Articles | Volume 24, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Particulate-bound alkyl nitrate pollution and formation mechanisms in Beijing, China
Jiyuan Yang
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Guoyang Lei
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Jinfeng Zhu
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Yutong Wu
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Chang Liu
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Kai Hu
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Junsong Bao
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Zitong Zhang
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Weili Lin
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Jun Jin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
Related authors
Jiyuan Yang, Guoyang Lei, Chang Liu, Yutong Wu, Kai Hu, Jinfeng Zhu, Junsong Bao, Weili Lin, and Jun Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3015–3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of n-alkanes and the contributions of various sources of PM2.5 in the atmosphere in Beijing were studied. There were marked seasonal and diurnal differences in the n-alkane concentrations (p<0.01). Particulate-bound n-alkanes were supplied by anthropogenic and biogenic sources; fossil fuel combustion was the dominant contributor. Vehicle exhausts strongly affect PM2.5 pollution. Controlling vehicle exhaust emissions is key to control n-alkane and PM2.5 pollution in Beijing.
Gang Zhao, Ping Tian, Chunxiang Ye, Weili Lin, Yicheng Gao, Jie Sun, Yi Chen, Fengjun Shen, and Tong Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3012, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding aerosol size distribution helps us predict how aerosols move, grow, and interact with the environment and climate. We used "maximum entropy" to demonstrate that the aerosol particle number size distribution would follow the Weibull distribution in the clean atmosphere during the new particle formation and growth process. The observations showed good consistency with the theoretical analysis.
Tiantian Zhang, Peng Zuo, Yi Chen, Tong Liu, Linghan Zeng, Weili Lin, and Chunxiang Ye
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2210, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2210, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, we conducted field observations of N2O5. By comparing pre- and post-Olympic pollutant levels, we evaluated the impact of emission reductions on nocturnal chemistry. The results showed that the reactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with NO3 decreased, and that the heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 played a critical role in nocturnal nitrate formation.
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
Ziru Lan, Xiaoyi Zhang, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, Zhiqiang Ma, Jun Jin, Lingyan Wu, and Yangmei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9355–9368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examined the long-term trends of atmospheric ammonia in urban Beijing from 2009 to 2020. We found that the trends did not match satellite data or emission estimates, revealing complexities in ammonia sources. While seasonal variations in ammonia were temperature-dependent, daily variations were correlated with water vapor. We also found an increasing contribution of ammonia reduction, emphasizing its importance in mitigating the effects of fine particulate matter in Beijing.
Shuzheng Guo, Chunxiang Ye, Weili Lin, Yi Chen, Limin Zeng, Xuena Yu, Jinhui Cui, Chong Zhang, Jing Duan, Haobin Zhong, Rujin Huang, Xuguang Chi, Wei Nie, and Aijun Ding
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-262, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
@Tibet field campaigns 2021 discovered surprisingly high levels and activity contributions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds on the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau, which suggests that OVOCs may play a larger role in the chemical reactions that occur in high-altitude regions than previously thought.
Chunxiang Ye, Shuzheng Guo, Weili Lin, Fangjie Tian, Jianshu Wang, Chong Zhang, Suzhen Chi, Yi Chen, Yingjie Zhang, Limin Zeng, Xin Li, Duo Bu, Jiacheng Zhou, and Weixiong Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10383–10397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Online volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with other O3 precursors, were used to identify key VOC and other key sources in Lhasa. Total VOCs (TVOCs), alkanes, and aromatics are half as abundant as in Beijing. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) consist of 52 % of the TVOCs. Alkenes and OVOCs account for 80 % of the ozone formation potential. Aromatics dominate secondary organic aerosol potential. Positive matrix factorization decomposed residential sources.
Yaru Wang, Yi Chen, Suzhen Chi, Jianshu Wang, Chong Zhang, Weixiong Zhao, Weili Lin, and Chunxiang Ye
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-192, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-192, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We reported an optimized system (Mea-OPR) for direct measurement of ozone production rate, which showed a precise, sensitive and reliable measurement of OPR for at least urban and suburban atmosphere, and active O3 photochemical production in winter Beijing. Herein, the Mea-OPR system also shows its potential in exploring the fundamental O3 photochemistry, i.e., surprisingly high ozone production even under high-NOx conditions.
Wanyun Xu, Yuxuan Bian, Weili Lin, Yingjie Zhang, Yaru Wang, Zhiqiang Ma, Xiaoyi Zhang, Gen Zhang, Chunxiang Ye, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7635–7652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are both photochemical pollutants harmful to the ecological environment and human health, especially in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the factors determining their variations in the TP have not been comprehensively investigated. Results from field measurements and observation-based models revealed that day-to-day variations in O3 and PAN were in fact controlled by distinct physiochemical processes.
Jiyuan Yang, Guoyang Lei, Chang Liu, Yutong Wu, Kai Hu, Jinfeng Zhu, Junsong Bao, Weili Lin, and Jun Jin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3015–3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of n-alkanes and the contributions of various sources of PM2.5 in the atmosphere in Beijing were studied. There were marked seasonal and diurnal differences in the n-alkane concentrations (p<0.01). Particulate-bound n-alkanes were supplied by anthropogenic and biogenic sources; fossil fuel combustion was the dominant contributor. Vehicle exhausts strongly affect PM2.5 pollution. Controlling vehicle exhaust emissions is key to control n-alkane and PM2.5 pollution in Beijing.
Xueli Liu, Liang Ran, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, Zhiqiang Ma, Fan Dong, Di He, Liyan Zhou, Qingfeng Shi, and Yao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7071–7085, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7071-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7071-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Significant decreases in annual mean NOx from 2011 to 2016 and SO2 from 2008 to 2016 confirm the effectiveness of relevant control measures on the reduction in NOx and SO2 emissions in the North China Plain (NCP). NOx at SDZ had a weaker influence than SO2 on the emission reduction in Beijing and other areas in the NCP. An increase in the number of motor vehicles and weak traffic restrictions have caused vehicle emissions of NOx, which indicates that NOx emission control should be strengthened.
Qingqing Yin, Qianli Ma, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, and Jie Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1015–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1015-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1015-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
China has been experiencing rapid changes in emissions of air pollutants in recent decades. NOx and SO2 measurements from 2006 to 2016 at the Lin’an World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch station were used to characterize the seasonal and diurnal variations and study the long-term trends. This study reaffirms China’s success in controlling both NOx and SO2 in the Yangtze River Delta but indicates at the same time a necessity to strengthen the NOx emission control.
Ziru Lan, Weili Lin, Weiwei Pu, and Zhiqiang Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4561–4573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Haze related to particulate matter has become a big problem in eastern China, and ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in secondary particulate matter formation. In this work, variations in the NH3 mixing ratio showed that the contributions of NH3 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas were quite different, although the areas were under the influence of similar weather systems. This study furthers the understanding of the behavior of NH3 in a megacity environment.
Weili Lin, Feng Wang, Chunxiang Ye, and Tong Zhu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-32, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations found that released NOx on the glacier surface of the Tibetan Plateau, an important snow-covered region in the northern mid-latitudes, had a higher concentration than in Antarctic and Arctic regions. Such evidence, and such high fluxes as observed here on the Tibetan plateau is novel. That such high concentrations of nitrogen oxides can be found in remote areas is interesting and important for the oxidative budget of the boundary layer.
Yijing Chen, Qianli Ma, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, Jie Yao, and Wei Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15969–15982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15969-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15969-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
CO is one of the major air pollutants. Our study showed that the long-term CO levels at a background station in one of the most developed areas of China decreased significantly and verified that this downward trend was attributed to the decrease in anthropogenic emissions, which indicated that the adopted pollution control policies were effective. Also, this decrease has an implication for the atmospheric chemistry considering the negative correlation between CO levels and OH radical's lifetime.
Cited articles
Atherton, C. S. and Penner, J. E.: The transformation of nitrogen oxides in the polluted troposphere, Tellus B, 40, 380, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v40i5.16003, 1988.
Aumont, B., Valorso, R., Mouchel-Vallon, C., Camredon, M., Lee-Taylor, J., and Madronich, S.: Modeling SOA formation from the oxidation of intermediate volatility n-alkanes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7577–7589, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7577-2012, 2012.
Bai, J. H., de Leeuw, G., De Smedt, I., Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Sogacheva, L., and Chai, W.: Variations and photochemical transformations of atmospheric constituents in North China, Atmos. Environ., 189, 213–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.004, 2018.
Barnes, I,, Becker, K. H., and Zhu, T.: Near UV absorption spectra and photolysis products of difunctional organic nitrates: Possible importance as NOx reservoirs, J. Atmos. Chem., 17, 353–373, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696854, 1993.
Barnes, I., Bastian, V., Becker, K. H., and Zhu, T.: Kinetics and products of the reactions of nitrate radical with monoalkenes, dialkenes, and monoterpenes, J. Phys. Chem. C, 94, 2413–2419, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100369a041, 1990.
Berkemeier, T., Ammann, M., Mentel, T. F., Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.: Organic nitrate contribution to new particle formation and growth in secondary organic aerosols from α-pinene ozonolysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 6334–6342, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00961, 2016.
Browne, E. C. and Cohen, R. C.: Effects of biogenic nitrate chemistry on the NOx lifetime in remote continental regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11917–11932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11917-2012, 2012.
Calvert, J. G. and Madronich, S.: Theoretical study of the initial products of the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 2211–2220, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD02p02211, 1987.
Capouet, M. and Müller, J.-F.: A group contribution method for estimating the vapour pressures of α-pinene oxidation products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1455–1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1455-2006, 2006.
Chen, X. H., Hulbert, D., and Shepson, P. B.: Measurement of the organic nitrate yield from OH reaction with isoprene, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 25563–25568, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD01483, 1998.
Cui, M., Chen, Y. J., Li, C., Yin, J., Li, J., and Zheng, J.: Parent and methyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes emitted by construction machinery in China, Sci. Total Environ., 775, 144759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144759, 2021.
Duan, J. C., Tan, J. H., Hao, J. M., and Chai, F. H.: Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing, J. Environ. Sci., 26, 189–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60397-6, 2014.
Farmer, D. K., Matsunaga, A., Docherty, K. S., Surratt, J. D., Seinfeld, J. H., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Atmospheric Chemistry Special Feature: Response of an aerosol mass spectrometer to organonitrates and organosulfates and implications for atmospheric chemistry. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6670–6675, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912340107, 2010.
Fry, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Rollins, A. W., Wooldridge, P. J., Brown, S. S., Fuchs, H., Dubé, W., Mensah, A., dal Maso, M., Tillmann, R., Dorn, H.-P., Brauers, T., and Cohen, R. C.: Organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from NO3 oxidation of β-pinene evaluated using a gas-phase kinetics/aerosol partitioning model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1431–1449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1431-2009, 2009.
Fry, J. L., Draper, D. C., Zarzana, K. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Jimenez, J. L., Brown, S. S., Cohen, R. C., Kaser, L., Hansel, A., Cappellin, L., Karl, T., Hodzic Roux, A., Turnipseed, A., Cantrell, C., Lefer, B. L., and Grossberg, N.: Observations of gas- and aerosol-phase organic nitrates at BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8585–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8585-2013, 2013.
Garnes, L. A. and Allen, D. T.: Size Distributions of Organonitrates in Ambient Aerosol Collected in Houston, Texas. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 36, 983–992, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820290092186, 2002.
Gen, M. S., Liang, Z. C, Zhang, R.F., Mabato, B. R. G., and Chan, C. K.: Particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Atmos., 2, 111–127, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EA00087J, 2022.
Gonzalez, R. O., Strekopytov, S., Amato, F., Querol, X., Reche, C., and Weiss, D.: New insights from zinc and copper isotopic compositions into the sources of atmospheric particulate matter from two major European cities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 9816–9824, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00863, 2016.
Goodman, A. L., Miller, T. M., and Grassian, V. H.: Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on NaCl and Al2 O3 particles, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 16, 2585–2590, https://doi.org/10.1116/1.581386, 1998.
Gu, F. T., Hu, M., Zheng, J., and Guo, S.: Research Progress on Particulate Organonitrates, Prog. Chem., 29, 962–969, https://doi.org/10.7536/PC170324, 2017 (in Chinese).
Han, D., Fu, Q., Gao, S., Li, L., Ma, Y., Qiao, L., Xu, H., Liang, S., Cheng, P., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Yu, J. Z., and Cheng, J.: Non-polar organic compounds in autumn and winter aerosols in a typical city of eastern China: size distribution and impact of gas–particle partitioning on PM2.5 source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9375–9391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9375-2018, 2018.
Jordan, C. E., Ziemann, P. J., Griffin, R. J., Lim, Y. B., Atkinson, R., Arey, J.: Modeling SOA formation from OH reactions with C8–C17 n-alkanes, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8015–8026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.017, 2008.
Kang, M. J., Fu, P. Q., Aggarwal, S. G., Kumar, S., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y. L., and Wang, Z. F.: Size distributions of n-alkanes, fatty acids and fatty alcohols in springtime aerosols from New Delhi, India, Environ. Pollut., 219, 957–966, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.077, 2016.
Kang, M. J., Ren, L., Ren, H., Zhao, Y., Kawamura, K., Zhang, H., Wei, L., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., and Fu, P.: Primary biogenic and anthropogenic sources of organic aerosols in Beijing, China: Insights from saccharides and n-alkanes, Environ. Pollut., 243, 1579–1587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.118, 2018.
Kenagy, H. S., Romer Present, P. S., Wooldridge, P. J., Nault, B. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Day, D. A., Jimenez, J. L., Zare, A., Pye, H. O., and Yu, J.: Contribution of Organic Nitrates to Organic Aerosol over South Korea during KORUS-AQ, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 16326–16338, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c05521, 2021.
Li, G. B., Cai, S. H., and Long, B.: New reactions for the formation of organic nitrate in the atmosphere, ACS omega, 7, 39671–39679, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03321, 2022.
Li, H., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Wu, N., Guo, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., and He, K.: Nitrate-driven urban haze pollution during summertime over the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5293–5306, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5293-2018, 2018.
Li, Q., Wang, E. R., Zhang, T. T., and Hu, H.: Spatial and temporal patterns of air pollution in Chinese cities, Water Air Soil Pollut., 228, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3268-x, 2017.
Li, Q. Q., Su, G. J., Li, C. Q., Liu, P. F., Zhao, X. X., Zhang, C. L., Sun, X., Mu, Y. J., Wu, M. G., and Wang, Q. L.: An investigation into the role of VOCs in SOA and ozone production in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 720, 137536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137536, 2020.
Lim, Y. B. and Ziemann, P. J.: Products and Mechanism of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Reactions of n-Alkanes with OH Radicals in the Presence of NOx Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9229–9236, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051447g, 2005.
Lim, Y. B. and Ziemann, P. J.: Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Linear, Branched, and Cyclic Alkanes in the Presence of NOx, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43, 604–619, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820902802567, 2009.
Ling, Z., Guo, H., Simpson, I. J., Saunders, S. M., Lam, S. H. M., Lyu, X., and Blake, D. R.: New insight into the spatiotemporal variability and source apportionments of C1–C4 alkyl nitrates in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8141–8156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8141-2016, 2016.
Liu, X. J., Zhang, Y., Han, W. X., Tang, A. H., Shen, J. L., Cui, Z. L., Vitousek, P., Erisman, J. W., Goulding, K., Christie, P., Fangmeier, A., and Zhang, F. S.: Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China, Nature, 494, 458–463, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11917, 2013.
Liu, Y. and Wang, T.: Worsening urban ozone pollution in China from 2013 to 2017 – Part 2: The effects of emission changes and implications for multi-pollutant control, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6323–6337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6323-2020, 2020.
Luxenhofer, O., Schneider, E., and Ballschmiter, K.: Separation, detection and occurrence of (C2–C8)-alkyl- and phenyl-alkyl nitrates as trace compounds in clean and polluted air, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 350, 384–394, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00325611, 1994.
Luxenhofer, O., Schneider, M., Dambach, M. and Ballschmiter, K.: Semivolatile long chain C6–C17 alkyl nitrates as trace compounds in air, Chemosphere, 33, 393–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(96)00205-6, 1996.
Lyu, R. H., Shi, Z. B., Alam, M. S., Wu, X. F., Liu, D., Vu, T. V, Stark, C., Xu, R. X., Fu, P. Q., Feng, Y. C., and Harrison, R. M: Alkanes and aliphatic carbonyl compounds in wintertime PM2.5 in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 202, 244–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.023, 2019.
Lyu, Y., Xu, T. T., Yang, X., Chen, J. M., Cheng, T. T., and Li, X.: Seasonal contributions to size-resolved n-alkanes (C8–C40) in the Shanghai atmosphere from regional anthropogenic activities and terrestrial plant waxes, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1918–1928, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.201, 2016.
Ma, J. Z., Xu, X. B., Zhao, C. S., and Yan, P.: A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China: Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-aerosol interactions, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1006–1026, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-1188-7, 2012.
Matsunaga, A., Ziemann, P. J.: Yields of beta-hydroxynitrates and dihydroxynitrates in aerosol formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear alkenes in the presence of NOx, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 599–606, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp807764d, 2009.
Mijling, B., van der A, R. J., and Zhang, Q.: Regional nitrogen oxides emission trends in East Asia observed from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12003–12012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12003-2013, 2013.
Ng, N. L., Brown, S. S., Archibald, A. T., Atlas, E., Cohen, R. C., Crowley, J. N., Day, D. A., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Fuchs, H., Griffin, R. J., Guzman, M. I., Herrmann, H., Hodzic, A., Iinuma, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lee, B. H., Luecken, D. J., Mao, J., McLaren, R., Mutzel, A., Osthoff, H. D., Ouyang, B., Picquet-Varrault, B., Platt, U., Pye, H. O. T., Rudich, Y., Schwantes, R. H., Shiraiwa, M., Stutz, J., Thornton, J. A., Tilgner, A., Williams, B. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017.
Perring, A. E., Wisthaler, A., Graus, M., Wooldridge, P. J., Lockwood, A. L., Mielke, L. H., Shepson, P. B., Hansel, A., and Cohen, R. C.: A product study of the isoprene + NO3 reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4945–4956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4945-2009, 2009.
Perring, A. E., Bertram, T. H., Farmer, D. K., Wooldridge, P. J., Dibb, J., Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Singh, H. B., Fuelberg, H., Diskin, G., Sachse, G., and Cohen, R. C.: The production and persistence of ΣRONO2 in the Mexico City plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7215–7229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7215-2010, 2010.
Perring, A. E., Pusede, S. E., and Cohen, R. C.: An observational perspective on the atmospheric impacts of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates on ozone and secondary organic aerosol, Chem. Rev., 113, 5848–5870, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300520x, 2013.
Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Nub, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U.: Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129–132, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04092, 2005.
Rindelaub, J. D., Mcavey, K. M., and Shepson, P. B.: The photochemical production of organic nitrates from α-pinene and loss via acid-dependent particle phase hydrolysis, Atmos. Environ., 100, 193–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.010, 2015.
Roberts, J. M.: The atmospheric chemistry of organic nitrates. Atmos. Environ., 24, 243–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90108-Y, 1990.
Rollins, A. W., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Fry, J. L., Brauers, T., Brown, S. S., Dorn, H.-P., Dubé, W. P., Fuchs, H., Mensah, A., Mentel, T. F., Rohrer, F., Tillmann, R., Wegener, R., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical: alkyl nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yields, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6685–6703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6685-2009, 2009.
Rollins, A. W., Browne, E. C., Min, K. E., Pusede, S. E., Wooldridge, P. J., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Liu, S., Day, D. A., Russell, L. M.: Evidence for NOx Control over Nighttime SOA Formation, Science, 337, 1210–1212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221520, 2012.
Rollins, A. W., Pusede, S., Wooldridge, P., Min, K.-E., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Liu, S., Day, D. A., Russell, L. M., and Rubitschun, C. L.: Gas/particle partitioning of total alkyl nitrates observed with TD-LIF in Bakersfield, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6651–6662, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50522, 2013.
Shen, H. R., Zhao, D. F., Pullinen, L., Kang, S., Vereecken, L., Fuchs, L., Acir, I. H., Tillmann, R., Rohrer, f., Wildt, J.: Highly Oxygenated Organic Nitrates Formed from NO3 Radical-Initiated Oxidation of β-Pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 15658–15671, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03978, 2021.
Shepson, P. B.: Organic nitrates, Volatile Org. Compd. Atmos., 269–291, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470988657.ch7, 2007.
Simpson, I. J., Wang, T., Guo, H., Kwok, Y. H., Flocke, F., Atlas, E., Meinardi, S., Rowland, F. S., and Blake, D. R.: Long-term atmospheric measurements of C1–C5 alkyl nitrates in the Pearl River Delta region of southeast China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1619–1632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.062, 2006.
Spittler, M., Barnes, I., Bejan, I., Brockmann, K. J., Benter, T., and Wirtz, K.: Reactions of NO3 radicals with limonene and α-pinene: Product and SOA formation, Atmos. Environ., 40, 116–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.093, 2006.
Su, J., Zhao, P., and Dong, Q.: Chemical compositions and liquid water content of size-resolved aerosol in Beijing, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 18, 680–692, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.03.0122, 2018.
Sun, J., Li, Z., Xue, L., Wang, T., Wang, X., Gao, J., Nie, W., Simpson, I. J., Gao, R., and Blake, D. R.: Summertime C1–C5 alkyl nitrates over Beijing, northern China: Spatial distribution, regional transport, and formation mechanisms, Atmos. Res., 204, 102–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.01.014, 2018.
Sun, Y. L., Zhang, Q., Schwab, J. J., Yang, T., Ng, N. L., and Demerjian, K. L.: Factor analysis of combined organic and inorganic aerosol mass spectra from high resolution aerosol mass spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8537–8551, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8537-2012, 2012.
Vasquez, K. T., Crounse, J. D., Schulze, B. C., Bates, K. H., Wennberg, P. O.: Rapid hydrolysis of tertiary isoprene nitrate efficiently removes NOx from the atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 33011–33016, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017442117, 2020.
Wagner, P. and Schäfer, K.: Influence of mixing layer height on air pollutant concentrations in an urban street canyon, Urban Clim., 22, 64–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.11.001, 2017.
Wang, M., Shao, M., Chen, W., Lu, S., Wang, C., Huang, D., Yuan, B., Zeng, L., and Zhao, Y.: Measurements of C1–C4 alkyl nitrates and their relationships with carbonyl compounds and O3 in Chinese cities, Atmos. Environ., 81, 389-398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.065, 2013.
Wang, S., Feng, X., Zeng, X., Ma, Y., and Shang, K.: A study on variations of concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2823–2828, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.021, 2009.
Wei, W., L,i Y., Wang, Y., Cheng, S., and Wang, L.: Characteristics of VOCs during haze and non-haze days in Beijing, China: Concentration, chemical degradation and regional transport impact, Atmos. Environ., 194, 134–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.037, 2018.
Wick, C. D, Siepmann, J., Klotz, W. L, and Schure, M. R.: Temperature effects on the retention of n-alkanes and arenes in helium-squalane gas-liquid chromatography: experiment and molecular simulation, J. Chromatogr. A, 957, 181–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00171-1, 2002.
Wisthaler, A., Apel, E. C., Bossmeyer, J., Hansel, A., Junkermann, W., Koppmann, R., Meier, R., Müller, K., Solomon, S. J., Steinbrecher, R., Tillmann, R., and Brauers, T.: Technical Note: Intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements at the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2189–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2189-2008, 2008.
Wu, R., Vereecken, L., Tsiligiannis, E., Kang, S., Albrecht, S. R., Hantschke, L., Zhao, D., Novelli, A., Fuchs, H., Tillmann, R., Hohaus, T., Carlsson, P. T. M., Shenolikar, J., Bernard, F., Crowley, J. N., Fry, J. L., Brownwood, B., Thornton, J. A., Brown, S. S., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Wahner, A., Hallquist, M., and Mentel, T. F.: Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10799–10824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10799-2021, 2021.
Xu, L., Suresh, S., Guo, H., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Aerosol characterization over the southeastern United States using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: spatial and seasonal variation of aerosol composition and sources with a focus on organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7307–7336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7307-2015, 2015.
Yang, X. H., Luo, F. X., Li, J. Q., Chen, D. Y., E, Y., Lin, W. L., and Jun, J.: Alkyl and aromatic nitrates in atmospheric particles determined by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom., 30, 2762–2770, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-019-02347-8, 2019.
Yang, J., Lei, G., Liu, C., Wu, Y., Hu, K., Zhu, J., Bao, J., Lin, W., and Jin, J.: Characteristics of particulate-bound n-alkanes indicating sources of PM2.5 in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3015–3029, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3015-2023, 2023.
Yee, L. D., Craven, J. S., Loza, C. L., Schilling, K. A., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ziemann, P. J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Low-NOx Photooxidation of Dodecane: Evolution of Multigeneration Gas-Phase Chemistry and Aerosol Composition, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 6211–6230, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp211531h, 2012.
Yeh, G. K. and Ziemann, P. J.: Identification and yields of 1,4-hydroxynitrates formed from the reactions of C8–C16 n-alkanes with OH radicals in the presence of NOx, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 8797–8806, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp505870d, 2014.
Yu, K., Zhu, Q., Du, K., and Huang, X.-F.: Characterization of nighttime formation of particulate organic nitrates based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry in an urban atmosphere in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5235–5249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5235-2019, 2019.
Zhai, T., Lu, K., Wang, H., Lou, S., Chen, X., Hu, R., and Zhang, Y.: Elucidate the formation mechanism of particulate nitrate based on direct radical observations in the Yangtze River Delta summer 2019, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2379–2391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2379-2023, 2023.
Zhen, S. S., Luo, M., Shao, Y., Xu, D. D., and Ma, L. L.: Application of Stable Isotope Techniques in Tracing the Sources of Atmospheric NOX and Nitrate, Processes, 10, 2549, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122549, 2022.
Zhu, T., Shang, J., and Zhao, D. F.: The roles of heterogeneous chemical processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze, Sci. China Chem., 40, 1731–1740, https://doi.org/10.1360/zb2010-40-12-1731, 2010.
Short summary
The atmospheric pollution and formation mechanisms of particulate-bound alkyl nitrate in Beijing were studied. C9–C16 long-chain n-alkyl nitrates negatively correlated with O3 but positively correlated with PM2.5 and NO2, so they may not be produced during gas-phase homogeneous reactions in the photochemical process but form through reactions between alkanes and nitrates on PM surfaces. Particulate-bound n-alkyl nitrates strongly affect both haze pollution and atmospheric visibility.
The atmospheric pollution and formation mechanisms of particulate-bound alkyl nitrate in Beijing...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint