Articles | Volume 23, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 13 Oct 2023
| 13 Oct 2023
Characterization of the nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of ship-emitted NOx
Zeyu Sun
CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai,
264003, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Zheng Zong
CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
Yang Tan
CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
Chongguo Tian
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai,
264003, China
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and
Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan
University, Shanghai, 200438, China
Fan Zhang
Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of
Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University,
Shanghai, 200241, China
Rong Sun
CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai,
264003, China
Yingjun Chen
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and
Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan
University, Shanghai, 200438, China
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key
Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
Gan Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key
Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
Related authors
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
Tingting Li, Jun Li, Zeyu Sun, Hongxing Jiang, Chongguo Tian, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6395–6407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were vital components in nitrogenous aerosols and contributed 69 % to total nitrogen in PM2.5. Coal combustion was still the most important source of urban atmospheric NO3-. However, the non-agriculture sources play an increasingly important role in NH4+ emissions.
Yanjie Lu, Xinxin Feng, Yanli Feng, Minjun Jiang, Yu Peng, Tian Chen, and Yingjun Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8043–8059, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8043-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8043-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Through lab tests and field measurements from typical sources, we found that carbonyl compounds from biomass burning are an order of magnitude higher than those from vehicles. The formation of carbonyl compounds in solid and liquid fuel is governed by combustion temperature and emission standards, respectively. Fuel type determines the chemical composition. Biomass burning and farm machinery are key drivers of atmospheric oxidation capacity. This study provides actionable solutions to safeguard public health.
Binyu Xiao, Fan Zhang, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Rui Li, Can Wu, Xinyi Wan, Yi Wang, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Libo Zhang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7053–7069, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7053-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Intermediate-volatility/semi-volatile organic compounds in gas and particle phases from ship exhausts are enhanced due to the switch of fuels from low sulfur to ultra-low sulfur. The findings indicate that optimization is necessary for the forthcoming global implementation of an ultra-low-sulfur oil policy. Besides, we find that organic diagnostic markers of hopanes in conjunction with the ratio of octadecanoic to tetradecanoic could be considered potential tracers for heavy fuel oil exhausts.
Pingyang Li, Boji Lin, Zhineng Cheng, Jing Li, Jun Li, Duohong Chen, Tao Zhang, Run Lin, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Liu, Yujun Lin, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Zhenchuan Niu, Ping Ding, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1931, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1931, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Our study indicates fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) reductions in Chinese megacities via atmospheric Δ(14CO2) and δ(13CO2) measurements, driven by coal-to-gas transitions and combustion efficiency improvement. Three-decade data show steeper declined urban RCO/CO2ff ratios than inventory estimates, implying underestimation of efficiency improvements and CO reductions. Integrating top-down observations with inventories is critical to track policy-driven emission shifts and optimize co-benefit strategies.
Hongxing Jiang, Yuanghang Deng, Yunxi Huo, Fengwen Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Hai Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2264, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined the use of a series of online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometer to characterize the chemical composition and sources of organic aerosols in a background site of south China from bulk to molecular levels. We suggested that anthropogenic source dominated the OA origins, and the gas-phase and particle-phase oxidation processes are conducive to the formation of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing compounds, respectively.
Yuying Wu, Yuhan Wang, Wenzheng Yang, Jie Zhang, Yanhong Wu, Jun Li, Gan Zhang, and Haijian Bing
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-302, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-302, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a large, open-access dataset of mountain soil chemistry in China, based on over 1,300 samples from 166 sites across diverse climates and vegetation types. The dataset includes concentrations of 24 elements and key environmental variables like temperature, rainfall, and soil properties. This dataset offers a valuable resource for studying mountain ecosystems, supporting Earth system modeling, and predicting how soils respond to environmental change.
Tao Cao, Cuncun Xu, Hao Chen, Jianzhong Song, Jun Li, Haiyan Song, Bin Jiang, Yin Zhong, and Ping’an Peng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-561, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-561, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the evolution of biomass and coal combustion-derived WSOM during aqueous photochemical process. The results indicate that photochemical aging induces distinct changes in the optical and molecular properties of WSOM and more pronounced alterations were observed during ·OH photooxidation than direct photolysis. Notably, our results also demostrated that atmospheric photooxidation may represent a significant source of BC-like substances.
Si Zhang, Yining Gao, Xinbei Xu, Luyao Chen, Can Wu, Zheng Li, Rongjie Li, Binyu Xiao, Xiaodi Liu, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14177–14190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from acetone photooxidation in the presence of various seeds were studied to illustrate SOA formation kinetics under ammonia-rich conditions. The oxidation mechanism of acetone was investigated using an observation-based model incorporating a Master Chemical Mechanism model. A higher SOA yield of acetone was observed compared to methylglyoxal due to an enhanced uptake of the small photooxidation products of acetone.
Zihan Song, Leiming Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Qiang Fu, Zhenxing Shen, Renjian Zhang, Dong Liu, and Song Cui
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13101–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel concept integrating crop cycle information into fire spot extraction was proposed. Spatiotemporal variations of open straw burning in Northeast China are revealed. Open straw burning in Northeast China emitted a total of 218 Tg of CO2-eq during 2001–2020. The policy of banning straw burning effectively reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Xuehong Gong, Zeyu Liu, Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Guohui Li, Zhisheng An, and Yongming Han
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1684, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study analyzed CO2 emissions from wildfires in China from 2001 to 2022. Cropland and forest fires contributed the most, while grassland fires were the least. Emissions from forest and shrub fires decreased significantly, while cropland fires increased. The highest emissions were in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. China's effective policy management has reduced wildfire-related CO2 emissions, aiding global climate change efforts.
Wenwen Ma, Rong Sun, Xiaoping Wang, Zheng Zong, Shizhen Zhao, Zeyu Sun, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Song Cui, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of long-term atmospheric PAH monitoring around the Bohai Sea. The results showed that the concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere around the Bohai Sea decreased from June 2014 to May 2019, especially the concentrations of highly toxic PAHs. This indicates that the contributions from PAH sources changed to a certain extent in different areas, and it also led to reductions in the related health risk and medical costs following pollution prevention and control.
Xiangyun Zhang, Jun Li, Sanyuan Zhu, Junwen Liu, Ping Ding, Shutao Gao, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, Ping'an Peng, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7495–7502, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results show that 14C elemental carbon (EC) was not only related to the isolation method but also to the types and proportions of the biomass sources in the sample. The hydropyrolysis (Hypy) method, which can be used to isolate a highly stable portion of ECHypy and avoid charring, is a more effective and stable approach for the matrix-independent 14C quantification of EC in aerosols, and the 13C–ECHypy and non-fossil ECHypy values of SRM1649b were –24.9 ‰ and 11 %, respectively.
Tingting Li, Jun Li, Zeyu Sun, Hongxing Jiang, Chongguo Tian, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6395–6407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were vital components in nitrogenous aerosols and contributed 69 % to total nitrogen in PM2.5. Coal combustion was still the most important source of urban atmospheric NO3-. However, the non-agriculture sources play an increasingly important role in NH4+ emissions.
Jiao Tang, Jun Li, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Yangzhi Mo, Hongxing Jiang, Bin Jiang, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Chongguo Tian, Zheng Zong, Jabir Hussain Syed, Jianzhong Song, and Gan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-403, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive molecular identification of atmospheric common fluorescent components and deciphers their related formation pathways. The fluorescent components varied in molecular composition, and a dominant oxidation pathway for the formation of humic-like fluorescent components was suggested, notwithstanding their different precursor types. Our findings are expected to be helpful to further studies using the EEM-PARAFAC as a tool to study atmospheric BrC.
Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Cuncun Xu, Jianzhong Song, Xingjun Fan, Jun Li, Wanglu Jia, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2613–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work comprehensively investigated the fluorescence data of light-absorbing organic compounds, water-soluble organic matter in different types of aerosol samples, soil dust, and fulvic and humic acids using an excitation–emission matrix (EEM) method and parallel factor modeling. The results revealed which light-absorbing species can be detected by EEM and also provided important information for identifying the chemical composition and possible sources of these species in atmospheric samples.
Buqing Xu, Jiao Tang, Tiangang Tang, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1565–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed compound-specific dual-carbon isotope signatures (Δ14C and δ13C) of dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracer molecules (i.e., oxalic acid) to investigate the fates of SOAs in the atmosphere at five emission hotspots in China. The results indicated that SOA carbon sources and chemical processes producing SOAs vary spatially and seasonally, and these variations need to be included in Chinese climate projection models and air quality management practices.
Chunlin Zou, Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Jianzhong Song, Bin Jiang, Wanglu Jia, Jun Li, Xiang Ding, Zhiqiang Yu, Gan Zhang, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 963–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, PM2.5 samples were obtained during a winter haze event in Guangzhou, China, and light absorption and molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. The findings obtained present some differences from the results reported in other regions of China and significantly enhanced our understanding of HULIS evolution during haze bloom-decay processes in the subtropic region of southern China.
Can Wu, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Shaojun Lv, Jin Li, Xiaodi Liu, Si Zhang, Shijie Liu, Fan Zhang, Jingjing Meng, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15621–15635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, the relative abundance of NH4NO3 in aerosol has been enhanced in most urban areas of China, which profoundly affects the PM2.5 pollution episodes. Our work finds that fine-particle nitrate and ammonium exhibited distinct, different physicochemical behaviors in the aerosol aging process.
Hongxing Jiang, Jun Li, Jiao Tang, Min Cui, Shizhen Zhao, Yangzhi Mo, Chongguo Tian, Xiangyun Zhang, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6919–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6919-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted field observation employing Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to characterize the molecular composition and major formation pathways or sources of organosulfur compounds in Guangzhou, where is heavily influenced by biogenic–anthropogenic interactions and has high relative humidity and temperature. We suggested that heterogeneous reactions such as SO2 uptake and heterogeneous oxidations are important to the molecular variations of organosulfur compounds.
Jiao Tang, Jiaqi Wang, Guangcai Zhong, Hongxing Jiang, Yangzhi Mo, Bolong Zhang, Xiaofei Geng, Yingjun Chen, Jianhui Tang, Congguo Tian, Surat Bualert, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11337–11352, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides a combined EEM–PARAFAC and statistical analysis method to explore how excitation–emission matrix (EEM) chromophores influence BrC light absorption in soluble organic matter. The application enables us to deduce that BrC absorption is mainly dependent on longer-emission-wavelength chromophores largely associated with biomass burning emissions. This method promotes the application of EEM spectroscopy and helps us understand the light absorption of BrC in the atmosphere.
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6721–6734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions in 10 Chinese cities showed strong seasonality with higher TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg and lower δ202Hg in summer. We found the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions were highly related to regional surface Hg(0) emissions, suggesting land surface Hg(0) emissions are an important source of atmospheric TGM that contribute dominantly to the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions.
Jianzhong Sun, Yuzhe Zhang, Guorui Zhi, Regina Hitzenberger, Wenjing Jin, Yingjun Chen, Lei Wang, Chongguo Tian, Zhengying Li, Rong Chen, Wen Xiao, Yuan Cheng, Wei Yang, Liying Yao, Yang Cao, Duo Huang, Yueyuan Qiu, Jiali Xu, Xiaofei Xia, Xin Yang, Xi Zhang, Zheng Zong, Yuchun Song, and Changdong Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2329–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2329-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2329-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) emission factors from household biomass fuels were measured with an integrating sphere optics approach supported by iterative calculations. A novel algorithm to directly estimate the absorption contribution of BrC relative to that of BrC + black carbon (FBrC) was proposed based purely on the absorption exponent (AAE)
(FBrC = 0.5519 lnAAE + 0.0067). The FBrC for household biomass fuels was as high as 50.8 % across the strongest solar spectral range of 350−850 nm.
Qingcai Chen, Haoyao Sun, Wenhuai Song, Fang Cao, Chongguo Tian, and Yan-Lin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14407–14417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study found environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are widely present in atmospheric particles of different particle sizes and exhibit significant particle size distribution characteristics. EPFR concentrations are higher in coarse particles than in fine particles in summer and vice versa in winter. The potential toxicity caused by EPFRs may also vary with particle size and season. Combustion is the most important source of EPFRs (>70 %).
Cited articles
Ammann, M., Siegwolf, R., Pichlmayer, F., Suter, M., Saurer, M., and
Brunold, C.: Estimating the uptake of traffic-derived NO2 from 15N
abundance in Norway spruce needles, Oecologia, 118, 124–131, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050710, 1999.
Ampah, J. D., Yusuf, A. A., Afrane, S., Jin, C., and Liu, H.: Reviewing two
decades of cleaner alternative marine fuels: Towards IMO's decarbonization
of the maritime transport sector, J. Clean. Prod., 320, 128871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128871, 2021.
Beyn, F., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., and Daehnke, K.: Do N-isotopes in
atmospheric nitrate deposition reflect air pollution levels?, Atmos.
Environ., 107, 281–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.057, 2015.
Bohlke, J. K., Mroczkowski, S. J., and Coplen, T. B.: Oxygen isotopes in
nitrate: new reference materials for 18O:17O:16O measurements
and observations on nitrate-water equilibration, Rapid Commun. Mass
Spectrom., 17, 1835–1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1123,
2003.
Chai, J., Miller, D. J., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Selimovic, V., Yokelson, R., Zarzana, K. J., Brown, S. S., Koss, A. R., Warneke, C., and Hastings, M.: Isotopic characterization of nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrous acid (HONO), and nitrate (pNO3−) from laboratory biomass burning during FIREX, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6303–6317, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6303-2019, 2019.
Chen, D., Zhao, Y., Nelson, P., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Lang, J., and
Guo, X.: Estimating ship emissions based on AIS data for port of Tianjin,
China, Atmos. Environ., 145, 10–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.086, 2016.
Chen, D., Wang, X., Li, Y., Lang, J., Zhou, Y., Guo, X., and Zhao, Y.:
High-spatiotemporal-resolution ship emission inventory of China based on AIS
data in 2014, Sci. Total Environ., 609, 776–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.051, 2017.
Cho, H., Fulton, B., Upadhyay, D., Brewbaker, T., and van Nieuwstadt, M.:
In-cylinder pressure sensor-based NOx model for real-time application
in diesel engines, Int. J. Engine Res., 19, 293–307, https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417703201, 2018.
Cooper, D. A.: Exhaust emissions from ships at berth, Atmos. Environ., 37,
3817–3830, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00446-1, 2003.
Corbett, J. J. and Fischbeck, P.: Emissions from ships, Science, 278,
823–824, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5339.823, 1997.
Corbett, J. J. and Winebrake, J. J.: Emissions tradeoffs among alternative
marine fuels: Total fuel cycle analysis of residual oil, marine gas oil, and
marine diesel oil, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 58, 538–542, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.4.538, 2008.
Deng, J., Wang, X., Wei, Z., Wang, L., Wang, C., and Chen, Z.: A review of
NOx and SOx emission reduction technologies for marine diesel
engines and the potential evaluation of liquefied natural gas fuelled
vessels, Sci. Total Environ., 766, 144319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144319, 2021.
Duan, K., Li, Q., Liu, H., Zhou, F., Lu, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, S.,
Ma, Y., and Wang, X.: Dynamic NOx emission factors for main engines of
bulk carriers, Transport Res. D-Tr. E.,
107, 103290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103290, 2022.
Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R., and Hastie, T.: A working guide to boosted
regression trees, J. Anim. Ecol., 77, 802–813, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x, 2008.
Felix, J. D. and Elliott, E. M.: The agricultural history of human-nitrogen
interactions as recorded in ice core δN15–NO
Felix, J. D. and Elliott, E. M.: Isotopic composition of passively collected
nitrogen dioxide emissions: Vehicle, soil and livestock source signatures,
Atmos. Environ., 92, 359–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.005, 2014.
Felix, J. D., Elliott, E. M., and Shaw, S. L.: Nitrogen isotopic composition
of coal-fired power plant NOx: Influence of emission controls and
implications for global emission inventories, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46,
3528–3535, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203355v, 2012.
Fibiger, D. L. and Hastings, M. G.: First measurements of the nitrogen
isotopic composition of NOx from biomass burning, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 50, 11569–11574, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03510, 2016.
Fibiger, D. L., Hastings, M. G., Lew, A. F., and Peltier, R. E.: Collection
of NO and NO2 for isotopic analysis of NOx emissions, Anal. Chem.,
86, 12115–12121, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac502968e, 2014.
Freyer, H. D.: Seasonal trends of NH
Fu, M., Liu, H., Jin, X., and He, K.: National- to port-level inventories of
shipping emissions in China, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa897a, 2017.
Goldsworthy, L.: Reduced kinetics schemes for oxides of nitrogen emissions
from a slow-speed marine diesel engine, Energy Fuel., 17, 450–456,
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef020172c, 2003.
Heaton, T. H. E.: 15N/14N ratios of NOx from vehicle engines
and coal-fired power stations, Tellus B, 42, 304–307, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-1-00009.x, 1990.
Hothorn, T., Hornik, K., and Zeileis, A.: Unbiased recursive partitioning: A
conditional inference framework, J. Comput. Graph. Stat., 15, 651–674,
https://doi.org/10.1198/106186006x133933, 2006.
Huang, L., Wen, Y., Geng, X., Zhou, C., and Xiao, C.: Integrating
multi-source maritime information to estimate ship exhaust emissions under
wind, wave and current conditions, Transport Res. D.-Tr. E, 59, 148–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.012, 2018.
Huang, T., Zhu, X., Zhong, Q., Yun, X., Meng, W., Li, B., Ma, J., Zeng, E.
Y., and Tao, S.: Spatial and Temporal Trends in Global Emissions of Nitrogen
Oxides from 1960 to 2014, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7992–8000, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02235, 2017.
Jiang, H., Wu, G., Li, T., He, P., and Chen, R.: Characteristics of
Particulate Matter Emissions from a Low-Speed Marine Diesel Engine at
Various Loads, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 11552–11559, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02341, 2019.
Jin, Z., Qian, L., Shi, Y., Fu, G., Li, G., and Li, F.: Quantifying major
NOx sources of aerosol nitrate in Hangzhou, China, by using stable
isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model, Atmos. Environ., 244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117979, 2021.
Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Kukkonen, J.: Global assessment of
shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution, Atmos.
Environ., 167, 403–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.042, 2017.
Kong, X., Feng, K., Wang, P., Wan, Z., Lin, L., Zhang, N., and Li, J.: Steel
stocks and flows of global merchant fleets as material base of international
trade from 1980 to 2050, Global. Environ. Chang., 73, 102493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102493, 2022.
Li, D. and Wang, X.: Nitrogen isotopic signature of soil-released nitric
oxide (NO) after fertilizer application, Atmos. Environ., 42, 4747–4754,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.042, 2008.
Li, Y., Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., and Zhou, Y.: Review of the world ship
market in 2010 and beyond, Ship & Boat, 22, 1–9, 2011.
Li, Y., Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., and Liu, F.: Review of world ship market
in 2013 and future prospect, Ship & Boat, 25, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2014.01.002, 2014.
Li, Y., Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., and Liu, F.: Review of world ship market
in 2015 and 2016 predication, Ship & Boat, 27, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2016.01.001, 2016.
Lion, S., Vlaskos, I., and Taccani, R.: A review of emissions reduction
technologies for low and medium speed marine Diesel engines and their
potential for waste heat recovery, Energ. Convers. Manage., 207, 112553, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112553, 2020.
Liu, F., Wang, Y., Du, L., and Wei, M.: Review of World Shipping Market in
2020 and Prospect in 2021, Ship & Boat, 32, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2021.01.001, 2021.
Liu, H., Fu, M., Jin, X., Shang, Y., Shindell, D., Faluvegi, G., Shindell,
C., and He, K.: Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East
Asia, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 1037-+, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3083, 2016.
Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Feng, Y., Zheng, M., Li, Q., and
Chen, J.: Emission Characteristics and Formation Pathways of Intermediate
Volatile Organic Compounds from Ocean-Going Vessels: Comparison of Engine
Conditions and Fuel Types, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 12917–12925,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03589, 2022.
Luo, L., Wu, Y., Xiao, H., Zhang, R., Lin, H., Zhang, X., and Kao, S.-J.:
Origins of aerosol nitrate in Beijing during late winter through spring,
Sci. Total Environ., 653, 776–782, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.306, 2019.
Mann, H. B. and Whitney, D. R.: On a test of whether one of two random
variables is stochastically larger than the other, Ann. Math. Stat., 18, 50–60, 1947.
Margeson, J. H., Knoll, J. E., Midgett, M. R., Oldaker, G. B., Loder, K. R.,
Grohse, P. M., and Gutknecht, W. F.: An integrated method for determining
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions at nitric acid plants, Anal. Chem., 56,
2607–2610, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00277a079, 1984.
Massman, W. J.: A review of the molecular diffusivities of H2O,
CO2, CH4, CO, O3, SO2, NH3, N2O, NO, AND
NO2 in air, O2 AND N2 near STP, Atmos. Environ., 32,
1111–1127, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00391-9, 1998.
McIlvin, M. R. and Casciotti, K. L.: Technical updates to the bacterial
method for nitrate isotopic analyses, Anal. Chem., 83, 1850–1856, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1028984, 2011.
Meng, X. and Huang, Y.: Review of world ship market in 2005 and its
prospect, Ship & Boat, 17, 1–8, 2006.
Meng, X., Huang, Y., and Zhou, B.: 2004 world ship market analysis and
forecast, Ship & Boat, 16, 1–6, 2005.
Meng, X., Qi, B., Qin, Q., and Ming, H.: Review of world ship market in 2006
and its prospect, Ship & Boat, 18, 1–8, 2007.
Mikalsen, R.: 6 – Internal combustion and reciprocating engine systems for
small and micro combined heat and power (CHP) applications, in: Small and
Micro Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems, edited by: Beith, R., Woodhead
Publishing, 125–146, https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092755.2.125, 2011.
Miller, D. J., Wojtal, P. K., Clark, S. C., and Hastings, M. G.: Vehicle
NOx emission plume isotopic signatures: Spatial variability across the
eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 4698–4717, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025877, 2017.
Miller, D. J., Chai, J., Guo, F., Dell, C. J., Karsten, H., and Hastings, M.
G.: Isotopic composition of in situ soil NOx emissions in
manure-fertilizes cropland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 12058–12066, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079619, 2018.
Mitukiewicz, G., Dychto, R., and Leyko, J.: Relationship between LPG fuel
and gasoline injection duration for gasoline direct injection engines, Fuel,
153, 526–534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.033, 2015.
Moore, H.: Isotopic composition of ammonia, nitrogen-dioxide and nitrate in
atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 11, 1239–1243, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(77)90102-0, 1977.
Nunes, R. A. O., Alvim-Ferraz, M. C. M., Martins, F. G., and Sousa, S. I.
V.: The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions – A review,
Environ. Pollut., 231, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.099, 2017.
Park, J., Choi, I., Oh, J., and Lee, C.: Nitrogen Oxides and Particulate
Matter from Marine Diesel Oil (MDO), Emulsified MDO, and Dimethyl Ether
Fuels in Auxiliary Marine Engines, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 322, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050322, 2020.
Perez, T., Trumbore, S. E., Tyler, S. C., Matson, P. A., Ortiz-Monasterio,
I., Rahn, T., and Griffith, D. W. T.: Identifying the agricultural imprint
on the global N2O budget using stable isotopes, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 106, 9869–9878, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900809, 2001.
Qi, B., Qin, Q., Ming, H., and Meng, X.: Review of world ship market in 2007
and its prospect, Ship & Boat, 19, 1–9, 2008.
Qi, B., Li, Y., Qin, Q., and Shen, S.: Review of world ship market in 2009
and market prospect, Ship & Boat, 21, 1–8, 2010.
Qi, B., Zhou, Y., Qin, Q., Shen, S., and Li, Y.: Review of world ship market
in 2012 and future prospect, Ship & Boat, 24, 1–9, 2013.
Qi, B., Du, L., Wang, Y., Pan, F., and Shen, S.: Review of World Shipping
Market in 2019 and Prospects in 2020, Ship & Boat, 31, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2020.01.001, 2020.
Qin, Q., Meng, X., Li, Y., and Qi, B.: Review of world ship market in 2008
and market prospect, Ship & Boat, 20, 1–8, 2009.
Qin, Q., Li, Y., Qi, B., Shen, S., and Zhou, Y.: Review of world ship market
in 2011 and future prospect, Ship & Boat, 23, 1–10, 2012.
Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., Liu, F., and Zhao, H.: Review of world ship
market in 2014 and beyond, Ship & Boat, 26, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2015.01.001, 2015.
Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., Liu, F., and Jiang, H.: Review of world ship
market in 2016 and prospect in 2017, Ship & Boat, 28, 1–15, 2017.
Qin, Q., Qi, B., Shen, S., Liu, F., and Jiang, H.: Review of world shipping
market in 2017 and prospects in 2018, Ship & Boat, 29, 1–18, 2018.
Querel, C., Grondin, O., and Letellier, C.: Semi-physical mean-value
NOx model for diesel engine control, Control Eng. Pract., 40, 27–44,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2015.02.005, 2015.
Redling, K., Elliott, E., Bain, D., and Sherwell, J.: Highway contributions
to reactive nitrogen deposition: tracing the fate of vehicular NOx
using stable isotopes and plant biomonitors, Biogeochemistry, 116, 261–274,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-013-9857-x, 2013.
Selleri, T., Melas, A. D., Joshi, A., Manara, D., Perujo, A., and
Suarez-Bertoa, R.: An Overview of Lean Exhaust deNOx Aftertreatment
Technologies and NOx Emission Regulations in the European Union,
Catalysts, 11, 404, https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11030404, 2021.
Shen, S. and Qi, B.: Review of World Ship Market in 2018 and Prospects for
2019, Ship & Boat, 30, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2019.01.001, 2019.
Shi, K., Weng, J., and Li, G.: Exploring the effectiveness of ECA policies
in reducing pollutant emissions from merchant ships in Shanghai port waters,
Mar. Pollut. Bull., 155, 111164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111164, 2020.
Shi, Y., Li, C., Jin, Z., Zhang, Y., Xiao, J., and Li, F.: Combining dual
isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model to quantify the nitrate sources
of precipitation in Ningbo, East China, Sci. Total Environ., 778, 146297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146297, 2021.
Shi, Y., Tian, P., Jin, Z., Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, F.: Stable nitrogen
isotope composition of NOx of biomass burning in China, Sci. Total
Environ., 803, 149857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149857, 2022.
Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M.,
and Bohlke, J. K.: A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of
nitrate in seawater and freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73, 4145–4153, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010088e, 2001.
Snape, C. E., Sun, C. G., Fallick, A. E., Irons, R., and Haskell, J.:
Potential of stable nitrogen isotope ratio measurements to resolve fuel and
thermal NOx in coal combustion, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., 225,
U843–U843, 2003.
Song, W., Wang, Y.-L., Yang, W., Sun, X.-C., Tong, Y.-D., Wang, X.-M., Liu,
C.-Q., Bai, Z.-P., and Liu, X.-Y.: Isotopic evaluation on relative
contributions of major NOx sources to nitrate of PM2.5 in Beijing,
Environ. Pollut., 248, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.081, 2019.
Song, W., Liu, X.-Y., Wang, Y.-L., Tong, Y.-D., Bai, Z.-P., and Liu, C.-Q.:
Nitrogen isotope differences between atmospheric nitrate and corresponding
nitrogen oxides: A new constraint using oxygen isotopes, Sci. Total
Environ., 701, 134515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134515, 2020.
Speybroeck, N.: Classification and regression trees, Int. J. Public Health,
57, 243–246, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0315-z, 2012.
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A.-L., Zeileis, A., and Hothorn, T.: Bias in random
forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution,
BMC Bioinformatics, 8, 25, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-25, 2007.
Ti, C., Ma, S., Peng, L., Tao, L., Wang, X., Dong, W., Wang, L., and Yan,
X.: Changes of δ15N values during the volatilization process
after applying urea on soil, Environ. Pollut., 270, 116204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116204, 2021.
Tomeczek, J. and Gradon, B.: The role of nitrous oxide in the mechanism of
thermal nitric oxide formation within flame temperature range, Combust. Sci.
Technol., 125, 159–180, https://doi.org/10.1080/00102209708935658, 1997.
Toof, J. L.: A Model for the Prediction of Thermal, Prompt, and Fuel
NOx Emissions From Combustion Turbines, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power., 108,
340–347, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3239909, 1986.
Trozzi, C.: Emission estimate methodology for maritime navigation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States, https://www.academia.edu/28998830/Emission_estimate_methodology_for_maritime_navigation (last access: 18 March 2023), 2010.
Tsague, L., Tsogo, J., and Tatietse, T. T.: Prediction of the production of
nitrogen oxide (NOx) in turbojet engines, Atmos. Environ., 40,
5727–5733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.055,
2006.
Walters, W. W., Goodwin, S. R., and Michalski, G.: Nitrogen stable isotope
composition (δ15N) of vehicle-emitted NOx, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 49, 2278–2285, https://doi.org/10.1021/es505580v,
2015a.
Walters, W. W., Tharp, B. D., Fang, H., Kozak, B. J., and Michalski, G.:
Nitrogen isotope composition of thermally produced NOx from various
fossil-fuel combustion sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 11363–11371,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02769, 2015b.
Wan, Z., Ji, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, J., and Wang, Q.: Shipping
emission inventories in China's Bohai Bay, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl
River Delta in 2018, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110882, 2020.
Wang, C., Hao, L., Ma, D., Ding, Y., Lv, L., Zhang, M., Wang, H., Tan, J.,
Wang, X., and Ge, Y.: Analysis of ship emission characteristics under
real-world conditions in China, Ocean Eng., 194, 106615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106615, 2019.
Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Peng, C., Liu, Y., and Qin, C.: Study on
Characteristics of Ship Emissions from Surrounding China Seas, Energ.
Conserv. Environ. Prot. Transp., 14, 11–15, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-6478.2018.01.004, 2018.
Wei, M., Pan, F., Wang, Y., and Du, L.: Review of World Shipping Market in
2021 and Prospects in 2022, Ship & Boat, 33, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.19423/j.cnki.31-1561/u.2022.01.001, 2022.
Yang, Y. and Zhou, B.: Review of world shipbuilding market in 2001, Ship
& Boat, 13, 5–10, 2002.
Yin, M. J., Guan, H., Luo, L., Xiao, H. Y., and Zhang, Z. Y.: Using nitrogen
and oxygen stable isotopes to analyze the major NOx sources to nitrate
of PM2.5 in Lanzhou, northwest China, in winter-spring periods, Atmos.
Environ., 276, 119036, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119036, 2022.
Yu, Z. and Elliott, E. M.: Novel method for nitrogen isotopic analysis of
soil-emitted nitric oxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 6268–6278, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00592, 2017.
Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Feng, Y., Shang, Y., Yang, X., Gao, H., Tian,
C., Li, J., Zhang, G., Matthias, V., and Xie, Z.: Real-world emission
factors of gaseous and particulate pollutants from marine fishing boats and
their total emissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 4910–4919,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04002, 2018.
Zhang, Z., Zheng, N., Zhang, D., Xiao, H., Cao, Y., and Xiao, H.: Rayleigh
based concept to track NOx emission sources in urban areas of China,
Sci. Total Environ., 704, 135362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135362, 2020.
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., Peng, S., Hong, N., Hu, J., Wang,
T., and Mao, H.: A comprehensive study of particulate and gaseous emissions
characterization from an ocean-going cargo vessel under different operating
conditions, Atmos. Environ., 223, 117286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117286, 2020.
Zhou, B., Meng, X., and Yang, Y.: Analysis of world ship market in 2003 and
its future, Ship & Boat, 15, 5–10, 2004.
Zhu, Y. C., Zhou, S. Q., Li, H. W., Luo, L., Wang, F. H., Bao, Y., and Chen,
Y.: Formation pathways and sources of size-segregated nitrate aerosols in a
megacity identified by dual isotopes, Atmos. Environ., 264, 118708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118708, 2021.
Zong, Z., Wang, X., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Fang, Y., Zhang, F., Li, C., Sun,
J., Li, J., and Zhang, G.: First assessment of NOx sources at a
regional background site in North China using isotopic analysis linked with
modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5923–5931, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06316, 2017.
Zong, Z., Sun, Z., Xiao, L., Tian, C., Liu, J., Sha, Q., Li, J., Fang, Y.,
Zheng, J., and Zhang, G.: Insight into the variability of the nitrogen
isotope composition of vehicular NOx in China, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
54, 14246–14253, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04749,
2020a.
Zong, Z., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Chen, Y., Cui, S.,
and Zhang, G.: Dual-modelling-based source apportionment of NOx in five
Chinese megacities: Providing the isotopic footprint from 2013 to 2014,
Environ. Int., 137, 105592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105592, 2020b.
Zong, Z., Shi, X., Sun, Z., Tian, C., Li, J., Fang, Y., Gao, H., and Zhang,
G.: Nitrogen isotopic composition of NOx from residential biomass
burning and coal combustion in North China, Environ. Pollut., 304,
119238–119238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119238,
2022.
Short summary
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results showed that δ15N–NOx from ships was −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰ and increased monotonically with tightening emission regulations. The selective catalytic reduction system was the most vital factor. The temporal variation in δ15N–NOx was evaluated and can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx for a more accurate assessment of the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx.
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint