2006.
Peng, C., Chan, M. N., and Chan, C. K.: The hygroscopic properties of dicarboxylic and multifunctional acids: Measurements and UNIFAC predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4495–4501, 2001.
Petzold, A. and Schönlinner, M.: Multi Angle absorption photometry-a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 421–441, 2004.
Pitzer, K. S.: Thermodynamics of electrolytes. I. Theoretical basis and general equations, J. Phys. Chem., 77, 268–277, 1973.
Putaud, J.-P., van Dingenen, R., Alastuey, A., Bauer, H., Birmili, W., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H., Harrison, R., Herrmann, H., Hitzenberger, R., Huglin, C., Jones, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kiss, G., Kousa, A., Kuhlbusch, T., Loschau, G., Maenhaut, W., Molnar, A., Moreno, T., Pekkanen, J., Perrino, C., Pitz, M., Puxbaum, H., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Salma, I., Schwarz, J., Smolik, J., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Tursic, J., Viana, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Raes, F.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308–1320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.011, 2010.
Rader, D. J. and McMurry, P. H.: Application of the tandem differential mobility analyzer to studies of droplet growth or evaporation, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 771–787, 1986.
Rolph, G. D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY), http://ready.arl.noaa.gov (last access: July 2010), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2012.
Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M.: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57–109, 1996.
Sjogren, S., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Cubison, M. J., Coe, H., Zardini, A. A., Marcolli, C., Krieger, U. R., and Peter, T.: Hygroscopic growth and water uptake kinetics of two-phase aerosol particles consisting of ammonium sulphate, adipic and humic acid mixtures, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 157–171, 2007.
Stokes, R. H. and Robinson, R. A.: Interactions in aqueous nonelectrolyte solutions: I. Solute-solvent equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 2126–2131, 1966.
Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J. C., Berg, O. H., Martinsson, B. G., Frank, G., Cederfelt, S.-I., Dusek, U., Berner, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Yuskiewicz, B., and Bower, K. N.: A closure study of sub-micrometer aerosol particle hygroscopic behavior, Atmos. Res., 50, 205–240, 1999.
Swietlicki, E., Zhou, J. C., Covert, D. S., Hämeri, K., Busch, B., Vakeva, M., Dusek, U., Berg, O. H., Wiedensohler, A., Aalto, P., Makela, J., Martinsson, B. G., Papaspiropoulos, G., Mentes, B., Frank, G., and Stratmann, F.: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the north-eastern Atlantic during ACE-2, Tellus, 52, 201–227, 2000.
Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H.-C., Hämeri, K., Svenningsson, B., Massling, A., McFiggans, G., McMurry, P., Petäjä, T., Tunved, P., Gysel, M. amd Topping, D., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Rissler, J., Wiedensohler, A., and Kulmala, M.: Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments with various environments – a review, Tellus, 60, 432–469, 2008.
Tang, I. and Munkelwitz, H.: Water activities, densities, and refractive indices of aqueous sulfates and sodium nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18801–18808, 1994.
Topping, D. O., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 1 – Inorganic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1205–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1205-2005, 2005a.
Topping, D. O., McFiggans, G. B., and Coe, H.: A curved multi-component aerosol hygroscopicity model framework: Part 2 – Including organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1223-1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1223-2005, 2005b.
Tuch, T. M., Haudek, A., Müller, T., Nowak, A., Wex, H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design and performance of an automatic regenerating adsorption aerosol dryer for continuous operation at monitoring sites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 417–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-417-2009, 2009.
Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjäraa, A. M., Asmi, E., Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Villani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren, J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Hüglin, C., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Grüning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R., Monahan, C., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H.-G., Keck, L., Jiang, J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Löschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-657-2012, 2012.
Winkelmayr, W., Reischl, G. P., Linder, A. O., and Berner, A.: A new electromobility spectrometer for the measurement of aerosol size distributions in the size range from 1 to 1000 nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289–296, 1991.
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint