Articles | Volume 23, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6923-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6923-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A simple model to assess the impact of gravity waves on ice-crystal populations in the tropical tropopause layer
Milena Corcos
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Albert Hertzog
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Riwal Plougonven
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
Aurélien Podglajen
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
Related authors
Richard Wilson, Clara Pitois, Aurélien Podglajen, Albert Hertzog, Milena Corcos, and Riwal Plougonven
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 311–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Strateole-2 is an French–US initiative designed to study atmospheric events in the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere. In this work, data from several superpressure balloons, capable of staying aloft at an altitude of 18–20 km for over 3 months, were used. The present article describes methods to detect the occurrence of atmospheric turbulence – one efficient process impacting the properties of the atmosphere composition via stirring and mixing.
Pasquale Sellitto, Redha Belhadji, Bernard Legras, Aurélien Podglajen, and Clair Duchamp
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1433, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Hunga volcano erupted on 15/01/22, producing the largest stratospheric aerosol perturbation of the last 30 years. Stratospheric volcanic aerosols usually produce a transient climate cooling; these impacts depend on volcanic aerosol composition/size, due to size-dependent interactions with solar/terrestrial radiation. We demonstrate that the Hunga stratospheric aerosol have a larger cooling potential per unit mass than the past climate-relevant El Chichon (1984) and Pinatubo (1991) eruptions.
Thomas Lesigne, François Ravetta, Aurélien Podglajen, Vincent Mariage, and Jacques Pelon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5935–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Upper tropical clouds have a strong impact on Earth's climate but are challenging to observe. We report the first long-duration observations of tropical clouds from lidars flying on board stratospheric balloons. Comparisons with spaceborne observations reveal the enhanced sensitivity of balloon-borne lidar to optically thin cirrus. These clouds, which have a significant coverage and lie in the uppermost troposphere, are linked with the dehydration of air masses on their way to the stratosphere.
Xiaolu Yan, Paul Konopka, Felix Ploeger, and Aurélien Podglajen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-782, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-782, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study finds that the air mass fractions (AMFs) from the Asian boundary layer (ABL) to the polar regions are about 1.5 times larger than those from the same latitude band in the Southern Hemisphere. The transport of AMFs from the ABL to the polar vortex primarily occurs above 20 km and over timescales exceeding 2 years. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the polar pollutants and the AMFs from the ABL. About 20 % of SF6 in the polar stratosphere originates from the ABL.
Pasquale Sellitto, Redha Belhadji, Juan Cuesta, Aurélien Podglajen, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15523–15535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Record-breaking wildfires ravaged south-eastern Australia during the fire season 2019–2020. These fires injected a smoke plume in the stratosphere, which dispersed over the whole Southern Hemisphere and interacted with solar and terrestrial radiation. A number of detached smoke bubbles were also observed emanating from this plume and ascending quickly to over 35 km altitude. Here we study how absorption of radiation generated ascending motion of both the the hemispheric plume and the vortices.
Richard Wilson, Clara Pitois, Aurélien Podglajen, Albert Hertzog, Milena Corcos, and Riwal Plougonven
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 311–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Strateole-2 is an French–US initiative designed to study atmospheric events in the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere. In this work, data from several superpressure balloons, capable of staying aloft at an altitude of 18–20 km for over 3 months, were used. The present article describes methods to detect the occurrence of atmospheric turbulence – one efficient process impacting the properties of the atmosphere composition via stirring and mixing.
Bing Cao, Jennifer S. Haase, Michael J. Murphy, M. Joan Alexander, Martina Bramberger, and Albert Hertzog
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15379–15402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric waves that carry momentum from tropospheric weather systems into the equatorial stratosphere modify the winds there. The Strateole-2 2019 campaign launched long-duration stratospheric superpressure balloons to measure these equatorial waves. We deployed a GPS receiver on one of the balloons to measure atmospheric temperature profiles beneath the balloon. Temperature variations in the retrieved profiles show planetary-scale waves with a 20 d period and 3–4 d period waves.
Bernard Legras, Clair Duchamp, Pasquale Sellitto, Aurélien Podglajen, Elisa Carboni, Richard Siddans, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Sergey Khaykin, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14957–14970, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The long-duration atmospheric impact of the Tonga eruption in January 2022 is a plume of water and sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere that persisted for more than 6 months. We study this evolution using several satellite instruments and analyse the unusual behaviour of this plume as sulfates and water first moved down rapidly and then separated into two layers. We also report the self-organization in compact and long-lived patches.
Cameron Bertossa, Peter Hitchcock, Arthur DeGaetano, and Riwal Plougonven
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-601, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-601, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This work has identified characteristic spatial and temporal scales for non-Gaussian outbreaks in forecasts, specifically, bimodality. Methodology is introduced which allows one to connect meteorological phenomena to bimodal outbreaks. Large-scale circulation interacting with local processes is uncovered as a frequent ingredient to such outbreaks. These insights not only provide a deeper understanding of the dynamical processes involved, but also have drastic implications for forecast skill.
Cameron Bertossa, Peter Hitchcock, Arthur DeGaetano, and Riwal Plougonven
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1209–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1209-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1209-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
While the assumption of Gaussianity leads to many simplifications, ensemble forecasts often exhibit non-Gaussian distributions. This work has systematically identified the presence of a specific case of
non-Gaussianity, bimodality. It has been found that bimodality occurs in a large portion of global 2 m temperature forecasts. This has drastic implications on forecast skill as the minimum probability in a bimodal distribution often lies at the maximum probability of a Gaussian distribution.
Nuria Pilar Plaza, Aurélien Podglajen, Cristina Peña-Ortiz, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9585–9607, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study the role of different processes in setting the lower stratospheric water vapour. We find that mechanisms involving ice microphysics and small-scale mixing produce the strongest increase in water vapour, in particular over the Asian Monsoon. Small-scale mixing has a special relevance as it improves the agreement with observations at seasonal and intra-seasonal timescales, contrary to the North American Monsoon case, in which large-scale temperatures still dominate its variability.
Hugo Lestrelin, Bernard Legras, Aurélien Podglajen, and Mikail Salihoglu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7113–7134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7113-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Following the 2020 Australian fires, it was recently discovered that stratospheric wildfire smoke plumes self-organize as anticyclonic vortices that persist for months and rise by 10 km due to the radiative heating from the absorbing smoke. In this study, we show that smoke-charged vortices previously occurred in the aftermath of the 2017 Canadian fires. We use meteorological analysis to characterize this new object in geophysical fluid dynamics, which likely impacts radiation and climate.
Xiaolu Yan, Paul Konopka, Marius Hauck, Aurélien Podglajen, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6627–6645, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Inter-hemispheric transport is important for understanding atmospheric tracers because of the asymmetry in emissions between the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH). This study finds that the air masses from the NH extratropics to the atmosphere are about 5 times larger than those from the SH extratropics. The interplay between the Asian summer monsoon and westerly ducts triggers the cross-Equator transport from the NH to the SH in boreal summer and fall.
Aurélien Podglajen, Albert Hertzog, Riwal Plougonven, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9331–9350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9331-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9331-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to the increase in resolution, numerical weather prediction models resolve a growing fraction of the gravity wave (GW) spectrum. Here, we assess the representation of Lagrangian GW fluctuations by comparing trajectories in the models to long-duration balloon observations. Most characteristics of the observed GW spectrum, such as near-inertial oscillations, are qualitatively present. However, the variability remains underestimated, emphasizing the continuous need for GW parameterizations.
Xiaolu Yan, Paul Konopka, Felix Ploeger, Aurélien Podglajen, Jonathon S. Wright, Rolf Müller, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15629–15649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15629-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15629-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian and North American summer monsoons (ASM and NASM) have considerable influence on stratospheric chemistry and physics. More air mass is transported from the monsoon regions to the tropical stratosphere when the tracers are released clearly below the tropopause than when they are released close to the tropopause. Results for different altitudes of air origin reveal two transport pathways (monsoon and tropical) from the upper troposphere over the monsoon regions to the tropical pipe.
Matthias Nützel, Aurélien Podglajen, Hella Garny, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8947–8966, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8947-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8947-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the transport pathways of water vapour from the upper troposphere in the Asian monsoon region to the stratosphere. In the employed chemistry-transport model we use a tagging method, such that the impact of different source regions on the stratospheric water vapour budget can be quantified. A key finding is that the Asian monsoon (compared to other source regions) is very efficient in transporting air masses and water vapour to the tropical and extratropical stratosphere.
Aurélien Podglajen and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1767–1783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1767-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1767-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The age spectrum (distribution of transit times) provides a compact description of transport from the surface to a given point in the atmosphere. It also determines the surface-emitted tracer content of an air parcel. We propose a method to invert this relation in order to retrieve age spectra from tracer concentrations and demonstrate its feasibility in idealized and model setups. Applied to observations, the approach might help to better constrain atmospheric transport timescales.
Aurélien Podglajen, Riwal Plougonven, Albert Hertzog, and Eric Jensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10799–10823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10799-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10799-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using a simplified analytical setup, we show that the temperature and wind fluctuations due to an atmospheric gravity wave can induce a localization of ice crystals in a specific region of the wave. In that region, the air is nearly saturated and the vertical wind anomaly is positive. As a consequence, reversible gravity wave motions have an irreversible impact (mean upward motion) on the ice crystals. Our findings are consistent with observations of cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause.
Liubov Poshyvailo, Rolf Müller, Paul Konopka, Gebhard Günther, Martin Riese, Aurélien Podglajen, and Felix Ploeger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8505–8527, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8505-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8505-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapour (H2O) in the UTLS is a key player for global radiation, which is critical for predictions of future climate change. We investigate the effects of current uncertainties in tropopause temperature, horizontal transport and small-scale mixing on simulated H2O, using the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere. Our sensitivity studies provide new insights into the leading processes controlling stratospheric H2O, important for assessing and improving climate model projections.
Aurélien Podglajen, Riwal Plougonven, Albert Hertzog, and Bernard Legras
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3881–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3881-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3881-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Weather Research and Forecast model is used to simulate a large-scale tropical tropopause layer (TTL) cirrus. Validated with satellite observations, the simulation shows that several clouds successively form due to a large-scale uplift initiated by the intrusion of air from the midlatitudes. The simulated cloud field is found as sensitive to the initial condition as it is to the choice of the microphysics parametrisation. The cloud impacts on the radiative and water budgets are estimated.
T. Dinh, A. Podglajen, A. Hertzog, B. Legras, and R. Plougonven
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-35-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-35-2016, 2016
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Investigating long-term changes in polar stratospheric clouds above Antarctica during past decades: a temperature-based approach using spaceborne lidar detections
A statistical analysis of the occurrence of polar stratospheric ice clouds based on MIPAS satellite observations and the ERA5 reanalysis
Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention
Simulation of convective moistening of the extratropical lower stratosphere using a numerical weather prediction model
Convective hydration in the tropical tropopause layer during the StratoClim aircraft campaign: pathway of an observed hydration patch
Lagrangian simulation of ice particles and resulting dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere
Effects of convective ice evaporation on interannual variability of tropical tropopause layer water vapor
Technical note: A noniterative approach to modelling moist thermodynamics
Denitrification by large NAT particles: the impact of reduced settling velocities and hints on particle characteristics
Arctic stratospheric dehydration – Part 2: Microphysical modeling
Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds – Part 2: Nucleation of ice on synoptic scales
Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds – Part 1: Nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT)
Cirrus and water vapor transport in the tropical tropopause layer – Part 1: A specific case modeling study
Mathilde Leroux and Vincent Noel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6433–6454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the long-term changes in the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) season from 1980 to 2021 above Antarctica. We analyzed CALIOP observations from 2006 to 2020 to build a statistical temperature-based model. We applied our model to gridded reanalysis temperatures, leading to an integrated view of PSC occurrence that is free from sampling issues, allowing us to document the past evolution of the PSC season.
Ling Zou, Reinhold Spang, Sabine Griessbach, Lars Hoffmann, Farahnaz Khosrawi, Rolf Müller, and Ines Tritscher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-547, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantified the correlation between orographic waves with ice PSCs above frost point (Tice) based on the Lagrangian model by using MIPAS observations and ERA5 reanalysis. We found that ice PSCs above Tice with temperature fluctuations along the backward trajectory are 33 % in the Arctic and 9 % in the Antarctic. This quantitative assessment enhances our understanding of ice PSCs, and the observational statistics can be utilized for comparison with chemistry-climate simulations.
Ou Wang, Ju Liang, Yuchen Gu, Jim M. Haywood, Ying Chen, Chenwei Fang, and Qingeng Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2904, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2904, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) on extreme precipitation in China by the late 21st century. The effects of SAI (G6sulfur) are compared with simulations from SSP5-8.5, SSP2-4.5, and G6solar. The results indicate that both G6sulfur and G6solar reduce extreme rainfall in eastern China. However, caution is advised due to potential side effects at high latitudes. Further optimization is deemed crucial for the future deployment of SAI.
Zhipeng Qu, Yi Huang, Paul A. Vaillancourt, Jason N. S. Cole, Jason A. Milbrandt, Man-Kong Yau, Kaley Walker, and Jean de Grandpré
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2143–2159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2143-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2143-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to better understand the mechanism of transport of water vapour through the mid-latitude tropopause. The results affirm the strong influence of overshooting convection on lower-stratospheric water vapour and highlight the importance of both dynamics and cloud microphysics in simulating water vapour distribution in the region of the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere.
Keun-Ok Lee, Thibaut Dauhut, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Sergey Khaykin, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11803–11820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11803-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11803-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the hydration patch that was measured during the StratoClim field campaign and the corresponding convective overshoots over the Sichuan Basin. Through analysis using airborne and spaceborne measurements and the numerical simulation using a non-hydrostatic model, we show the key hydration process and pathway of the hydration patch in tropical tropopause layer.
Ines Tritscher, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Reinhold Spang, Michael C. Pitts, Lamont R. Poole, Rolf Müller, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 543–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-543-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-543-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present Lagrangian simulations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) for the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and the Antarctic winter 2011 using the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The paper comprises a detailed model description with ice PSCs and related dehydration being the focus of this study. Comparisons between our simulations and observations from different satellites on season-long and vortex-wide scales as well as for single PSC events show an overall good agreement.
Hao Ye, Andrew E. Dessler, and Wandi Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4425–4437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4425-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4425-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The deep convection in tropics can inject cloud ice into tropical tropopause layer (TTL), which moistens and increases water vapor there. We primarily study the spatial distribution of impacts from several physical processes on TTL water vapor from observations and trajectory model simulations. The analysis shows the potential moistening impact from evaporation of cloud ice on TTL water vapor. A chemistry–climate model is used to confirm the impact from evaporation of convective ice.
Nadya Moisseeva and Roland Stull
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15037–15043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15037-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15037-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This technical note presents simple noniterative approximations for two common thermodynamic relationships used for moist convection. The method offers roughly 2 orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy over the only existing noniterative solution. The proposed approach alleviates the need for costly numerical integration of saturated thermodynamic equations within numerical weather prediction models and in theoretical studies.
W. Woiwode, J.-U. Grooß, H. Oelhaf, S. Molleker, S. Borrmann, A. Ebersoldt, W. Frey, T. Gulde, S. Khaykin, G. Maucher, C. Piesch, and J. Orphal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11525–11544, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11525-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11525-2014, 2014
I. Engel, B. P. Luo, S. M. Khaykin, F. G. Wienhold, H. Vömel, R. Kivi, C. R. Hoyle, J.-U. Grooß, M. C. Pitts, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3231–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3231-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3231-2014, 2014
I. Engel, B. P. Luo, M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, C. R. Hoyle, J.-U. Grooß, A. Dörnbrack, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10769–10785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013, 2013
C. R. Hoyle, I. Engel, B. P. Luo, M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, J.-U. Grooß, and T. Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9577–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013, 2013
T. Dinh, D. R. Durran, and T. Ackerman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9799–9815, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9799-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9799-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Bardeen, C. G., Toon, O. B., Jensen, E. J., Marsh, D. R., and Harvey, V. L.:
Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust
in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009515, 2008. a
Baumgartner, M., Rolf, C., Grooß, J.-U., Schneider, J., Schorr, T.,
Möhler, O., Spichtinger, P., and Krämer, M.: New investigations on
homogeneous ice nucleation: the effects of water activity and water
saturation formulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 65–91,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, 2022. a
Boccara, G., Hertzog, A., Vincent, R. A., and Vial, F.: Estimation of Gravity
Wave Momentum Flux and Phase Speeds from Quasi-Lagrangian Stratospheric
Balloon Flights, Part I: Theory and Simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 65,
3042–3055, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2709.1, 2008. a
Boehm, M. T. and Lee, S.: The Implications of Tropical Rossby Waves for
Tropical Tropopause Cirrus Formation and for the Equatorial Upwelling of the
Brewer–Dobson Circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 247–261,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0247:tiotrw>2.0.co;2, 2003. a
Böhm, H. P.: A General Equation for the Terminal Fall Speed of Solid
Hydrometeors, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2419–2427,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2419:ageftt>2.0.co;2, 1989. a
Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., McInnes, L. M., Rogers, D. C., and DeMott, P. J.:
Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere
and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1391–1394,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl03261, 1998. a
Corcos, M., Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and Podglajen, A.: Observation of
Gravity Waves at the Tropical Tropopause Using Superpressure Balloons, J.
Geophys. Res., 126, 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd035165, 2021. a, b
Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J.,
Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur,
G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., Vössing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and Peter,
T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the tropical
stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033641, 2008. a
Cziczo, D. J., DeMott, P. J., Brooks, S. D., Prenni, A. J., Thomson, D. S.,
Baumgardner, D., Wilson, J. C., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Murphy, D. M.:
Observations of organic species and atmospheric ice formation, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019822, 2004. a
Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hassler, B., Hurst, D. F., Read, W. G., Vömel,
H., Selkirk, H., Fujiwara, M., and Damadeo, R.: The Stratospheric Water
and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) database: a long-term
database for climate studies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 461–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-461-2016,
2016. a
Dinh, T. and Durran, D. R.: A hybrid bin scheme to solve the
condensation/evaporation equation using a cubic distribution function,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1003–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1003-2012, 2012. a
Dinh, T. P., Durran, D. R., and Ackerman, T. P.: Maintenance of tropical
tropopause layer cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012735,
2010. a, b
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and
Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, 1,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009. a, b
Gettelman, A., Salby, M. L., and Sassi, F.: Distribution and influence of
convection in the tropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 107, ACL
6-1–ACL 6-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001048, 2002. a
Gettelman, A., de F. Forster, P. M., Fujiwara, M., Fu, Q., Vömel, H., Gohar,
L. K., Johanson, C., and Ammerman, M.: Radiation balance of the tropical
tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D7,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004190, 2004. a
Haag, W.: The impact of aerosols and gravity waves on cirrus clouds at
midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004579, 2004. a
Hermann, M., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Zahn, A., Heinrich, G., and
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Meridional distributions of aerosol particle number
concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere obtained by
Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an
Instrument Container (CARIBIC) flights, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D3,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001077, 2003. a
Hertzog, A. and Vial, F.: A study of the dynamics of the equatorial lower
stratosphere by use of ultra-long-duration balloons: 2. Gravity waves, J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 22745–22761, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000242, 2001. a
Holton, J. R. and Gettelman, A.: Horizontal transport and the dehydration of
the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2799–2802,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013148, 2001. a
Hoyle, C. R., Luo, B. P., and Peter, T.: The Origin of High Ice Crystal Number
Densities in Cirrus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2568–2579,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3487.1, 2005. a, b
Jensen, E. J. and Pfister, L.: Transport and freeze-drying in the tropical
tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004022, 2004. a, b, c, d
Jensen, E. J. and Toon, O. B.: Ice nucleation in the upper troposphere:
Sensitivity to aerosol number density, temperature, and cooling rate,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2019–2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01287, 1994. a, b
Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Pfister, L., and Selkirk, H. B.: Dehydration of
the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by subvisible cirrus clouds near
the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 825–828,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96gl00722, 1996. a
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Ackerman, A. S., Tabazadeh, A., and Toon, O. B.: A
conceptual model of the dehydration of air due to freeze-drying by optically
thin, laminar cirrus rising slowly across the tropical tropopause, J.
Geophys. Res., 106, 17237–17252, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900649, 2001. a, b, c
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Bui, T.-P., Lawson, P., and Baumgardner, D.: Ice
nucleation and cloud microphysical properties in tropical tropopause layer
cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1369–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1369-2010,
2010. a, b, c
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., and Bui, T. P.: Physical processes controlling ice
concentrations in cold cirrus near the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys.
Res., 117, D11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017319, 2012. a
Jensen, E. J., Lawson, R. P., Bergman, J. W., Pfister, L., Bui, T. P., and
Schmitt, C. G.: Physical processes controlling ice concentrations in
synoptically forced, midlatitude cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5348–5360,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50421, 2013b. a
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Jordan, D. E., Fahey, D. W., Newman, P. A.,
Thornberry, T., Rollins, A., Diskin, G., Bui, T. P., McGill, M., Hlavka, D., Lawson, R. P., Gao, R.-S., Pilewskie, P., Elkins, J., Hintsa, E., Moore, F., Mahoney, M. J., Atlas, E., Stutz, J., Pfeilsticker, K., Wofsy, S. C., Evan, S., and Rosenlo, K. H.: The
NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX), SPARC Newsletter, 41,
15–24, 2013c. a
Jensen, E. J., Ueyama, R., Pfister, L., Bui, T. V., Alexander, M. J.,
Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A., Woods, S., Lawson, R. P., Kim, J.-E., and
Schoeberl, M. R.: High-frequency gravity waves and homogeneous ice
nucleation in tropical tropopause layer cirrus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
6629–6635, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069426, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f
Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., Jordan, D. E., Bui, T. V., Ueyama, R., Singh,
H. B., Thornberry, T. D., Rollins, A. W., Gao, R.-S., Fahey, D. W., Rosenlof,
K. H., Elkins, J. W., Diskin, G. S., DiGangi, J. P., Lawson, R. P., Woods,
S., Atlas, E. L., Rodriguez, M. A. N., Wofsy, S. C., Pittman, J., Bardeen,
C. G., Toon, O. B., Kindel, B. C., Newman, P. A., McGill, M. J., Hlavka,
D. L., Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Bergman, J. W., Selkirk, H. B.,
Alexander, M. J., Kim, J.-E., Lim, B. H., Stutz, J., and Pfeilsticker, K.:
The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment: High-Altitude
Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific, Bull. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 98, 129–143, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00263.1, 2017. a, b
Jensen, E. J., Kärcher, B., Ueyama, R., Pfister, L., Bui, T. V., Diskin,
G. S., DiGangi, J. P., Woods, S., Lawson, R. P., Froyd, K. D., and Murphy,
D. M.: Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer, J.
Geophys. Res., 123, 21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028949, 2018. a
Kim, J.-E. and Alexander, M. J.: Direct impacts of waves on tropical cold
point tropopause temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1584–1592,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062737, 2015. a, b, c
Koop, T., Luo, B., Tsias, A., and Peter, T.: Water activity as the determinant
for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature, 406, 611–614,
https://doi.org/10.1038/35020537, 2000. a
Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Afchine, A., Bauer, R., Gensch, I., Mangold, A.,
Schlicht, S., Spelten, N., Sitnikov, N., Borrmann, S., de Reus, M., and
Spichtinger, P.: Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3505–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3505-2009, 2009. a, b
Kärcher, B.: Properties of subvisible cirrus clouds formed by homogeneous
freezing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 161–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2-161-2002,
2002. a
Kärcher, B.: Simulating gas-aerosol-cirrus interactions: Process-oriented microphysical model and applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1645-2003, 2003. a, b
Kärcher, B.: Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer: Role of
heterogeneous ice nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019774, 2004. a
Kärcher, B. and Lohmann, U.: A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:
Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC
4-1–AAC 4-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000470, 2002. a, b
Kärcher, B. and Podglajen, A.: A Stochastic Representation of Temperature
Fluctuations Induced by Mesoscale Gravity Waves, J. Geophys. Res., 124,
11506–11529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030680, 2019. a, b, c, d
Kärcher, B., Hendricks, J., and Lohmann, U.: Physically based
parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric
models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006219, 2006. a
Kärcher, B., Jensen, E. J., and Lohmann, U.: The Impact of Mesoscale Gravity
Waves on Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Cirrus Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
46, 5556–5565, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082437, 2019. a
Lance, S.: Coincidence Errors in a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and a Cloud and
Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), and the Improved Performance of a Modified
CDP, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 1532–1541,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00208.1, 2012. a
Lance, S., Brock, C. A., Rogers, D., and Gordon, J. A.: Water droplet
calibration of the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and in-flight performance in
liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds during ARCPAC, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3,
1683–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1683-2010, 2010. a, b
Lawson, R. P., O’Connor, D., Zmarzly, P., Weaver, K., Baker, B., Mo, Q., and
Jonsson, H.: The 2D-S (Stereo) Probe: Design and Preliminary Tests of a
New Airborne, High-Speed, High-Resolution Particle Imaging Probe, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Technol., 23, 1462–1477, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1927.1, 2006. a
LMD/IPSL: STRATEOLE2-C0: TSEN-Thermodynamics SENsor, LMD/IPSL [data set], https://data.ipsl.fr/catalog/strateole2/ (last access: 5 January 2022),
2022 a
McFarquhar, G. M., Heymsfield, A. J., Spinhirne, J., and Hart, B.: Thin and
Subvisual Tropopause Tropical Cirrus: Observations and Radiative Impacts, J.
Atmos. Sci., 57, 1841–1853,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1841:tasttc>2.0.co;2, 2000. a
Mote, P. W., Rosenlof, K. H., McIntyre, M. E., Carr, S. E., Gille, J. C.,
Holton, J. R., Kinnersley, J. S., Pumphrey, H. C., Russell III, J. M., and
Waters, J. W.: An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical
tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101,
3989–4006, 1996. a
Murphy, D. M.: Rare temperature histories and cirrus ice number density in a
parcel and a one-dimensional model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14,
13013–13022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13013-2014, 2014. a, b
NASA: ATTREX 2014 Global Hawk files, NASA [data set], https://espoarchive.nasa.gov/archive/browse/attrex/id4/GHawk (last access: 10 August 2022),
2022 a
Nastrom, G. D.: The Response of Superpressure Balloons to Gravity Waves, J.
Applied Meteo., 19, 1013–1019,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<1013:trosbt>2.0.co;2, 1980. a
Pfister, L., Selkirk, H. B., Jensen, E. J., Schoeberl, M. R., Toon, O. B.,
Browell, E. V., Grant, W. B., Gary, B., Mahoney, M. J., Bui, T. V., and
Hintsa, E.: Aircraft observations of thin cirrus clouds near the tropical
tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9765–9786, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900648,
2001. a
Podglajen, A., Hertzog, A., Plougonven, R., and Legras, B.: Lagrangian
temperature and vertical velocity fluctuations due to gravity waves in the
lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3543–3553,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068148, 2016. a, b, c, d
Podglajen, A., Plougonven, R., Hertzog, A., and Jensen, E.: Impact of gravity waves on the motion and distribution of atmospheric ice particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10799–10823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10799-2018, 2018. a, b
Randel, W. J. and Jensen, E. J.: Physical processes in the tropical tropopause
layer and their roles in a changing climate, Nat. Geosci., 6, 169–176,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1733, 2013. a
Salby, M. and Callaghan, P.: Control of the Tropical Tropopause and Vertical
Transport across It, J. Clim., 17, 965–985,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0965:cottta>2.0.co;2, 2004. a
Schiller, C., Grooß, J.-U., Konopka, P., Plöger, F., dos Santos, F. H. S.,
and Spelten, N.: Hydration and dehydration at the tropical tropopause, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 9, 9647–9660, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9647-2009, 2009. a
Schoeberl, M. R., Dessler, A. E., Wang, T., Avery, M. A., and Jensen, E. J.:
Cloud formation, convection, and stratospheric dehydration, Earth Space
Sci., 1, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ea000014, 2014. a
Smith, W. L., Ackerman, S., Revercomb, H., Huang, H., DeSlover, D. H., Feltz,
W., Gumley, L., and Collard, A.: Infrared spectral absorption of nearly
invisible cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1137–1140,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl03491, 1998. a
Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S., and Wuebbles, D. J.: On the
depletion of Antarctic ozone, Nature, 321, 755–758, https://doi.org/10.1038/321755a0,
1986. a
Solomon, S., Rosenlof, K. H., Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., Davis, S. M.,
Sanford, T. J., and Plattner, G.-K.: Contributions of Stratospheric Water
Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming, Science, 327,
1219–1223, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182488, 2010. a
Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. M.: Modelling of cirrus clouds –
Part 1b: Structuring cirrus clouds by dynamics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9,
707–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-707-2009, 2009. a
Toon, O. B., Turco, R. P., Westphal, D., Malone, R., and Liu, M.: A
Multidimensional Model for Aerosols: Description of Computational Analogs, J.
Atmos. Sci., 45, 2123–2144,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2123:ammfad>2.0.co;2, 1988. a
Toon, O. B., Turco, R. P., Jordan, J., Goodman, J., and Ferry, G.: Physical
processes in polar stratospheric ice clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11359,
https://doi.org/10.1029/jd094id09p11359, 1989. a
Ueyama, R., Jensen, E. J., Pfister, L., and Kim, J.-E.: Dynamical, convective,
and microphysical control on wintertime distributions of water vapor and
clouds in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 19, 10483–10500,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023318, 2015. a
Vincent, R. A. and Hertzog, A.: The response of superpressure balloons to
gravity wave motions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1043–1055,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1043-2014, 2014.
a, b
Winker, D. M. and Trepte, C. R.: Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical
tropopause by LITE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3351–3354,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl01292, 1998. a
Woods, S., Lawson, R. P., Jensen, E., Bui, T. P., Thornberry, T., Rollins, A.,
Pfister, L., and Avery, M.: Microphysical Properties of Tropical Tropopause
Layer Cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 6053–6069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd028068,
2018. a
Short summary
The role of gravity waves on tropical cirrus clouds and air-parcel dehydration was studied using the combination of Lagrangian observations of temperature fluctuations from superpressure balloons and a 1.5D model. The inclusion of the gravity waves to a reference simulation of a slow ascent around the cold-point tropopause drastically increases ice-crystal density, cloud fraction, and air-parcel dehydration, and it produces a crystal size distribution that agrees better with observations.
The role of gravity waves on tropical cirrus clouds and air-parcel dehydration was studied using...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint