Articles | Volume 24, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note
| 
18 Jun 2024
Technical note |
| 18 Jun 2024
| 18 Jun 2024
Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yechun Ruan
Institute of Future Networks, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yuanlong Huang
College of Engineering, Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Ningbo, 315200, China
Xujian Chen
Department of Mathematics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Antai Zhang
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Jianhuai Ye
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guomao Zheng
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Baohua Cai
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yaling Zeng
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yixiang Wang
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Chunbo Xing
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Yujie Zhang
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Tzung-May Fu
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Huizhong Shen
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Chen Wang
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Dukun Chen, Weifeng Su, Shaojie Jiang, Honglong Yang, Chunsheng Zhang, Shutong Jiang, Dongyang Chang, Yuxin Liang, Hao Wang, Xin Yang, Tzung-May Fu, Zhenzhong Zeng, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Chen Wang, and Jianhuai Ye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3607–3620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3607-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3607-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents a sensor-free method to transform UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) into precise wind measurement platforms by calibrating their flight dynamics against wind. The approach quantifies how wind tilts the aircraft, enabling accurate estimation of wind speed and direction without additional sensors. This provides a low-cost, high-resolution monitoring of complex wind patterns, with applications in pollution tracking, air quality modeling, and operational safety in the emerging low-altitude economy.
Yaotong Cai, Baoni Li, Xiaoye Liu, Xin Jiang, Yakun Zhu, Shuxin Luo, Yingzuo Qin, Shudi Xie, Jianhuai Ye, Huizhong Shen, Zhilin Guo, Xiaoping Liu, and Zhenzhong Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-78, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent clouds and small farm sizes in Southeast Asia have historically hindered accurate mapping. We combined satellite imagery with advanced artificial intelligence to produce the first 10-meter annual cropland map for the region (2019–2024). Achieving over 92 % accuracy, our dataset reveals three to four times more farming on steep slopes than previously reported, providing a vital baseline for monitoring food security and deforestation risks.
Yuguang Zhu, Zhilin Guo, Sichen Wan, Kewei Chen, Yushan Wang, Zhenzhong Zeng, Huizhong Shen, Jianhuai Ye, and Chunmiao Zheng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 693–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-693-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-693-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term overuse of groundwater has lowered water levels and increased pollution in parts of northern China. We studied whether adding river water back into the ground can restore groundwater and reduce nitrate pollution. Using computer simulations based on field data, we found that recharge can significantly raise water levels and lower nitrate levels, mainly by dilution rather than natural removal processes.
Yue Yan, Xin Jiang, Sihuan Wei, Yubin Jin, Xinyu Zou, Junwei Liu, Yaotong Cai, Jianhuai Ye, Zhilin Guo, and Zhenzhong Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-695, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-695, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Floating solar is booming in China, but its rapid growth is unmapped. We built the first detailed atlas for China's key Yangtze River Delta using radar and optical satellites, then manually verified every installation over ten years. Our map reveals explosive growth to 145.4 km² and provides a vital tool for sustainable energy planning and environmental monitoring.
Jinghao Zhai, Yujie Zhang, Baohua Cai, Yaling Zeng, Jingyi Zhang, Jianhuai Ye, Chen Wang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 623–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-623-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-623-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the regulation of aerosol acidity in a coastal megacity under contrasting meteorological regimes. By integrating field observations with thermodynamic modeling, we show that ammonia and aerosol water dominate acidity control under typical conditions, whereas sea-salt cations prevail during typhoons. These findings reveal that extreme weather can alter the governing mechanisms of aerosol acidity, with implications for air quality and climate evaluation.
Huirong Yang, Kai Wu, Huizhong Shen, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, and Minqiang Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 18111–18127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18111-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18111-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We compare six major anthropogenic CO2 emission inventories in China during the period 2000–2023 to assess emission trends and uncertainties. National emissions show a clear three‑phase pattern, with uncertainties below 5 % (1σ) at the national scale but much higher at the provincial level (10–50 %, 1σ). High-emission regions often have the largest uncertainties. Our findings support more accurate emission estimates and the verification emission reduction policies.
Baohua Cai, Yuanlong Huang, Wenqing Jiang, Yanchen Li, Yali Li, Jinghao Zhai, Yaling Zeng, Jianhuai Ye, Huizhong Shen, Chen Wang, Lei Zhu, Tzung-May Fu, Qi Zhang, and Xin Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5323, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5323, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals a novel Ultraviolet A-driven, metal-free mechanism for aqueous-phase tetravalent sulfur (S(IV)) oxidation that leads to organosulfates formation, addressing a critical knowledge gap in atmospheric sulfur and organic aerosol chemistry and highlighting a previously overlooked photochemical pathway with broad environmental implications.
Aoxing Zhang, Tzung-May Fu, Yuhang Wang, Enyu Xiong, Wenlu Wu, Yumin Li, Lei Zhu, Wei Tao, Kelley C. Wells, Dylan B. Millet, Zhe Wang, Bin Yuan, Min Shao, Christophe Lerot, Thomas Danckaert, Ruixiong Zhang, and Kelvin H. Bates
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5083, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glyoxal, a product of volatile organic compound oxidation, influences atmospheric oxidation and aerosol formation but is underestimated in models. By improving emissions, chemistry, and marine sources in GEOS-Chem, we better reproduce observed glyoxal over land and ocean, which strengthens global oxidation capacity and aerosol formation. The results highlight glyoxal's role as a proxy of atmospheric oxidation, and emphasize the needs of accurately representing glyoxal chemistry.
Guangyuan Yu, Yan Zhang, Qian Wang, Zimin Han, Shenglan Jiang, Fan Yang, Xin Yang, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9497–9518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
China has carried out staged low-sulfur fuel policies since 2017. This study simulated the changing spatiotemporal patterns of the impacts of ship emissions on PM2.5 from 2017 to 2021 based on the updated emission inventories and mapping of chemical species in the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality). Fuel policies caused evident relative changes in inorganic and organic components of the shipping-related PM2.5 over China’s port cities. The driving factors of the interannual, seasonal, and diurnal patterns were discussed.
Sijia Lou, Manish Shrivastava, Alexandre Albinet, Sophie Tomaz, Deepchandra Srivastava, Olivier Favez, Huizhong Shen, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8163–8183, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), emitted from incomplete combustion, pose serious health risks due to their carcinogenic properties. This research demonstrates that viscous organic aerosol coatings significantly hinder PAH oxidation, with spatial distributions sensitive to the degradation modeling approach. Our findings emphasize the need for accurate modeling of PAH oxidation processes in risk assessments, considering both fresh and oxidized PAHs in evaluating human health risks.
Jinghao Zhai, Yin Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Yujie Zhang, Antai Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Baohua Cai, Jingyi Zhang, Chunbo Xing, Honglong Yang, Xiaofei Wang, Jianhuai Ye, Chen Wang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, Shu Tao, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7959–7972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the optical properties of brown carbon depend on its source. Brown carbon from ozone pollution had the weakest light absorption but the strongest wavelength dependence, while biomass burning brown carbon showed the strongest absorption and the weakest wavelength dependence. Nitrogen-containing organic carbon compounds were identified as key light absorbers. These results improve understanding of brown carbon sources and help refine climate models.
Tiangang Yuan, Tzung-May Fu, Aoxing Zhang, David H. Y. Yung, Jin Wu, Sien Li, and Amos P. K. Tai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4211–4232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4211-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4211-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilizes a regional climate–air quality coupled model to first investigate the complex interaction between irrigation, climate and air quality in China. We found that large-scale irrigation practices reduce summertime surface ozone while raising secondary inorganic aerosol concentration via complicated physical and chemical processes. Our results emphasize the importance of making a tradeoff between air pollution controls and sustainable agricultural development.
Li Fang, Jianbing Jin, Arjo Segers, Ke Li, Ji Xia, Wei Han, Baojie Li, Hai Xiang Lin, Lei Zhu, Song Liu, and Hong Liao
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8267–8282, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Model evaluations against ground observations are usually unfair. The former simulates mean status over coarse grids and the latter the surrounding atmosphere. To solve this, we proposed the new land-use-based representative (LUBR) operator that considers intra-grid variance. The LUBR operator is validated to provide insights that align with satellite measurements. The results highlight the importance of considering fine-scale urban–rural differences when comparing models and observation.
Qianqian Gao, Shengqiang Zhu, Kaili Zhou, Jinghao Zhai, Shaodong Chen, Qihuang Wang, Shurong Wang, Jin Han, Xiaohui Lu, Hong Chen, Liwu Zhang, Lin Wang, Zimeng Wang, Xin Yang, Qi Ying, Hongliang Zhang, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaofei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13049–13060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dust is a major source of atmospheric aerosols. Its chemical composition is often assumed to be similar to the parent soil. However, this assumption has not been rigorously verified. Dust aerosols are mainly generated by wind erosion, which may have some chemical selectivity. Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be highly enriched in fine-dust (PM2.5) aerosols. In addition, estimation of heavy metal emissions from dust generation by air quality models may have errors without using proper dust profiles.
Lei Shu, Lei Zhu, Juseon Bak, Peter Zoogman, Han Han, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Shuai Sun, Juan Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Xiaoxing Zuo, Weitao Fu, Xin Yang, and Tzung-May Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3731–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the benefit of multisource observations (GEMS, LEO satellite, and surface) on ozone simulations in Asia. Data assimilation improves the monitoring of exceedance, spatial pattern, and diurnal variation of surface ozone, with the regional mean bias reduced from −2.1 to −0.2 ppbv. Data assimilation also better represents ozone vertical distributions in the middle to upper troposphere at low latitudes. Our results offer a valuable reference for future ozone simulations.
Amir H. Souri, Matthew S. Johnson, Glenn M. Wolfe, James H. Crawford, Alan Fried, Armin Wisthaler, William H. Brune, Donald R. Blake, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Tijl Verhoelst, Steven Compernolle, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Sungyeon Choi, Lok Lamsal, Lei Zhu, Shuai Sun, Ronald C. Cohen, Kyung-Eun Min, Changmin Cho, Sajeev Philip, Xiong Liu, and Kelly Chance
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1963–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We have rigorously characterized different sources of error in satellite-based HCHO / NO2 tropospheric columns, a widely used metric for diagnosing near-surface ozone sensitivity. Specifically, the errors were categorized/quantified into (i) an inherent chemistry error, (ii) the decoupled relationship between columns and the near-surface concentration, (iii) the spatial representativeness error of ground satellite pixels, and (iv) the satellite retrieval errors.
Qian Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Zhichun Wu, Bin Zhang, Yaling Zeng, Jian Sun, Hongmei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhihua Li, Junji Cao, and Zhenxing Shen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-801, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the brown carbon (BrC) molecules and their absorbing abilities on a molecular level from animal dung fuel combustion over the Tibetan Plateau region in China. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with the partial least squares regression were precisely applied to characterize the molecular absorptions, key molecular markers, and radiative effects of BrC from household combustion scenarios at the high-altitude area.
Xun Li, Momei Qin, Lin Li, Kangjia Gong, Huizhong Shen, Jingyi Li, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14799–14811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14799-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14799-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Photochemical indicators have been widely used to predict O3–NOx–VOC sensitivity with given thresholds. Here we assessed the effectiveness of four indicators with a case study in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The overall performance was good, while some indicators showed inconsistencies with the O3 isopleths. The methodology used to determine the thresholds may produce uncertainties. These results would improve our understanding of the use of photochemical indicators in policy implications.
Tianlang Zhao, Jingqiu Mao, William R. Simpson, Isabelle De Smedt, Lei Zhu, Thomas F. Hanisco, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jason M. St. Clair, Gonzalo González Abad, Caroline R. Nowlan, Barbara Barletta, Simone Meinardi, Donald R. Blake, Eric C. Apel, and Rebecca S. Hornbrook
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7163–7178, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring formaldehyde (HCHO) can help us understand Arctic vegetation change. Here, we compare satellite data and model and show that Alaska summertime HCHO is largely dominated by a background from methane oxidation during mild wildfire years and is dominated by wildfire (largely from direct emission of fire) during strong fire years. Consequently, it is challenging to use satellite HCHO to study vegetation change in the Arctic region.
Xiaotian Xu, Xu Feng, Haipeng Lin, Peng Zhang, Shaojian Huang, Zhengcheng Song, Yiming Peng, Tzung-May Fu, and Yanxu Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3845–3859, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is one of the most toxic pollutants in the environment, and wet deposition is a major process for atmospheric mercury to enter, causing ecological and human health risks. High-mercury wet deposition in the southeastern US has been a problem for many years. Here we employed a newly developed high-resolution WRF-GC model with the capability to simulate mercury to study this problem. We conclude that deep convection caused enhanced mercury wet deposition in the southeastern US.
Xuan Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, William Downs, Shuting Zhai, Lei Zhu, Viral Shah, Christopher D. Holmes, Tomás Sherwen, Becky Alexander, Mathew J. Evans, Sebastian D. Eastham, J. Andrew Neuman, Patrick R. Veres, Theodore K. Koenig, Rainer Volkamer, L. Gregory Huey, Thomas J. Bannan, Carl J. Percival, Ben H. Lee, and Joel A. Thornton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13973–13996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13973-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Halogen radicals have a broad range of implications for tropospheric chemistry, air quality, and climate. We present a new mechanistic description and comprehensive simulation of tropospheric halogens in a global 3-D model and compare the model results with surface and aircraft measurements. We find that halogen chemistry decreases the global tropospheric burden of ozone by 11 %, NOx by 6 %, and OH by 4 %.
Xu Feng, Haipeng Lin, Tzung-May Fu, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Jiawei Zhuang, Daniel J. Jacob, Heng Tian, Yaping Ma, Lijuan Zhang, Xiaolin Wang, Qi Chen, and Zhiwei Han
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3741–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
WRF-GC is an online coupling of the WRF meteorological model and GEOS-Chem chemical transport model for regional atmospheric chemistry and air quality modeling. In WRF-GC v2.0, we implemented the aerosol–radiation interactions and aerosol–cloud interactions, as well as the capability to nest multiple domains for high-resolution simulations based on the modular framework of WRF-GC v1.0. This allows the GEOS-Chem users to investigate the meteorology–atmospheric chemistry interactions.
Bingqing Zhang, Huizhong Shen, Pengfei Liu, Hongyu Guo, Yongtao Hu, Yilin Chen, Shaodong Xie, Ziyan Xi, T. Nash Skipper, and Armistead G. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8341–8356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8341-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extended ground-level measurements are coupled with model simulations to comprehensively compare the aerosol acidity in China and the United States. Aerosols in China are significantly less acidic than those in the United States, with pH values 1–2 units higher. Higher aerosol mass concentrations and the abundance of ammonia and ammonium in China, compared to the United States, are leading causes of the pH difference between these two countries.
Cited articles
Anders, L., Schade, J., Rosewig, E. I., Kröger-Badge, T., Irsig, R., Jeong, S., Bendl, J., Saraji-Bozorgzad, M. R., Huang, J.-H., Zhang, F.-Y., Wang, C. C., Adam, T., Sklorz, M., Etzien, U., Buchholz, B., Czech, H., Streibel, T., Passig, J., and Zimmermann, R.: Detection of ship emissions from distillate fuel operation via single-particle profiling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci.: Atmos., 3, 1134–1144, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00056G, 2023.
Ault, A. P., Gaston, C. J., Wang, Y., Dominguez, G., Thiemens, M. H., and Prather, K. A.: Characterization of the Single Particle Mixing State of Individual Ship Plume Events Measured at the Port of Los Angeles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1954–1961, https://doi.org/10.1021/es902985h, 2010.
Boskamp, T., Lachmund, D., Casadonte, R., Hauberg-Lotte, L., Kobarg, J. H., Kriegsmann, J., and Maass, P.: Using the Chemical Noise Background in MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Mass Alignment and Calibration, Anal. Chem., 92, 1301–1308, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04473, 2020.
Chen, Y., Kozlovskiy, V., Du, X., Lv, J., Nikiforov, S., Yu, J., Kolosov, A., Gao, W., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., and Li, L.: Increase of the particle hit rate in a laser single-particle mass spectrometer by pulse delayed extraction technology, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 941–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-941-2020, 2020.
Chudinov, A., Li, L., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., Gao, W., Yu, J., Nikiforov, S., Pikhtelev, A., Bukharina, A., and Kozlovskiy, V.: Improvement of peaks identification and dynamic range for bi-polar Single Particle Mass Spectrometer, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 436, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2018.11.013, 2019.
Clemen, H.-C., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., Helleis, F., Köllner, F., Hünig, A., Rubach, F., Mertes, S., Wex, H., Stratmann, F., Welti, A., Kohl, R., Frank, F., and Borrmann, S.: Optimizing the detection, ablation, and ion extraction efficiency of a single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometer for application in environments with low aerosol particle concentrations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5923–5953, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5923-2020, 2020.
Dienes, T.: Development, characterization, and refinement of a transportable aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, University of California, Riverside, ISBN 978-0-496-48209-2, 2003.
Du, X., Xie, Q., Huang, Q., Li, X., Yang, J., Hou, Z., Wang, J., Li, X., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., Gao, W., and Li, L.: Development and characterization of a high-performance single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1037–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1037-2024, 2024.
Gard, E., Mayer, J. E., Morrical, B. D., Dienes, T., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.: Real-Time Analysis of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Design and Performance of a Portable ATOFMS, Anal. Chem., 69, 4083–4091, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac970540n, 1997.
Gard, E. E., Kleeman, M. J., Gross, D. S., Hughes, L. S., Allen, J. O., Morrical, B. D., Fergenson, D. P., Dienes, T., Gälli, M. E., Johnson, R. J., Cass, G. R., and Prather, K. A.: Direct Observation of Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Atmosphere, Science, 279, 1184–1187, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5354.1184, 1998.
Gobom, J., Mueller, M., Egelhofer, V., Theiss, D., Lehrach, H., and Nordhoff, E.: A Calibration Method That Simplifies and Improves Accurate Determination of Peptide Molecular Masses by MALDI-TOF MS, Anal. Chem., 74, 3915–3923, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac011203o, 2002.
Green, F. M., Gilmore, I. S., and Seah, M. P.: TOF-SIMS: Accurate mass scale calibration, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 17, 514–523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2005.12.005, 2006.
Hatch, L. E., Creamean, J. M., Ault, A. P., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., Seinfeld, J. H., Edgerton, E. S., Su, Y., and Prather, K. A.: Measurements of Isoprene-Derived Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosols by Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry – Part 2: Temporal Variability and Formation Mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8648–8655, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2011836, 2011.
Kaiser, N. K., Anderson, G. A., and Bruce, J. E.: Improved mass accuracy for tandem mass spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 16, 463–470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2004.12.005, 2005.
Kirpes, R. M., Bonanno, D., May, N. W., Fraund, M., Barget, A. J., Moffet, R. C., Ault, A. P., and Pratt, K. A.: Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology, ACS Cent. Sci., 5, 1760–1767, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541, 2019.
Kolářová, L., Prokeš, L., Kučera, L., Hampl, A., Peňa-Méndez, E., Vaňhara, P., and Havel, J.: Clusters of Monoisotopic Elements for Calibration in (TOF) Mass Spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 28, 419–427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-016-1567-x, 2017.
Kozhinov, A. N., Zhurov, K. O., and Tsybin, Y. O.: Iterative Method for Mass Spectra Recalibration via Empirical Estimation of the Mass Calibration Function for Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry-Based Petroleomics, Anal. Chem., 85, 6437–6445, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac400972y, 2013.
Li, L., Huang, Z., Dong, J., Li, M., Gao, W., Nian, H., Fu, Z., Zhang, G., Bi, X., Cheng, P., and Zhou, Z.: Real time bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 303, 118–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2011.01.017, 2011.
Li, L., Liu, L., Xu, L., Li, M., Li, X., Gao, W., Huang, Z., and Cheng, P.: Improvement in the Mass Resolution of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Using Delayed Ion Extraction, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 29, 2105–2109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-018-2037-4, 2018.
Li, L., Wexler, A. S., Li, X., Hu, L., and Jiang, G.: In Situ Characterization of Bioaerosols at the Single-Particle Level Using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry: A Promising Tool for Defending Human Health against Bioaerosol Transmission, Anal. Chem., 95, 10839–10843, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05324, 2023.
Lian, X., Zhang, G., Yang, Y., Lin, Q., Fu, Y., Jiang, F., Peng, L., Hu, X., Chen, D., Wang, X., Peng, P., Sheng, G., and Bi, X.: Evidence for the Formation of Imidazole from Carbonyls and Reduced Nitrogen Species at the Individual Particle Level in the Ambient Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 8, 9–15, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00722, 2021.
Lou, X., Van Dongen, J. L. J., and Meijer, E. W.: Generation of CsI cluster ions for mass calibration in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 21, 1223–1226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.029, 2010.
Lu, H. L., Su, Z. M., Li, L., and Li, X.: Airborne Microbial Aerosol Detection by Combining Single Particle Mass Spectrometry and a Fluorescent Aerosol Particle Sizer, Anal. Chem., 94, 17861–17867, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03636, 2022.
McNamara, S. M., Kolesar, K. R., Wang, S., Kirpes, R. M., May, N. W., Gunsch, M. J., Cook, R. D., Fuentes, J. D., Hornbrook, R. S., Apel, E. C., China, S., Laskin, A., and Pratt, K. A.: Observation of Road Salt Aerosol Driving Inland Wintertime Atmospheric Chlorine Chemistry, ACS Cent. Sci., 6, 684–694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00994, 2020.
Montaudo, G., Montaudo, M. S., Puglisi, C., and Samperi, F.: Determination of Absolute Mass Values in MALDI-TOF of Polymeric Materials by a Method of Self-Calibration of the Spectra, Anal. Chem., 66, 4366–4369, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00095a038, 1994.
O'Connor, P. B. and Costello, C. E.: Internal Calibration on Adjacent Samples (InCAS) with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 72, 5881–5885, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000770t, 2000.
Prather, K. A., Nordmeyer, T., and Salt, K.: Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 66, 1403–1407, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00081a007, 1994.
Pratt, K. A. and Prather, K. A.: Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols – Recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 31, 17–48, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20330, 2012.
Pratt, K. A., DeMott, P. J., French, J. R., Wang, Z., Westphal, D. L., Heymsfield, A. J., Twohy, C. H., Prenni, A. J., and Prather, K. A.: In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals, Nat. Geosci., 2, 398–401, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo521, 2009.
Romson, J. and Emmer, Å.: Mass calibration options for accurate electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 467, 116619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2021.116619, 2021.
Schade, J., Passig, J., Irsig, R., Ehlert, S., Sklorz, M., Adam, T., Li, C., Rudich, Y., and Zimmermann, R.: Spatially Shaped Laser Pulses for the Simultaneous Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as well as Positive and Negative Inorganic Ions in Single Particle Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 91, 10282–10288, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02477, 2019.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 3rd Edn., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN 978-1-119-22117-3, 2016.
Shannon, C. E.: A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 27, 379–423, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x, 1948.
Shi, S., Zhai, J., and Yang, X.: The SSSDA ver.1.0-alpha, GitHub [software], https://github.com/s129136908794904/SSSDA-ver.1.0 (last access: 17 June 2024), 2023.
Spencer, M. T. and Prather, K. A.: Using ATOFMS to Determine OC/EC Mass Fractions in Particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600729138, 2006.
Su, Y., Sipin, M. F., Furutani, H., and Prather, K. A.: Development and Characterization of an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Increased Detection Efficiency, Anal. Chem., 76, 712–719, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034797z, 2004.
Wang, X., Shen, Y., Lin, Y., Pan, J., Zhang, Y., Louie, P. K. K., Li, M., and Fu, Q.: Atmospheric pollution from ships and its impact on local air quality at a port site in Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6315–6330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6315-2019, 2019.
Wenzel, R. J. and Prather, K. A.: Improvements in ion signal reproducibility obtained using a homogeneous laser beam for on-line laser desorption/ionization of single particles, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 18, 1525–1533, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1509, 2004.
Xiao, Q., Li, M., Liu, H., Fu, M., Deng, F., Lv, Z., Man, H., Jin, X., Liu, S., and He, K.: Characteristics of marine shipping emissions at berth: profiles for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9527–9545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9527-2018, 2018.
Zawadowicz, M. A., Abdelmonem, A., Mohr, C., Saathoff, H., Froyd, K. D., Murphy, D. M., Leisner, T., and Cziczo, D. J.: Single-Particle Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Utilizing a Femtosecond Desorption and Ionization Laser, Anal. Chem., 87, 12221–12229, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03158, 2015.
Zhai, J., Yu, G., Zhang, J., Shi, S., Yuan, Y., Jiang, S., Xing, C., Cai, B., Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, A., Zhang, Y., Fu, T.-M., Zhu, L., Shen, H., Ye, J., Wang, C., Tao, S., Li, M., Zhang, Y., and Yang, X.: Impact of Ship Emissions on Air Quality in the Greater Bay Area in China under the Latest Global Marine Fuel Regulation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 12341–12350, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03950, 2023.
Zhang, G., Bi, X., Qiu, N., Han, B., Lin, Q., Peng, L., Chen, D., Wang, X., Peng, P., Sheng, G., and Zhou, Z.: The real part of the refractive indices and effective densities for chemically segregated ambient aerosols in Guangzhou measured by a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2631–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2631-2016, 2016.
Zhang, G., Lian, X., Fu, Y., Lin, Q., Li, L., Song, W., Wang, Z., Tang, M., Chen, D., Bi, X., Wang, X., and Sheng, G.: High secondary formation of nitrogen-containing organics (NOCs) and its possible link to oxidized organics and ammonium, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1469–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1469-2020, 2020.
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Yang, X., Zou, Z., Zhang, C., Fu, Q., Xu, J., Gao, W., Li, N., and Chen, J.: Changes in the SO2 Level and PM2.5 Components in Shanghai Driven by Implementing the Ship Emission Control Policy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 11580–11587, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03315, 2019.
Zhang, Y., Deng, F., Man, H., Fu, M., Lv, Z., Xiao, Q., Jin, X., Liu, S., He, K., and Liu, H.: Compliance and port air quality features with respect to ship fuel switching regulation: a field observation campaign, SEISO-Bohai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4899–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4899-2019, 2019.
Zhu, S., Li, L., Wang, S., Li, M., Liu, Y., Lu, X., Chen, H., Wang, L., Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Yang, X., and Wang, X.: Development of an automatic linear calibration method for high-resolution single-particle mass spectrometry: improved chemical species identification for atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4111–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4111-2020, 2020.
Short summary
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have developed a standard-free mass calibration algorithm applicable to more than 98 % of ambient particles. With our algorithm, ions with ~ 0.05 Th mass difference could be determined. Therefore, many more atmospheric species could be determined and involved in the source apportionment of aerosols, the study of chemical reaction mechanisms, and the analysis of single-particle mixing states.
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint