Articles | Volume 24, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7385-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Jun 2024
Research article |
| 27 Jun 2024
| 27 Jun 2024
Global scenarios of anthropogenic mercury emissions
Pollution Management Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Sciences, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9J, UK
Peter Rafaj
Pollution Management Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Sciences, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Robert Sander
Pollution Management Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Sciences, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Fabian Wagner
Pollution Management Group, Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Sciences, Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Jenny Marie Jones
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9J, UK
Related authors
Ashu Dastoor, Hélène Angot, Johannes Bieser, Flora Brocza, Brock Edwards, Aryeh Feinberg, Xinbin Feng, Benjamin Geyman, Charikleia Gournia, Yipeng He, Ian M. Hedgecock, Ilia Ilyin, Terry Keating, Jane Kirk, Che-Jen Lin, Igor Lehnherr, Robert Mason, David McLagan, Marilena Muntean, Peter Rafaj, Eric M. Roy, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Francesco De Simone, Anne L. Soerensen, Frits Steenhuisen, Oleg Travnikov, Shuxiao Wang, Xun Wang, Simon Wilson, Rosa Wu, Qingru Wu, Yanxu Zhang, Jun Zhou, Wei Zhu, and Scott Zolkos
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) aimed to inform the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements: the Minamata Convention on Mercury and Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The experimental design exploits a variety of models (atmospheric, land, oceanic and multi-media mass balance models) to assess the short- and long-term influences of anthropogenic Hg releases in the environment.
Ashu Dastoor, Hélène Angot, Johannes Bieser, Flora Brocza, Brock Edwards, Aryeh Feinberg, Xinbin Feng, Benjamin Geyman, Charikleia Gournia, Yipeng He, Ian M. Hedgecock, Ilia Ilyin, Terry Keating, Jane Kirk, Che-Jen Lin, Igor Lehnherr, Robert Mason, David McLagan, Marilena Muntean, Peter Rafaj, Eric M. Roy, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Francesco De Simone, Anne L. Soerensen, Frits Steenhuisen, Oleg Travnikov, Shuxiao Wang, Xun Wang, Simon Wilson, Rosa Wu, Qingru Wu, Yanxu Zhang, Jun Zhou, Wei Zhu, and Scott Zolkos
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-65, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) aimed to inform the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements: the Minamata Convention on Mercury and Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The experimental design exploits a variety of models (atmospheric, land, oceanic and multi-media mass balance models) to assess the short- and long-term influences of anthropogenic Hg releases in the environment.
Pallav Purohit, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, John Dulac, Nihar Shah, Max Wei, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11305–11327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that if energy efficiency improvements in cooling technologies are addressed simultaneously with a phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), not only will global warming be mitigated through the elimination of HFCs but also by saving about a fifth of future global electricity consumption. This means preventing between 411 and 631 Pg CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases between today and 2100, thereby offering a significant contribution towards staying well below 2 °C warming.
Adriana Gómez-Sanabria, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Peter Rafaj, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Adv. Geosci., 45, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that global implementation of a circular system to treat waste and wastewater could increase the relative contribution of these sources to global energy demand from 2 % to 9 % by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ per year. The outcome of the study is the result of compiling and analyzing data on waste and wastewater generation and treatment and developing future scenarios in which carbon flows and energy generation are quantified for 174 country-regions.
Zbigniew Klimont, Kaarle Kupiainen, Chris Heyes, Pallav Purohit, Janusz Cofala, Peter Rafaj, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8681–8723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter for 1990–2010. Global emissions have not changed much in this period, showing a strong decoupling from the increase in energy consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions). Regional trends were different – increase in East Asia and Africa and decline in Europe and North America. In 2010, 60 % of emissions originated in Asia and more than half from cooking and heating stoves.
Eri Saikawa, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, Zbigniew Klimont, Fabian Wagner, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze differences in existing air pollutant emission estimates to better understand the magnitude of emissions as well as the source regions and sectors of air pollution in China. We find large disagreements among the inventories, and we show that these differences have a significant impact on regional air quality simulations. Better understanding of air pollutant emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for air pollution mitigation in China.
N. S. Umo, B. J. Murray, M. T. Baeza-Romero, J. M. Jones, A. R. Lea-Langton, T. L. Malkin, D. O'Sullivan, L. Neve, J. M. C. Plane, and A. Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5195–5210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5195-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5195-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Combustion ash particles nucleate ice in the immersion mode at conditions relevant to mixed-phase clouds. Hence, combustion ashes could play an important role in primary ice formation in mixed-phase clouds, especially in clouds that are formed near the emission source of these aerosol particles. From this study, there is a need to quantify the atmospheric abundance of combustion ashes in order to quantitatively assess the impact of combustion ashes on mixed-phase clouds.
Related subject area
Subject: Climate and Earth System | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Investigation of the characteristics of low-level jets over North America in a convection-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting simulation
Impacts of tropical cyclone–heat wave compound events on surface ozone in eastern China: comparison between the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas
The 2023 global warming spike was driven by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Present-day methane shortwave absorption mutes surface warming relative to preindustrial conditions
A novel method for detecting tropopause structures based on the bi-Gaussian function
Unraveling the discrepancies between Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture tracking models in monsoon- and westerly-dominated basins of the Tibetan Plateau
Increasing aerosol direct effect despite declining global emissions in MPI-ESM1.2
Multi-scale variability of southeastern Australian wind resources
Parameterizations for global thundercloud corona discharge distributions
The importance of an informed choice of CO2-equivalence metrics for contrail avoidance
Relative humidity over ice as a key variable for Northern Hemisphere midlatitude tropopause inversion layers
Technical note: Posterior uncertainty estimation via a Monte Carlo procedure specialized for 4D-Var data assimilation
Understanding the role of contrails and contrail cirrus in climate change: a global perspective
Interannual variations in Siberian carbon uptake and carbon release period
Using historical temperature to constrain the climate sensitivity, the transient climate response, and aerosol-induced cooling
Using a region-specific ice-nucleating particle parameterization improves the representation of Arctic clouds in a global climate model
Future reduction of cold extremes over East Asia due to thermodynamic and dynamic warming
General circulation models simulate negative liquid water path–droplet number correlations, but anthropogenic aerosols still increase simulated liquid water path
Impact of Asian aerosols on the summer monsoon strongly modulated by regional precipitation biases
Satellite quantification of methane emissions from South American countries: A high-resolution inversion of TROPOMI and GOSAT observations
Opinion: Optimizing climate models with process knowledge, resolution, and artificial intelligence
Assessing methane emissions from collapsing Venezuelan oil production using TROPOMI
Constraining net long term climate feedback from satellite observed internal variability possible by mid 2030s
To what extent does CO2 diurnal cycle impact carbon flux estimates in CarboScope?
Climate variability can outweigh the influence of climate mean changes for extreme precipitation under global warming
Simulation of ozone–vegetation coupling and feedback in China using multiple ozone damage schemes
Can GCMs represent cloud adjustments to aerosol–cloud interactions?
Opinion: Can uncertainty in climate sensitivity be narrowed further?
Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions
Water vapour exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere over eastern China: seasonal characteristics and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation anomaly
Strong aerosol cooling alone does not explain cold-biased mid-century temperatures in CMIP6 models
Air pollution reductions caused by the COVID-19 lockdown open up a way to preserve the Himalayan glaciers
Modeling atmosphere–land interactions at a rainforest site – a case study using Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) measurements and reanalysis data
Xiao Ma, Yanping Li, Zhenhua Li, and Fei Huo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12013–12030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12013-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12013-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses 4 km Weather Research and Forecasting simulations to investigate the features of low-level jets (LLJs) in North America. It identifies significant LLJ systems, such as the Great Plains LLJ. It also provides insight into LLJs poorly captured in coarser models, such as the northerly Quebec LLJ and the small-scale, low-level wind maxima around the Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, the study examines different physical mechanisms of forming three distinct types of LLJs.
Cuini Qi, Pinya Wang, Yang Yang, Huimin Li, Hui Zhang, Lili Ren, Xipeng Jin, Chenchao Zhan, Jianping Tang, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11775–11789, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate extremely hot weather impacts on surface ozone over the southeastern coast of China with and without tropical cyclones. Compared to hot days alone, ozone concentration decreased notably in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) but increased in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during tropical cyclones and hot days. The YRD benefited from strong and clean sea winds aiding ozone elimination. In contrast, the PRD experienced strong northeasterly winds that potentially transport ozone pollution.
Shiv Priyam Raghuraman, Brian Soden, Amy Clement, Gabriel Vecchi, Sofia Menemenlis, and Wenchang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11275–11283, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid global warming of 2023 has led to concerns that it could be externally driven. Here we show that climate models subject only to internal variability predict such warming spikes but rarely (p~1.6 %). However, when a prolonged La Niña immediately precedes an El Niño, as occurred leading up to 2023, such spikes are not uncommon (p~10.3 %). Virtually all of the spikes occur during an El Niño, strongly suggesting that internal variability drove the 2023 warming.
Robert J. Allen, Xueying Zhao, Cynthia A. Randles, Ryan J. Kramer, Bjørn H. Samset, and Christopher J. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11207–11226, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Present-day methane shortwave absorption mutes 28% (7–55%) of the surface warming associated with its longwave absorption. The precipitation increase associated with the longwave radiative effects of the present-day methane perturbation is also muted by shortwave absorption but not significantly so. Methane shortwave absorption also impacts the magnitude of its climate feedback parameter, largely through the cloud feedback.
Kun Zhang, Tao Luo, Xuebin Li, Shengcheng Cui, Ningquan Weng, Yinbo Huang, and Yingjian Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11157–11173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11157-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11157-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to deeply understand the formation mechanisms and evolution processes associated with vertical tropopause structures, this study proposes a new method for identifying the multiple characteristic parameters of vertical tropopause structures by fitting temperature profiles using the bi-Gaussian function. The identification results from the bi-Gaussian method are more reasonable and more consistent with the evolution process of atmospheric thermal stratifications.
Ying Li, Chenghao Wang, Qiuhong Tang, Shibo Yao, Bo Sun, Hui Peng, and Shangbin Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10741–10758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10741-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10741-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For moisture tracking over the Tibetan Plateau, we recommend using high-resolution forcing datasets, prioritizing temporal resolution over spatial resolution for WAM2layers, while for FLEXPART coupled with WaterSip, we suggest applying bias corrections to optimize the filtering of precipitation particles and adjust evaporation estimates.
Antoine Hermant, Linnea Huusko, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10707–10715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10707-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles, from natural and human sources, have a cooling effect on the climate, partially offsetting global warming. They do this through direct (sunlight reflection) and indirect (cloud property alteration) mechanisms. Using a global climate model, we found that, despite declining emissions, the direct effect of human aerosols has increased while the indirect effect has decreased, which is attributed to the shift in emissions from North America and Europe to Southeast Asia.
Claire L. Vincent and Andrew J. Dowdy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10209–10223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how wind speed at the height of a wind turbine changes during El Niño and La Niña years and with season and time of day in southeastern Australia. We found that El Niño and La Niña can cause average wind speed differences of around 1 m s-1 in some regions. The highest wind speeds occur in the afternoon or evening around mountains or the coast and during the night for inland areas. The results help show how placement of wind turbines can help balance electricity generation.
Sergio Soler, Francisco J. Gordillo-Vázquez, Francisco J. Pérez-Invernón, Patrick Jöckel, Torsten Neubert, Olivier Chanrion, Victor Reglero, and Nikolai Østgaard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10225–10243, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sudden local ozone (O3) enhancements have been reported in different regions of the world since the 1970s. While the hot channel of lightning strokes directly produce significant amounts of nitrogen oxide, no direct emission of O3 is expected. Corona discharges in convective active regions could explain local O3 increases, which remains unexplained. We present the first mathematical functions that relate the global annual frequency of in-cloud coronas with four sets of meteorological variables.
Audran Borella, Olivier Boucher, Keith P. Shine, Marc Stettler, Katsumasa Tanaka, Roger Teoh, and Nicolas Bellouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9401–9417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work studies how to compare the climate impact of the CO2 emitted and contrails formed by a flight. This is applied to contrail avoidance strategies that would decrease climate impact of flights by changing the trajectory of aircraft to avoid persistent contrail formation, at the risk of increasing CO2 emissions. We find that different comparison methods lead to different quantification of the total climate impact of a flight but lead to similar decisions of whether to reroute an aircraft.
Daniel Köhler, Philipp Reutter, and Peter Spichtinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10055–10072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10055-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10055-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, the influence of humidity on the properties of the tropopause is studied. The tropopause is the interface between the troposphere and the stratosphere and represents a barrier for the transport of air masses between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We consider not only the tropopause itself, but also a layer around it called the tropopause inversion layer (TIL). It is shown that the moister the underlying atmosphere is, the more this layer acts as a barrier.
Michael Stanley, Mikael Kuusela, Brendan Byrne, and Junjie Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9419–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To serve the uncertainty quantification (UQ) needs of 4D-Var data assimilation (DA) practitioners, we describe and justify a UQ algorithm from carbon flux inversion and incorporate its sampling uncertainty into the final reported UQ. The algorithm is mathematically proved, and its performance is shown for a carbon flux observing system simulation experiment. These results legitimize and generalize this algorithm's current use and make available this effective algorithm to new DA domains.
Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Swarnali Sanyal, and Donald J. Wuebbles
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9219–9262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Radiative forcing of contrails could triple by 2050 due to increased air traffic and potential changes in flight altitudes. Factors like air traffic patterns, fuel efficiency, alternative fuels, and climate change further influence this impact. By highlighting gaps in knowledge and uncertainties, this research helps set priorities for future studies and assess strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation emissions.
Dieu Anh Tran, Christoph Gerbig, Christian Rödenbeck, and Sönke Zaehle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8413–8440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8413-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8413-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The analysis of the atmospheric CO2 record from the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in central Siberia shows significant increases in the length and amplitude of the CO2 uptake and release in the 2010–2021 period. The trend shows a stronger increase in carbon release amplitude compared to the uptake, suggesting that, despite enhanced growing season uptake, during this period climate warming did not elevate the annual net CO2 uptake as cold-season respirations also responded to the warming.
Olaf Morgenstern
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8105–8123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
I use errors in climate model simulations to derive correction factors for the impacts of greenhouse gases and particles that bring these simulated temperature fields into agreement with an observational reconstruction of the Earth's temperature. On average across eight models, a reduction by about one-half of the particle-induced cooling would be required, causing only 0.24 K of cooling since 1850–1899. The greenhouse gas warming simulated by several highly sensitive models would also reduce.
Astrid Bragstad Gjelsvik, Robert Oscar David, Tim Carlsen, Franziska Hellmuth, Stefan Hofer, Zachary McGraw, Harald Sodemann, and Trude Storelvmo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1879, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation in clouds has a substantial impact on radiation and precipitation, and must be realistically simulated in order to understand present and future Arctic climate. Rare aerosols known as ice-nucleating particles can play an important role for cloud ice formation, but their representation in global climate models is not well suited for the Arctic. In this study, the simulation of cloud phase is improved when the representation of these particles are constrained by Arctic observations.
Donghuan Li, Tianjun Zhou, Youcun Qi, Liwei Zou, Chao Li, Wenxia Zhang, and Xiaolong Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7347–7358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two sets of climate model simulations are used to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic factors of future change in cold extremes in East Asia. Dynamic factor accounted for over 80 % of cold-month temperature anomalies in past 50 years. The intensity of cold extreme is expected to decrease by 5 ℃, with thermodynamic factor contributing ~ 75 % by the end of the 21st century. Changes in dynamic factor are driven by an upward trend of positive Arctic Oscillation-like sea level pressure pattern.
Johannes Mülmenstädt, Edward Gryspeerdt, Sudhakar Dipu, Johannes Quaas, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Florian Tornow, Susanne E. Bauer, Andrew Gettelman, Yi Ming, Youtong Zheng, Po-Lun Ma, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, Matthew W. Christensen, Adam C. Varble, L. Ruby Leung, Xiaohong Liu, David Neubauer, Daniel G. Partridge, Philip Stier, and Toshihiko Takemura
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7331–7345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities release copious amounts of small particles called aerosols into the atmosphere. These particles change how much sunlight clouds reflect to space, an important human perturbation of the climate, whose magnitude is highly uncertain. We found that the latest climate models show a negative correlation but a positive causal relationship between aerosols and cloud water. This means we need to be very careful when we interpret observational studies that can only see correlation.
Zhen Liu, Massimo A. Bollasina, and Laura J. Wilcox
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7227–7252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol impact on monsoon precipitation and circulation is strongly influenced by a model-simulated spatio-temporal variability in the climatological monsoon precipitation across Asia, which critically modulates the efficacy of aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions, the predominant driver of the total aerosol response. There is a strong interplay between South Asia and East Asia monsoon precipitation biases and their relative predominance in driving the overall monsoon response.
Sarah E. Hancock, Daniel Jacob, Zichong Chen, Hannah Nesser, Aaron Davitt, Daniel J. Varon, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Nicholas Balasus, Lucas A. Estrada, James D. East, Elise Penn, Cynthia A. Randles, John Worden, Ilse Aben, Robert J. Parker, and Joannes D. Maasakkers
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1763, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify 2021 methane emissions in South America at up to 25 km × 25 km resolution using satellite methane observations. We find a 55 % upward correction to the national anthropogenic inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the Paris Agreement. Our estimates match inventories for Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay but are much higher for other countries. Livestock emissions (65 % of anthropogenic emissions) show the largest discrepancies.
Tapio Schneider, L. Ruby Leung, and Robert C. J. Wills
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7041–7062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7041-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are crucial for predicting climate change in detail. This paper proposes a balanced approach to improving their accuracy by combining traditional process-based methods with modern artificial intelligence (AI) techniques while maximizing the resolution to allow for ensemble simulations. The authors propose using AI to learn from both observational and simulated data while incorporating existing physical knowledge to reduce data demands and improve climate prediction reliability.
Brian Nathan, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Stijn Naus, Ritesh Gautam, Mark Omara, Daniel J. Varon, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Lucas A. Estrada, Alba Lorente, Tobias Borsdorff, Robert J. Parker, and Ilse Aben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6845–6863, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6845-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6845-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Venezuela's Lake Maracaibo region is notoriously hard to observe from space and features intensive oil exploitation, although production has strongly decreased in recent years. We estimate methane emissions using 2018–2020 TROPOMI satellite observations with national and regional transport models. Despite the production decrease, we find relatively constant emissions from Lake Maracaibo between 2018 and 2020, indicating that there could be large emissions from abandoned infrastructure.
Alejandro Uribe, Frida Bender, and Thorsten Mauritsen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1559, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores climate feedbacks, vital for understanding global warming. It links them to shifts in Earth's energy balance at the atmosphere's top due to natural temperature variations. It takes roughly 50-years to establish this connection. Combined satellite observations and reanalysis suggest that Earth cools more than expected under carbon dioxide influence. However, continuous satellite data until at least the mid-2030s are crucial for refining our understanding of climate feedbacks.
Saqr Munassar, Christian Roedenbeck, Michał Gałkowski, Frank-Thomas Koch, Kai U. Totsche, Santiago Botía, and Christoph Gerbig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-291, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-291, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 mole fractions simulated over a global stations showed an overestimation of CO2 if the diurnal cycle is missing NEE. This led to biases in the estimated fluxes derived from the inversions at continental and regional scales. IAVof estimated NEE was affected by the diurnal effect. The findings point to the importance of including the diurnal variations of CO2 in the biosphere priors used in inversions to better converge flux estimates among inversions, in particular those contributing to GCB.
Kalle Nordling, Nora Fahrenbach, and Bjørn Samset
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1068, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1068, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
People experience daily weather, not changes in monthly averages. We investigate how the likelihood of events, which occurred once every ten years in the pre-industrial era. We analyze how summertime precipitation and daily maximum temperature events evolve. Our focus is on understanding the role of day-to-day variability in the change in the number of extreme weather days. We find that in most regions, a change in variability is the primary driver for change in summertime extreme precipitation.
Jiachen Cao, Xu Yue, and Mingrui Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3973–3987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented two widely used ozone damage schemes into a same regional model. Although the two schemes yielded distinct ozone vegetation damages, they predicted similar feedbacks to surface air temperature and ozone air quality in China. Our results highlighted the significance of ozone pollution control given its detrimental impacts on ecosystem functions, contributions to global warming, and amplifications of ozone pollution through ozone–vegetation coupling.
Johannes Mülmenstädt, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Meng Huang, Po-Lun Ma, Naser Mahfouz, Susanne E. Bauer, Susannah M. Burrows, Matthew W. Christensen, Sudhakar Dipu, Andrew Gettelman, L. Ruby Leung, Florian Tornow, Johannes Quaas, Adam C. Varble, Hailong Wang, Kai Zhang, and Youtong Zheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-778, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stratocumulus clouds play a large role in Earth's climate by reflecting incoming solar energy back to space. Turbulence at stratocumulus cloud top mixes in drier, warmer air, which can lead to a reduction in cloud. This process is challenging for coarse-resolution global models to represent. We show that global models nevertheless agree well with our process understanding. Global models also think the process is less important for the climate than other lines of evidence had led us to conclude.
Steven C. Sherwood and Chris E. Forest
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2679–2686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2679-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2679-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The most fundamental parameter used to gauge the severity of future climate change is the so-called equilibrium climate sensitivity, which measures the warming that would ultimately occur due to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Due to recent advances it is now thought to probably lie in the range 2.5–4 °C. We discuss this and the issues involved in evaluating and using the number, pointing to some pitfalls in current efforts but also possibilities for further progress.
Christopher D. Wells, Matthew Kasoar, Majid Ezzati, and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1025–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1025-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1025-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Human-driven emissions of air pollutants, mostly caused by burning fossil fuels, impact both the climate and human health. Millions of deaths each year are caused by air pollution globally, and the future trends are uncertain. Here, we use a global climate model to study the effect of African pollutant emissions on surface level air pollution, and resultant impacts on human health, in several future emission scenarios. We find much lower health impacts under cleaner, lower-emission futures.
Xipeng Jin, Xuhui Cai, Xuesong Wang, Qianqian Huang, Yu Song, Ling Kang, Hongsheng Zhang, and Tong Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a climatology of water vapour exchange flux between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and free troposphere (FT) over eastern China. The water vapour exchange maintains ABL humidity in cold months and moistens the FT in warm seasons, and its distribution has terrain-dependent features. The exchange flux is correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and precipitation pattern. The study provides new insight into moisture transport and extreme weather.
Clare Marie Flynn, Linnea Huusko, Angshuman Modak, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15121–15133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15121-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15121-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The latest-generation climate models show surprisingly cold mid-20th century global-mean temperatures, often despite exhibiting more realistic late 20th/early 21st century temperatures. A too-strong aerosol forcing in many models was thought to the be primary cause of these too-cold mid-century temperatures, but this was found to only be a partial explanation. This also partly undermines the hope to construct a strong relationship between the mid-century temperatures and aerosol forcing.
Suvarna Fadnavis, Bernd Heinold, T. P. Sabin, Anne Kubin, Katty Huang, Alexandru Rap, and Rolf Müller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10439–10449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on the Himalayas caused increases in snow cover and a decrease in runoff, ultimately leading to an enhanced snow water equivalent. Our findings highlight that, out of the two processes causing a retreat of Himalayan glaciers – (1) slow response to global climate change and (2) fast response to local air pollution – a policy action on the latter is more likely to be within the reach of possible policy action to help billions of people in southern Asia.
Amelie U. Schmitt, Felix Ament, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Marta Sá, and Paulo Teixeira
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9323–9346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tall vegetation in forests affects the exchange of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and the land surface. We compared measurements from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory to results from a land surface model to identify model shortcomings. Our results suggest that soil temperatures in the model could be improved by incorporating a separate canopy layer which represents the heat storage within the forest.
Cited articles
Aarhus Protocol: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals, CHAPTER XXVII – ENVIRONMENT, Aarhus, 24 June 1998, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-1-f&chapter=27&clang=_en (last access: 5 April 2024).
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., Sandler, R., Schöpp, W., Wagner, F., and Winiwarter, W.: Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications, Environ. Modell. Softw., 26, 1489–1501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012, 2011.
Amann, M., Kiesewetter, G., Schoepp, W., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W., Cofala, J., Rafaj, P., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Gomez Sanabria, A., Heyes, C., Purohit, P., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Wagner, F., Sander, R., Fagerli, H., Nyiri, A., Cozzi, L., and Pavarini, C.: Reducing global air pollution: The scope for further policy interventions, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 378, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0331, 2020.
AMAP/UN Environment: Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Arctic Monitoring, Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
AMAP/UN Environment: Technical Background Report to the Global Mercury Assessment 2018, Troms: Arctic Monitoring; Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UN Environment Programme, Chemicals; Health Branch, https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-technical-background-report (last access: 18 June 2024), 2019.
Ancora, M. P., Zhang, L., Wang, S., Schreifels, J. J., and Hao, J.: Meeting Minamata: Cost-effective compliance options for atmospheric mercury control in Chinese coal-fired power plants, Energy Policy, 88, 485–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.048, 2016.
Angot, H., Hoffman, N., Giang, A., Thackray, C. P., Hendricks, A. N., Urban, N. R., and Selin, N. E.: Global and Local Impacts of Delayed Mercury Mitigation Efforts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12968–12977, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04542, 2018.
Brocza, F. M.: Global scenarios of anthropogenic mercury emissions in GAINS, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10477377, 2024.
Chakraborty, L. B., Qureshi, A., Vadenbo, C., and Hellweg, S.: Anthropogenic Mercury Flows in India and Impacts of Emission Controls, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 8105–8113, https://doi.org/10.1021/es401006k, 2013.
CLRTAP: Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, CHAPTER XXVII – ENVIRONMENT, Geneva, 13 November 1979, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-1&chapter=27&clang=_en (last access: 5 April 2024), 1979.
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1032: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1032 of 13 June 2016 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for the non-ferrous metals industries, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32016D1032 (last access: 18 June 2024), 2016.
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2021/2326: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2021/2326 of 30 November 2021, establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32021D2326 (last access: 18 June 2024), 2021.
CPCB: Emission Regulations. Part – Two, Comprehensive Industry Document Series: COINDS/18/1984-85, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvTmV3SXRlbV8xNjRfRU1JU1NJT05fUkVHVUxBVElPTlNfUEFSVF8yLnBkZg== (last access: 7 September 2023), 1998.
Directive 2010/75/EU: Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (recast) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L, http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2010/75/oj (last access: 18 June 2024), 2010.
Flanagan, D. M.: 2018 Minerals Yearbook – Copper (Advance Release), U. S. Geological Survey, https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol1/2018/myb1-2018-copper.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2022.
George, M. W.: 2018 Minerals Yearbook – Mercury (Advance Release), U. S. Geological Survey, https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol1/2018/myb1-2018-mercury.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2021.
Giang, A., Stokes, L. C., Streets, D. G., Corbitt, E. S., and Selin, N. E.: Impacts of the Minamata Convention on Mercury Emissions and Global Deposition from Coal-Fired Power Generation in Asia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 5326–5335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00074, 2015.
Glodek, A., Panasiuk, D., and Pacyna, J. M.: Mercury Emission from Anthropogenic Sources in Poland and Their Scenarios to the Year 2020, Water Air Soil Pollut., 213, 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0380-6, 2010.
Gómez-Sanabria, A., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Schoepp, W., and Haberl, H.: Potential for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutants from circular waste management systems, Nat. Commun., 13, 106, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27624-7, 2022.
Granite, E. J., Pennline, H. W., and Hargis, R. A.: Novel Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Flue Gas, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 1020–1029, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie990758v, 2000.
IEA: World Energy Outlook 2022, Paris, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022 (last access: 18 June 2024), 2022.
International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA): Greenhouse gas – Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model, http://gains.iiasa.ac.at/models/gains_models4.html last access: 18 June 2024.
Keane, S., Bernaudat, L., Davis, K. J., Stylo, M., Mutemeri, N., Singo, P., Twala, P., Mutemeri, I., Nakafeero, A., and Etui, I. D.: Mercury and artisanal and small-scale gold mining: Review of global use estimates and considerations for promoting mercury-free alternatives, Ambio, 833–852, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01843-2, 2023.
Klochko, K..: 2017 Minerals Yearbook – Lead (Advance Release), U. S. Geological Survey, https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb1-2015-manga.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2021.
Krishnakumar, B., Niksa, S., Sloss, L., Jozewicz, W., and Futsaeter, G.: Process Optimization Guidance (POG and iPOG) for Mercury Emissions Control, Energ. Fuels, 26, 4624–4634, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef2018397, 2012.
Lei, H., Wuebbles, D. J., Liang, X.-Z., Tao, Z., Olsen, S., Artz, R., Ren, X., and Cohen, M.: Projections of atmospheric mercury levels and their effect on air quality in the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 783–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-783-2014, 2014.
Li, J., Zhou, S., Wei, W., Qi, J., Li, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, N., Guan, D., Qian, H., Wu, X., Miao, J., Chen, L., Feng, K., and Liang, S.: China's retrofitting measures in coal-fired power plants bring significant mercury-related health benefits, One Earth, 3, 777–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.012, 2020.
Li, N., Chen, W., Rafaj, P., Kiesewetter, G., Schöpp, W., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Krey, V., and Riahi, K.: Air Quality Improvement Co-benefits of Low-Carbon Pathways toward Well Below the 2 °C Climate Target in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 5576–5584, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06948, 2019.
Minamata Convention on Mercury (MCM): CHAPTER XXVII – ENVIRONMENT, Kumamoto, 10 October 2013, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-17&chapter=27&clang=_en (last access: 5 April 2024), 2013.
Mulvaney, K. M., Selin, N. E., Giang, A., Muntean, M., Li, C.-T., Zhang, D., Angot, H., Thackray, C. P., and Karplus, V. J.: Mercury Benefits of Climate Policy in China: Addressing the Paris Agreement and the Minamata Convention Simultaneously, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1326–1335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06741, 2020.
Nakicenovic, N., Swart, R., Alcamo, J., Davis, G., Vries, B. de, Fenhann, J., Gaffin, S., Gregory, K., and Gruebler, A.: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E., Hlawiczka, S., and Panasiuk, D.: Mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2000 and their scenarios until 2020, Sci. Total Environ., 370, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.023, 2006.
Pacyna, J. M., Sundseth, K., Pacyna, E. G., Jozewicz, W., Munthe, J., Belhaj, M., and Aström, S.: An Assessment of Costs and Benefits Associated with Mercury Emission Reductions from Major Anthropogenic Sources, J. Air Waste Manage., 60, 302–315, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.3.302, 2010.
Pacyna, J. M., Travnikov, O., De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I. M., Sundseth, K., Pacyna, E. G., Steenhuisen, F., Pirrone, N., Munthe, J., and Kindbom, K.: Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on a global scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12495–12511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016, 2016.
Pavlish, J. H., Sondreal, E. A., Mann, M. D., Olson, E. S., Galbreath, K. C., Laudal, D. L., and Benson, S. A.: Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants, Fuel Process. Technol., 82, 89–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3820(03)00059-6, 2003.
Rafaj, P., Bertok, I., Cofala, J., and Schöpp, W.: Scenarios of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources, Atmos. Environ., 79, 472–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.042, 2013.
Rafaj, P., Cofala, J., Kuenen, J., Wyrwa, A., and Zyśk, J.: Benefits of European Climate Policies for Mercury Air Pollution, Atmosphere, 5, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos5010045, 2014.
Rafaj, P., Kiesewetter, G., Gül, T., Schöpp, W., Cofala, J., Klimont, Z., Purohit, P., Heyes, C., Amann, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Cozzi, L.: Outlook for clean air in the context of sustainable development goals, Global Environ. Chang., 53, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.008, 2018.
Selin, N. E.: Global Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury: A Review, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 34, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.051308.084314, 2009.
Selin, N. E.: Global change and mercury cycling: Challenges for implementing a global mercury treaty, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33, 1202–1210, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2374, 2014.
Selin, N. E. and Selin, H.: Global Politics of Mercury Pollution: The Need for Multi-Scale Governance, Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 15, 258–269, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2006.00529.x, 2006.
Selin, H. and Selin, N. E.: Human Health: Mercury's Caduceus, in: Mercury Stories: Understanding Sustainability through a Volatile Element, The MIT Press, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11856.003.0007, 77–114, 2020.
Sheaffer, K. N.: 2018 Minerals Yearbook – Gold (Advance Release), U. S. Geological Survey, https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol1/2018/myb1-2018-gold.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2022.
Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., and Wu, Y.: Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2983–2988, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802474j, 2009.
Tolcin, A. C.: 2018 Minerals Yearbook – Zinc (Advance Release), U. S. Geological Survey, https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol1/2018/myb1-2018-zinc.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024). 2022.
UNEP: Guidance on best available techniques and best environmental practices, Geneva, Secretariat of the Minamta Convention on Mercury, Chemicals and Health Branch, https://minamataconvention.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/BAT_BEP_E_interractif.pdf (last access: 18 June 2024), 2019.
Usberti, N., Alcove Clave, S., Nash, M., and Beretta, A.: Kinetics of Hg0 oxidation over a V2O5/MoO3/TiO2 catalyst: Experimental and modelling study under DeNOX inactive conditions, Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 193, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.03.071, 2016.
Wagner, F., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., and Schoepp W.: The Gains Optimization Module: Identifying Cost-Effective Measures for Improving Air Quality and Short-Term Climate Forcing, IIASA Interim Report, IR-13-001, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/10755/ (last access: 18 June 2024), 2013.
Wang, F., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Gao, W., Wu, Q., and Hao, J.: Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control, J. Environ. Sci., 43, 293–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.019, 2016.
World Health Organization: Chemicals, in: Compendium of WHO and other UN guidance on health and environment (WHO/HEP/ECH/EHD/21.02), World Health Organization, Geneva, 2021.
Wu, Q., Li, G., Wang, S., Liu, K., and Hao, J.: Mitigation Options of Atmospheric Hg Emissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 12368–12375, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03702, 2018.
Zhang, Y., Song, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, P., Peng, Y., Wu, P., Gu, J., Dutkiewicz, S., Zhang, H., Wu, S., Wang, F., Chen, L., Wang, S., and Li, P.: Global health effects of future atmospheric mercury emissions, Nat. Commun., 12, 3035, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23391-7, 2021.
Zhao, Y., Zhong, H., Zhang, J., and Nielsen, C. P.: Evaluating the effects of China's pollution controls on inter-annual trends and uncertainties of atmospheric mercury emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4317–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4317-2015, 2015.
Short summary
To understand how atmospheric mercury levels will change in the future, we model how anthropogenic Hg releases will change following developments in human energy use and mercury use and efforts to reduce pollution and battle climate change. Overall, the findings emphasize that it will be necessary to implement targeted Hg control measures in addition to stringent climate and clean air policies to achieve significant reductions in Hg emissions.
To understand how atmospheric mercury levels will change in the future, we model how...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint