Articles | Volume 11, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12773-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12773-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Dec 2011
Research article |
| 16 Dec 2011
Solar response in tropical stratospheric ozone: a 3-D chemical transport model study using ERA reanalyses
S. Dhomse
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
M. P. Chipperfield
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
W. Feng
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
J. D. Haigh
Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends
The roles of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and El Niño for entry stratospheric water vapor in observations and coupled chemistry–ocean CCMI and CMIP6 models
Improved estimation of volcanic SO2 injections from satellite retrievals and Lagrangian transport simulations: the 2019 Raikoke eruption
Hemispheric asymmetries in recent changes in the stratospheric circulation
A stratospheric prognostic ozone for seamless Earth system models: performance, impacts and future
The 2019 Raikoke volcanic eruption – Part 1: Dispersion model simulations and satellite retrievals of volcanic sulfur dioxide
The stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation inferred from age of air in the ERA5 reanalysis
Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia
Sensitivity of stratospheric water vapour to variability in tropical tropopause temperatures and large-scale transport
Technical note: Lowermost-stratosphere moist bias in ECMWF IFS model diagnosed from airborne GLORIA observations during winter–spring 2016
The response of stratospheric water vapor to climate change driven by different forcing agents
Influence of convection on stratospheric water vapor in the North American monsoon region
Electricity savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from global phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons
Impact of convectively lofted ice on the seasonal cycle of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer
Simulating the atmospheric response to the 11-year solar cycle forcing with the UM-UKCA model: the role of detection method and natural variability
Transport of trace gases via eddy shedding from the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated impacts on ozone heating rates
Detectability of the impacts of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases upon stratospheric ozone accounting for nonlinearities in historical forcings
Multi-decadal records of stratospheric composition and their relationship to stratospheric circulation change
Brominated VSLS and their influence on ozone under a changing climate
Contribution of different processes to changes in tropical lower-stratospheric water vapor in chemistry–climate models
Quantifying pollution transport from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the lower stratosphere
A new time-independent formulation of fractional release
The millennium water vapour drop in chemistry–climate model simulations
Impact of major volcanic eruptions on stratospheric water vapour
Variability of water vapour in the Arctic stratosphere
On the hiatus in the acceleration of tropical upwelling since the beginning of the 21st century
Trends in peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over southern Asia during the summer monsoon season: regional impacts
Spatial regression analysis on 32 years of total column ozone data
Ozone seasonality above the tropical tropopause: reconciling the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives of transport processes
Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies
Evolution of Antarctic ozone in September–December predicted by CCMVal-2 model simulations for the 21st century
Assessment of the interannual variability and influence of the QBO and upwelling on tracer–tracer distributions of N2O and O3 in the tropical lower stratosphere
OCS photolytic isotope effects from first principles: sulfur and carbon isotopes, temperature dependence and implications for the stratosphere
On the relationship between total ozone and atmospheric dynamics and chemistry at mid-latitudes – Part 2: The effects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, volcanic eruptions and contributions of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry to long-term total ozone changes
Relationships between Brewer-Dobson circulation, double tropopauses, ozone and stratospheric water vapour
Simulation of stratospheric water vapor and trends using three reanalyses
Climatological perspectives of air transport from atmospheric boundary layer to tropopause layer over Asian monsoon regions during boreal summer inferred from Lagrangian approach
Geomagnetic activity related NOx enhancements and polar surface air temperature variability in a chemistry climate model: modulation of the NAM index
Forecasts and assimilation experiments of the Antarctic ozone hole 2008
Extreme events in total ozone over Arosa – Part 2: Fingerprints of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry and effects on mean values and long-term changes
Technical Note: Trend estimation from irregularly sampled, correlated data
Modeling the transport of very short-lived substances into the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
Sean Davis, Nicholas Davis, Robert Portmann, Eric Ray, and Karen Rosenlof
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Several studies have noted that ozone in the lower part of the stratosphere ozone has not increased and perhaps even continued to decline in recent decades. This study demonstrates that the amount of ozone in this region is highly sensitive to the amount of air upwelling into the stratosphere in the tropics, and that some climate models fail to accurately capture the variations in upwelling that control these short term trends in ozone.
Shlomi Ziskin Ziv, Chaim I. Garfinkel, Sean Davis, and Antara Banerjee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7523–7538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratospheric water vapor is important for Earth's overall greenhouse effect and for ozone chemistry; however the factors governing its variability on interannual timescales are not fully known, and previous modeling studies have indicated that models struggle to capture this interannual variability. We demonstrate that nonlinear interactions are important for determining overall water vapor concentrations and also that models have improved in their ability to capture these connections.
Zhongyin Cai, Sabine Griessbach, and Lars Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6787–6809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6787-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6787-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using AIRS and TROPOMI sulfur dioxide retrievals and the Lagrangian transport model MPTRAC, we present an improved reconstruction of injection parameters of the 2019 Raikoke eruption. Reconstructions agree well between using AIRS nighttime and TROPOMI daytime retrievals, showing the potential of our approach to create a long-term volcanic sulfur dioxide inventory from nearly 20 years of AIRS retrievals.
Felix Ploeger and Hella Garny
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5559–5576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate hemispheric asymmetries in stratospheric circulation changes in the last 2 decades in model simulations and atmospheric observations. We find that observed trace gas changes can be explained by a structural circulation change related to a deepening circulation in the Northern Hemisphere relative to the Southern Hemisphere. As this asymmetric signal is small compared to internal variability observed circulation trends over the recent past are not in contradiction to climate models.
Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz, Alessio Bozzo, Nicholas Byrne, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Michail Diamantakis, Johannes Flemming, Lesley J. Gray, Robin J. Hogan, Luke Jones, Linus Magnusson, Inna Polichtchouk, Theodore G. Shepherd, Nils Wedi, and Antje Weisheimer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4277–4302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The stratosphere is emerging as one of the keys to improve tropospheric weather and climate predictions. This study provides evidence of the role the stratospheric ozone layer plays in improving weather predictions at different timescales. Using a new ozone modelling approach suitable for high-resolution global models that provide operational forecasts from days to seasons, we find significant improvements in stratospheric meteorological fields and stratosphere–troposphere coupling.
Johannes de Leeuw, Anja Schmidt, Claire S. Witham, Nicolas Theys, Isabelle A. Taylor, Roy G. Grainger, Richard J. Pope, Jim Haywood, Martin Osborne, and Nina I. Kristiansen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10851–10879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the NAME dispersion model in combination with high-resolution SO2 satellite data from TROPOMI, we investigate the dispersion of volcanic SO2 from the 2019 Raikoke eruption. NAME accurately simulates the dispersion of SO2 during the first 2–3 weeks after the eruption and illustrates the potential of using high-resolution satellite data to identify potential limitations in dispersion models, which will ultimately help to improve efforts to forecast the dispersion of volcanic clouds.
Felix Ploeger, Mohamadou Diallo, Edward Charlesworth, Paul Konopka, Bernard Legras, Johannes C. Laube, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Gebhard Günther, Andreas Engel, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8393–8412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the global stratospheric circulation (Brewer–Dobson circulation) in the new ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis based on age of air simulations, and we compare it to results from the preceding ERA-Interim reanalysis. Our results show a slower stratospheric circulation and higher age for ERA5. The age of air trend in ERA5 over the 1989–2018 period is negative throughout the stratosphere, related to multi-annual variability and a potential contribution from changes in the reanalysis system.
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
Jacob W. Smith, Peter H. Haynes, Amanda C. Maycock, Neal Butchart, and Andrew C. Bushell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2469–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2469-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2469-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper informs realistic simulation of stratospheric water vapour by clearly attributing each of the two key influences on water vapour entry to the stratosphere. Presenting modified trajectory models, the results of this paper show temperatures dominate on annual and inter-annual variations; however, transport has a significant effect in reducing the annual cycle maximum. Furthermore, sub-seasonal variations in temperature have an important overall influence.
Wolfgang Woiwode, Andreas Dörnbrack, Inna Polichtchouk, Sören Johansson, Ben Harvey, Michael Höpfner, Jörn Ungermann, and Felix Friedl-Vallon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15379–15387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The lowermost-stratosphere moist bias in ECMWF analyses and 12 h forecasts is diagnosed for the Arctic winter-spring 2016 period by using two-dimensional GLORIA water vapor observations. The bias is already present in the initial conditions (i.e., the analyses), and sensitivity forecasts on time scales of < 12 h show hardly any sensitivity to modified spatial resolution and output frequency.
Xun Wang and Andrew E. Dessler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13267–13282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13267-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13267-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the response of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) to different forcing agents, including greenhouse gases and aerosols. For most forcing agents, the SWV response is dominated by a slow response, which is coupled to surface temperature changes and exhibits a similar sensitivity to the surface temperature across all forcing agents. The fast SWV adjustment due to forcing is important when the forcing agent directly heats the cold-point region, e.g., black carbon.
Wandi Yu, Andrew E. Dessler, Mijeong Park, and Eric J. Jensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12153–12161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12153-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12153-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The stratospheric water vapor mixing ratio over North America (NA) region is up to ~ 1 ppmv higher when deep convection occurs. We find substantial consistency in the interannual variations of NA water vapor anomaly and deep convection and explain both the summer seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the convective moistening efficiency. We show that the NA anticyclone and tropical upper tropospheric temperature determine how much deep convection moistens the lower stratosphere.
Pallav Purohit, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, John Dulac, Nihar Shah, Max Wei, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11305–11327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that if energy efficiency improvements in cooling technologies are addressed simultaneously with a phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), not only will global warming be mitigated through the elimination of HFCs but also by saving about a fifth of future global electricity consumption. This means preventing between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases between today and 2100, thereby offering a significant contribution towards staying well below 2 °C warming.
Xun Wang, Andrew E. Dessler, Mark R. Schoeberl, Wandi Yu, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14621–14636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14621-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use a trajectory model to diagnose mechanisms that produce the observed and modeled tropical lower stratospheric water vapor seasonal cycle. We confirm that the seasonal cycle of water vapor is primarily determined by the seasonal cycle of tropical tropopause layer (TTL) temperatures. However, between 10° N and 40° N, we find that evaporation of convective ice in the TTL plays a key role contributing to the water vapor seasonal cycle there. The Asian monsoon region is the most important region.
Ewa M. Bednarz, Amanda C. Maycock, Paul J. Telford, Peter Braesicke, N. Luke Abraham, and John A. Pyle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5209–5233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5209-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Following model improvements, the atmospheric response to the 11-year solar cycle forcing simulated in the UM-UKCA chemistry–climate model is discussed for the first time. In contrast to most previous studies in the literature, we compare the results diagnosed using both a composite and a MLR methodology, and we show that apparently different signals can be diagnosed in the troposphere. In addition, we look at the role of internal atmospheric variability for the detection of the solar response.
Suvarna Fadnavis, Chaitri Roy, Rajib Chattopadhyay, Christopher E. Sioris, Alexandru Rap, Rolf Müller, K. Ravi Kumar, and Raghavan Krishnan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11493–11506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11493-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11493-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid industrialization, traffic growth and urbanization resulted in a significant increase in the tropospheric trace gases over Asia. There is global concern about rising levels of these trace gases. The monsoon convection transports these gases to the upper-level-anticyclone. In this study, we show transport of these gases to the extratropics via eddy-shedding from the anticyclone. We also deliberate on changes in ozone heating rates due to the transport of Asian trace gases.
Justin Bandoro, Susan Solomon, Benjamin D. Santer, Douglas E. Kinnison, and Michael J. Mills
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-143-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-143-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the attribution of stratospheric ozone changes and identified similarities between observations and human fingerprints from both emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). We developed an improvement on the traditional pattern correlation method that accounts for nonlinearities in the climate forcing time evolution. Use of the latter resulted in increased S / N ratios for the ODS fingerprint. The GHG fingerprint was not identifiable.
Anne R. Douglass, Susan E. Strahan, Luke D. Oman, and Richard S. Stolarski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12081–12096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12081-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12081-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Data records from instruments on satellites and on the ground are compared with a simulation for 1980–2016 that is made using winds and temperatures that are derived from measurements. The simulation tracks the observations faithfully after about 2000, but there are systematic errors for earlier years. Scientists must take this into account when trying to detect and quantify changes in the stratospheric circulation that are caused by climate change.
Stefanie Falk, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Gisèle Krysztofiak, Patrick Jöckel, Phoebe Graf, and Sinikka T. Lennartz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11313–11329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11313-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11313-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Brominated very short-lived source gases (VSLS) contribute significantly to the tropospheric and stratospheric bromine loading. We find an increase of future ocean–atmosphere flux of brominated VSLS of 8–10 % compared to present day. A decrease in the tropospheric mixing ratios of VSLS and an increase in the lower stratosphere are attributed to changes in atmospheric chemistry and transport. Bromine impact on stratospheric ozone at the end of the 21st century is reduced compared to present day.
Kevin M. Smalley, Andrew E. Dessler, Slimane Bekki, Makoto Deushi, Marion Marchand, Olaf Morgenstern, David A. Plummer, Kiyotaka Shibata, Yousuke Yamashita, and Guang Zeng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8031–8044, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8031-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8031-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explains a new way to evaluate simulated lower-stratospheric water vapor. We use a multivariate linear regression to predict 21st century lower stratospheric water vapor within 12 chemistry climate models using tropospheric warming, the Brewer–Dobson circulation, and the quasi-biennial oscillation as predictors. This methodology produce strong fits to simulated water vapor, and potentially represents a superior method to evaluate model trends in lower-stratospheric water vapor.
Felix Ploeger, Paul Konopka, Kaley Walker, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7055–7066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7055-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7055-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution transport from the surface to the stratosphere within the Asian summer monsoon circulation may cause harmful effects on stratospheric chemistry and climate. We investigate air mass transport from the monsoon anticyclone into the stratosphere, combining model simulations with satellite trace gas measurements. We show evidence for two transport pathways from the monsoon: (i) into the tropical stratosphere and (ii) into the Northern Hemisphere extratropical lower stratosphere.
Jennifer Ostermöller, Harald Bönisch, Patrick Jöckel, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3785–3797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3785-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3785-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the temporal evolution of fractional release factors (FRFs) from EMAC model simulations for several halocarbons and nitrous oxide. The current formulation of FRFs yields values that depend on the tropospheric trend of the species. This is a problematic issue for the application of FRF in the calculation of steady-state quantities (e.g. ODP). Including a loss term in the calculation, we develop a new formulation of FRF and find that the time dependence can almost be compensated.
Sabine Brinkop, Martin Dameris, Patrick Jöckel, Hella Garny, Stefan Lossow, and Gabriele Stiller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8125–8140, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8125-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8125-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the water vapour decline in the stratosphere beginning in the year 2000 and other similarly strong stratospheric water vapour reductions. The driving forces are tropical sea surface temperature (SST) changes due to coincidence with a preceding ENSO event and supported by the west to east change of the QBO.
There are indications that both SSTs and the specific dynamical state of the atmosphere contribute to the long period of low water vapour values from 2001 to 2006.
Michael Löffler, Sabine Brinkop, and Patrick Jöckel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6547–6562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6547-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6547-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
After the two major volcanic eruptions of El Chichón in Mexico in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo on the Philippines in 1991, stratospheric water vapour is significantly increased. This results from increased stratospheric heating rates due to volcanic aerosol and the subsequent changes in stratospheric and tropopause temperatures in the tropics. The tropical vertical advection and the South Asian summer monsoon are identified as important sources for the additional water vapour in the stratosphere.
Laura Thölix, Leif Backman, Rigel Kivi, and Alexey Yu. Karpechko
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4307–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4307-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4307-2016, 2016
J. Aschmann, J. P. Burrows, C. Gebhardt, A. Rozanov, R. Hommel, M. Weber, and A. M. Thompson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12803–12814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12803-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12803-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares observations and simulation results of ozone in the lower tropical stratosphere. It shows that ozone in this region decreased from 1985 up to about 2002, which is consistent with an increase in tropical upwelling predicted by climate models. However, the decrease effectively stops after 2002, indicating that significant changes in tropical upwelling have occurred. The most important factor appears to be that the vertical ascent in the tropics is no longer accelerating.
S. Fadnavis, M. G. Schultz, K. Semeniuk, A. S. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, S. Sonbawne, S. D. Ghude, M. Kiefer, and E. Eckert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12725–12743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian summer monsoon transports pollutants from local emission sources to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The increasing trend of these pollutants may have climatic impact. This study addresses the impact of convectively lifted Indian and Chinese emissions on the ULTS. Sensitivity experiments with emission changes in particular regions show that Chinese emissions have a greater impact on the concentrations of NOY species than Indian emissions.
J. S. Knibbe, R. J. van der A, and A. T. J. de Laat
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8461–8482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8461-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8461-2014, 2014
M. Abalos, F. Ploeger, P. Konopka, W. J. Randel, and E. Serrano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10787–10794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10787-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10787-2013, 2013
M. R. Schoeberl, A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7783–7793, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7783-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7783-2013, 2013
J. M. Siddaway, S. V. Petelina, D. J. Karoly, A. R. Klekociuk, and R. J. Dargaville
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4413–4427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4413-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4413-2013, 2013
F. Khosrawi, R. Müller, J. Urban, M. H. Proffitt, G. Stiller, M. Kiefer, S. Lossow, D. Kinnison, F. Olschewski, M. Riese, and D. Murtagh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3619–3641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3619-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3619-2013, 2013
J. A. Schmidt, M. S. Johnson, S. Hattori, N. Yoshida, S. Nanbu, and R. Schinke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1511–1520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1511-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1511-2013, 2013
H. E. Rieder, L. Frossard, M. Ribatet, J. Staehelin, J. A. Maeder, S. Di Rocco, A. C. Davison, T. Peter, P. Weihs, and F. Holawe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 165–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-165-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-165-2013, 2013
J. M. Castanheira, T. R. Peevey, C. A. F. Marques, and M. A. Olsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10195–10208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10195-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10195-2012, 2012
M. R. Schoeberl, A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6475–6487, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6475-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6475-2012, 2012
B. Chen, X. D. Xu, S. Yang, and T. L. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5827–5839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5827-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5827-2012, 2012
A. J. G. Baumgaertner, A. Seppälä, P. Jöckel, and M. A. Clilverd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4521–4531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4521-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4521-2011, 2011
J. Flemming, A. Inness, L. Jones, H. J. Eskes, V. Huijnen, M. G. Schultz, O. Stein, D. Cariolle, D. Kinnison, and G. Brasseur
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1961–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1961-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1961-2011, 2011
H. E. Rieder, J. Staehelin, J. A. Maeder, T. Peter, M. Ribatet, A. C. Davison, R. Stübi, P. Weihs, and F. Holawe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10033–10045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10033-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10033-2010, 2010
T. von Clarmann, G. Stiller, U. Grabowski, E. Eckert, and J. Orphal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6737–6747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6737-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6737-2010, 2010
J. Aschmann, B.-M. Sinnhuber, E. L. Atlas, and S. M. Schauffler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9237–9247, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9237-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9237-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Austin, J., Tourpali, K., Rozanov, E., Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Bodeker, G., Br{ü}ehl, C., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M., Deushi, M., Fomichev, V. I., Giorgetta, M. A., Gray, L., Kodera, K., Lott, F., Manzini, E., Marsh, D., Matthes, K., Nagashima, T., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R. S., Struthers, G. H., and Tian, W.: Coupled chemistry climate model simulations of the solar cycle in ozone and temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009391, 2008.
Bharthia, P., Wellemeyer, C., Taylor, S., Nath, N., and Gopolan, A.: Solar Backscatter (SBUV) {V}ersion 8 profile algorithm, in: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium-2004, edited by: Zerefos, C., 295–296, Athens, Greece, ISBN 960–630–103–6, 2004.
Brasseur, G.: The response of the middle atmosphere to long-term and short-term solar variability: A two-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23079–23090, 1993.
Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.
Butchart, N., Charlton-Perez, A. J., Cionni, I., Hardiman, S. C., Haynes, P. H., Krüger, K., Kushner, P. J., Newman, P. A., Osprey, S. M., Perlwitz, J., Sigmond, M., Wang, L., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Bekki, S., Baumgaertner, A., Braesicke, P., Brühl, C., Chipperfield, M., Dameris, M., Dhomse, S., Eyring, V., Garcia, R., Garny, H., Jöckel, P., Lamarque, J., Marchand, M., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., Nakamura, T., Pawson, S., Plummer, D., Pyle, J., Rozanov, E., Scinocca, J., Shepherd, T. G., Shibata, K., Smale, D., Teyssédre, H., Tian, W., Waugh, D., and Yamashita, Y.: Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014995, 2011.
Callis, L. B., Natarajan, M., and Lambeth, J. D.: Solar-atmospheric coupling by electrons (SOLACE), 3. Comparisons of simulations and observations, 1979-1997, issues and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7523–7539, 2001.
Chipperfield, M. P.: Multiannual Simulations with a Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1781–1805, 1999.
Chipperfield, M. P.: New Version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT Off-Line Chemical Transport Model: Intercomparison of Stratospheric Tracer Experiments, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1179–1203, 2006.
Chipperfield, M. P. and Jones, R. L.: Relative influences of atmospheric chemistry and transport on Arctic ozone trends, Nature, 400, 551–554, 1999.
Chipperfield, M. P., Gray, L., Kinnersley, J., and Zawodny, J.: A two-dimensional model study of the QBO signal in SAGE II NO2 and O3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 589–592, 1994.
Chipperfield, M. P., Feng, W., and Rex, M.: Arctic Ozone Loss and Climate Sensitivity: Updated Three-Dimensional Model Study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022674, 2005.
Cochrane, D. and Orcutt, G. H.: Application of least squares regression to relationships containing autocorrelated error terms, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 44, 32–61, 1949.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hersbach, H., H{ó}lm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., K{ö}hler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Th{é}paut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1972–1990, 2011.
Dhomse, S., Weber, M., Wohltmann, I., Rex, M., and Burrows, J. P.: On the possible causes of recent increases in northern hemispheric total ozone from a statistical analysis of satellite data from 1979 to 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1165–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1165-2006, 2006.
Dhomse, S., Weber, M., and Burrows, J.: The relationship between tropospheric wave forcing and tropical lower stratospheric water vapor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 471–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-471-2008, 2008.
Dikty, S., Weber, M., Savigny, C., Sonkaew, T., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Modulations of the 27 day solar rotation signal in stratospheric ozone from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) (2003–2008), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00I15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012379, 2010.
Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Dorf, M., Pfeilsticker, K., and Ricaud, P.: Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2357–2369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2357-2007, 2007.
Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davies, S., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Dhomse, S., Harvey, L., Randall, C., and Santee, M. L.: Modelling the effect of denitrification on polar ozone depletion for Arctic winter 2004/2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6559–6573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6559-2011, 2011.
Frame, T. H. A. and Gray, L. J.: The 11-Yr Solar Cycle in ERA-40 Data: An Update to 2008, J. Climate, 23, 2213–2222, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3150.1, 2010.
Frith, S., Stolarski, R., and Bharthia, P.: Implications of V}ersion 8 {TOMS and SBUV data for long-term trend, in: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium-2004, edited by: Zerefos, C., Athens, Greece, 65–66, 2004.
Gray, L. J., Beer, J., M., G., Haigh, J., Lockwood, M., Matthes, K., Cubasch, U., Fleitmann, D., Harrison, G., Hood, L., Luterbacher, J., Meehl, G., Shindell, D., van Geel, B., and White, W.: Solar Influences on Climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009RG000282, 2010.
Gray, L. J., Rumbold, S. T., and Shine, K. P.: Stratospheric temperature and radiative forcing response to 11-year solar cycle changes in irradiance and ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2402–2417, 2009.
Haigh, J. D.: The role of stratospheric ozone in modulating the solar radiative forcing of climate, Nature, 370, 544–546, 1994.
Haigh, J. D., Winning, A. R., Toumi, R., and Harder, J. W.: An influence of solar spectral variations on radiative forcing of climate, Nature, 467, 696–699, 2010.
Hassler, B., Bodeker, G. E., and Dameris, M.: Technical Note: A new global database of trace gases and aerosols from multiple sources of high vertical resolution measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5403–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5403-2008, 2008.
Holton, J. and Tan, H.-C.: The influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200–2208, 1980.
Hood, L. L. and Soukharev, B. E.: Solar induced variations of odd nitrogen: Multiple regression analysis of UARS HALOE data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028122, 2006.
Hood, L. L., Soukharev, B. E., and McCormack, J. P.: Decadal variability of the tropical stratosphere: Secondary influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D11113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012291, 2010.
Kodera, K. and Kuroda, Y.: Dynamical response to the solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4749, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002224, 2002
Labitzke, K.: On the signal of the 11-year sunspot cycle in the stratosphere and its modulation by the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 66, 1151–1157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.011, 2004.
Labitzke, K. and van Loon, H.: Sunspots, the QBO and the stratospheric temperature in the north polar region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 535–537, 1987.
Labow, G., McPeters, R., and Bharthia, P.: A comparison of TOMS & SBUV {V}ersion 8 total column ozone data with data from ground, in: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium-2004, edited by: Zerefos, C., Athens, Greece, ISBN 960–630–103–6, 123–124, 2004.
Lean, J. L., White, O. R., Livingston, W. C., and Picone, J. M.: Variability of a composite chromospheric irradiance index during the 11-year activity and over longer time periods, J. Geophys. Res, 106, 10645–10658, 2001.
Lee, H. and Smith, A. K.: Simulations of the combined effects of solar cycle, quasi-biennial oscillation, and volcanic forcing on the stratospheric ozone changes in recent decades, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001503, 2003.
Marsh, D. R. and Garcia, R. R.: Attribution of decadal variability in lower-stratospheric tropical ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030935, 2007.
Matthes, K., Langematz, U., Gray, L. L., Kodera, K., and Labitzke, K.: Improved 11-year solar signal in the Freie Universität Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model (FUB-CMAM), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004012, 2004.
Matthes, K., Garcia, R. R., Kinnison, D. E., Sassi, F., and Walters, S.: Role of the QBO in modulating the influence of the 11 year solar cycle on the atmosphere using constant forcings, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013020, 2010.
McCormack, J. P., Siskind, D. E., and Hood, L. L.: Solar-QBO interaction and its impact on stratospheric ozone in a zonally averaged photochemical transport model of the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008369, 2007.
McCormick, M. P., Zawodny, J., Veiga, R., Larsen, J., and Wang, P.: An Overview Of SAGE I And II Ozone Measurements, Planet. Space Sci., 37, 1567–1586, 1989.
McLinden, C. A., Tegtmeier, S., and Fioletov, V.: Technical Note: A SAGE-corrected SBUV zonal-mean ozone data set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7963–7972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7963-2009, 2009.
Merkel, A. W., Harder, J. W., Marsh, D. R., Smith, A. K., Fontenla, J. M., and Woods, T.: The impact of solar spectral irradiance variability on middle atmospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047561, 2011.
Monge-Sanz, B., Chipperfield, M., Simmons, A. J., and Uppala, S. M.: Mean age of air and transport in a CTM: Comparison of different ECMWF analyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028515, 2007.
Nazaryan, H., McCormick, M. P., and Russel III, J. M.: Comparative analysis of SBUV/2 and HALOE ozone profiles and trends, J. Geophys. Res, 112, D10304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007367, 2007.
Paul, J., Fortuin, F., and Kelder, H.: An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31709–31734, 1998.
Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.: A stratospheric ozone profile data set for 1979–2005: Variability, trends, and comparisons with column ozone data, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007339, 2007.
Randel, W. J., Shine, K. P., Austin, J., Barnett, J., Claud, C., Gillett, N. P., Keckhut, P., Langematz, U., Lin, R., Long, C., Mears, C., Miller, A., Nash, J., Seidel, D. J., Thompson, D. W. J., Wu, F., and Yoden, S.: An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010421, 2009.
Remsberg, E. E. and Lingenfelser, G.: Analysis of SAGE II ozone of the middle and upper stratosphere for its response to a decadal-scale forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11779–11790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11779-2010, 2010.
Remsberg, E. E.: On the response of Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) stratospheric ozone and temperature to the 11-year solar cycle forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010189, 2008.
Remsberg, E. E.: Trends and solar cycle effects in temperature versus altitude from the Halogen Occultation Experiment for the mesosphere and upper stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D12303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011897, 2009.
Rex, M., Salawitch, R., von der Gathen, P., Harris, N., Chipperfield, M., and Naujokat, B.: Arctic ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018844, 2004.
Russell, J. M., Gordley, L. L., Park, J. H., Drayson, S. R., Hesketh, D. H., Cicerone, R. J., Tuck, A. F., Frederick, J. E., Harries, J. E., and Crutzen, P. J.: The Halogen Occultation Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10777–10797, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD00799, 1993.
Salby, M. and Callaghan, P.: Connection between the Solar Cycle and the QBO: The Missing Link, J. Climate, 13, 2652–2662, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442, 2000.
Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Keller-Rudek, H., Wine, P. H., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M. J., Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Huie, R. E., and Orkin, V. L.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, JPL Publication 06-2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Evaluation Number 15, 2006.
Santee, M. L., MacKenzie, I. A., Manney, G. L., Chipperfield, M. P., Bernath, P., Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., and Waters, J. W.: A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new satellite measurements and modeling, J. Geophys. Res, 113, D12307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009057, 2008.
Schmidt, H., Brasseur, G. P., and Giorgetta, M. A.: Solar cycle signal in a general circulation and chemistry model with internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00I14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012542, 2010.
Sekiyama, T. T., Shibata, K., Deushi, M., Kodera, K., and Lean, J. L.: Recent 22-year simulation using 3-D chemical transport model with reanalysis data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026711, 2006.
Sinnhuber, B., Weber, M., Amankwah, A., and Burrows, J.: Total ozone during the unusual Antarctic winter of 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1580, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016798, 2003.
Soukharev, B. E. and Hood, L. L.: Solar cycle variation of stratospheric ozone: Multiple regression analysis of long-term satellite data sets and comparisons with models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007107, 2006.
SPARC: SPARC Assessment of stratospheric aerosol properties (ASAP) SPARC Report No. 4, World Climate Research Programme, WCRP-124,WMO/TD-No.1295, 2006.
SPARC: SPARC Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models, World Climate Research Programme, WCRP-132,WMO/TD-No.1526, 2010.
Steinbrecht, W., Hassler, B., Claude, H., Winkler, P., and Stolarski, R. S.: Global distribution of total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature variations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1421–1438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1421-2003, 2003.
Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., and Winkler, P.: Enhanced upper stratospheric ozone: Sign of recovery or solar cycle effect?, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 6713–6727, 2004.
Strahan, S., Douglass, A., Stolarski, R., Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Braesicke, P., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M., Cugnet, D., Dhomse, S., Frith, S., Gettelman, A., Hardiman, S., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J., Mancini, E., Marchand, M., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., Nakamura, T., Olivi{é}, D., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D., Pyle, J., Scinocca, J., Shepherd, T., Shibata, K., Smale, D., Teyss{è}dre, H., Tian, W., and Yamashita, Y.: Using transport diagnostics to understand Chemistry Climate Model ozone simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D17302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015360, 2011.
Terao, Y. and Logan, J. A.: Consistency of time series and trends of stratospheric ozone as seen by ozonesondes, SAGE II, HALOE, and SBUV(/2), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007667, 2007.
Tourpali, K., Zerefos, C. S., Balis, D., and Bais, A. F.: The 11-year solar cycle in stratospheric ozone: Comparison between Umkehr and SBUV v8 and effects on surface erythemal irradiance, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007760, 2007.
Uppala, S. M., Kållberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Berg, L. V. D., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., H{ó}lm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A. P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 2961–3012, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176, 2005.
Wang, H. J., Cunnold, D. M., and Bao, X.: A critical analysis of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ozone trends, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12495–12514, 1996.
Wang, H. J., Froidevaux, L., Anderson, J., Schwartz, M., Fuller, R., Bernath, P., Zawodny, J. M., Thomason, L. W., Pawson, S., and Rienecker, M.: Long term stratospheric ozone record obtained by merging O3 profiles from different satellites, SPARC/WMO Ozone Trend Workshop, Geneva, Switzerland, available at: http://igaco-o3.fmi.fi/VDO/presentations_2011/datasets/ WS_2011_Wang.pdf (last access: 25 November 2011), 2011.
Weber, M., Dhomse, S., Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Sinnhuber, B., and Burrows, J.: Dynamical control of NH and SH winter/spring total ozone from GOME observations in 1995–2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1583, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016799, 2003.
WMO: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report 50, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2007.
WMO: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report 52, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2011.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint