Articles | Volume 25, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11829-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11829-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Oct 2025
Research article |
| 01 Oct 2025
| 01 Oct 2025
Retention during freezing of raindrops – Part 2: Investigation of ambient organics from Beijing urban aerosol samples
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Martanda Gautam
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Miklós Szakáll
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
Alexander Theis
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Thorsten Hoffmann
Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Jialiang Ma
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Lingli Zhou
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
Alexander L. Vogel
Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Related authors
Martanda Gautam, Alexander Theis, Jackson Seymore, Moritz Hey, Stephan Borrmann, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Miklós Szakáll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11813–11828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the retention of chemical species and their binary mixtures during freezing of raindrops via acoustic levitation. Our results reveal high retention, with nearly all substances being fully retained during freezing. This could be attributed to a faster freezing time compared to a slower mass expulsion time, along with ice shell formation during freezing. This result helps improve our understanding of the interaction between ice microphysical processes and chemistry in deep convective clouds.
Jackson Seymore, Miklós Szakáll, Alexander Theis, Subir K. Mitra, Christine Borchers, and Thorsten Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1425, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory studies examined carbonyl deposition into ice crystals using a flowtube setup. Ice crystals were grown under conditions that mimic cirrus clouds in the presence of carbonyl vapors. Ice and gas samples were collected and analyzed to calculate partitioning coefficients for 14 carbonyls at different temperatures. This revealed an inverse relationship between partitioning and temperature. Vapor pressure and molar mass were found to be the most significant factors in uptake.
Christine Borchers, Jackson Seymore, Martanda Gautam, Konstantin Dörholt, Yannik Müller, Andreas Arndt, Laura Gömmer, Florian Ungeheuer, Miklós Szakáll, Stephan Borrmann, Alexander Theis, Alexander L. Vogel, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13961–13974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Riming, a crucial process in cloud dynamics, influences the vertical distribution of compounds in the atmosphere. Experiments in Mainz's wind tunnel investigated retention coefficients of organic compounds under varying conditions. Findings suggest a correlation between the Henry's law constant and retention, applicable even to complex organic molecules.
Martanda Gautam, Alexander Theis, Jackson Seymore, Moritz Hey, Stephan Borrmann, Karoline Diehl, Subir K. Mitra, and Miklós Szakáll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11813–11828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the retention of chemical species and their binary mixtures during freezing of raindrops via acoustic levitation. Our results reveal high retention, with nearly all substances being fully retained during freezing. This could be attributed to a faster freezing time compared to a slower mass expulsion time, along with ice shell formation during freezing. This result helps improve our understanding of the interaction between ice microphysical processes and chemistry in deep convective clouds.
Tao Qiu, Yanting Qiu, Yongyi Yuan, Rui Su, Xiangxinyue Meng, Jialiang Ma, Xiaofan Wang, Yu Gu, Zhijun Wu, Yang Ning, Xiuyi Hua, Dapeng Liang, and Deming Dong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11505–11516, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research reveals that some species formed by biomass burning and coal combustion dominate the light absorption of organic aerosols during winter. Cold weather helps these species accumulate in aerosols by slowing their degradation and altering atmospheric chemical processes. This means colder regions might experience stronger and more persistent climate impacts. Our findings highlight the importance of local temperatures and pollution sources when tackling climate challenges.
Julia David, Luca D'Angelo, Mario Simon, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 4573–4591, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-4573-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We successfully deployed an online high-resolution Orbitrap MS (mass spectrometer) during field campaigns in urban and heavily polluted agricultural environments (Po Valley). The instrument provides high time and mass resolution, enabling the detection of short-term pollution events like biomass burning and diurnal patterns of CHO and CHON compounds. Laboratory experiments confirm its broad applicability to detect biogenic and anthropogenic compounds.
Maja Rüth, Nicole Bobrowski, Ellen Bräutigam, Alexander Nies, Jonas Kuhn, Thorsten Hoffmann, Niklas Karbach, Bastien Geil, Ralph Kleinschek, Stefan Schmitt, and Ulrich Platt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3976, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3976, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
UV absorption and electrochemical O3 sensor measurement techniques suffer from interferences, especially from SO2, which is a main constituent of volcanic plumes. Only chemiluminescence (CL) O3 monitors have no known interference with SO2. However, modern CL O3 monitors are impractical because they are heavy and bulky. We developed and applied a lightweight version of a CL O3 instrument (l.5 kg, shoebox size) and present the result of those drone based CL O3 measurements.
Sudha Yadav, Lilly Metten, Pierre Grzegorczyk, Alexander Theis, Subir K. Mitra, and Miklós Szakáll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8671–8682, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8671-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory studies on the fragmentation of ice particles by collision are presented. Graupel particles were created by riming at –7 and –15 °C, also simulating rotation and tumbling. Frozen ice drops were generated by freezing water in 3D-printed spherical molds. The number of fragments generated by collision was between 1 and 20 and was strongly dependent on the density of the graupel. We also showed that the number of fragments approaches zero when the particle suffers more than three collisions in a row.
Anna Breuninger, Philipp Joppe, Jonas Wilsch, Cornelis Schwenk, Heiko Bozem, Nicolas Emig, Laurin Merkel, Rainer Rossberg, Timo Keber, Arthur Kutschka, Philipp Waleska, Stefan Hofmann, Sarah Richter, Florian Ungeheuer, Konstantin Dörholt, Thorsten Hoffmann, Annette Miltenberger, Johannes Schneider, Peter Hoor, and Alexander L. Vogel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3129, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3129, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates molecular organic aerosol composition in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from an airborne campaign over Central Europe in summer 2024. Via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry of tropospheric and stratospheric filter samples, we identified various organic compounds. Our findings underscore the significant cross-tropopause transport of biogenic secondary organic aerosol and anthropogenic pollutants.
Heiko Bozem, Philipp Joppe, Yun Li, Nicolas Emig, Armin Afchine, Anna Breuninger, Joachim Curtius, Stefan Hofmann, Sadath Ismayil, Konrad Kandler, Daniel Kunkel, Arthur Kutschka, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Andreas Petzold, Sarah Richter, Timo Röschenthaler, Christian Rolf, Lisa Schneider, Johannes Schneider, Alexander Vogel, and Peter Hoor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3175, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Deployed on a Learjet as a tandem measurement platform during TPEx I (TropoPause composition gradients and mixing Experiment) campaign in June 2024, the new TPC-TOSS (TropoPause Composition Towed Sensor Shuttle) system delivers high-resolution in situ data on ozone, aerosol, clouds, and key weather parameters. Laboratory and in-flight tests confirmed its precision and stability. Observed gradients near the tropopause reveal active mixing and transport processes in the tropopause region.
Philipp Joppe, Johannes Schneider, Jonas Wilsch, Heiko Bozem, Anna Breuninger, Joachim Curtius, Martin Ebert, Nicolas Emig, Peter Hoor, Sadath Ismayil, Konrad Kandler, Daniel Kunkel, Isabel Kurth, Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Yun Li, Annette Miltenberger, Sarah Richter, Christian Rolf, Lisa Schneider, Cornelis Schwenk, Nicole Spelten, Alexander L. Vogel, Yafang Cheng, and Stephan Borrmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1346, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We show measurements of a filament with biomass burning influence transported by a warm conveyor belt (WCB) into the tropopause region over Europe. The pollution originates from Canadian forest fires and is transported in the lower troposphere towards Europe. The WCB transport is followed by mixing with air masses of stratospheric chemical signatures. We hypothesize that this mixing leads to a change in the vertical gradient of the potential temperature.
Jackson Seymore, Miklós Szakáll, Alexander Theis, Subir K. Mitra, Christine Borchers, and Thorsten Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1425, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory studies examined carbonyl deposition into ice crystals using a flowtube setup. Ice crystals were grown under conditions that mimic cirrus clouds in the presence of carbonyl vapors. Ice and gas samples were collected and analyzed to calculate partitioning coefficients for 14 carbonyls at different temperatures. This revealed an inverse relationship between partitioning and temperature. Vapor pressure and molar mass were found to be the most significant factors in uptake.
Jade Margerum, Julia Homann, Stuart Umbo, Gernot Nehrke, Thorsten Hoffmann, Anton Vaks, Aleksandr Kononov, Alexander Osintsev, Alena Giesche, Andrew Mason, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Gideon M. Henderson, Ola Kwiecien, and Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
Clim. Past, 21, 661–677, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse a southern Siberian stalagmite to reconstruct soil respiration, wildfire, and vegetation trends during the Last Interglacial (LIG) (124.1–118.8 ka) and the Holocene (10–0 ka). Wildfires were more prevalent during the LIG than the Holocene and were supported by fire-prone species, low soil respiration, and a greater difference between summer and winter temperature. We show that vegetation type and summer/winter temperature contrast are strong drivers of Siberian wildfires.
Denis Leppla, Stefanie Hildmann, Nora Zannoni, Leslie Kremper, Bruna Hollanda, Jonathan Williams, Christopher Pöhlker, Stefan Wolff, Marta Sà, Maria Cristina Solci, Ulrich Pöschl, and Thorsten Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-141, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-141, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of organic particles in the Amazon rainforest was investigated to understand how biogenic and human emissions influence the atmosphere in this unique ecosystem. Seasonal patterns were found where wet seasons were dominated by biogenic compounds from natural sources while dry seasons showed increased fire-related pollutants. These findings reveal how emissions, fires and long-range transport affect atmospheric chemistry, with implications for climate models.
Johanna Schäfer, Anja Beschnitt, François Burgay, Thomas Singer, Margit Schwikowski, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 421–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-421-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-421-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers preserve organic compounds from atmospheric aerosols, which can serve as markers for emission sources. Most studies overlook the enantiomers of chiral compounds. We developed a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method to determine the chiral ratios of the monoterpene oxidation products cis-pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid in ice-core samples. Applied to samples from the Belukha Glacier (1870–1970 CE), the method revealed fluctuating chiral ratios for the analytes.
Christine Borchers, Lasse Moormann, Bastien Geil, Niklas Karbach, and Thorsten Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4015, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A three-dimensionally printed filter holder is connected to a lightweight, high-performance pump. This sampling system allows for easy and cost-effective measurements of organic aerosols at different heights and locations. By elucidating the chemical composition of organic aerosol, sources and processing of the compounds can be identified. Measurements at different altitudes and times of the day provide insight into the chemical aging and daytime trends of the aerosol particles.
Rongzhi Tang, Jialiang Ma, Ruifeng Zhang, Weizhen Cui, Yuanyuan Qin, Yangxi Chu, Yiming Qin, Alexander L. Vogel, and Chak K. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 425–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides laboratory evidence that the photosensitizers in biomass burning extracts can enhance sulfate formation in NaCl particles, primarily by triggering the formation of secondary oxidants under light and air conditions, with a lower contribution of direct photosensitization via triplets.
Freddy P. Paul, Martanda Gautam, Deepak Waman, Sachin Patade, Ushnanshu Dutta, Christoffer Pichler, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, and Vaughan Phillips
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3800, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3800, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows observations of a key mechanism for initiation of ice particles in clouds with a chamber deployed on the top of a mountain during snowfall in winter. The mechanism involves the fragmentation of snow particles in collisions with denser rimed ice precipitation, namely "graupel" or "hail". The study shows how the fragmentation can be represented in atmospheric models. An improved formulation of the mechanism is proposed in light of our observations with the chamber.
Christine Borchers, Jackson Seymore, Martanda Gautam, Konstantin Dörholt, Yannik Müller, Andreas Arndt, Laura Gömmer, Florian Ungeheuer, Miklós Szakáll, Stephan Borrmann, Alexander Theis, Alexander L. Vogel, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13961–13974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Riming, a crucial process in cloud dynamics, influences the vertical distribution of compounds in the atmosphere. Experiments in Mainz's wind tunnel investigated retention coefficients of organic compounds under varying conditions. Findings suggest a correlation between the Henry's law constant and retention, applicable even to complex organic molecules.
Niklas Karbach, Lisa Höhler, Peter Hoor, Heiko Bozem, Nicole Bobrowski, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4081–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The system presented here can accurately generate and reproduce a stable flow of gas mixtures of known concentrations over several days using ambient air as a dilution medium. In combination with the small size and low weight of the system, this enables the calibration of hydrogen sensors in the field, reducing the influence of matrix effects on the accuracy of the sensor. The system is inexpensive to assemble and easy to maintain, which is the key to reliable measurement results.
Pierre Grzegorczyk, Sudha Yadav, Florian Zanger, Alexander Theis, Subir K. Mitra, Stephan Borrmann, and Miklós Szakáll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13505–13521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production generates high concentrations of ice crystals in clouds. These processes have been poorly understood. We conducted experiments at the wind tunnel laboratory of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions. From these experiments fragment number, size, cross-sectional area, and aspect ratio were determined.
Julia Homann, Niklas Karbach, Stacy A. Carolin, Daniel H. James, David Hodell, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, Ola Kwiecien, Mark Brenner, Carlos Peraza Lope, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3249–3260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3249-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3249-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cave stalagmites contain substances that can be used to reconstruct past changes in local and regional environmental conditions. We used two classes of biomarkers (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monosaccharide anhydrides) to detect the presence of fire and to also explore changes in fire regime (e.g. fire frequency, intensity, and fuel source). We tested our new method on a stalagmite from Mayapan, a large Maya city on the Yucatán Peninsula.
Lucía Caudillo, Mihnea Surdu, Brandon Lopez, Mingyi Wang, Markus Thoma, Steffen Bräkling, Angela Buchholz, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana Müller, Manuel Granzin, Martin Heinritzi, Antonio Amorim, David M. Bell, Zoé Brasseur, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Guillaume Marie, Ruby Marten, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Antti Onnela, Tuukka Petäjä, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte Rörup, Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Christian Tauber, Ping Tian, António Tomé, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Yonghong Wang, Stefan K. Weber, André Welti, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Douglas R. Worsnop, Imad El Haddad, Neil M. Donahue, Alexander L. Vogel, Andreas Kürten, and Joachim Curtius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6613–6631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present an intercomparison of four different techniques for measuring the chemical composition of nanoparticles. The intercomparison was performed based on the observed chemical composition, calculated volatility, and analysis of the thermograms. We found that the methods generally agree on the most important compounds that are found in the nanoparticles. However, they do see different parts of the organic spectrum. We suggest potential explanations for these differences.
Denis Leppla, Nora Zannoni, Leslie Kremper, Jonathan Williams, Christopher Pöhlker, Marta Sá, Maria Christina Solci, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 809–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chiral chemodiversity plays a critical role in biochemical processes such as insect and plant communication. Here we report on the measurement of chiral-specified secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon rainforest. The results show that the chiral ratio is mainly determined by large-scale emission processes. Characteristic emissions of chiral aerosol precursors from different forest ecosystems can thus provide large-scale information on different biogenic sources via chiral particle analysis.
Yunfan Liu, Hang Su, Siwen Wang, Chao Wei, Wei Tao, Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid O. Krüger, Thorsten Hoffmann, Manfred Wendisch, Paulo Artaxo, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 251–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The origins of the abundant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the upper troposphere (UT) of the Amazon remain unclear. With model developments of new secondary organic aerosol schemes and constrained by observation, we show that strong aerosol nucleation and condensation in the UT is triggered by biogenic organics, and organic condensation is key for UT CCN production. This UT CCN-producing mechanism may prevail over broader vegetation canopies and deserves emphasis in aerosol–climate feedback.
Markus Thoma, Franziska Bachmeier, Felix Leonard Gottwald, Mario Simon, and Alexander Lucas Vogel
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7137–7154, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the aerosolomics database and apply it to particulate matter samples. Nine VOCs were oxidized under various conditions in an oxidation flow reactor, and the formed SOA was measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. With the database, an unambiguous top-down attribution of atmospheric oxidation products to their parent VOCs is now possible. Combining the database with hierarchical clustering enables a better understanding of sources, formation, and partitioning of SOA.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Yifang Gu, Chunshui Lin, Haobin Zhong, Wei Xu, Quan Liu, Yan You, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Thorsten Hoffmann, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10139–10153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass-burning-influenced oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA-BB), formed from the photochemical oxidation and aging of biomass burning OA (BBOA), was resolved in urban Xi’an. The aqueous-phase processed oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) concentration was more dependent on secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) content and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). The increased aq-OOA contribution during SIA-enhanced periods likely reflects OA evolution due to the addition of alcohol or peroxide groups
Alexandra Gutmann, Nicole Bobrowski, Marcello Liotta, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6395–6406, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6395-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6395-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Motivated by a special interest in bromine chemistry in volcanic plumes, the study presented here describes a new method for the quantitative collection of gaseous hydrogen bromide in gas diffusion denuders. The hydrogen bromide reacted during sampling with appropriate epoxides applied to the denuder walls. The denuder sampling assembly was successfully deployed in the volcanic plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua.
Haijie Tong, Fobang Liu, Alexander Filippi, Jake Wilson, Andrea M. Arangio, Yun Zhang, Siyao Yue, Steven Lelieveld, Fangxia Shen, Helmi-Marja K. Keskinen, Jing Li, Haoxuan Chen, Ting Zhang, Thorsten Hoffmann, Pingqing Fu, William H. Brune, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Maosheng Yao, Thomas Berkemeier, Manabu Shiraiwa, and Ulrich Pöschl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10439–10455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured radical yields of aqueous PM2.5 extracts and found lower yields at higher concentrations of PM2.5. Abundances of water-soluble transition metals and aromatics in PM2.5 were positively correlated with the relative fraction of •OH but negatively correlated with the relative fraction of C-centered radicals among detected radicals. Composition-dependent reactive species yields may explain differences in the reactivity and health effects of PM2.5 in clean versus polluted air.
Kai Wang, Ru-Jin Huang, Martin Brüggemann, Yun Zhang, Lu Yang, Haiyan Ni, Jie Guo, Meng Wang, Jiajun Han, Merete Bilde, Marianne Glasius, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9089–9104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present the detailed molecular composition of the organic aerosol collected in three eastern Chinese cities from north to south, Changchun, Shanghai and Guangzhou, by applying LC–Orbitrap analysis. Accordingly, the aromaticity degree of chemical compounds decreases from north to south, while the oxidation degree increases from north to south, which can be explained by the different anthropogenic emissions and photochemical oxidation processes.
Bo Galle, Santiago Arellano, Nicole Bobrowski, Vladimir Conde, Tobias P. Fischer, Gustav Gerdes, Alexandra Gutmann, Thorsten Hoffmann, Ima Itikarai, Tomas Krejci, Emma J. Liu, Kila Mulina, Scott Nowicki, Tom Richardson, Julian Rüdiger, Kieran Wood, and Jiazhi Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4255–4277, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of volcanic gases are important for geophysical research, risk assessment and environmental impact studies. Some gases, like SO2 and BrO, may be studied from the ground at a safe distance using remote sensing techniques. Many other gases require in situ access to the gas plume. Here, a drone may be an attractive alternative. This paper describes a drone specially adapted for volcanic gas studies and demonstrates its use in a field campaign at Manam volcano in Papua New Guinea.
Inken Heidke, Adam Hartland, Denis Scholz, Andrew Pearson, John Hellstrom, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 18, 2289–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed lignin oxidation products (LOPs) in leaf litter and different soil horizons as well as dripwater and flowstone samples from four different cave sites from different vegetation zones in New Zealand using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. We test whether the original source-dependent LOP signal of the overlying vegetation is preserved and can be recovered from flowstone samples and investigate how the signal is altered by the transport from the soil to the cave.
Florian Ungeheuer, Dominik van Pinxteren, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3763–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3763-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3763-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the chemical composition of ultrafine particles from 10–56 nm near Frankfurt Airport based on cascade impactor samples. We used an offline non-target screening to determine size-resolved molecular fingerprints. Unambiguous attribution of two homologous ester series to jet engine oils enables a new strategy of source attribution and explains the majority of the detected compounds. In addition, we identified additives of jet oils and a detrimental thermal transformation product.
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Lu Yang, Ting Wang, Jing Duan, Jie Guo, Haiyan Ni, Yang Chen, Qi Chen, Yongjie Li, Ulrike Dusek, Colin O'Dowd, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3685–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3685-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3685-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the seasonal variations in nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in composition, sources, and their light absorption contribution to brown carbon (BrC) aerosol in Xi'an, Northwest China. Our results show that secondary formation and vehicular emission were dominant sources in summer (~80 %), and biomass burning and coal combustion were major sources in winter (~75 %), and they indicate that the composition and sources of NACs have a profound impact on the light absorption of BrC
Julian Rüdiger, Alexandra Gutmann, Nicole Bobrowski, Marcello Liotta, J. Maarten de Moor, Rolf Sander, Florian Dinger, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Martha Ibarra, Armando Saballos, María Martínez, Elvis Mendoza, Arnoldo Ferrufino, John Stix, Juan Valdés, Jonathan M. Castro, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3371–3393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3371-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3371-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative approach to study halogen chemistry in the plume of Masaya volcano in Nicaragua. An unique data set was collected using multiple techniques, including drones. These data enabled us to determine the fraction of activation of the respective halogens at various plume ages, where in-mixing of ambient air causes chemical reactions. An atmospheric chemistry box model was employed to further examine the field results and help our understanding of volcanic plume chemistry.
Miklós Szakáll, Michael Debertshäuser, Christian Philipp Lackner, Amelie Mayer, Oliver Eppers, Karoline Diehl, Alexander Theis, Subir Kumar Mitra, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3289–3316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The freezing of cloud drops is promoted by ice-nucleating particles immersed in the drops. This process is essential to understand ice and subsequent precipitation formation in clouds. We investigated the efficiency of several particle types to trigger immersion freezing with two single-drop levitation techniques: a wind tunnel and an acoustic levitator. The evaluation accounted for different conditions during our two series of experiments, which is also applicable to future comparison studies.
Maximilian Weitzel, Subir K. Mitra, Miklós Szakáll, Jacob P. Fugal, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14889–14901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of ice crystals smaller than 150 µm in diameter were investigated in a cold-room laboratory using digital holography and microscopy. Automated image processing has been used to determine the track of falling ice crystals, and collected crystals were melted and scanned under a microscope to infer particle mass. A parameterization relating particle size and mass was determined which describes ice crystals in this size range more accurately than existing relationships.
Marcel Weloe and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5725–5738, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol mass spectrometers (AMSs) are frequently applied in atmospheric aerosol research in connection with climate, environmental or health-related projects. The paper describes a new real-time technique for the measurement of organic peroxides, which play an important role in new particle formation and as
reactive oxygen speciesin aerosol–health-related aspects of atmospheric aerosols.
Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas Kürten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana Müller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka Petäjä, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matti P. Rissanen, Clémence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko Sipilä, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, António Tomé, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11809–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11809-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments.
Ting Lei, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Thomas Tuch, Xin Wang, Zhibin Wang, Mira Pöhlker, Maofa Ge, Weigang Wang, Eugene Mikhailov, Thorsten Hoffmann, Ulrich Pöschl, Hang Su, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5551–5567, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the design of a nano-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) apparatus that enables high accuracy and precision in hygroscopic growth measurements of aerosol nanoparticles with diameters less than 10 nm. We further introduce comprehensive methods for system calibration and validation of the performance of the system. We then study the size dependence of the deliquescence and the efflorescence of aerosol nanoparticles for sizes down to 6 nm.
Cited articles
Andreae, M. O., Afchine, A., Albrecht, R., Holanda, B. A., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Borrmann, S., Cecchini, M. A., Costa, A., Dollner, M., Fütterer, D., Järvinen, E., Jurkat, T., Klimach, T., Konemann, T., Knote, C., Krämer, M., Krisna, T., Machado, L. A. T., Mertes, S., Minikin, A., Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M. L., Pöschl, U., Rosenfeld, D., Sauer, D., Schlager, H., Schnaiter, M., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Spanu, A., Sperling, V. B., Voigt, C., Walser, A., Wang, J., Weinzierl, B., Wendisch, M., and Ziereis, H.: Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 921–961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-921-2018, 2018.
Badocco, D., Di Marco, V., Mondin, A., and Pastore, P.: Cyclic voltammetry as a new approach for the determination of solubility of aliphatic amines in water, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 60, 895–901, https://doi.org/10.1021/je5009735, 2015.
Bardakov, R., Thornton, J. A., Riipinen, I., Krejci, R., and Ekman, A. M. L.: Transport and chemistry of isoprene and its oxidation products in deep convective clouds, Tellus B, 73, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2021.1979856, 2021.
Bela, M. M., Barth, M. C., Toon, O. B., Fried, A., Ziegler, C., Cummings, K. A., Li, Y., Pickering, K. E., Homeyer, C. R., Morrison, H., Yang, Q., Mecikalski, R. M., Carey, L., Biggerstaff, M. I., Betten, D. P., and Alford, A. A.: Effects of Scavenging, Entrainment, and Aqueous Chemistry on Peroxides and Formaldehyde in Deep Convective Outflow Over the Central and Southeast United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 7594–7614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028271, 2018.
Bidleman, T. F., Falconer, R. L., and Harner, T.: Particle/Gas Distribution of Semivolatile Organic Compounds: Field and Laboratory Experiments with Filtration Samplers, in: Gas and Particle Phase Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds, 39–71, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003078340-4, 2020.
Bilde, M. and Pandis, S. N.: Evaporation rates and vapor pressures of individual aerosol species formed in the atmospheric oxidation of α- and β- pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3344–3349, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001946b, 2001.
Blair, S. L., MacMillan, A. C., Drozd, G. T., Goldstein, A. H., Chu, R. K., Paša-Tolić, L., Shaw, J. B., Tolić, N., Lin, P., Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Molecular Characterization of Organosulfur Compounds in Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Secondary Organic Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.6B03304, 2017.
Borchers, C., Seymore, J., Gautam, M., Dörholt, K., Müller, Y., Arndt, A., Gömmer, L., Ungeheuer, F., Szakáll, M., Borrmann, S., Theis, A., Vogel, A. L., and Hoffmann, T.: Retention of α-pinene oxidation products and nitro-aromatic compounds during riming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13961–13974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13961-2024, 2024.
Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Dada, L., Hakala, S., Paasonen, P., Román, R., Fraile, R., Petäjä, T., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: New particle formation at urban and high-altitude remote sites in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14253–14271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14253-2020, 2020.
Clarke, A. D., Varner, J. L., Eisele, F., Mauldin, R. L., Tanner, D., and Litchy, M.: Particle production in the remote marine atmosphere: Cloud outflow and subsidence during ACE 1, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16397–16409, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02987, 1998.
Clarke, A. D., Eisele, F., Kapustin, V. N., Moore, K., Tanner, D., Mauldin, L., Litchy, M., Lienert, B., Carroll, M. A., and Albercook, G.: Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 5735–5744, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02303, 1999.
Compernolle, S. and Müller, J.-F.: Henry's law constants of polyols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12815–12837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12815-2014, 2014.
Diehl, K., Debertshäuser, M., Eppers, O., Schmithüsen, H., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: Particle surface area dependence of mineral dust in immersion freezing mode: investigations with freely suspended drops in an acoustic levitator and a vertical wind tunnel, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12343–12355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12343-2014, 2014.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.1125261, 2006.
El-Sayed, M. M. H., Ortiz-Montalvo, D. L., and Hennigan, C. J.: The effects of isoprene and NOx on secondary organic aerosols formed through reversible and irreversible uptake to aerosol water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1171–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1171-2018, 2018.
Fofie, E. A., Donahue, N. M., and Asa-Awuku, A.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity and droplet formation of primary and secondary organic aerosol mixtures, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 52, 242–251, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1392480, 2018.
Gautam, M., Theis, A., Seymore, J., Hey, M., Borrmann, S., Diehl, K., Mitra, S. K., and Szakáll, M.: Retention during freezing of raindrops – Part 1: Investigation of single and binary mixtures of nitric, formic, and acetic acids and 2-nitrophenol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11813–11828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11813-2025, 2025.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
Heitto, A., Wu, C., Aliaga, D., Blacutt, L., Chen, X., Gramlich, Y., Heikkinen, L., Huang, W., Krejci, R., Laj, P., Moreno, I., Sellegri, K., Velarde, F., Weinhold, K., Wiedensohler, A., Zha, Q., Bianchi, F., Andrade, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mohr, C., and Yli-Juuti, T.: Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1315–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, 2024.
Iinuma, Y., Müller, C., Berndt, T., Böge, O., Claeys, M., and Herrmann, H.: Evidence for the existence of organosulfates from β-pinene ozonolysis in ambient secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6678–6683, https://doi.org/10.1021/ES070938T, 2007.
Iribarne, J. V. and Pyshnov, T.: The effect of freezing on the composition of supercooled droplets – I. Retention of HCl, HNO3, NH3 and H2O2, Atmos. Environ. A, 24, 383–387, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90118-7, 1990.
Isaacman-VanWertz, G. and Aumont, B.: Impact of organic molecular structure on the estimation of atmospherically relevant physicochemical parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6541–6563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6541-2021, 2021.
Jost, A., Szakáll, M., Diehl, K., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: Chemistry of riming: the retention of organic and inorganic atmospheric trace constituents, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9717–9732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9717-2017, 2017.
Kaufmann, A. and Walker, S.: Comparison of linear intrascan and interscan dynamic ranges of Orbitrap and ion-mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometers, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 31, 1915–1926, https://doi.org/10.1002/RCM.7981, 2017.
Kurtén, T., Hyttinen, N., D'Ambro, E. L., Thornton, J., and Prisle, N. L.: Estimating the saturation vapor pressures of isoprene oxidation products C5H12O6 and C5H10O6 using COSMO-RS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17589–17600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17589-2018, 2018.
Lamb, D. and Verlinde, J.: Physics and Chemistry of Clouds, Cambridge University Press, 275–414, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976377, 2011.
Li, J., Gao, X., He, Y., Wang, L., Wang, Y., and Zeng, L.: Elevated emissions of melamine and its derivatives in the indoor environments of typical e-waste recycling facilities and adjacent communities and implications for human exposure, J. Hazard Mater., 432, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2022.128652, 2022.
Li, Y., Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.: Molecular corridors and parameterizations of volatility in the chemical evolution of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3327–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3327-2016, 2016.
Li, Z., Hyttinen, N., Vainikka, M., Tikkasalo, O.-P., Schobesberger, S., and Yli-Juuti, T.: Saturation vapor pressure characterization of selected low-volatility organic compounds using a residence time chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6863–6877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6863-2023, 2023.
Liu, J., Zhang, F., Xu, W., Sun, Y., Chen, L., Li, S., Ren, J., Hu, B., Wu, H., and Zhang, R.: Hygroscopicity of Organic Aerosols Linked to Formation Mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091683, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091683, 2021.
Liu, Z., Yim, S. H. L., Wang, C., and Lau, N. C.: The Impact of the Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on Deep Convection and Air Quality in the Pearl River Delta Region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 4410–4418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077517, 2018.
Ma, J., Ungeheuer, F., Zheng, F., Du, W., Wang, Y., Cai, J., Zhou, Y., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Kulmala, M., Daellenbach, K. R., and Vogel, A. L.: Nontarget Screening Exhibits a Seasonal Cycle of PM2.5 Organic Aerosol Composition in Beijing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 7017–7028, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06905, 2022.
Manavi, S. E. I. and Pandis, S. N.: Contribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from on-road transport to secondary organic aerosol levels in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 891–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-891-2024, 2024.
McNeill, V. F.: Aqueous organic chemistry in the atmosphere: Sources and chemical processing of organic aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1237–1244, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5043707, 2015.
Nolan, J. P.: Univariate Stable Distributions, Springer Nature Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52915-4, 2020.
Pang, X., Lewis, A. C., and Shaw, M. D.: Analysis of biogenic carbonyl compounds in rainwater by stir bar sorptive extraction technique with chemical derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Sep. Sci., 40, 753–766, https://doi.org/10.1002/JSSC.201600561, 2017.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, 18, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0, 2010.
Price, D. J., Clark, C. H., Tang, X., Cocker, D. R., Purvis-Roberts, K. L., and Silva, P. J.: Proposed chemical mechanisms leading to secondary organic aerosol in the reactions of aliphatic amines with hydroxyl and nitrate radicals, Atmos. Environ., 96, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2014.07.035, 2014.
Price, D. J., Kacarab, M., Cocker, D. R., Purvis-Roberts, K. L., and Silva, P. J.: Effects of temperature on the formation of secondary organic aerosol from amine precursors, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 50, 1216–1226, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1236182, 2016.
Qi, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Deng, F., Zhao, J., and Liu, H.: Molecular characterization of atmospheric particulate organosulfates in a port environment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: Identification of traffic emissions, J. Hazard Mater., 419, 126431, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2021.126431, 2021.
Qian, K., Kumar, A., Patil, K., Bellmer, D., Wang, D., Yuan, W., and Huhnke, R. L.: Effects of Biomass Feedstocks and Gasification Conditions on the Physiochemical Properties of Char, Energies, 6, 3972–3986, https://doi.org/10.3390/EN6083972, 2013.
Riva, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Lei, Z., Olson, N., Chelmo, H. B., Narayan, S., Yee, L., Green, H., Cui, T., Zhang, Z., Baumann, K., Fort, M., Edgerton, E., Budisulistiorini, S., Rose, C., Ribeiro, I., Oliveira, R. e, Santos, E. dos, Machado, C., Szopa, S., Zhao, Y., Alves, E., Sá, S. de, Hu, W., Knipping, E., Shaw, S., Junior, S. D., Souza, R. de, Palm, B., Jimenez, J., Glasius, M., Goldstein, A., Pye, H., Gold, A., Turpin, B., Vizuete, W., Martin, S., Thornton, J., Dutcher, C., Ault, A., and Surratt, J.: Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties, Environ. Sci. Technol, 53, 8682–8694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01019, 2019.
Sauret-Szczepanski, N., Mirabel, P., and Wortham, H.: Development of an SPME–GC–MS/MS method for the determination of pesticides in rainwater: Laboratory and field experiments, Environ. Pollut., 139, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2005.04.024, 2006.
Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M.: Water-Soluble Organics in Atmospheric Particles: A Critical Review of the Literature and Application of Thermodynamics to Identify Candidate Compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57–109, 1996.
Schollée, J. E., Schymanski, E. L., Stravs, M. A., Gulde, R., Thomaidis, N. S., and Hollender, J.: Similarity of High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Spectra of Structurally Related Micropollutants and Transformation Products, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom., 28, 2692–2704, https://doi.org/10.1007/S13361-017-1797-6, 2017.
Schymanski, E. L., Jeon, J., Gulde, R., Fenner, K., Ruff, M., Singer, H. P., and Hollender, J.: Identifying small molecules via high resolution mass spectrometry: Communicating confidence, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 2097–2098, https://doi.org/10.1021/ES5002105, 2014.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 3rd edn., 1–1152, ISBN 978-1-118-94740-1, 2019.
Seymore, J.: Retention Coefficients Measured from Acoustic Levitator Untargeted Mass Spec Experiments Using Beijing Filter Samples [Data set], Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15166745, 2025.
Seymore, J., Felix, J. D., Abdulla, H., Bergmann, D., Campos, M. L. A. M., and Florêncio, J.: Pandemic-Related Anthropogenic Influences on the Dissolved Organic Matter Chemical Character in São Paulo State Wet Deposition by Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, ACS Earth Space Chem., 7, 1929–1946, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00076, 2023.
Shugrue, C. R., Defrancisco, J. R., Metrano, A. J., Brink, B. D., Nomoto, R. S., and Linton, B. R.: Detection of weak hydrogen bonding to fluoro and nitro groups in solution using
Snider, J. R. and Huang, J.: Factors influencing the retention of hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen in rime ice, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 103, 1405–1415, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02847, 1998.
Snider, J. R., Montague, D. C., and Vali, G.: Hydrogen peroxide retention in rime ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 7569–7578, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00237, 1992.
Stuart, A. L. and Jacobson, M. Z.: A timescale investigation of volatile chemical retention during hydrometeor freezing: Nonrime freezing and dry growth riming without spreading, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4178, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001408, 2003.
Stuart, A. L. and Jacobson, M. Z.: Chemical retention during dry growth riming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D07305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004197, 2004.
Sun, H., Li, X., Zhu, C., Huo, Y., Zhu, Z., Wei, Y., Yao, L., Xiao, H., and Chen, J.: Molecular composition and optical property of humic-like substances (HULIS) in winter-time PM2.5 in the rural area of North China Plain, Atmos. Environ., 252, 118316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118316, 2021.
Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kleindienst, T. E., Edney, E. O., Claeys, M., Sorooshian, A., Ng, N. L., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Evidence for organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 517–527, https://doi.org/10.1021/ES062081Q, 2007.
Szakáll, M., Debertshäuser, M., Lackner, C. P., Mayer, A., Eppers, O., Diehl, K., Theis, A., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: Comparative study on immersion freezing utilizing single-droplet levitation methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3289–3316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3289-2021, 2021.
Taneda, S., Mori, Y., Kamata, K., Hayashi, H., Furuta, C., Li, C., Seki, K. I., Sakushima, A., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., Watanabe, G., Taya, K., and Suzuki, A. K.: Estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity of nitrophenols in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 835–837, https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.835, 2004.
Tsiligiannis, E., Wu, R., Lee, B. H., Salvador, C. M., Priestley, M., Carlsson, P. T. M., Kang, S., Novelli, A., Vereecken, L., Fuchs, H., Mayhew, A. W., Hamilton, J. F., Edwards, P. M., Fry, J. L., Brownwood, B., Brown, S. S., Wild, R. J., Bannan, T. J., Coe, H., Allan, J., Surratt, J. D., Bacak, A., Artaxo, P., Percival, C., Guo, S., Hu, M., Wang, T., Mentel, T. F., Thornton, J. A., and Hallquist, M.: A Four Carbon Organonitrate as a Significant Product of Secondary Isoprene Chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL097366, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097366, 2022.
US EPA: Caprolactam – EPA Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 2020.
US EPA: EPI Suite™ – Estimation Program Interface, US EPA, https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface#citing, last access: December 2024.
von Blohn, N., Diehl, K., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: Wind tunnel experiments on the retention of trace gases during riming: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11569–11579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11569-2011, 2011.
von Blohn, N., Diehl, K., Nölscher, A., Jost, A., Mitra, S. K., and Borrmann, S.: The retention of ammonia and sulfur dioxide during riming of ice particles and dendritic snow flakes: Laboratory experiments in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel, J. Atmos. Chem., 70, 131–150, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10874-013-9261-X, 2013.
Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Tong, H., Han, J., Fu, P., Huang, R. J., Zhang, H., and Hoffmann, T.: Molecular-Level Insights into the Relationship between Volatility of Organic Aerosol Constituents and PM2.5 Air Pollution Levels: A Study with Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 7947–7957, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10662, 2024.
Weigel, R., Borrmann, S., Kazil, J., Minikin, A., Stohl, A., Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Kunkel, D., de Reus, M., Frey, W., Lovejoy, E. R., Volk, C. M., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., Schiller, C., Peter, T., Schlager, H., Cairo, F., Law, K. S., Shur, G. N., Belyaev, G. V., and Curtius, J.: In situ observations of new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere: the role of clouds and the nucleation mechanism, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9983–10010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9983-2011, 2011.
Williamson, C. J., Kupc, A., Axisa, D., Bilsback, K. R., Bui, T. P., Campuzano-Jost, P., Dollner, M., Froyd, K. D., Hodshire, A. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kodros, J. K., Luo, G., Murphy, D. M., Nault, B. A., Ray, E. A., Weinzierl, B., Wilson, J. C., Yu, F., Yu, P., Pierce, J. R., and Brock, C. A.: A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics, Nature, 574, 399–403, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9, 2019.
Wu, R., Vereecken, L., Tsiligiannis, E., Kang, S., Albrecht, S. R., Hantschke, L., Zhao, D., Novelli, A., Fuchs, H., Tillmann, R., Hohaus, T., Carlsson, P. T. M., Shenolikar, J., Bernard, F., Crowley, J. N., Fry, J. L., Brownwood, B., Thornton, J. A., Brown, S. S., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., Hallquist, M., and Mentel, T. F.: Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10799–10824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, 2021.
Xing, C., Wan, Y., Wang, Q., Kong, S., Huang, X., Ge, X., Xie, M., and Yu, H.: Molecular Characterization of Brown Carbon Chromophores in Atmospherically Relevant Samples and Their Gas-Particle Distribution and Diurnal Variation in the Atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD038142, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038142, 2023.
Yee, T. W.: Univariate Continuous Distributions, 343–370, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2818-7_12, 2015.
Zhang, Q., Anastasio, C., and Jimenez-Cruz, M.: Water-soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) from northern California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, AAC 3-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000870, 2002.
Zheng, G., Wang, Y., Wood, R., Jensen, M. P., Kuang, C., McCoy, I. L., Matthews, A., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J. M., Shilling, J. E., Zawadowicz, M. A., Crosbie, E., Moore, R., Ziemba, L., Andreae, M. O., and Wang, J.: New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer, Nat. Commun., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20773-1, 2021.
Short summary
We investigated the chemical retention of water-soluble organic compounds in Beijing aerosols using an acoustic levitator and drop-freezing experiments. Samples from PM2.5 filter extracts were frozen at -15 °C in an acoustic levitator without artificial nucleators and analyzed using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Our findings reveal a non-normal distribution of retention coefficients that differs from current literature on cloud droplets.
We investigated the chemical retention of water-soluble organic compounds in Beijing aerosols...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint