Articles | Volume 26, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6799-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6799-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Contrasting organic aerosol molecular composition between the urban and agricultural environment of the Po Valley
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (ARPA Lombardia), Milan, Italy
Florian Ungeheuer
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Jialiang Ma
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Luca Ferrero
GEMMA and POLARIS research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
Cristina Colombi
Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (ARPA Lombardia), Milan, Italy
Eleonora Cuccia
Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (ARPA Lombardia), Milan, Italy
Umberto Dal Santo
Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (ARPA Lombardia), Milan, Italy
Beatrice Biffi
Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (ARPA Lombardia), Milan, Italy
Alexander L. Vogel
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Related authors
Julia David, Luca D'Angelo, Mario Simon, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4573–4591, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We successfully deployed an online high-resolution Orbitrap MS (mass spectrometer) during field campaigns in urban and heavily polluted agricultural environments (Po Valley). The instrument provides high time and mass resolution, enabling the detection of short-term pollution events like biomass burning and diurnal patterns of CHO and CHON compounds. Laboratory experiments confirm its broad applicability to detect biogenic and anthropogenic compounds.
Myriam Agrò, Manuel Bettineschi, Silvia Melina, Diego Aliaga, Andrea Bergomi, Beatrice Biffi, Alessandro Bigi, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Cristina Colombi, Paola Fermo, Ivan Grigioni, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Janne Lampilahti, Angela Marinoni, Celestine Oliewo, Juha Sulo, Gianluigi Valli, Roberta Vecchi, Tuukka Petäjä, Katrianne Lehtipalo, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 6521–6539, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6521-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-6521-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates new particle formation (NPF) in Milan, the most populated city in the Po Valley (Italy), using one year of particle number size distribution data (1.2–480 nm). NPF is enhanced under cleaner air conditions with lower pollution, reduced condensation sink, stronger ventilation, and stronger northwesterly winds (e.g., Foehn events). In contrast, longer air mass residence time in the Po Valley and higher air mass exposure to anthropogenic emissions suppress it.
Anna Breuninger, Philipp Joppe, Jonas Wilsch, Cornelis Schwenk, Heiko Bozem, Nicolas Emig, Laurin Merkel, Rainer Rossberg, Timo Keber, Arthur Kutschka, Philipp Waleska, Stefan Hofmann, Sarah Richter, Florian Ungeheuer, Konstantin Dörholt, Thorsten Hoffmann, Annette Miltenberger, Johannes Schneider, Peter Hoor, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16533–16551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16533-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16533-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates molecular organic aerosol composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from an airborne campaign over Central Europe in summer 2024. Via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry of tropospheric and stratospheric filter samples, we identified various organic compounds. Our findings underscore the significant cross-tropopause transport of biogenic secondary organic aerosol and anthropogenic pollutants.
Henri Diémoz, Francesca Barnaba, Luca Ferrero, Ivan K. F. Tombolato, Caterina Mapelli, Annachiara Bellini, Claudia Desandré, Tiziana Magri, and Manuela Zublena
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5044, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5044, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
RASPBERRY is a new method to identify aerosol emission sources using physical properties (particle size and light absorption) measured at high time resolution by cost-effective optical instruments, instead of labour-intensive chemical analyses. Applied over five years in Aosta, Italy, it identified six main sources – traffic, biomass burning, two types of secondary particles, desert dust, and local resuspension. Validation against chemical apportionment and real-time applications are presented.
Heiko Bozem, Philipp Joppe, Yun Li, Nicolas Emig, Armin Afchine, Anna Breuninger, Joachim Curtius, Stefan Hofmann, Sadath Ismayil, Konrad Kandler, Daniel Kunkel, Arthur Kutschka, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Andreas Petzold, Sarah Richter, Timo Röschenthaler, Christian Rolf, Lisa Schneider, Johannes Schneider, Alexander Vogel, and Peter Hoor
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6545–6568, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6545-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6545-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Deployed on a Learjet as a tandem measurement platform during the TPEx I (TropoPause composition gradients and mixing Experiment) campaign in June 2024, the new TPC-TOSS (TropoPause Composition Towed Sensor Shuttle) system delivers high-resolution in situ data on ozone, aerosol, and key meteorological parameters. Laboratory and in-flight tests confirmed its precision and stability. Observed gradients near the tropopause reveal active mixing and transport processes in the tropopause region.
Laura Cadeo, Beatrice Biffi, Benjamin Chazeau, Cristina Colombi, Rosario Cosenza, Eleonora Cuccia, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, André S. H. Prévôt, and Roberta Vecchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6435–6448, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6435-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6435-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the deployment of the Xact® 625i Ambient Metals Monitor in Milan (Po Valley, Italy) and its performance in measuring particulate matter elemental composition at a high temporal resolution. Our findings demonstrate strong agreement between online and offline X-ray fluorescence analyses, underscoring the potential of advanced monitoring technologies for air quality research.
Philipp Joppe, Johannes Schneider, Jonas Wilsch, Heiko Bozem, Anna Breuninger, Joachim Curtius, Martin Ebert, Nicolas Emig, Peter Hoor, Sadath Ismayil, Konrad Kandler, Daniel Kunkel, Isabel Kurth, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Yun Li, Annette Miltenberger, Sarah Richter, Christian Rolf, Lisa Schneider, Cornelis Schwenk, Nicole Spelten, Alexander L. Vogel, Yafang Cheng, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 15077–15103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15077-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15077-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We show measurements of a filament with biomass burning influence transported by a warm conveyor belt (WCB) into the tropopause region over Europe. The pollution originates from Canadian forest fires and is transported in the lower troposphere towards Europe. The WCB transport is followed by mixing with air masses of stratospheric chemical signatures. We hypothesize that this mixing leads to a change in the vertical gradient of the potential temperature.
Jackson Seymore, Martanda Gautam, Miklós Szakáll, Alexander Theis, Thorsten Hoffmann, Jialiang Ma, Lingli Zhou, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11829–11845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11829-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11829-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the chemical retention of water-soluble organic compounds in Beijing aerosols using an acoustic levitator and drop-freezing experiments. Samples from PM2.5 filter extracts were frozen at -15 °C in an acoustic levitator without artificial nucleators and analyzed using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Our findings reveal a non-normal distribution of retention coefficients that differs from current literature on cloud droplets.
Tao Qiu, Yanting Qiu, Yongyi Yuan, Rui Su, Xiangxinyue Meng, Jialiang Ma, Xiaofan Wang, Yu Gu, Zhijun Wu, Yang Ning, Xiuyi Hua, Dapeng Liang, and Deming Dong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11505–11516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research reveals that some species formed by biomass burning and coal combustion dominate the light absorption of organic aerosols during winter. Cold weather helps these species accumulate in aerosols by slowing their degradation and altering atmospheric chemical processes. This means colder regions might experience stronger and more persistent climate impacts. Our findings highlight the importance of local temperatures and pollution sources when tackling climate challenges.
Julia David, Luca D'Angelo, Mario Simon, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4573–4591, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We successfully deployed an online high-resolution Orbitrap MS (mass spectrometer) during field campaigns in urban and heavily polluted agricultural environments (Po Valley). The instrument provides high time and mass resolution, enabling the detection of short-term pollution events like biomass burning and diurnal patterns of CHO and CHON compounds. Laboratory experiments confirm its broad applicability to detect biogenic and anthropogenic compounds.
Florin Unga, Giulia Calzolai, Massimo Chiari, Eleonora Cuccia, Cristina Colombi, Mariolina Franciosa, Adelaide Dinoi, Eva Merico, Antonio Pennetta, Noelia Gómez-Sánchez, Caterina Mapelli, Salvatore Pareti, Cinzia Perrino, Eduardo Yubero, and Daniele Contini
Aerosol Research, 3, 405–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the performance of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) on particulate matter (PM10) samples collected on quartz and Teflon filters through an inter-laboratory comparison. Detection limits were higher on quartz, but measurement repeatability was similar. Strong elemental correlations suggest that, with proper corrections, quartz filters can provide reliable results. These findings support their feasibility for ED-XRF analysis.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, P. Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gómez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal L. Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4665–4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to model output.
Rongzhi Tang, Jialiang Ma, Ruifeng Zhang, Weizhen Cui, Yuanyuan Qin, Yangxi Chu, Yiming Qin, Alexander L. Vogel, and Chak K. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 425–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides laboratory evidence that the photosensitizers in biomass burning extracts can enhance sulfate formation in NaCl particles, primarily by triggering the formation of secondary oxidants under light and air conditions, with a lower contribution of direct photosensitization via triplets.
Christine Borchers, Jackson Seymore, Martanda Gautam, Konstantin Dörholt, Yannik Müller, Andreas Arndt, Laura Gömmer, Florian Ungeheuer, Miklós Szakáll, Stephan Borrmann, Alexander Theis, Alexander L. Vogel, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13961–13974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Riming, a crucial process in cloud dynamics, influences the vertical distribution of compounds in the atmosphere. Experiments in Mainz's wind tunnel investigated retention coefficients of organic compounds under varying conditions. Findings suggest a correlation between the Henry's law constant and retention, applicable even to complex organic molecules.
Piotr Markuszewski, E. Douglas Nilsson, Julika Zinke, E. Monica Mårtensson, Matthew Salter, Przemysław Makuch, Małgorzata Kitowska, Iwona Niedźwiecka-Wróbel, Violetta Drozdowska, Dominik Lis, Tomasz Petelski, Luca Ferrero, and Jacek Piskozub
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11227–11253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research provides new insights into the study of sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions in the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic. We observed that SSA flux is suppressed during increased marine biological activity in the Baltic Sea. At the same time, the influence of wave age showed higher SSA emissions in the Baltic Sea for younger waves compared to the Atlantic Ocean. These insights underscore the complex interplay between biological activity and physical dynamics in regulating SSA emissions.
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
Alessandro Bigi, Giorgio Veratti, Elisabeth Andrews, Martine Collaud Coen, Lorenzo Guerrieri, Vera Bernardoni, Dario Massabò, Luca Ferrero, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14841–14869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14841-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14841-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric particles include compounds that play a key role in the greenhouse effect and air toxicity. Concurrent observations of these compounds by multiple instruments are presented, following deployment within an urban environment in the Po Valley, one of Europe's pollution hotspots. The study compares these data, highlighting the impact of ground emissions, mainly vehicular traffic and biomass burning, on the absorption of sun radiation and, ultimately, on climate change and air quality.
Lucía Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen Bräkling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana Müller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, Zoé Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka Petäjä, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte Rörup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, António Tomé, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, André Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas Kürten, and Joachim Curtius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences.
Markus Thoma, Franziska Bachmeier, Felix Leonard Gottwald, Mario Simon, and Alexander Lucas Vogel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7137–7154, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the aerosolomics database and apply it to particulate matter samples. Nine VOCs were oxidized under various conditions in an oxidation flow reactor, and the formed SOA was measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. With the database, an unambiguous top-down attribution of atmospheric oxidation products to their parent VOCs is now possible. Combining the database with hierarchical clustering enables a better understanding of sources, formation, and partitioning of SOA.
Luka Drinovec, Uroš Jagodič, Luka Pirker, Miha Škarabot, Mario Kurtjak, Kristijan Vidović, Luca Ferrero, Bradley Visser, Jannis Röhrbein, Ernest Weingartner, Daniel M. Kalbermatter, Konstantina Vasilatou, Tobias Bühlmann, Celine Pascale, Thomas Müller, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Griša Močnik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3805–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3805-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3805-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new photothermal interferometer (PTAAM-2λ) for artefact-free determination of the aerosol absorption coefficient at two wavelengths is presented. The instrument is calibrated with NO2 and polydisperse nigrosin, resulting in very low uncertainties of the absorption coefficients: 4 % at 532 nm and 6 % at 1064 nm. The instrument’s performance makes the PTAAM-2λ a strong candidate for reference measurements of the aerosol absorption coefficient.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Jean-Philippe Putaud, Luca Pozzoli, Enrico Pisoni, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Friedrich Lagler, Guido Lanzani, Umberto Dal Santo, and Augustin Colette
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7597–7609, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7597-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7597-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To determine the impact of the COVID lockdown on air quality in northern Italy, measurements of atmospheric pollutants (NO2, PM10, O3, NO, SO2 ) were compared to the output of a model ignoring the lockdown. We found that NO2 decreased on average by −30 % to −40 %. Unlike NO2, PM10 was not significantly affected due to the compensation of decreased emissions from traffic by increased emissions from domestic heating and/or by changes in atmospheric chemistry enhancing secondary aerosol formation.
Cited articles
Adams, P. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Koch, D., Mickley, L., and Jacob, D.: General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium‐water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 1097–1111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900512, 2001. a
Ailshire, J., Karraker, A., and Clarke, P.: Neighborhood social stressors, fine particulate matter air pollution, and cognitive function among older U.S. adults, Soc. Sci. Med., 172, 56–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.019, 2017. a
Al-Naiema, I. M. and Stone, E. A.: Evaluation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers from aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2053–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2053-2017, 2017. a, b, c
Al-Naiema, I. M., Offenberg, J. H., Madler, C. J., Lewandowski, M., Kettler, J., Fang, T., and Stone, E. A.: Secondary organic aerosols from aromatic hydrocarbons and their contribution to fine particulate matter in Atlanta, Georgia, Atmos. Environ., 223, 117227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117227, 2020. a
Baronetti, A., González‐Hidalgo, J. C., Vicente‐Serrano, S. M., Acquaotta, F., and Fratianni, S.: A weekly spatio‐temporal distribution of drought events over the Po Plain (North Italy) in the last five decades, Int. J. Climatol., 40, 4463–4476, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6467, 2020. a
Basla, B., Agresti, V., Balzarini, A., Giani, P., Pirovano, G., Gilardoni, S., Paglione, M., Colombi, C., Belis, C. A., Poluzzi, V., Scotto, F., and Lonati, G.: Simulations of Organic Aerosol with CAMx over the Po Valley during the Summer Season, Atmosphere, 13, 1996, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121996, 2022. a
Bell, M. L. and Ebisu, K.: Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States, Environ. Health Persp., 120, 1699–1704, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205201, 2012. a
Bernardoni, V., Calzolai, G., Chiari, M., Fedi, M., Lucarelli, F., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Riccobono, F., Taccetti, F., Valli, G., and Vecchi, R.: Radiocarbon analysis on organic and elemental carbon in aerosol samples and source apportionment at an urban site in Northern Italy, J. Aerosol Sci., 56, 88–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.06.001, 2013. a
Bigi, A. and Ghermandi, G.: Trends and variability of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 concentration in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15777–15788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15777-2016, 2016. a
Blair, S. L., MacMillan, A. C., Drozd, G. T., Goldstein, A. H., Chu, R. K., Paša-Tolić, L., Shaw, J. B., Tolić, N., Lin, P., Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Molecular Characterization of Organosulfur Compounds in Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Secondary Organic Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03304, 2017. a, b, c
Bluvshtein, N., Lin, P., Flores, J. M., Segev, L., Mazar, Y., Tas, E., Snider, G., Weagle, C., Brown, S. S., Laskin, A., and Rudich, Y.: Broadband optical properties of biomass‐burning aerosol and identification of brown carbon chromophores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 5441–5456, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd026230, 2017. a
Breuninger, A., Schmidt, A., Ungeheuer, F., Zhou, L., Ma, J., Steimer, S. S., and Vogel, A. L.: Nontargeted Analysis Reveals Organic Compounds That Drive Oxidative Potential in Ambient Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 60, acs.est.5c07847, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c07847, 2026. a
Budisulistiorini, S. H., Riva, M., Williams, M., Chen, J., Itoh, M., Surratt, J. D., and Kuwata, M.: Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 4415–4423, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00397, 2017. a
Cao, C.-T., Chen, S., and Cao, C.: General Equation to Estimate the Physicochemical Properties of Aliphatic Amines, ACS Omega, 8, 49088–49097, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c06992, 2023. a
Carslaw, N. and Shaw, D.: Modification of cleaning product formulations could improve indoor air quality, Indoor Air, 32, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13021, 2022. a
Chang, C.-Y., You, R., Armstrong, D., Bandi, A., Cheng, Y.-T., Burkhardt, P. M., Becerra-Dominguez, L., Madison, M. C., Tung, H.-Y., Zeng, Z., Wu, Y., Song, L., Phillips, P. E., Porter, P., Knight, J. M., Putluri, N., Yuan, X., Marcano, D. C., McHugh, E. A., Tour, J. M., Catic, A., Maneix, L., Burt, B. M., Lee, H.-S., Corry, D. B., and Kheradmand, F.: Chronic exposure to carbon black ultrafine particles reprograms macrophage metabolism and accelerates lung cancer, Science Advances, 8, eabq0615, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq0615, 2022. a
Chen, L.-W. A., Chow, J. C., Wang, X., Cao, J., Mao, J., and Watson, J. G.: Brownness of Organic Aerosol over the United States: Evidence for Seasonal Biomass Burning and Photobleaching Effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 8561–8572, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08706, 2021. a
Chen, S.-Y., Wu, C.-F., Wu, C., Chan, C.-C., Hwang, J.-S., and Su, T.-C.: Urban Fine Particulate Matter and Elements Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Adolescents and Young Adults, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7266–7274, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06347, 2022. a
Chen, X., Xie, M., Hays, M. D., Edgerton, E., Schwede, D., and Walker, J. T.: Characterization of organic nitrogen in aerosols at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6829–6846, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6829-2018, 2018. a
Chen, Y., Takeuchi, M., Nah, T., Xu, L., Canagaratna, M. R., Stark, H., Baumann, K., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Huey, L. G., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol at a rural site in the southeastern US: insights from simultaneous high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and FIGAERO chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8421–8440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8421-2020, 2020. a
Cheng, X., Chen, Q., Jie Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Liao, K., and Huang, G.: Highly oxygenated organic molecules produced by the oxidation of benzene and toluene in a wide range of OH exposure and NOx conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12005–12019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12005-2021, 2021. a
Claeys, M. and Maenhaut, W.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Isoprene: Selected Research, Historic Account and State of the Art, Atmosphere, 12, 728, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060728, 2021. a, b
Colombi, C., D’Angelo, L., Biffi, B., Cuccia, E., Dal Santo, U., and Lanzani, G.: Monitoring ammonia concentrations in more than 10 stations in the Po Valley for the period 2007–2022 in relation to the evolution of different sources, Frontiers in Environmental Health, 3, 1249457, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvh.2024.1249457, 2024. a, b, c
Costabile, F., Gilardoni, S., Barnaba, F., Di Ianni, A., Di Liberto, L., Dionisi, D., Manigrasso, M., Paglione, M., Poluzzi, V., Rinaldi, M., Facchini, M. C., and Gobbi, G. P.: Characteristics of brown carbon in the urban Po Valley atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-313-2017, 2017. a
Daellenbach, K., Manousakas, M., Jiang, J., Cui, T., Chen, Y., El Haddad, I., Fermo, P., Colombi, C., and Prévôt, A.: Organic aerosol sources in the Milan metropolitan area – Receptor modelling based on field observations and air quality modelling, Atmos. Environ., 307, 119799, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119799, 2023. a, b, c
Dall’Osto, M., Paglione, M., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., O’Dowd, C., Plass-Duellmer, C., and Harrison, R. M.: On the Origin of AMS “Cooking Organic Aerosol” at a Rural Site, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13964–13972, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02922, 2015. a
D'Angelo, L.: Dataset of D'Angelo et al.: “Contrasting organic aerosol molecular composition between the urban and agricultural environment of the Po Valley”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19858542, 2026. a
Decesari, S., Allan, J., Plass-Duelmer, C., Williams, B. J., Paglione, M., Facchini, M. C., O'Dowd, C., Harrison, R. M., Gietl, J. K., Coe, H., Giulianelli, L., Gobbi, G. P., Lanconelli, C., Carbone, C., Worsnop, D., Lambe, A. T., Ahern, A. T., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Zhang, Y., and Dall'Osto, M.: Measurements of the aerosol chemical composition and mixing state in the Po Valley using multiple spectroscopic techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12109–12132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12109-2014, 2014. a, b
Deshmukh, D. K., Kawamura, K., Lazaar, M., Kunwar, B., and Boreddy, S. K. R.: Dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, benzoic acid, α-dicarbonyls, WSOC, OC, and ions in spring aerosols from Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim: size distributions and formation processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5263–5282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5263-2016, 2016. a
Divisekara, T., Schum, S., and Mazzoleni, L.: Ultrahigh performance LC/FT-MS non-targeted screening for biomass burning organic aerosol with MZmine2 and MFAssignR, Chemosphere, 338, 139403, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139403, 2023. a, b
Dong, X., Pei, J., and Qu, M.: Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the air and dust of new vehicle cabins: Concentrations, sources and contributions, Build. Environ., 267, 112188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112188, 2025. a
Drugé, T., Nabat, P., Mallet, M., and Somot, S.: Model simulation of ammonium and nitrate aerosols distribution in the Euro-Mediterranean region and their radiative and climatic effects over 1979–2016, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3707–3731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3707-2019, 2019. a
Duarte, R. M., Almeida, A. S., Brandão, P. F., and Duarte, A. C.: Advances on analytical strategies for targeted and untargeted profiling of organic aerosols: Lessons learned and future challenges, J. Hazard. Mater., 12, 100375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100375, 2023. a
ECHA CHEM database: Information on Chemicals – Registered Substances: N-(n-octyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, European Chemicals Agency, https://chem.echa.europa.eu/100.100.541/overview?searchText=n-octylpyrrolidone (last access: 15 June 2024), 2024a. a
ECHA CHEM database: Information on Chemicals – Registered Substances: 1-[(oxolan-2-yl)methyl]piperazine, European Chemicals Agency, https://chem.echa.europa.eu/100.153.595/identity?searchText=C9H18N2O (last access: 15 June 2024), 2024b. a
Faiz, Y., Siddique, N., He, H., Sun, C., and Waheed, S.: Occurrence and profile of organophosphorus compounds in fine and coarse particulate matter from two urban areas of China and Pakistan, Environ. Pollut., 233, 26–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.091, 2018. a
Fann, N., Coffman, E., Timin, B., and Kelly, J. T.: The estimated change in the level and distribution of PM2.5-attributable health impacts in the United States: 2005–2014, Environ. Res., 167, 506–514, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.018, 2018. a
Faxon, C., Hammes, J., Le Breton, M., Pathak, R. K., and Hallquist, M.: Characterization of organic nitrate constituents of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from nitrate-radical-initiated oxidation of limonene using high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5467–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5467-2018, 2018. a
Ferrero, L., Riccio, A., Perrone, M., Sangiorgi, G., Ferrini, B., and Bolzacchini, E.: Mixing height determination by tethered balloon-based particle soundings and modeling simulations, Atmos. Res., 102, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.016, 2011. a
Ferrero, L., Cappelletti, D., Moroni, B., Sangiorgi, G., Perrone, M., Crocchianti, S., and Bolzacchini, E.: Wintertime aerosol dynamics and chemical composition across the mixing layer over basin valleys, Atmos. Environ., 56, 143–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.071, 2012. a
Ferrero, L., Castelli, M., Ferrini, B. S., Moscatelli, M., Perrone, M. G., Sangiorgi, G., D'Angelo, L., Rovelli, G., Moroni, B., Scardazza, F., Močnik, G., Bolzacchini, E., Petitta, M., and Cappelletti, D.: Impact of black carbon aerosol over Italian basin valleys: high-resolution measurements along vertical profiles, radiative forcing and heating rate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9641–9664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9641-2014, 2014. a
Ferrero, L., Močnik, G., Cogliati, S., Gregorič, A., Colombo, R., and Bolzacchini, E.: Heating Rate of Light Absorbing Aerosols: Time-Resolved Measurements, the Role of Clouds, and Source Identification, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 3546–3555, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04320, 2018. a, b
Ferrero, L., Riccio, A., Ferrini, B., D'Angelo, L., Rovelli, G., Casati, M., Angelini, F., Barnaba, F., Gobbi, G., Cataldi, M., and Bolzacchini, E.: Satellite AOD conversion into ground PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 over the Po valley (Milan, Italy) exploiting information on aerosol vertical profiles, chemistry, hygroscopicity and meteorology, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 10, 1895–1912, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.08.003, 2019. a
Ferrero, L., Bernardoni, V., Santagostini, L., Cogliati, S., Soldan, F., Valentini, S., Massabò, D., Močnik, G., Gregorič, A., Rigler, M., Prati, P., Bigogno, A., Losi, N., Valli, G., Vecchi, R., and Bolzacchini, E.: Consistent determination of the heating rate of light-absorbing aerosol using wavelength- and time-dependent Aethalometer multiple-scattering correction, Sci. Total Environ., 791, 148277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148277, 2021a. a
Ferrero, L., Gregorič, A., Močnik, G., Rigler, M., Cogliati, S., Barnaba, F., Di Liberto, L., Gobbi, G. P., Losi, N., and Bolzacchini, E.: The impact of cloudiness and cloud type on the atmospheric heating rate of black and brown carbon in the Po Valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4869–4897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4869-2021, 2021b. a, b
Finessi, E., Lidster, R. T., Whiting, F., Elliott, T., Alfarra, M. R., McFiggans, G. B., and Hamilton, J. F.: Improving the Quantification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Using a Microflow Reactor Coupled to HPLC-MS and NMR to Manufacture Ad Hoc Calibration Standards, Anal. Chem., 86, 11238–11245, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac5028512, 2014. a
Fleming, L. T., Lin, P., Laskin, A., Laskin, J., Weltman, R., Edwards, R. D., Arora, N. K., Yadav, A., Meinardi, S., Blake, D. R., Pillarisetti, A., Smith, K. R., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Molecular composition of particulate matter emissions from dung and brushwood burning household cookstoves in Haryana, India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2461–2480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2461-2018, 2018. a
Fredrickson, C. D., Palm, B. B., Lee, B. H., Zhang, X., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., Garofalo, L. A., Pothier, M. A., Farmer, D. K., Decker, Z. C. J., Robinson, M. A., Brown, S. S., Murphy, S. M., Shen, Y., Sullivan, A. P., Schobesberger, S., and Thornton, J. A.: Formation and Evolution of Catechol-Derived SOA Mass, Composition, Volatility, and Light Absorption, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 6, 1067–1079, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00007, 2022. a
García, M., Rodríguez, I., and Cela, R.: Microwave-assisted extraction of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers from indoor dust samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1152, 280–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.046, 2007. a
Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Sandrini, S., Costabile, F., Gobbi, G. P., Pietrogrande, M. C., Visentin, M., Scotto, F., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Direct observation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol from biomass-burning emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 10013–10018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602212113, 2016. a
Gilardoni, S., Massoli, P., Marinoni, A., Mazzoleni, C., Freedman, A., Lonati, G., De Iuliis, S., and Gianelle, V.: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Carbonaceous Aerosol Absorption in the Po Valley, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 20, 2624–2639, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.03.0085, 2020. a, b
Gómez-González, Y., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Chi, X., Neirynck, J., Janssens, I. A., Maenhaut, W., and Claeys, M.: Chemical characterisation of atmospheric aerosols during a 2007 summer field campaign at Brasschaat, Belgium: sources and source processes of biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 125–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-125-2012, 2012. a
Gupta, T., Rajeev, P., and Rajput, R.: Emerging Major Role of Organic Aerosols in Explaining the Occurrence, Frequency, and Magnitude of Haze and Fog Episodes during Wintertime in the Indo Gangetic Plain, ACS Omega, 7, 1575–1584, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c05467, 2022. a
Harris, M. H., Gold, D. R., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Melly, S. J., Zanobetti, A., Coull, B. A., Schwartz, J. D., Gryparis, A., Kloog, I., Koutrakis, P., Bellinger, D. C., White, R. F., Sagiv, S. K., and Oken, E.: Prenatal and Childhood Traffic-Related Pollution Exposure and Childhood Cognition in the Project Viva Cohort (Massachusetts, USA), Environ. Health Persp., 123, 1072–1078, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408803, 2015. a
He, C., Wang, X., Thai, P., Baduel, C., Gallen, C., Banks, A., Bainton, P., English, K., and Mueller, J. F.: Organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in Australian indoor environments: Levels, sources, and preliminary assessment of human exposure, Environ. Pollut., 235, 670–679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.017, 2018. a
He, F., Yanosky, J. D., Fernandez‐Mendoza, J., Chinchilli, V. M., Al‐Shaar, L., Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., and Liao, D.: Acute Impact of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Cardiac Arrhythmias in a Population‐Based Sample of Adolescents: The Penn State Child Cohort, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 11, e026370, https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.026370, 2022a. a
He, Q., Li, C., Siemens, K., Morales, A. C., Hettiyadura, A. P. S., Laskin, A., and Rudich, Y.: Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Photooxidation of Naphthalene under NOx Condition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 4816–4827, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07328, 2022b. a
Hildmann, S. and Hoffmann, T.: Characterisation of atmospheric organic aerosols with one- and multidimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry: State of the art and future perspectives, TRAC-Trend. Anal. Chem., 175, 117698, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2024.117698, 2024. a
Huang, R.-J., Yang, L., Shen, J., Yuan, W., Gong, Y., Ni, H., Duan, J., Yan, J., Huang, H., You, Q., and Li, Y. J.: Chromophoric Fingerprinting of Brown Carbon from Residential Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 9, 102–111, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00837, 2022. a
Huang, Y., Li, X., Huang, D. D., Lei, R., Zhou, B., Zhang, Y., and Ge, X.: Machine-learning-assisted chemical characterization and optical properties of atmospheric brown carbon in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7619–7645, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7619-2025, 2025. a
Ikemori, F., Nishimura, R., Saito, S., Akiyama, M., Yamamoto, S., Iijima, A., and Sugata, S.: Organic Molecular Tracers in PM2.5 at Urban Sites during Spring and Summer in Japan: Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosols on Water-Soluble Organic Carbon, Atmosphere, 12, 579, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050579, 2021. a
Jiang, F., Siemens, K., Linke, C., Li, Y., Gong, Y., Leisner, T., Laskin, A., and Saathoff, H.: Molecular analysis of secondary organic aerosol and brown carbon from the oxidation of indole, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2639–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, 2024. a, b
Kapoor, T. S., Navinya, C., Apte, A., Shetty, N. J., Lokhande, P., Singh, S., Murthy B. M., S., Deswal, M., Laura, J. S., Muthalagu, A., Qureshi, A., Bhardwaj, A., Sunder Raman, R., Lian, Y., Pandithurai, G., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., Rabha, S., Saikia, B. K., Najar, T. A., Jehangir, A., Mukherjee, S., Chatterjee, A., Phuleria, H. C., Chakrabarty, R. K., and Venkataraman, C.: Spatial Distribution in Surface Aerosol Light Absorption Across India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL110089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110089, 2024. a
Kawamura, K. and Kaplan, I. R.: Motor exhaust emissions as a primary source for dicarboxylic acids in Los Angeles ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 105–110, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00155a014, 1987. a
Kiendler‐Scharr, A., Mensah, A. A., Friese, E., Topping, D., Nemitz, E., Prevot, A. S. H., Äijälä, M., Allan, J., Canonaco, F., Canagaratna, M., Carbone, S., Crippa, M., Dall Osto, M., Day, D. A., De Carlo, P., Di Marco, C. F., Elbern, H., Eriksson, A., Freney, E., Hao, L., Herrmann, H., Hildebrandt, L., Hillamo, R., Jimenez, J. L., Laaksonen, A., McFiggans, G., Mohr, C., O'Dowd, C., Otjes, R., Ovadnevaite, J., Pandis, S. N., Poulain, L., Schlag, P., Sellegri, K., Swietlicki, E., Tiitta, P., Vermeulen, A., Wahner, A., Worsnop, D., and Wu, H.: Ubiquity of organic nitrates from nighttime chemistry in the European submicron aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7735–7744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069239, 2016. a
Kim, S., Chen, J., Cheng, T., Gindulyte, A., He, J., He, S., Li, Q., Shoemaker, B. A., Thiessen, P. A., Yu, B., Zaslavsky, L., Zhang, J., and Bolton, E. E.: PubChem 2025 update, Nucleic Acids Res., 53, D1516–D1525, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1059, 2024. a
Kioumourtzoglou, M.-A., Schwartz, J., James, P., Dominici, F., and Zanobetti, A.: PM2.5 and mortality in 207 US cities: Modification by temperature and city characteristics, Epidemiology, https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000422, 2015. a
Kong, X., Salvador, C. M., Carlsson, S., Pathak, R., Davidsson, K. O., Le Breton, M., Gaita, S. M., Mitra, K., Hallquist, . M., Hallquist, M., and Pettersson, J. B.: Molecular characterization and optical properties of primary emissions from a residential wood burning boiler, Sci. Total Environ., 754, 142143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142143, 2021. a
Kourtchev, I., Godoi, R. H. M., Connors, S., Levine, J. G., Archibald, A. T., Godoi, A. F. L., Paralovo, S. L., Barbosa, C. G. G., Souza, R. A. F., Manzi, A. O., Seco, R., Sjostedt, S., Park, J.-H., Guenther, A., Kim, S., Smith, J., Martin, S. T., and Kalberer, M.: Molecular composition of organic aerosols in central Amazonia: an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11899–11913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11899-2016, 2016. a
Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948, 2011. a, b
Kumar, V., Giannoukos, S., Haslett, S. L., Tong, Y., Singh, A., Bertrand, A., Lee, C. P., Wang, D. S., Bhattu, D., Stefenelli, G., Dave, J. S., Puthussery, J. V., Qi, L., Vats, P., Rai, P., Casotto, R., Satish, R., Mishra, S., Pospisilova, V., Mohr, C., Bell, D. M., Ganguly, D., Verma, V., Rastogi, N., Baltensperger, U., Tripathi, S. N., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Slowik, J. G.: Highly time-resolved chemical speciation and source apportionment of organic aerosol components in Delhi, India, using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7739–7761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7739-2022, 2022. a
Lao, J.-Y., Lin, H., Qin, X., Ruan, Y., Leung, K. M. Y., Zeng, E. Y., and Lam, P. K. S.: Insights into the Atmospheric Persistence, Transformation, and Health Implications of Organophosphate Esters in Urban Ambient Air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 12003–12013, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01161, 2022. a
Laskin, J., Laskin, A., Nizkorodov, S. A., Roach, P., Eckert, P., Gilles, M. K., Wang, B., Lee, H. J. J., and Hu, Q.: Molecular Selectivity of Brown Carbon Chromophores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12047–12055, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503432r, 2014. a
Lee, M., Schwartz, J., Wang, Y., Dominici, F., and Zanobetti, A.: Long-term effect of fine particulate matter on hospitalization with dementia, Environ. Pollut., 254, 112926, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.094, 2019. a
Li, C., He, Q., Hettiyadura, A. P. S., Käfer, U., Shmul, G., Meidan, D., Zimmermann, R., Brown, S. S., George, C., Laskin, A., and Rudich, Y.: Formation of Secondary Brown Carbon in Biomass Burning Aerosol Proxies through NO3 Radical Reactions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1395–1405, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05641, 2020a. a
Li, J., Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Li, J., Wu, C., Jiang, W., Zhu, T., and Zeng, L.: Molecular characteristics and diurnal variations of organic aerosols at a rural site in the North China Plain with implications for the influence of regional biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10481–10496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10481-2019, 2019. a
Li, J., Li, H., Li, K., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, W., and Ge, M.: Enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation from the photo-oxidation of mixed anthropogenic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7773–7789, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7773-2021, 2021. a, b, c
Li, K., Li, J., Wang, W., Li, J., Peng, C., Wang, D., and Ge, M.: Effects of Gas-Particle Partitioning on Refractive Index and Chemical Composition of m-Xylene Secondary Organic Aerosol, The J. Phys. Chem. A, 122, 3250–3260, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12792, 2018. a
Li, L., Han, Y., Li, J., Lin, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., and Cao, J.: Effects of photochemical aging on the molecular composition of organic aerosols derived from agricultural biomass burning in whole combustion process, Sci. Total Environ., 946, 174152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174152, 2024. a
Li, W., Wang, J., Qi, L., Yu, W., Nie, D., Shi, S., Gu, C., Ge, X., and Chen, M.: Molecular characterization of biomass burning tracer compounds in fine particles in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Environ., 240, 117837, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117837, 2020b. a
Liang, X., Chen, J., An, X., Liu, F., Liang, F., Tang, X., and Qu, P.: The impact of PM2.5 on children’s blood pressure growth curves: A prospective cohort study, Environ. Int., 158, 107012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107012, 2022. a
Lin, P., Liu, J., Shilling, J. E., Kathmann, S. M., Laskin, J., and Laskin, A.: Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 23312–23325, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP02563J, 2015. a, b
Lin, P., Fleming, L. T., Nizkorodov, S. A., Laskin, J., and Laskin, A.: Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Brown Carbon by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization, Anal. Chem., 90, 12493–12502, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02177, 2018. a
Lin, Y., Han, Y., Li, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Li, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Cao, J.: Molecular Characteristics of Atmospheric Organosulfates During Summer and Winter Seasons in Two Cities of Southern and Northern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036672, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036672, 2022. a, b
Liu, Q., Li, L., Zhang, X., Saini, A., Li, W., Hung, H., Hao, C., Li, K., Lee, P., Wentzell, J. J. B., Huo, C., Li, S.-M., Harner, T., and Liggio, J.: Uncovering global-scale risks from commercial chemicals in air, Nature, 600, 456–461, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04134-6, 2021. a
Liu, Z.: Chord Chart, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/116550-chord-chart (last access: 10 March 2025), 2025. a
Lui, K. H., Lau, Y.-S., Poon, H. Y., Organ, B., Chan, M.-N., Guo, H., Ho, S. S. H., and Ho, K.: Characterization of chemical components of fresh and aged aerosol from vehicle exhaust emissions in Hong Kong, Chemosphere, 333, 138940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138940, 2023. a, b
Ma, J., Ungeheuer, F., Zheng, F., Du, W., Wang, Y., Cai, J., Zhou, Y., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Kulmala, M., Daellenbach, K. R., and Vogel, A. L.: Nontarget Screening Exhibits a Seasonal Cycle of PM 2.5 Organic Aerosol Composition in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7017–7028, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06905, 2022. a
Malloy, Q. G. J., Li Qi, Warren, B., Cocker III, D. R., Erupe, M. E., and Silva, P. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from primary aliphatic amines with NO3 radical, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2051–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2051-2009, 2009. a
Mazzi, G., Feltracco, M., Barbaro, E., Alterio, A., Favaro, E., Azri, C., and Gambaro, A.: Glyphosate and other plant protection products in size-segregated urban aerosol: Occurrence and dimensional trend, Environ. Pollut., 359, 124596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124596, 2024. a
McDonald, B. C., De Gouw, J. A., Gilman, J. B., Jathar, S. H., Akherati, A., Cappa, C. D., Jimenez, J. L., Lee-Taylor, J., Hayes, P. L., McKeen, S. A., Cui, Y. Y., Kim, S.-W., Gentner, D. R., Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Goldstein, A. H., Harley, R. A., Frost, G. J., Roberts, J. M., Ryerson, T. B., and Trainer, M.: Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions, Science, 359, 760–764, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0524, 2018. a
Mikati, I., Benson, A. F., Luben, T. J., Sacks, J. D., and Richmond-Bryant, J.: Disparities in Distribution of Particulate Matter Emission Sources by Race and Poverty Status, Am. J. Public Health, 108, 480–485, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297, 2018. a
Monteleone, B. and Borzí, I.: Drought in the Po Valley: Identification, Impacts and Strategies to Manage the Events, Water, 16, 1187, https://doi.org/10.3390/w16081187, 2024. a
Murphy, S. M., Sorooshian, A., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P., Tong, C., Surratt, J. D., Knipping, E., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary aerosol formation from atmospheric reactions of aliphatic amines, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2313–2337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2313-2007, 2007. a
Nestorowicz, K., Jaoui, M., Rudzinski, K. J., Lewandowski, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Spólnik, G., Danikiewicz, W., and Szmigielski, R.: Chemical composition of isoprene SOA under acidic and non-acidic conditions: effect of relative humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18101–18121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18101-2018, 2018. a
Neuberger, A., Decesari, S., Aktypis, A., Andersen, H., Baumgardner, D., Bianchi, F., Busetto, M., Cai, J., Cermak, J., Dipu, S., Ekman, A., Fuzzi, S., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S. L., Heikkinen, L., Joutsensaari, J., Kaltsonoudis, C., Kangasluoma, J., Krejci, R., Lupi, A., Marinoni, A., Matrali, A., Mattsson, F., Mohr, C., Nenes, A., Paglione, M., Pandis, S. N., Patel, A., Riipinen, I., Rinaldi, M., Steimer, S. S., Stolzenburg, D., Sulo, J., Vasilakopoulou, C. N., and Zieger, P.: From Molecules to Droplets: The Fog and Aerosol Interaction Research Italy (FAIRARI) 2021/22 Campaign, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 106, E23–E50, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0166.1, 2025. a
Nordmann, S., Cheng, Y. F., Carmichael, G. R., Yu, M., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Zhang, Q., Saide, P. E., Pöschl, U., Su, H., Birmili, W., and Wiedensohler, A.: Atmospheric black carbon and warming effects influenced by the source and absorption enhancement in central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12683–12699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12683-2014, 2014. a
Oros, D. R., Abas, M. R. B., Omar, N. Y. M., Rahman, N. A., and Simoneit, B. R.: Identification and emission factors of molecular tracers in organic aerosols from biomass burning: Part 3. Grasses, Appl. Geochem., 21, 919–940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.01.008, 2006. a, b
Paglione, M., Gilardoni, S., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Zanca, N., Sandrini, S., Giulianelli, L., Bacco, D., Ferrari, S., Poluzzi, V., Scotto, F., Trentini, A., Poulain, L., Herrmann, H., Wiedensohler, A., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Massoli, P., Carbone, C., Facchini, M. C., and Fuzzi, S.: The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1233–1254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1233-2020, 2020. a
Panda, U., Dey, S., Sharma, A., Singh, A., Reyes-Villegas, E., Darbyshire, E., Carbone, S., Das, T., Allan, J., McFiggans, G., Ravikrishna, R., Coe, H., Liu, P., and Gunthe, S. S.: Exploring the chemical composition and processes of submicron aerosols in Delhi using aerosol chemical speciation monitor driven factor analysis, Sci. Rep., 15, 14383, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99245-9, 2025. a
Peralta, A. A., Schwartz, J., Gold, D. R., Vonk, J. M., Vermeulen, R., and Gehring, U.: Quantile regression to examine the association of air pollution with subclinical atherosclerosis in an adolescent population, Environ. Int., 164, 107285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107285, 2022. a
Perrone, M., Larsen, B., Ferrero, L., Sangiorgi, G., De Gennaro, G., Udisti, R., Zangrando, R., Gambaro, A., and Bolzacchini, E.: Sources of high PM2.5 concentrations in Milan, Northern Italy: Molecular marker data and CMB modelling, Sci. Total Environ., 414, 343–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.026, 2012. a
Priestley, M., Bannan, T. J., Le Breton, M., Worrall, S. D., Kang, S., Pullinen, I., Schmitt, S., Tillmann, R., Kleist, E., Zhao, D., Wildt, J., Garmash, O., Mehra, A., Bacak, A., Shallcross, D. E., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Hallquist, Å. M., Ehn, M., Coe, H., Percival, C. J., Hallquist, M., Mentel, T. F., and McFiggans, G.: Chemical characterisation of benzene oxidation products under high- and low-NOx conditions using chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3473–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3473-2021, 2021. a
Pullinen, I., Schmitt, S., Kang, S., Sarrafzadeh, M., Schlag, P., Andres, S., Kleist, E., Mentel, T. F., Rohrer, F., Springer, M., Tillmann, R., Wildt, J., Wu, C., Zhao, D., Wahner, A., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Impact of NOx on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation: the role of highly oxygenated organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10125–10147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10125-2020, 2020. a
PubChem: National Center for Biotechnology Information: Compound Summary for CID 26690, Dimethyl capramide, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dimethyl-capramide (last access: 15 June 2024), 2024. a
Qi, L., Chen, M., Stefenelli, G., Pospisilova, V., Tong, Y., Bertrand, A., Hueglin, C., Ge, X., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Slowik, J. G.: Organic aerosol source apportionment in Zurich using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF-MS) – Part 2: Biomass burning influences in winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8037–8062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8037-2019, 2019. a, b, c
Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156, 2008. a
Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636–651, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007, 1993. a
Saarikoski, S., Carbone, S., Decesari, S., Giulianelli, L., Angelini, F., Canagaratna, M., Ng, N. L., Trimborn, A., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Hillamo, R., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical characterization of springtime submicrometer aerosol in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8401–8421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8401-2012, 2012. a, b
Saenz, J. L., Wong, R., and Ailshire, J. A.: Indoor air pollution and cognitive function among older Mexican adults, J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 72, 21–26, https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209704, 2018. a
Sandrini, S., van Pinxteren, D., Giulianelli, L., Herrmann, H., Poulain, L., Facchini, M. C., Gilardoni, S., Rinaldi, M., Paglione, M., Turpin, B. J., Pollini, F., Bucci, S., Zanca, N., and Decesari, S.: Size-resolved aerosol composition at an urban and a rural site in the Po Valley in summertime: implications for secondary aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10879–10897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10879-2016, 2016. a
Sarwar, G., Olson, D. A., Corsi, R. L., and Weschler, C. J.: Indoor Fine Particles: The Role of Terpene Emissions from Consumer Products, J. Air Waste Manage., 54, 367–377, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10470910, 2004. a
Schymanski, E. L., Jeon, J., Gulde, R., Fenner, K., Ruff, M., Singer, H. P., and Hollender, J.: Identifying Small Molecules via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Communicating Confidence, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2097–2098, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5002105, 2014. a, b
Silva, P. J., Erupe, M. E., Price, D., Elias, J., G. J. Malloy, Q., Li, Q., Warren, B., and Cocker, D. R.: Trimethylamine as Precursor to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation via Nitrate Radical Reaction in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4689–4696, https://doi.org/10.1021/es703016v, 2008. a
Simoneit, B. R.: Biomass burning – a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion, Appl. Geochem., 17, 129–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00061-0, 2002. a
Simoneit, B. R. T., Rushdi, A. I., Bin Abas, M. R., and Didyk, B. M.: Alkyl Amides and Nitriles as Novel Tracers for Biomass Burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 16–21, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020811y, 2003. a
Singer, B. C., Destaillats, H., Hodgson, A. T., and Nazaroff, W. W.: Cleaning products and air fresheners: emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids, Indoor Air, 16, 179–191, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00414.x, 2006. a
Smith, J. S., Laskin, A., and Laskin, J.: Molecular Characterization of Biomass Burning Aerosols Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 81, 1512–1521, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac8020664, 2009. a, b, c, d
Smith, N. R., Montoya-Aguilera, J., Dabdub, D., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Effect of Humidity on the Reactive Uptake of Ammonia and Dimethylamine by Nitrogen-Containing Secondary Organic Aerosol, Atmosphere, 12, 1502, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111502, 2021. a
Song, K., Guo, S., Gong, Y., Lv, D., Wan, Z., Zhang, Y., Fu, Z., Hu, K., and Lu, S.: Non-target scanning of organics from cooking emissions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC × GC-MS), Appl. Geochem., 151, 105601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105601, 2023. a
Srivastava, D., Vu, T. V., Tong, S., Shi, Z., and Harrison, R. M.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic precursors in laboratory studies, NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5, 22, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00238-6, 2022. a
Steinemann, A.: Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions, Air Qual. Atmos. Hlth., 9, 861–866, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-016-0442-z, 2016. a
Surratt, J. D., Gómez-González, Y., Chan, A. W. H., Vermeylen, R., Shahgholi, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Edney, E. O., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Maenhaut, W., Claeys, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organosulfate Formation in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 8345–8378, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp802310p, 2008. a
Tang, S., Lv, J., Liu, L., Li, F., Wang, Y., and Jiang, G.: Molecular characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: Advances, challenges, and opportunities, Trends in Environmental Anal. Chem., 50, e00305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2026.e00305, 2026. a
Thoma, M., Bachmeier, F., Gottwald, F. L., Simon, M., and Vogel, A. L.: Mass spectrometry-based Aerosolomics: a new approach to resolve sources, composition, and partitioning of secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7137–7154, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Thoma, M., Bachmeier, F., Knauf, K., David, J., Simon, M., and Vogel, A. L.: Seasonal analysis of organic aerosol composition resolves anthropogenic and biogenic sources at a rural background station in central Europe, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-15702, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-15702, 2025. a, b
Tong, Y., Pospisilova, V., Qi, L., Duan, J., Gu, Y., Kumar, V., Rai, P., Stefenelli, G., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Zhong, H., Baltensperger, U., Cao, J., Huang, R.-J., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Slowik, J. G.: Quantification of solid fuel combustion and aqueous chemistry contributions to secondary organic aerosol during wintertime haze events in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9859–9886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9859-2021, 2021. a
Ungeheuer, F., van Pinxteren, D., and Vogel, A. L.: Identification and source attribution of organic compounds in ultrafine particles near Frankfurt International Airport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3763–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3763-2021, 2021. a
Wang, K., Huang, R.-J., Brüggemann, M., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Ni, H., Guo, J., Wang, M., Han, J., Bilde, M., Glasius, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Urban organic aerosol composition in eastern China differs from north to south: molecular insight from a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9089–9104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, 2021. a
Wang, T., Huang, R.-J., Jing, M., Che, J., Xing, J., Yang, L., Yuan, W., Wang, Y., Guo, J., Zhong, H., Huang, D. D., Huang, C., and Xu, W.: Overlooked Trace Molecules in Organic Aerosol Revealed by Gas Chromatography–Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 18264–18272, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c03171, 2024. a
Wang, X., Hayeck, N., Brüggemann, M., Yao, L., Chen, H., Zhang, C., Emmelin, C., Chen, J., George, C., and Wang, L.: Chemical Characteristics of Organic Aerosols in Shanghai: A Study by Ultrahigh‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026930, 2017. a
Weuve, J.: Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution and Cognitive Decline in Older Women, Arch. Intern. Med., 172, 219, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.683, 2012. a
Worton, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Farmer, D. K., Docherty, K. S., Jimenez, J. L., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., de Gouw, J., Williams, B. J., Kreisberg, N. M., Hering, S. V., Bench, G., McKay, M., Kristensen, K., Glasius, M., Surratt, J. D., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Origins and composition of fine atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10219–10241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10219-2011, 2011. a
Wu, Q.-Z., Li, S., Yang, B.-Y., Bloom, M., Shi, Z., Knibbs, L., Dharmage, S., Leskinen, A., Jalaludin, B., Jalava, P., Roponen, M., Lin, S., Chen, G., Guo, Y., Xu, S.-L., Yu, H.-Y., Zeeshan, M., Hu, L.-W., Yu, Y., Zeng, X.-W., and Dong, G.-H.: Ambient Airborne Particulates of Diameter ≤ 1 µm, a Leading Contributor to the Association Between Ambient Airborne Particulates of Diameter ≤ 2.5 µm and Children’s Blood Pressure, Hypertension, 75, 347–355, https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13504, 2020. a
Xie, X., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, W., Guo, T., Wang, Q., Shen, H., Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Peng, Z., Chen, Y., He, Y., and Ma, X.: Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and tachycardia and heart rate: Results from 10 million reproductive-age adults in China, Environ. Pollut., 242, 1371–1378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.022, 2018. a
Xue, J., Ma, F., Elm, J., Chen, J., and Xie, H.-B.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of indole initiated by ⚫OH and ⚫Cl: a computational study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11543–11555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11543-2022, 2022. a
Yassine, M. M., Harir, M., Dabek‐Zlotorzynska, E., and Schmitt‐Kopplin, P.: Structural characterization of organic aerosol using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Aromaticity equivalent approach, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 28, 2445–2454, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7038, 2014. a, b
Yu, J., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Li, X., Zhou, T., and Zheng, M.: Potassium: A Tracer for Biomass Burning in Beijing?, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 18, 2447–2459, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.11.0536, 2018. a
Zeng, Y., Shen, Z., Takahama, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, H., Ning, Y., Huang, Y., Cao, J., and Rudolf, H.: Molecular Absorption and Evolution Mechanisms of PM2.5 Brown Carbon Revealed by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform–Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry During a Severe Winter Pollution Episode in Xi'an, China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087977, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087977, 2020. a
Zhang, J., Li, K., Wang, T., Gammelsæter, E., Cheung, R. K. Y., Surdu, M., Bogler, S., Bhattu, D., Wang, D. S., Cui, T., Qi, L., Lamkaddam, H., El Haddad, I., Slowik, J. G., Prevot, A. S. H., and Bell, D. M.: Bulk and molecular-level composition of primary organic aerosol from wood, straw, cow dung, and plastic burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14561–14576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14561-2023, 2023a. a, b, c, d
Zhang, X., Schwantes, R. H., Coggon, M. M., Loza, C. L., Schilling, K. A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of ozone in SOA formation from alkane photooxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1733–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1733-2014, 2014. a
Zhang, Y., Gao, X., Hou, X., Liu, M., Han, J., and Zhang, H.: Chemical Characterization of Rural Organic Aerosol in the North China Plain Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Atmosphere, 14, 1636, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111636, 2023b. a
Zhou, L., Jiao, X., Yang, B., Yuan, W., Zhao, W., Zhang, L., Huang, W., Long, S., Xu, J., Shen, H., and Wang, C.: The Impact of Indoor Environments on the Abundance of Urban Outdoor VOCs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 59, 9654–9664, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c13133, 2025. a
Zhu, L., Henze, D. K., Bash, J. O., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Shephard, M. W., Luo, M., and Capps, S. L.: Sources and Impacts of Atmospheric NH3: Current Understanding and Frontiers for Modeling, Measurements, and Remote Sensing in North America, Current Pollution Reports, 1, 95–116, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0010-4, 2015. a
Zhu, Q., Cao, L.-M., Tang, M.-X., Huang, X.-F., Saikawa, E., and He, L.-Y.: Characterization of Organic Aerosol at a Rural Site in the North China Plain Region: Sources, Volatility and Organonitrates, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1115–1127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0127-2, 2021. a
Zotter, P., Ciobanu, V. G., Zhang, Y. L., El-Haddad, I., Macchia, M., Daellenbach, K. R., Salazar, G. A., Huang, R.-J., Wacker, L., Hueglin, C., Piazzalunga, A., Fermo, P., Schwikowski, M., Baltensperger, U., Szidat, S., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Radiocarbon analysis of elemental and organic carbon in Switzerland during winter-smog episodes from 2008 to 2012 – Part 1: Source apportionment and spatial variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13551–13570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13551-2014, 2014. a
Short summary
Molecular characterization of organic aerosol in the Po Valley exhibits differences between an urban and an agricultural site, despite similar concentration of organic aerosol mass. Multivariate statistical analysis on one year of samples further reveals specific sources such as biomass burning, agricultural activities and biogenic secondary organic aerosol. Light-absorbing molecules appear to be linked to combustion, peaking at both sites during winter season.
Molecular characterization of organic aerosol in the Po Valley exhibits differences between an...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint