Articles | Volume 26, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2893-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-2893-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report
| 
26 Feb 2026
Measurement report |
| 26 Feb 2026
| 26 Feb 2026
Measurement report: Emission factors and organic aerosol source apportionment of shipping emissions in the coastal city of Toulon, France
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
AtmoSud, Air Quality Regional Observatory in the South of France, Marseille, France
Benjamin Chazeau
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
Brice Temime-Roussel
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
Irène Xueref-Remy
Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
Alexandre Armengaud
AtmoSud, Air Quality Regional Observatory in the South of France, Marseille, France
Henri Wortham
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Jian Xu, Junteng Wu, Mayur Gajanan Sapkal, Jim Grisillon, Shravan Deshmukh, Brice Temime Roussel, Julien Kammer, Nicolas Brun, Fabien Robert-Peillard, Beiping Luo, Judith Kleinheins, Silvia Henning, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Edouard Pangui, Mathieu Cazaunau, Zamin A. Kanji, Claudia Marcolli, and Anne Monod
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-14, 2026
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
The study aimed to mimic the atmospheric behaviour of a semi-volatile organic compound in the presence of fine particles and at various relative humidities. The objective was to determine the influence of organic matter on humid particle growth. These results are essential for improving our understanding of cloud formation.
James R. Campbell, Brice Temime-Roussel, Barbara D'Anna, Kathy S. Law, Weihang Zhang, Rodney J. Weber, Michael Battaglia Jr., Kayane K. Dingilian, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Jason M. St. Clair, and Jingqiu Mao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2073, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Fairbanks, Alaska experiences episodes of high concentrations of PM2.5 pollution in the wintertime. The sources and mixing ratios of gas-phase pollution, and the extent to which it affects the formation of PM2.5, are not well understood. Here, we examine the sources of gas-phase species measured in wintertime Fairbanks. We compare these results with other PM2.5 measurements to determine how various sources can affect the formation of PM2.5 pollution.
Mathilde Brezins, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Amandine Durand, Grégory Gille, Romain Bourjot, Andre S. H. Prévôt, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Gaëlle Uzu, and Barbara D'Anna
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2026-5, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
The Marseille-Fos basin faces high anthropogenic pressure from industry, maritime and road transport, combined with specific weather conditions that further degrade air quality. Our study focuses on fine metallic pollution, which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause harmful effects. Using one year of measurements at two sites, we identified ten main pollution sources, half directly linked to human activities, highlighting clear risks for the environment and public health.
Claudia Voigt, Christine Vallet-Coulomb, Clément Piel, Joana Sauze, Ilja M. Reiter, Jean-Philippe Orts, Françoise Chalié, Christophe Cassou, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Anne Alexandre
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5879, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5879, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Triple oxygen isotopes (17O-excess) are an upcoming tool in hydrological studies. We present the first one-year high-resolution record of 17O-excess in atmospheric water vapor from a Mediterranean forest site. The dataset provides insights into the processes driving variability of 17O-excess in atmospheric water vapor and precipitation across seasonal, diurnal, and event scales. These findings support model validation efforts and enhance the interpretation of paleoclimate archives.
Laura Cadeo, Beatrice Biffi, Benjamin Chazeau, Cristina Colombi, Rosario Cosenza, Eleonora Cuccia, Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, André S. H. Prévôt, and Roberta Vecchi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6435–6448, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6435-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6435-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the deployment of the Xact® 625i Ambient Metals Monitor in Milan (Po Valley, Italy) and its performance in measuring particulate matter elemental composition at a high temporal resolution. Our findings demonstrate strong agreement between online and offline X-ray fluorescence analyses, underscoring the potential of advanced monitoring technologies for air quality research.
Liang Feng, Paul I. Palmer, Luke Smallman, Jingfeng Xiao, Paolo Cristofanelli, Ove Hermansen, John Lee, Casper Labuschagne, Simonetta Montaguti, Steffen M. Noe, Stephen M. Platt, Xinrong Ren, Martin Steinbacher, and Irène Xueref-Remy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 13053–13076, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-13053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The year 2023 saw unexpectedly large global atmospheric CO2 growth. Satellite data reveal a role for increased tropical emissions. Larger emissions over eastern Brazil can be explained by warmer temperatures, which has led to exceptional drought, while hydrological changes play more of a role in emission increases elsewhere in the tropics. Broadly, we find that this situation continues into 2024.
Amna Ijaz, Brice Temime-Roussel, Benjamin Chazeau, Sarah Albertin, Stephen R. Arnold, Brice Barret, Slimane Bekki, Natalie Brett, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Elsa Dieudonne, Kayane K. Dingilian, Javier G. Fochesatto, Jingqiu Mao, Allison Moon, Joel Savarino, William Simpson, Rodney J. Weber, Kathy S. Law, and Barbara D'Anna
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11789–11811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11789-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11789-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Fairbanks is among the most polluted cities, with the highest particulate matter (PM) levels in the US during winters. Highly time-resolved measurements of the submicron PM found residential heating with wood and oil and hydrocarbon-like organics from traffic, as well as sulfur-containing aerosol, to be the key pollution sources. Remarkable differences existed between complementary instruments, warranting the deployment of multiple tools at sites, with wide-ranging influences.
Marwa Shahin, Julien Kammer, Brice Temime-Roussel, and Barbara D'Anna
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10267–10292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10267-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10267-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution and climate change are influenced by tiny airborne particles called aerosols. This study explores how pollutants from urban sources, as m-xylene and naphthalene, form new particles in the atmosphere under different conditions. Using advanced techniques, we show how temperature and nitrogen oxides affect the formation and behavior of these particles. Our findings will improve our understanding of secondary organic particle and air quality models.
Manon Rocco, Julien Kammer, Mathieu Santonja, Brice Temime-Roussel, Cassandra Saignol, Caroline Lecareux, Etienne Quivet, Henri Wortham, and Elena Ormeño
Biogeosciences, 22, 3661–3680, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play a significant role in ecosystems, yet the impact of litter accumulation on these emissions is often overlooked, particularly in Mediterranean deciduous forests. A study in downy oak forest identified over 135 BVOCs, with many being absorbed by the soil, while others were emitted and increased with litter biomass. This underscores the critical role of litter and microbial activity in shaping soil BVOC dynamics under a changing climate.
Yosuke Niwa, Yasunori Tohjima, Yukio Terao, Tazu Saeki, Akihiko Ito, Taku Umezawa, Kyohei Yamada, Motoki Sasakawa, Toshinobu Machida, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Hideki Nara, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Hitoshi Mukai, Yukio Yoshida, Shinji Morimoto, Shinya Takatsuji, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Yousuke Sawa, Hidekazu Matsueda, Kentaro Ishijima, Ryo Fujita, Daisuke Goto, Xin Lan, Kenneth Schuldt, Michal Heliasz, Tobias Biermann, Lukasz Chmura, Jarsolaw Necki, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Damiano Sferlazzo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6757–6785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6757-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimated regional and sectoral emission contributions to the unprecedented surge of atmospheric methane for 2020–2022. The methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, and its emissions reduction is urgently required to mitigate global warming. Numerical modeling-based estimates with three different sets of atmospheric observations consistently suggested large contributions of biogenic emissions from South Asia and Southeast Asia to the surge of atmospheric methane.
Lise Le Berre, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Barbara D'Anna, Nicolas Marchand, Stéphane Sauvage, Marvin Dufresne, Liselotte Tinel, Thierry Leonardis, Joel Ferreira de Brito, Alexandre Armengaud, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Romain Bourjot, and Henri Wortham
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6575–6605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6575-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6575-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A summer campaign in a Mediterranean port examined pollution caused by ships. Two stations in the port measured pollution levels and captured over 350 ship plumes to study their chemical composition. Results showed that pollution levels, such as ultra-fine particles, were higher in the port than in the city and offer strong support to improve emission inventories. These findings may also serve as reference to assess the benefits of a sulfur Emission Control Area in the Mediterranean in 2025.
Johannes Heuser, Claudia Di Biagio, Jérôme Yon, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Edouard Pangui, Marco Zanatta, Laura Renzi, Angela Marinoni, Satoshi Inomata, Chenjie Yu, Vera Bernardoni, Servanne Chevaillier, Daniel Ferry, Paolo Laj, Michel Maillé, Dario Massabò, Federico Mazzei, Gael Noyalet, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Brice Temime-Roussel, Roberta Vecchi, Virginia Vernocchi, Paola Formenti, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, and Jean-François Doussin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6407–6428, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The spectral optical properties of combustion soot aerosols with varying black (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) content were studied in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Measurements of the mass spectral absorption cross section (MAC), supplemented by literature data, allowed us to establish a generalised exponential relationship between the spectral absorption and the elemental-to-total-carbon ratio (EC / TC) in soot. This relationship can provide a useful tool for modelling the properties of soot.
Marvin Dufresne, Thérèse Salameh, Thierry Leonardis, Grégory Gille, Alexandre Armengaud, and Stéphane Sauvage
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5977–5999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5977-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5977-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper discusses the 18-month-long measurement of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in Marseille, where there was no measurement since early 2000, despite the impact of NMHCs on air quality and climate. Traffic-related sources are the largest contributor to NMHC concentrations in Marseille, and shipping strongly contributes to the formation of aerosols. Finally, the Covid-19 lockdown had an impact on NMHC concentrations, reaching a 50 % decrease for traffic-related sources.
Roman Pohorsky, Andrea Baccarini, Natalie Brett, Brice Barret, Slimane Bekki, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Elsa Dieudonné, Brice Temime-Roussel, Barbara D'Anna, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Antonio Donateo, Stefano Decesari, Kathy S. Law, William R. Simpson, Javier Fochesatto, Steve R. Arnold, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3687–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3687-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3687-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an analysis of vertical measurements of pollution in an Alaskan city during winter. It investigates the relationship between the atmospheric structure and the layering of aerosols and trace gases. Results indicate an overall very shallow surface mixing layer. The height of this layer is strongly influenced by a local shallow wind. The study also provides information on the pollution chemical composition at different altitudes, including pollution signatures from power plants.
Soo-Jin Park, Lya Lugon, Oscar Jacquot, Youngseob Kim, Alexia Baudic, Barbara D'Anna, Ludovico Di Antonio, Claudia Di Biagio, Fabrice Dugay, Olivier Favez, Véronique Ghersi, Aline Gratien, Julien Kammer, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Sanchez, Myrto Valari, Jérémy Vigneron, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3363–3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3363-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3363-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To accurately represent the population exposure to outdoor concentrations of pollutants of interest to health (NO2, PM2.5, black carbon, and ultrafine particles), multi-scale modelling down to the street scale is set up and evaluated using measurements from field campaigns. An exposure scaling factor is defined, allowing regional-scale simulations to be corrected to evaluate population exposure. Urban heterogeneities strongly influence NO2, black carbon, and ultrafine particles but less strongly PM2.5.
Ludovico Di Antonio, Claudia Di Biagio, Paola Formenti, Aline Gratien, Vincent Michoud, Christopher Cantrell, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bergé, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Manuela Cirtog, Patrice Coll, Barbara D'Anna, Joel F. de Brito, David O. De Haan, Juliette R. Dignum, Shravan Deshmukh, Olivier Favez, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Cecile Gaimoz, Lelia N. Hawkins, Julien Kammer, Brigitte Language, Franck Maisonneuve, Griša Močnik, Emilie Perraudin, Jean-Eudes Petit, Prodip Acharja, Laurent Poulain, Pauline Pouyes, Eva Drew Pronovost, Véronique Riffault, Kanuri I. Roundtree, Marwa Shahin, Guillaume Siour, Eric Villenave, Pascal Zapf, Gilles Foret, Jean-François Doussin, and Matthias Beekmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3161–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3161-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3161-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The spectral complex refractive index (CRI) and single scattering albedo were retrieved from submicron aerosol measurements at three sites within the greater Paris area during the ACROSS field campaign (June–July 2022). Measurements revealed urban emission impact on surrounding areas. CRI full period averages at 520 nm were 1.41 – 0.037i (urban), 1.52 – 0.038i (peri-urban), and 1.50 – 0.025i (rural). Organic aerosols dominated the aerosol mass and contributed up to 22 % of absorption at 370 nm.
Brice Barret, Patrice Medina, Natalie Brett, Roman Pohorsky, Kathy S. Law, Slimane Bekki, Gilberto J. Fochesatto, Julia Schmale, Steve R. Arnold, Andrea Baccarini, Maurizio Busetto, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Barbara D'Anna, Stefano Decesari, Jingqiu Mao, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Joel Savarino, Federico Scoto, and William R. Simpson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1163–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Fairbanks area experiences severe pollution episodes in winter because of enhanced emissions of pollutants trapped near the surface by strong temperature inversions. Low-cost sensors were deployed on board a car and a tethered balloon to measure the concentrations of gaseous pollutants (CO, O3, and NOx) in Fairbanks during winter 2022. Data calibration with reference measurements and machine learning methods enabled us to document pollution at the surface and power plant plumes aloft.
Hector Navarro-Barboza, Jordi Rovira, Vincenzo Obiso, Andrea Pozzer, Marta Via, Andres Alastuey, Xavier Querol, Noemi Perez, Marjan Savadkoohi, Gang Chen, Jesus Yus-Díez, Matic Ivancic, Martin Rigler, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Stergios Vratolis, Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Andre S. H. Prevot, Kaspar Dallenbach, Mikael Ehn, Krista Luoma, Tuukka Petäjä, Anna Tobler, Jaroslaw Necki, Minna Aurela, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko Niemi, Olivier Favez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Christoph Hueglin, Nicolas Pascal, Aurélien Chauvigné, Sébastien Conil, Marco Pandolfi, and Oriol Jorba
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2667-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2667-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) absorbs ultraviolet (UV) and visible light, influencing climate. This study explores BrC's imaginary refractive index (k) using data from 12 European sites. Residential emissions are a major organic aerosol (OA) source in winter, while secondary organic aerosol (SOA) dominates in summer. Source-specific k values were derived, improving model accuracy. The findings highlight BrC's climate impact and emphasize source-specific constraints in atmospheric models.
Natalie Brett, Kathy S. Law, Steve R. Arnold, Javier G. Fochesatto, Jean-Christophe Raut, Tatsuo Onishi, Robert Gilliam, Kathleen Fahey, Deanna Huff, George Pouliot, Brice Barret, Elsa Dieudonné, Roman Pohorsky, Julia Schmale, Andrea Baccarini, Slimane Bekki, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Federico Scoto, Stefano Decesari, Antonio Donateo, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, William Simpson, Patrice Medina, Barbara D'Anna, Brice Temime-Roussel, Joel Savarino, Sarah Albertin, Jingqiu Mao, Becky Alexander, Allison Moon, Peter F. DeCarlo, Vanessa Selimovic, Robert Yokelson, and Ellis S. Robinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1063–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1063-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1063-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Processes influencing dispersion of local anthropogenic pollution in Arctic wintertime are investigated with Lagrangian dispersion modelling. Simulated power plant plume rise that considers temperature inversion layers improves results compared to observations (interior Alaska). Modelled surface concentrations are improved by representation of vertical mixing and emission estimates. Large increases in diesel vehicle emissions at temperatures reaching −35°C are required to reproduce observed NOx.
Lilian Vallet, Charbel Abdallah, Thomas Lauvaux, Lilian Joly, Michel Ramonet, Philippe Ciais, Morgan Lopez, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Florent Mouillot
Biogeosciences, 22, 213–242, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 fire season had a huge impact on European temperate forest, with several large fires exhibiting prolonged soil combustion reported. We analyzed CO and CO2 concentration recorded at nearby atmospheric towers, revealing intense smoldering combustion. We refined a fire emission model to incorporate this process. We estimated 7.95 Mteq CO2 fire emission, twice the global estimate. Fires contributed to 1.97 % of France's annual carbon footprint, reducing forest carbon sink by 30 % this year.
Hasna Chebaicheb, Joel F. de Brito, Tanguy Amodeo, Florian Couvidat, Jean-Eudes Petit, Emmanuel Tison, Gregory Abbou, Alexia Baudic, Mélodie Chatain, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Raphaële Falhun, Florie Francony, Cyril Ratier, Didier Grenier, Romain Vidaud, Shouwen Zhang, Gregory Gille, Laurent Meunier, Caroline Marchand, Véronique Riffault, and Olivier Favez
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5089–5109, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5089-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5089-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term (2015–2021) quasi-continuous measurements have been obtained at 13 French urban sites using online mass spectrometry, to acquire the comprehensive chemical composition of submicron particulate matter. The results show their spatial and temporal differences and confirm the predominance of organics in France (40–60 %). These measurements can be used for many future studies, such as trend and epidemiological analyses, or comparisons with chemical transport models.
Maëlie Chazette, Patrick Chazette, Ilja M. Reiter, Xiaoxia Shang, Julien Totems, Jean-Philippe Orts, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Nicolas Montes
Biogeosciences, 21, 3289–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The approach presented is original in its coupling between field observations and airborne lidar observations. It has been applied to an instrumented reference forest site in the south of France, which is heavily impacted by climate change. It leads to the evaluation of tree heights and ends with assessments of aerial and root carbon stocks. A detailed assessment of uncertainties is presented to add a level of reliability to the scientific products delivered.
Alice Maison, Lya Lugon, Soo-Jin Park, Alexia Baudic, Christopher Cantrell, Florian Couvidat, Barbara D'Anna, Claudia Di Biagio, Aline Gratien, Valérie Gros, Carmen Kalalian, Julien Kammer, Vincent Michoud, Jean-Eudes Petit, Marwa Shahin, Leila Simon, Myrto Valari, Jérémy Vigneron, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6011–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the development of a bottom-up inventory of urban tree biogenic emissions. Emissions are computed for each tree based on their location and characteristics and are integrated in the regional air quality model WRF-CHIMERE. The impact of these biogenic emissions on air quality is quantified for June–July 2022. Over Paris city, urban trees increase the concentrations of particulate organic matter by 4.6 %, of PM2.5 by 0.6 %, and of ozone by 1.0 % on average over 2 months.
Julie Camman, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Amandine Durand, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Henri Wortham, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3257–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine particle (PM1) pollution is a major health issue in the city of Marseille, which is subject to numerous pollution sources. Sampling carried out during the summer enabled a fine characterization of the PM1 sources and their oxidative potential, a promising new metric as a proxy for health impact. PM1 came mainly from combustion sources, secondary ammonium sulfate, and organic nitrate, while the oxidative potential of PM1 came from these sources and from resuspended dust in the atmosphere.
Evangelia Kostenidou, Baptiste Marques, Brice Temime-Roussel, Yao Liu, Boris Vansevenant, Karine Sartelet, and Barbara D'Anna
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2705–2729, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from gasoline vehicles can be a significant source of particulate matter in urban areas. Here the chemical composition of secondary volatile organic compounds and SOA produced by photo-oxidation of Euro 5 gasoline vehicle emissions was studied. The volatility of the SOA formed was calculated. Except for the temperature and the concentration of the aerosol, additional parameters may play a role in the gas-to-particle partitioning.
Victor Lannuque, Barbara D'Anna, Evangelia Kostenidou, Florian Couvidat, Alvaro Martinez-Valiente, Philipp Eichler, Armin Wisthaler, Markus Müller, Brice Temime-Roussel, Richard Valorso, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15537–15560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large uncertainties remain in understanding secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from toluene oxidation. In this study, speciation measurements in gaseous and particulate phases were carried out, providing partitioning and volatility data on individual toluene SOA components at different temperatures. A new detailed oxidation mechanism was developed to improve modeled speciation, and effects of different processes involved in gas–particle partitioning at the molecular scale are explored.
Abd El Rahman El Mais, Barbara D'Anna, Luka Drinovec, Andrew T. Lambe, Zhe Peng, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Selim Aït-Aïssa, and Alexandre Albinet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15077–15096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15077-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15077-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) and furans are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) related to biomass burning emissions. We evaluated and compared the formation yields, and the physical and light absorption properties, of laboratory-generated SOAs from the oxidation of such compounds for both, day- and nighttime reactivities. The results illustrate that PAHs are large SOA precursors and may contribute significantly to the biomass burning brown carbon in the atmosphere.
Marta Via, Gang Chen, Francesco Canonaco, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Benjamin Chazeau, Hasna Chebaicheb, Jianhui Jiang, Hannes Keernik, Chunshui Lin, Nicolas Marchand, Cristina Marin, Colin O'Dowd, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Jean-Eudes Petit, Michael Pikridas, Véronique Riffault, Jean Sciare, Jay G. Slowik, Leïla Simon, Jeni Vasilescu, Yunjiang Zhang, Olivier Favez, André S. H. Prévôt, Andrés Alastuey, and María Cruz Minguillón
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5479–5495, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5479-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5479-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the differences resulting from two techniques (rolling and seasonal) of the positive matrix factorisation model that can be run for organic aerosol source apportionment. The current state of the art suggests that the rolling technique is more accurate, but no proof of its effectiveness has been provided yet. This paper tackles this issue in the context of a synthetic dataset and a multi-site real-world comparison.
Junteng Wu, Nicolas Brun, Juan Miguel González-Sánchez, Badr R'Mili, Brice Temime Roussel, Sylvain Ravier, Jean-Louis Clément, and Anne Monod
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3859–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work quantified and tentatively identified the organic impurities on ammonium sulfate aerosols generated in the laboratory. They are likely low volatile and high mass molecules containing oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur. Our results show that these organic impurities likely originate from the commercial AS crystals. It is recommended to use AS seeds with caution, especially when small particles are used, in terms of AS purity and water purity when aqueous solutions are used for atomization.
Boris Vansevenant, Cédric Louis, Corinne Ferronato, Ludovic Fine, Patrick Tassel, Pascal Perret, Evangelia Kostenidou, Brice Temime-Roussel, Barbara D'Anna, Karine Sartelet, Véronique Cerezo, and Yao Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7627–7655, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new method was developed to correct wall losses of particles on Teflon walls using a new environmental chamber. It was applied to experiments with six diesel vehicles (Euro 3 to 6), tested on a chassis dynamometer. Emissions of particles and precursors were obtained under urban and motorway conditions. The chamber experiments help understand the role of physical processes in diesel particle evolutions in the dark. These results can be applied to situations such as tunnels or winter rush hours.
Jinghui Lian, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Thomas Lauvaux, Bo Zheng, Michel Ramonet, Irène Xueref-Remy, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10707–10726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Currently there is growing interest in monitoring city-scale CO2 emissions based on atmospheric CO2 measurements, atmospheric transport modeling, and inversion technique. We analyze the various sources of uncertainty that impact the atmospheric CO2 modeling and that may compromise the potential of this method for the monitoring of CO2 emission over Paris. Results suggest selection criteria for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the inversion system that aims at retrieving city emissions.
Eve-Agnès Fiorentino, Henri Wortham, and Karine Sartelet
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2747–2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2747-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2747-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is strongly influenced by reactivity with surfaces, which is called heterogeneous reactivity. To date, this reactivity is barely integrated into numerical models due to the strong uncertainties it is subjected to. In this work, an open-source IAQ model, called the H2I model, is developed to consider both gas-phase and heterogeneous reactivity and simulate indoor concentrations of inorganic compounds.
Benjamin Chazeau, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Barbara D'Anna, Henri Wortham, and Nicolas Marchand
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7293–7319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The temporal trends in the chemical composition and particle number of the submicron aerosols in a Mediterranean city, Marseille, are investigated over 14 months. Fifteen days were found to exceed the WHO PM2.5 daily limit (25 µg m−3) only during the cold period, with two distinct origins: local pollution events with an increased fraction of the carbonaceous fraction due to domestic wood burning and long-range pollution events with a high level of oxygenated organic aerosol and ammonium nitrate.
Cited articles
Aakko-Saksa, P. T., Lehtoranta, K., Kuittinen, N., Järvinen, A., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johnson, K., Jung, H., Ntziachristos, L., Gagné, S., Takahashi, C., Karjalainen, P., Rönkkö, T., and Timonen, H.: Reduction in greenhouse gas and other emissions from ship engines: Current trends and future options, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 94, 101055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101055, 2023. a, b
Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R. M., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6633–6653, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009, 2009. a, b
Air PACA: Impact des émissions du transport maritime sur la qualité de l'air, Tech. rep., Air PACA, https://www.observatoire-portuaire.fr/telechargement/2017-etude-bibliographique-air-et-activites-maritimes-et-portuaires-Echelle-mondiale-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf (last access: 22 February 2026), 2017. a
Alföldy, B., Lööv, J. B., Lagler, F., Mellqvist, J., Berg, N., Beecken, J., Weststrate, H., Duyzer, J., Bencs, L., Horemans, B., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J.-P., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Csordás, A. P., Van Grieken, R., Borowiak, A., and Hjorth, J.: Measurements of air pollution emission factors for marine transportation in SECA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1777–1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1777-2013, 2013. a
Allouche, J., Cremoni, M., Brglez, V., Graça, D., Benzaken, S., Zorzi, K., Fernandez, C., Esnault, V., Levraut, M., Oppo, S., Jacquinot, M., Armengaud, A., Pradier, C., Bailly, L., and Seitz-Polski, B.: Air pollution exposure induces a decrease in type II interferon response: A paired cohort study, eBioMedicine, 85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104291, 2022. a
Anders, L., Schade, J., Rosewig, E. I., Kröger-Badge, T., Irsig, R., Jeong, S., Bendl, J., Saraji-Bozorgzad, M. R., Huang, J.-H., Zhang, F.-Y., Wang, C. C., Adam, T., Sklorz, M., Etzien, U., Buchholz, B., Czech, H., Streibel, T., Passig, J., and Zimmermann, R.: Detection of ship emissions from distillate fuel operation via single-particle profiling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 3, 1134–1144, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00056G, 2023. a, b
Anders, L., Schade, J., Rosewig, E. I., Schmidt, M., Irsig, R., Jeong, S., Käfer, U., Gröger, T., Bendl, J., Saraji-Bozorgzad, M. R., Adam, T., Etzien, U., Czech, H., Buchholz, B., Streibel, T., Passig, J., and Zimmermann, R.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as fuel-dependent markers in ship engine emissions using single-particle mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 4, 708–717, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EA00035H, 2024. a, b
Anderson, M., Salo, K., Åsa M. Hallquist, and Fridell, E.: Characterization of particles from a marine engine operating at low loads, Atmospheric Environment, 101, 65–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.009, 2015. a
AtmoSud: Cigale by AtmoSud: geolocalized air-climate-energy inventory, https://cigale.atmosud.org (last access: September 2024), 2024. a
Ausmeel, S., Eriksson, A., Ahlberg, E., and Kristensson, A.: Methods for identifying aged ship plumes and estimating contribution to aerosol exposure downwind of shipping lanes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4479–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4479-2019, 2019. a
Bagoulla, C. and Guillotreau, P.: Maritime transport in the French economy and its impact on air pollution: An input-output analysis, Marine Policy, 116, 103818, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103818, 2020. a
Bahreini, R., Ervens, B., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jimenez, J. L., Brock, C. A., Neuman, J. A., Ryerson, T. B., Stark, H., Atlas, E., Brioude, J., Fried, A., Holloway, J. S., Peischl, J., Richter, D., Walega, J., Weibring, P., Wollny, A. G., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Organic aerosol formation in urban and industrial plumes near Houston and Dallas, Texas, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011493, 2009. a
Bai, C., Li, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, Z., and Wu, P.: Gaseous Emissions from a Seagoing Ship under Different Operating Conditions in the Coastal Region of China, Atmosphere, 11, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030305, 2020. a
Betha, R., Russell, L., Sanchez, K., Liu, J., Price, D., Lamjiri, M., Chen, C.-L., Kuang, X., Da Rocha, G., Paulson, S., Miller, J., and Cocker, D.: Lower NOx but Higher Particle and Black Carbon Emissions from Renewable Diesel compared to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel in At-Sea Operations of a Research Vessel, Aerosol Science and Technology, 51, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1238034, 2016. a, b, c, d, e
Bougiatioti, A., Stavroulas, I., Kostenidou, E., Zarmpas, P., Theodosi, C., Kouvarakis, G., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Nenes, A., Pandis, S. N., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Processing of biomass-burning aerosol in the eastern Mediterranean during summertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4793–4807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4793-2014, 2014. a, b
Bove, M., Brotto, P., Calzolai, G., Cassola, F., Cavalli, F., Fermo, P., Hjorth, J., Massabò, D., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Schembari, C., and Prati, P.: PM10 source apportionment applying PMF and chemical tracer analysis to ship-borne measurements in the Western Mediterranean, Atmospheric Environment, 125, 140–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.009, 2016. a
Bozzetti, C., El Haddad, I., Salameh, D., Daellenbach, K. R., Fermo, P., Gonzalez, R., Minguillón, M. C., Iinuma, Y., Poulain, L., Elser, M., Müller, E., Slowik, J. G., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Baltensperger, U., Marchand, N., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Organic aerosol source apportionment by offline-AMS over a full year in Marseille, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8247–8268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8247-2017, 2017. a, b
Brinkman, G., Vance, G., Hannigan, M. P., and Milford, J. B.: Use of Synthetic Data to Evaluate Positive Matrix Factorization as a Source Apportionment Tool for PM2.5 Exposure Data, Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 1892–1901, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051712y, 2006. a
Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: Examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Science of The Total Environment, 518–519, 626–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022, 2015. a
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L. and Ayala, A.: Air Pollution, Ultrafine Particles, and Your Brain: Are Combustion Nanoparticle Emissions and Engineered Nanoparticles Causing Preventable Fatal Neurodegenerative Diseases and Common Neuropsychiatric Outcomes?, Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 6847–6856, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04706, 2022. a
Canagaratna, M., Jayne, J., Jimenez, J., Allan, J., Alfarra, M., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., DeCarlo, P., Kolb, C., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient erosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26, 185–222, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20115, 2007. a, b
Canonaco, F., Crippa, M., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3649–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3649-2013, 2013. a, b
Canonaco, F., Tobler, A., Chen, G., Sosedova, Y., Slowik, J. G., Bozzetti, C., Daellenbach, K. R., El Haddad, I., Crippa, M., Huang, R.-J., Furger, M., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: A new method for long-term source apportionment with time-dependent factor profiles and uncertainty assessment using SoFi Pro: application to 1 year of organic aerosol data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 923–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-923-2021, 2021. a, b
Cash, J. M., Langford, B., Di Marco, C., Mullinger, N. J., Allan, J., Reyes-Villegas, E., Joshi, R., Heal, M. R., Acton, W. J. F., Hewitt, C. N., Misztal, P. K., Drysdale, W., Mandal, T. K., Shivani, Gadi, R., Gurjar, B. R., and Nemitz, E.: Seasonal analysis of submicron aerosol in Old Delhi using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: chemical characterisation, source apportionment and new marker identification, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10133–10158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10133-2021, 2021. a
Celik, S., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., Brooks, J., Darbyshire, E., Coe, H., Paris, J.-D., Eger, P. G., Schuladen, J., Tadic, I., Friedrich, N., Dienhart, D., Hottmann, B., Fischer, H., Crowley, J. N., Harder, H., and Borrmann, S.: Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: in situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4713–4734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4713-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
Chazeau, B., El Haddad, I., Canonaco, F., Temime-Roussel, B., D'Anna, B., Gille, G., Mesbah, B., Prévôt, A. S., Wortham, H., and Marchand, N.: Organic aerosol source apportionment by using rolling positive matrix factorization: Application to a Mediterranean coastal city, Atmospheric Environment: X, 14, 100176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100176, 2022. a, b, c
Chen, G., Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., Daellenbach, K. R., Tobler, A., Petit, J.-E., Favez, O., Stavroulas, I., Mihalopoulos, N., Gerasopoulos, E., El Haddad, I., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Real-Time Source Apportionment of Organic Aerosols in Three European Cities, Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 15290–15297, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02509, 2022. a
Chen, H., Kwong, J. C., Copes, R., Tu, K., Villeneuve, P. J., van Donkelaar, A., Hystad, P., Martin, R. V., Murray, B. J., Jessiman, B., Wilton, A. S., Kopp, A., and Burnett, R. T.: Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study, The Lancet, 389, 718–726, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6, 2017. a
Cooper, D.: Exhaust emissions from ships at berth, Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3817–3830, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00446-1, 2003. a
Crippa, M., El Haddad, I., Slowik, J. G., DeCarlo, P. F., Mohr, C., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Marchand, N., Sciare, J., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Identification of marine and continental aerosol sources in Paris using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118, 1950–1963, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50151, 2013. a, b, c
Dall'Osto, M., Paglione, M., Decesari, S., Facchini, M., O'Dowd, C., Plass-Duellmer, C., and Harrison, R.: On the Origin of AMS “Cooking Organic Aerosol” at a Rural Site, Environmental Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02922, 2015. a
DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Analytical Chemistry, 78, 8281–8289, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac061249n, 2006. a, b
de Souza, C. V. and Corrêa, S. M.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel emission, diesel fuel and lubricant oil, Fuel, 185, 925–931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.054, 2016. a
Diesch, J.-M., Drewnick, F., Klimach, T., and Borrmann, S.: Investigation of gaseous and particulate emissions from various marine vessel types measured on the banks of the Elbe in Northern Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3603–3618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3603-2013, 2013. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Docherty, K. S., Aiken, A. C., Huffman, J. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D. R., Snyder, D. C., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Grover, B. D., Eatough, D. J., Williams, B. J., Goldstein, A. H., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: The 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols at Riverside (SOAR-1): instrumental intercomparisons and fine particle composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12387–12420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12387-2011, 2011. a, b
Drosatou, A. D., Skyllakou, K., Theodoritsi, G. N., and Pandis, S. N.: Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol: insights from a chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 973–986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-973-2019, 2019. a
Ducruet, C., Polo Martin, B., Sene, M. A., Lo Prete, M., Sun, L., Itoh, H., and Pigné, Y.: Ports and their influence on local air pollution and public health: A global analysis, Science of The Total Environment, 915, 170099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170099, 2024. a
Dzepina, K., Arey, J., Marr, L. C., Worsnop, D. R., Salcedo, D., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Detection of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City using an aerosol mass spectrometer, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 263, 152–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2007.01.010, 2007. a
EEA: Towards clean and smart mobility – transport and environment in Europe, Tech. rep., European Environment Agency, https://doi.org/10.2800/090074, 2016. a
EEA: Aviation and shipping – impacts on Europe's environment, TERM 2017: Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism (TERM) report, Tech. Rep. 22/2017, European Environment Agency, https://doi.org/10.2800/4907, 2018. a
Efron, B.: Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife, The Annals of Statistics, 7, 1–26, 1979. a
Eger, P., Mathes, T., Zavarsky, A., and Duester, L.: Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NOx and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8769–8788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8769-2023, 2023. a
Elser, M., Bozzetti, C., El-Haddad, I., Maasikmets, M., Teinemaa, E., Richter, R., Wolf, R., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Urban increments of gaseous and aerosol pollutants and their sources using mobile aerosol mass spectrometry measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7117–7134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7117-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e
European Environment Agency (EEA): The impact of international shipping on European air quality and climate forcing, EEA Technical Report No. 4/2013, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2800/75763, 2013a. a
European Environment Agency (EEA): Environmental pressures from European consumption and production – A study in integrated environmental and economic analysis, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2800/70634, 2013b. a
Eurostat: International trade in goods by mode of transport, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php? (last access: 11 June 2024), 2023. a
Eyring, V., Isaksen, I. S., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. J., Corbett, J. J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R. G., Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., and Stevenson, D. S.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping, Atmospheric Environment, 44, 4735–4771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059, 2010. a, b
Fischer, D., Vith, W., and Unger, J. L.: Assessing particulate emissions of novel synthetic fuels and fossil fuels under different operating conditions of a marine engine and the impact of a closed-loop scrubber, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12, 1144, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071144, 2024. a
Fossum, K. N., Lin, C., O'Sullivan, N., Lei, L., Hellebust, S., Ceburnis, D., Afzal, A., Tremper, A., Green, D., Jain, S., Byčenkienė, S., O'Dowd, C., Wenger, J., and Ovadnevaite, J.: Two distinct ship emission profiles for organic-sulfate source apportionment of PM in sulfur emission control areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10815–10831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, 2024. a, b, c
Frenklach, M.: Reaction mechanism of soot formation in flames, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 2028–2037, https://doi.org/10.1039/B110045A, 2002. a
Garcia-Marlès, M., Lara, R., Reche, C., Pérez, N., Tobías, A., Savadkoohi, M., Beddows, D., Salma, I., Vörösmarty, M., Weidinger, T., Hueglin, C., Mihalopoulos, N., Grivas, G., Kalkavouras, P., Ondráček, J., Zíková, N., Niemi, J. V., Manninen, H. E., Green, D. C., Tremper, A. H., Norman, M., Vratolis, S., Eleftheriadis, K., Gómez-Moreno, F. J., Alonso-Blanco, E., Wiedensohler, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Bastian, S., Hoffmann, B., Altug, H., Petit, J.-E., Favez, O., Dos Santos, S. M., Putaud, J.-P., Dinoi, A., Contini, D., Timonen, H., Lampilahti, J., Petäjä, T., Pandolfi, M., Hopke, P. K., Harrison, R. M., Alastuey, A., and Querol, X.: Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe, Environment International, 185, 108510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108510, 2024. a
Goodings, J., Bohme, D., and Ng, C.-W.: Detailed ion chemistry in methane-oxygen flames. I. Positive ions, Combustion and Flame, 36, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(79)90044-0, 1979. a
Grande, G., Ljungman, P. L. S., Eneroth, K., Bellander, T., and Rizzuto, D.: Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution With the Risk of Dementia, JAMA Neurology, 77, 801–809, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4914, 2020. a
Grigoriadis, A., Mamarikas, S., Ioannidis, I., Majamäki, E., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Ntziachristos, L.: Development of exhaust emission factors for vessels: A review and meta-analysis of available data, Atmospheric Environment: X, 12, 100142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100142, 2021. a
Grigoriadis, A., Kousias, N., Raptopoulos-Chatzistefanou, A., Salberg, H., Moldanová, J., Hermansson, A.-L., Cha, Y., Kontses, A., Toumasatos, Z., Mamarikas, S., and Ntziachristos, L.: Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from a Large Two-Stroke Slow-Speed Marine Engine Equipped with Open-Loop Scrubber under Real Sailing Conditions, Atmosphere, 15, 845, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070845, 2024. a
Gunti, Q., Chazeau, B., Temime-Roussel, B., Xueref-Remy, I., Armengaud, A., Wortham, H., and D'Anna, B.: Data for Emission factors and OA source apportionment for deconvoluating shipping sources in the coastal city of Toulon, France, Harvard Dataverse, V1 [data set], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/S9KF6K, 2025. a
Hayes, P. L., Ortega, A. M., Cubison, M. J., Froyd, K. D., Zhao, Y., Cliff, S. S., Hu, W. W., Toohey, D. W., Flynn, J. H., Lefer, B. L., Grossberg, N., Alvarez, S., Rappenglück, B., Taylor, J. W., Allan, J. D., Holloway, J. S., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., de Gouw, J. A., Massoli, P., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Weber, R. J., Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Isaacman, G., Worton, D. R., Kreisberg, N. M., Goldstein, A. H., Thalman, R., Waxman, E. M., Volkamer, R., Lin, Y. H., Surratt, J. D., Kleindienst, T. E., Offenberg, J. H., Dusanter, S., Griffith, S., Stevens, P. S., Brioude, J., Angevine, W. M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Organic aerosol composition and sources in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118, 9233–9257, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50530, 2013. a, b, c
Heikkilä, M., Luoma, K., Mäkelä, T., and Grönholm, T.: The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8927–8941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, 2024. a, b
Herring, C. L., Faiola, C. L., Massoli, P., Sueper, D., Erickson, M. H., McDonald, J. D., Yost, C. D. S. M. G., Jobson, B. T., and VanReken, T. M.: New Methodology for Quantifying Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Aerosol Science and Technology, 49, 1131–1148, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1101050, 2015. a, b
Hu, W., Hu, M., Hu, W., Jimenez, J. L., Yuan, B., Chen, W., Wang, M., Wu, Y., Chen, C., Wang, Z., Peng, J., Zeng, L., and Shao, M.: Chemical composition, sources, and aging process of submicron aerosols in Beijing: Contrast between summer and winter, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121, 1955–1977, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024020, 2016. a, b
Hu, W., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Nault, B. A., Park, T., Lee, T., Croteau, P., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of the new capture vaporizer for aerosol mass spectrometers: Characterization of organic aerosol mass spectra, Aerosol Science and Technology, 52, 725–739, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1454584, 2018. a
Hu, W. W., Hu, M., Yuan, B., Jimenez, J. L., Tang, Q., Peng, J. F., Hu, W., Shao, M., Wang, M., Zeng, L. M., Wu, Y. S., Gong, Z. H., Huang, X. F., and He, L. Y.: Insights on organic aerosol aging and the influence of coal combustion at a regional receptor site of central eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10095–10112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10095-2013, 2013. a
Huang, C., Hu, Q., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Jing, S., Wang, H., Zhou, M., Zhu, S., Ma, Y., Lou, S., Li, L., Tao, S., Li, Y., and Lou, D.: Emission factors of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated under real-world conditions, Environmental Pollution, 242, 667–674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036, 2018. a
International Maritime Organization: Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx (last access: May 2025), 2020. a
International Maritime Organization: Clause-by-Clause Analysis of MARPOL Annex VI, https://www.imo.org, (last access: May 2025), 2021. a
Jaikumar, R., Shiva Nagendra, S., and Sivanandan, R.: Modeling of real time exhaust emissions of passenger cars under heterogeneous traffic conditions, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 8, 80–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.07.011, 2017. a
Jeon, S., Walker, M. J., Sueper, D. T., Day, D. A., Handschy, A. V., Jimenez, J. L., and Williams, B. J.: A searchable database and mass spectral comparison tool for the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 6075–6095, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6075-2023, 2023. a
Ježek, I., Drinovec, L., Ferrero, L., Carriero, M., and Močnik, G.: Determination of car on-road black carbon and particle number emission factors and comparison between mobile and stationary measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-43-2015, 2015. a
Jung, C.-R., Lin, Y.-T., and Hwang, B.-F.: Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Newly Diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 44, 573–584, https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-140855, 2015. a
Kamal, R. S., Badr, E. E., Mishrif, M. R., and AbdEl-Sattar, N. E.: Oleic acid-based compounds as lube oil additives for engine oil, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 32, 33–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2023.01.002, 2023. a
Karjalainen, P., Teinilä, K., Kuittinen, N., Aakko-Saksa, P., Bloss, M., Vesala, H., Pettinen, R., Saarikoski, S., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Timonen, H.: Real-world particle emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a diesel oxidation catalyst and scrubber equipped ship operating with two fuels in a SECA area, Environmental Pollution, 292, 118278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118278, 2022. a
Kiihamäki, S.-P., Korhonen, M., Kukkonen, J., Shiue, I., and Jaakkola, J. J.: Effects of ambient air pollution from shipping on mortality: A systematic review, Science of The Total Environment, 945, 173714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173714, 2024. a
Kostenidou, E., Lee, B.-H., Engelhart, G. J., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Mass Spectra Deconvolution of Low, Medium, and High Volatility Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol, Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 4884–4889, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803676g, 2009. a, b
Kostenidou, E., Martinez-Valiente, A., R'Mili, B., Marques, B., Temime-Roussel, B., Durand, A., André, M., Liu, Y., Louis, C., Vansevenant, B., Ferry, D., Laffon, C., Parent, P., and D'Anna, B.: Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition, and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light-duty vehicles during transient cycles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4779–4796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4779-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Kuittinen, N., Jalkanen, J.-P., Alanen, J., Ntziachristos, L., Hannuniemi, H., Johansson, L., Karjalainen, P., Saukko, E., Isotalo, M., Aakko-Saksa, P., Lehtoranta, K., Keskinen, J., Simonen, P., Saarikoski, S., Asmi, E., Laurila, T., Hillamo, R., Mylläri, F., Lihavainen, H., Timonen, H., and Rönkkö, T.: Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation, Environmental Science & Technology, 55, 129–138, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03627, 2021. a
Kuittinen, N., Timonen, H., Karjalainen, P., Murtonen, T., Vesala, H., Bloss, M., Honkanen, M., Lehtoranta, K., Aakko-Saksa, P., and Rönkkö, T.: In-depth characterization of exhaust particles performed on-board a modern cruise ship applying a scrubber, Science of The Total Environment, 946, 174052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174052, 2024. a, b, c
Laasma, A., Otsason, R., Tapaninen, U., and Hilmola, O.-P.: Evaluation of Alternative Fuels for Coastal Ferries, Sustainability, 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416841, 2022. a
Lack, D. A., Corbett, J. J., Onasch, T., Lerner, B., Massoli, P., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D., Sierau, B., Herndon, S., Allan, J., Baynard, T., Lovejoy, E., Ravishankara, A. R., and Williams, E.: Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011300, 2009. a
Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Szidat, S., Wehrli, M. N., Wacker, L., Weimer, S., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Source Attribution of Submicron Organic Aerosols during Wintertime Inversions by Advanced Factor Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectra, Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 214–220, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0707207, 2008. a
Le Berre, L., Temime-Roussel, B., Lanzafame, G. M., D'Anna, B., Marchand, N., Sauvage, S., Dufresne, M., Tinel, L., Leonardis, T., Ferreira de Brito, J., Armengaud, A., Gille, G., Lanzi, L., Bourjot, R., and Wortham, H.: Measurement report: In-depth characterization of ship emissions during operations in a Mediterranean port, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6575–6605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6575-2025, 2025. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
Liu, P., Deng, R., Smith, K., Williams, L., Jayne, J., Canagaratna, M., Moore, K., Onasch, T., Worsnop, D., and Deshler, T.: Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 721–733, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701422278, 2007. a
Lou, H., Hao, Y., Zhang, W., Su, P., Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Feng, D., and Li, Y.: Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 84, 197–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.029, 2019. a
Marimuthu, A. N., Sundelin, D., Thorwirth, S., Redlich, B., Geppert, W. D., and Brünken, S.: Laboratory gas-phase vibrational spectra of [C3H3]+ isomers and isotopologues by IRPD spectroscopy, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 374, 111377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jms.2020.111377, 2020. a
Marques, B., Kostenidou, E., Valiente, A. M., Vansevenant, B., Sarica, T., Fine, L., Temime-Roussel, B., Tassel, P., Perret, P., Liu, Y., Sartelet, K., Ferronato, C., and D'Anna, B.: Detailed speciation of non-methane volatile organic compounds in exhaust emissions from diesel and gasoline Euro 5 vehicles using online and offline measurements, Toxics, 10, 184, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040184, 2022. a
Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., and Onasch, T. B.: Collection Efficiencies in an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer as a Function of Particle Phase for Laboratory Generated Aerosols, Aerosol Science and Technology, 42, 884–898, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802356797, 2008. a
McLafferty, F. W. and Tureček, F.: Interpretation of mass spectra, 4th edn., University Science Books, Mill Valley (Calif.), ISBN 0935702253, 1993. a
Merico, E., Gambaro, A., Argiriou, A., Alebic-Juretic, A., Barbaro, E., Cesari, D., Chasapidis, L., Dimopoulos, S., Dinoi, A., Donateo, A., Giannaros, C., Gregoris, E., Karagiannidis, A., Konstandopoulos, A., Ivošević, T., Liora, N., Melas, D., Mifka, B., Orlić, I., Poupkou, A., Sarovic, K., Tsakis, A., Giua, R., Pastore, T., Nocioni, A., and Contini, D.: Atmospheric impact of ship traffic in four Adriatic-Ionian port-cities: Comparison and harmonization of different approaches, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.11.016, 2017. a
Middlebrook, A. M., Roya Bahreini, J. L. J., and Canagaratna, M. R.: Evaluation of Composition-Dependent Collection Efficiencies for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer using Field Data, Aerosol Science and Technology, 46, 258–271, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.620041, 2012. a
Minguillón, M. C., Arhami, M., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal and spatial variations of sources of fine and quasi-ultrafine particulate matter in neighborhoods near the Los Angeles–Long Beach harbor, Atmospheric Environment, 42, 7317–7328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.036, 2008. a
Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Slowik, J. G., Richter, R., Reche, C., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Seco, R., Peñuelas, J., Jiménez, J. L., Crippa, M., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Identification and quantification of organic aerosol from cooking and other sources in Barcelona using aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1649–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1649-2012, 2012. a, b, c
Moldanová, J.: Measurement Campaign for Characterising and Monitoring of Emissions from Vessel with Alternative Fuels and NOx Emission Control, in preparation, 2026. a
Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Winnes, H., Holmin-Fridell, S., Boman, J., Jedynska, A., Tishkova, V., Demirdjian, B., Joulie, S., Bladt, H., Ivleva, N. P., and Niessner, R.: Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control Areas, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3577–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, 2013. a
Mueller, N., Westerby, M., and Nieuwenhuijsen, M.: Health impact assessments of shipping and port-sourced air pollution on a global scale: A scoping literature review, Environmental Research, 216, 114460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114460, 2023. a, b
Muñoz, M., Haag, R., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Mohn, J., Comte, P., Czerwinski, J., and Heeb, N. V.: Co-formation and co-release of genotoxic PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and soot nanoparticles from gasoline direct injection vehicles, Atmospheric Environment, 178, 242–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.050, 2018. a, b
Mwase, N. S., Ekström, A., Jonson, J. E., Svensson, E., Jalkanen, J.-P., Wichmann, J., Molnár, P., and Stockfelt, L.: Health impact of air pollution from shipping in the Baltic Sea: effects of different spatial resolutions in Sweden, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 7963, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217963, 2020. a
Napolitano, P., Liotta, L. F., Guido, C., Tornatore, C., Pantaleo, G., La Parola, V., and Beatrice, C.: Insights of Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for Nitrogen Oxides Control in Marine Engine Applications, Catalysts, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101191, 2022. a
Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625–4641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010. a, b
Nursanto, F. R., Meinen, R., Holzinger, R., Krol, M. C., Liu, X., Dusek, U., Henzing, B., and Fry, J. L.: What chemical species are responsible for new particle formation and growth in the Netherlands? A hybrid positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using aerosol composition (ACSM) and size (SMPS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10015–10034, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10015-2023, 2023. a
Paatero, P.: The Multilinear Engine – A Table-Driven, Least Squares Program for Solving Multilinear Problems, Including the n-Way Parallel Factor Analysis Model, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 8, 854–888, https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.1999.10474853, 1999. a
Paatero, P. and Hopke, P. K.: Discarding or downweighting high-noise variables in factor analytic models, Analytica Chimica Acta, 490, 277–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01643-4, 2003. a
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994. a
Pandolfi, M., Gonzalez-Castanedo, Y., Alastuey, A., de la Rosa, J. D., Mantilla, E., de la Campa, A. S., Querol, X., Pey, J., Amato, F., and Moreno, T.: Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Strait of Gibraltar by PMF: Impact of shipping emissions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 18, 260–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0373-4, 2011. a
Peng, W., Yang, J., Corbin, J., Trivanovic, U., Lobo, P., Kirchen, P., Rogak, S., Gagné, S., Miller, J. W., and Cocker, D.: Comprehensive analysis of the air quality impacts of switching a marine vessel from diesel fuel to natural gas, Environmental Pollution, 266, 115404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115404, 2020. a
Penman, J., D, K., Galbally, I., Hiraishi, T., Nyenzy, B., Emmanul, S., Buendia, L., Hoppaus, R., Martinsen, T., Meijer, J., Miwa, K., and Tanabe, K.: IPCC Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter 5 (Waste), Good practice guidance and uncertainty management in national greenhouse gas inventories, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ISBN 4-88788-000-6, 2001. a
Petit, J. E., Favez, O., Albinet, A., and Canonaco, F.: A user-friendly tool for comprehensive evaluation of the geographical origins of atmospheric pollution: Wind and trajectory analyses, Environmental Modelling & Software, 88, 183–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.11.022, 2017. a
Pikmann, J., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., and Borrmann, S.: Particulate emissions from cooking: emission factors, emission dynamics, and mass spectrometric analysis for different cooking methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12295–12321, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12295-2024, 2024. a, b
Pirjola, L., Pajunoja, A., Walden, J., Jalkanen, J.-P., Rönkkö, T., Kousa, A., and Koskentalo, T.: Mobile measurements of ship emissions in two harbour areas in Finland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 149–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-149-2014, 2014. a, b
Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D., Baynard, T., de Gouw, J. A., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Williams, E., Roberts, J. M., Lerner, B., Stohl, A., Pettersson, A., and Lovejoy, E. R.: Impacts of sources and aging on submicrometer aerosol properties in the marine boundary layer across the Gulf of Maine, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007582, 2006. a
Saarikoski, S., Carbone, S., Decesari, S., Giulianelli, L., Angelini, F., Canagaratna, M., Ng, N. L., Trimborn, A., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Hillamo, R., and Worsnop, D.: Chemical characterization of springtime submicrometer aerosol in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8401–8421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8401-2012, 2012. a, b
Schraufnagel, D. E.: The health effects of ultrafine particles, Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 52, 311–317, https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0403-3, 2020. a
Setyan, A., Zhang, Q., Merkel, M., Knighton, W. B., Sun, Y., Song, C., Shilling, J. E., Onasch, T. B., Herndon, S. C., Worsnop, D. R., Fast, J. D., Zaveri, R. A., Berg, L. K., Wiedensohler, A., Flowers, B. A., Dubey, M. K., and Subramanian, R.: Characterization of submicron particles influenced by mixed biogenic and anthropogenic emissions using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: results from CARES, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8131–8156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8131-2012, 2012. a
Shah, R. U., Robinson, E. S., Gu, P., Robinson, A. L., Apte, J. S., and Presto, A. A.: High-spatial-resolution mapping and source apportionment of aerosol composition in Oakland, California, using mobile aerosol mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16325–16344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16325-2018, 2018. a, b
Singh, A., Kamal, R., Mudiam, M. K. R., Gupta, M. K., Satyanarayana, G. N. V., Bihari, V., Shukla, N., Khan, A. H., and Kesavachandran, C. N.: Heat and PAHs Emissions in Indoor Kitchen Air and Its Impact on Kidney Dysfunctions among Kitchen Workers in Lucknow, North India, PLOS ONE, 11, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148641, 2016. a
Sinha, P., Hobbs, P. V., Yokelson, R. J., Christian, T. J., Kirchstetter, T. W., and Bruintjes, R.: Emissions of trace gases and particles from two ships in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2139–2148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00080-3, 2003. a
Sippula, O., Stengel, B., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., Rabe, R., Orasche, J., Lintelmann, J., Michalke, B., Abbaszade, G., Radischat, C., Gröger, T., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Harndorf, H., and Zimmermann, R.: Particle Emissions from a Marine Engine: Chemical Composition and Aromatic Emission Profiles under Various Operating Conditions, Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 11721–11729, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502484z, 2014. a, b
Sofiev, M., Winebrake, J. J., Johansson, L., Carr, E. W., Prank, M., Soares, J., Vira, J., Kouznetsov, R., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Corbett, J. J.: Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs, Nature Communications, 9, 406, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9, 2018. a, b
Sowlat, M. H., Hasheminassab, S., and Sioutas, C.: Source apportionment of ambient particle number concentrations in central Los Angeles using positive matrix factorization (PMF), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4849–4866, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4849-2016, 2016. a
Struckmeier, C., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., Gobbi, G. P., and Borrmann, S.: Atmospheric aerosols in Rome, Italy: sources, dynamics and spatial variations during two seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15277–15299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15277-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d
Sugrue, R. A., Preble, C. V., Tarplin, A. G., and Kirchstetter, T. W.: In-Use Passenger Vessel Emission Rates of Black Carbon and Nitrogen Oxides, Environmental Science & Technology, 56, 7679–7686, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00435, 2022. a
Sun, Q., Liang, B., Cai, M., Zhang, Y., Ou, H., Ni, X., Sun, X., Han, B., Deng, X., Zhou, S., and Zhao, J.: Cruise observation of the marine atmosphere and ship emissions in South China Sea: Aerosol composition, sources, and the aging process, Environmental Pollution, 316, 120539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120539, 2023. a
Tang, L., Ramacher, M. O. P., Moldanová, J., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., Yaramenka, K., Aulinger, A., and Gustafsson, M.: The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7509–7530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020, 2020. a
Timonen, H., Teinilä, K., Barreira, L., Simonen, P., Dal Maso, M., Keskinen, J., Kalliokoski, J., Moldonova, J., Salberg, H., Merelli, L., D'Anna, B., Temime-Roussel, B., Lanzafame, G. M., and Mellqvist, J.: Ship on-board emissions characterisation, Technical report, The SCIPPER Project, https://www.scipper-project.eu/library/ (last access: 22 February 2026), 2022. a, b
Tobler, A. K., Skiba, A., Canonaco, F., Močnik, G., Rai, P., Chen, G., Bartyzel, J., Zimnoch, M., Styszko, K., Nęcki, J., Furger, M., Różański, K., Baltensperger, U., Slowik, J. G., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Characterization of non-refractory (NR) PM1 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Kraków, Poland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14893–14906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14893-2021, 2021. a
Toscano, D.: The Impact of Shipping on Air Quality in the Port Cities of the Mediterranean Area: A Review, Atmosphere, 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071180, 2023. a
Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009. a
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Review of Maritime Transport 2023: Towards a green and just transition, United Nations, Geneva, ISBN 978-92-1-002886-8, 2023. a
Van Roy, W., Schallier, R., Van Roozendael, B., Scheldeman, K., Van Nieuwenhove, A., and Maes, F.: Airborne monitoring of compliance to sulfur emission regulations by ocean-going vessels in the Belgian North Sea area, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13, 101445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101445, 2022. a
Viana, M., Hammingh, P., Colette, A., Querol, X., Degraeuwe, B., de Vlieger, I., and van Aardenne, J.: Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe, Atmospheric Environment, 90, 96–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.046, 2014. a, b
Volent, E., Gunti, Q., D'Anna, B., Brito, J. F. D., Jamar, M., Temime-Roussel, B., Moldanova, J., Timonen, H., Hellen, H., Lanzafame, G., Maso, M. D., Rozé, S., Riffault, V., Tinel, L., and Sauvage, S.: Determining Volatile Organic Compounds and PM1 Emission Factors from land-based, high time-resolution observations in an Emission Control Area of northern France, in preparation, 2026. a, b, c
Voliotis, A., Wang, Y., Shao, Y., Du, M., Bannan, T. J., Percival, C. J., Pandis, S. N., Alfarra, M. R., and McFiggans, G.: Exploring the composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosols in mixed anthropogenic and biogenic precursor systems, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14251–14273, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14251-2021, 2021. a
Wang, L., Du, W., Shen, H., Chen, Y., Zhu, X., Yun, X., Shen, G., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Wang, X., and Tao, S.: Unexpected Methane Emissions From Old Small Fishing Vessels in China, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.907868, 2022. a
Wang, Q., Zhu, S., Wang, S., Huang, C., Duan, Y., and Yu, J. Z.: Short-term source apportionment of fine particulate matter with time-dependent profiles using SoFi Pro: exploring the reliability of rolling positive matrix factorization (PMF) applied to bihourly molecular and elemental tracer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 475–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-475-2024, 2024. a
Winnes, H., Moldanová, J., Anderson, M., and Fridell, E.: On-board measurements of particle emissions from marine engines using fuels with different sulphur content, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 230, 45–54, https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090214530877, 2016. a, b, c
Wu, S.-P., Xu, C., Dai, L.-H., Zhang, N., Wei, Y., Gao, Y., Yan, J.-P., and Schwab, J. J.: Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban and Suburban Sites in a Port City of Southeastern China, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19, 2017–2031, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.01.0007, 2019. a
Xu, W., Lambe, A., Silva, P., Hu, W., Onasch, T., Williams, L., Croteau, P., Zhang, X., Renbaum-Wolff, L., Fortner, E., Jimenez, J., Jayne, J., and Worsnop, D.: Laboratory evaluation of species-dependent relative ionization efficiencies in the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Aerosol Science and Technology, 52, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2018.1439570, 2018. a
Xu, W., He, Y., Qiu, Y., Chen, C., Xie, C., Lei, L., Li, Z., Sun, J., Li, J., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Mass spectral characterization of primary emissions and implications in source apportionment of organic aerosol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3205–3219, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3205-2020, 2020. a
Xueref-Remy, I., Milne, M., Zoghbi, N., Lelandais, L., Riandet, A., Armengaud, A., Gille, G., Lanzi, L., Oppo, S., Brégonzio-Rozier, L., Blanc, P.-E., Yohia, C., Piazzola, J., and Delmotte, M.: Analysis of atmospheric CO2 variability in the Marseille city area and the north-west Mediterranean basin at different time scales, Atmospheric Environment: X, 17, 100208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100208, 2023. a
Yu, H., Chen, H., Zheng, Z., Ba, Z., Qiao, D., Feng, D., Gong, Z., and Dong, G.: Transformation mechanism between the frictional interface under dioctyl sebacate lubrication, Tribology International, 155, 106745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106745, 2021. a
Yuan, B., Shao, M., de Gouw, J., Parrish, D. D., Lu, S., Wang, M., Zeng, L., Zhang, Q., Song, Y., Zhang, J., and Hu, M.: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air: How chemistry affects the interpretation of positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018236, 2012. a
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y, 2011. a
Zhang, Y., Heikkinen, L., Äijälä, M., Peräkylä, O., Graeffe, F., Mickwitz, V., Zhao, J., Daellenbach, K., Sueper, D., Worsnop, D., Riva, M., and Ehn, M.: Enhanced Aerosol Source Identification by Utilizing High Molecular Weight Signals in Aerosol Mass Spectra, ACS ES&T Air, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.3c00102, 2024. a
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., Peng, S., Hong, N., Hu, J., Wang, T., and Mao, H.: A comprehensive study of particulate and gaseous emissions characterization from an ocean-going cargo vessel under different operating conditions, Atmospheric Environment, 223, 117286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117286, 2020. a
Short summary
A measurement campaign in Toulon's port in 2021 showed a strong decrease in sulfur-related emissions after IMO2020, while black carbon, organics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remained at previous levels, as confirmed by their emission factors. Source analysis indicated that ships contributed notably to organic aerosol and alkylated PAHs, and dominated ultrafine particles. These results support continued monitoring as the Mediterranean becomes a sulfur emission control area in 2025.
A measurement campaign in Toulon's port in 2021 showed a strong decrease in sulfur-related...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint