Articles | Volume 22, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4339-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4339-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 05 Apr 2022
| 05 Apr 2022
Seasonal characteristics of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a coastal city of Southeast China: Explanatory factors and photochemical effects
Taotao Liu
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Gaojie Chen
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Lingling Xu
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Mengren Li
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Youwei Hong
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Yanting Chen
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Xiaoting Ji
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Chen Yang
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Yuping Chen
Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Weiguo Huang
State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of
Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou,
China
Quanjia Huang
Xiamen Environmental Monitoring Station, Xiamen, China
Hong Wang
Fujian Meteorological Science Institute, Fujian Key Laboratory of
Severe Weather, Fuzhou, China
Related authors
Jiayan Shi, Yuping Chen, Lingling Xu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Liqian Yin, Yanting Chen, Chen Yang, Gaojie Chen, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11187–11202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was observed in Southeast China over the period 2012–2020. The observed GEM concentrations showed no distinct inter-annual variation trends. The interpretation rate of transportation and meteorology on GEM variations displayed an increasing trend. In contrast, anthropogenic emissions have shown a decreasing interpretation rate since 2012, indicating the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures in reducing GEM concentrations in the study region.
Youwei Hong, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7827–7841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) simulation remains uncertain, due to the unknown SOA formation mechanisms. Aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected, along with online measurements of aerosol chemical compositions and meteorological parameters. We found that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of biogenic SOA (BSOA). The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the missed SOA sources.
Taotao Liu, Yiling Lin, Jinsheng Chen, Gaojie Chen, Chen Yang, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Yanting Chen, Liqian Yin, Yuping Chen, Xiaoting Ji, Ziyi Lin, Fuwang Zhang, Hong Wang, and Youwei Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations and models analysis were carried out in a coastal city to study HCHO formation mechanism and its impacts on photochemistry. HCHO contributed to atmospheric oxidation by around 10 %, reflecting its significance in photochemistry. Disabling HCHO mechanism made net O3 production rates decrease by 31 %, which were dominated by the reductions of pathways relating to radical reactions, indicating the HCHO affected O3 mainly by controlling the efficiencies of radical propagation.
Taotao Liu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Lingling Xu, Jinsheng Chen, Yahui Bian, Chen Yang, Yangbin Dan, Yingnan Zhang, Likun Xue, Min Zhao, Zhi Huang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2173–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the OBM-MCM model analyses, the study aims to clarify (1) the pollution characteristics of O3 and its precursors, (2) the atmospheric oxidation capacity and radical chemistry, and (3) the O3 formation mechanism and sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to enhance the understanding of the O3 formation mechanism with low O3 precursor levels and provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control in coastal cities.
Yuping Chen, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Ziyi Lin, Chen Yang, Gaojie Chen, Ronghua Zheng, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Yanru Zhang, and Jinsheng Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2042, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the molecular characteristics and chemical evolution of organic aerosol (OA) in contrasting urban and seaside environments by offline Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Urban OA was enriched in aromatic species, while seaside OA featured aliphatic and highly oxidized compounds. Marine-influenced humid air masses, combined with active photochemical conditions, promoted aqueous-phase OA formation, leading to higher oxidation states, particularly at the seaside site.
Gaojie Chen, Xiaolong Fan, Haichao Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Ziyi Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Lingling Xu, Baoye Hu, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7815–7828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7815-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7815-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study revealed that the nighttime heterogeneous dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) uptake process was the major contributor of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) sources, while nitrate photolysis may promote the elevation of daytime ClNO2 concentrations. The rates of alkane oxidation by chlorine (Cl) radical in the early morning exceeded those by OH radical, significantly promoted the formation of ROx and ozone (O3), and further enhanced the atmospheric oxidation capacity levels.
Lingjun Li, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Yuping Chen, Ziyi Lin, Anqi Hou, Siqing Zhang, Ronghua Zheng, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3669–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3669-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3669-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we show differences and variations in the aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor (f(RH)) between new particle formation (NPF) and non-NPF days and the effect of aerosol chemical compositions on f(RH) in Xiamen with in situ observations. The findings are helpful for the further understanding of aerosol hygroscopicity in a coastal city and the use of hygroscopic growth factors in models of air quality and climate change.
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
Youwei Hong, Keran Zhang, Dan Liao, Gaojie Chen, Min Zhao, Yiling Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Yu Wu, Ruilian Yu, Gongren Hu, Sung-Deuk Choi, Likun Xue, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10795–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particle uptakes of HCHO and the impacts on PM2.5 and O3 production remain highly uncertain. Based on the investigation of co-occurring wintertime O3 and PM2.5 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China, we found enhanced heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) and increased ROx concentrations and net O3 production rates. The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the mechanisms of key precursors for co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
Jiayan Shi, Yuping Chen, Lingling Xu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Liqian Yin, Yanting Chen, Chen Yang, Gaojie Chen, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11187–11202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was observed in Southeast China over the period 2012–2020. The observed GEM concentrations showed no distinct inter-annual variation trends. The interpretation rate of transportation and meteorology on GEM variations displayed an increasing trend. In contrast, anthropogenic emissions have shown a decreasing interpretation rate since 2012, indicating the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures in reducing GEM concentrations in the study region.
Youwei Hong, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7827–7841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) simulation remains uncertain, due to the unknown SOA formation mechanisms. Aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected, along with online measurements of aerosol chemical compositions and meteorological parameters. We found that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of biogenic SOA (BSOA). The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the missed SOA sources.
Taotao Liu, Yiling Lin, Jinsheng Chen, Gaojie Chen, Chen Yang, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Xiaolong Fan, Yanting Chen, Liqian Yin, Yuping Chen, Xiaoting Ji, Ziyi Lin, Fuwang Zhang, Hong Wang, and Youwei Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-292, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations and models analysis were carried out in a coastal city to study HCHO formation mechanism and its impacts on photochemistry. HCHO contributed to atmospheric oxidation by around 10 %, reflecting its significance in photochemistry. Disabling HCHO mechanism made net O3 production rates decrease by 31 %, which were dominated by the reductions of pathways relating to radical reactions, indicating the HCHO affected O3 mainly by controlling the efficiencies of radical propagation.
Taotao Liu, Youwei Hong, Mengren Li, Lingling Xu, Jinsheng Chen, Yahui Bian, Chen Yang, Yangbin Dan, Yingnan Zhang, Likun Xue, Min Zhao, Zhi Huang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2173–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the OBM-MCM model analyses, the study aims to clarify (1) the pollution characteristics of O3 and its precursors, (2) the atmospheric oxidation capacity and radical chemistry, and (3) the O3 formation mechanism and sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to enhance the understanding of the O3 formation mechanism with low O3 precursor levels and provide scientific evidence for O3 pollution control in coastal cities.
Baoye Hu, Jun Duan, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Yahui Bian, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Pinhua Xie, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 371–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a lack of research into HONO in coastal cities with low concentrations of PM2.5, but strong sunlight and high humidity. Insufficient research on coastal cities with good air quality has resulted in certain obstacles to assessing the photochemical processes in these areas. Furthermore, HONO contributes to the atmospheric photochemistry depending on the season. Therefore, observations of HONO across four seasons in the southeastern coastal area of China are urgently needed.
Lingling Xu, Jiayan Shi, Yuping Chen, Yanru Zhang, Mengrong Yang, Yanting Chen, Liqian Yin, Lei Tong, Hang Xiao, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18543–18555, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18543-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18543-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) isotopic compositions in aerosols are the mixed results of emission sources and atmospheric processes. This study presents Hg isotopic compositions in PM2.5 from different types of locations and total Hg from offshore surface seawater. The results indicate that atmospheric transformations induce significant mass independent fractionation of Hg isotopes, which obscures Hg isotopic signatures of initial emissions.
Zhixiong Chen, Jane Liu, Xugeng Cheng, Mengmiao Yang, and Hong Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16911–16923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16911-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a large ensemble of typhoons, we investigate the impacts of evolving typhoons on tropospheric ozone and address the linkages between typhoon-affected meteorological conditions and ozone variations. The influences of typhoon-induced stratospheric intrusions on lower-troposphere ozone are also quantified. Thus, the results obtained in this study have important implications for a full understanding of the multifaced roles of typhoons in modulating tropospheric ozone variation.
Baoye Hu, Jun Duan, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Mengren Li, Yahui Bian, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Pinhua Xie, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-880, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-880, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a lack of research into HONO in coastal cities with low concentrations of NOx and PM2.5, but strong sunlight and high humidity. Insufficient research on coastal cities with good air quality has resulted in certain obstacles to assessing the photochemical processes in these areas. Furthermore, HONO contributes to the atmospheric photochemistry depending on the season. Therefore, observations of HONO across four seasons in the southeastern coastal area of China are urgently needed.
Cited articles
Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and IUPAC Subcommittee: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II – gas phase reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625–4055, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3625-2006, 2006.
Cardelino, C. A. and Chameides, W. L.: An observation-based model for analyzing
ozone precursor relationships in the urban atmosphere, J. Air Waste Manag.
Assoc., 45, 161–180, 1995.
Chen, T., Xue, L., Zheng, P., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Han, G., Li, H., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, H., Dong, C., Xu, F., Zhang, Q., and Wang, W.: Volatile organic compounds and ozone air pollution in an oil production region in northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7069–7086, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7069-2020, 2020.
Fischer, E. V., Jaffe, D. A., Reidmiller, D. R., and Jaegle, L.: Meteorological
controls on observed peroxyacetyl nitrate at Mount Bachelor during the
spring of 2008, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D03302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012776, 2010.
Fischer, E. V., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Sulprizio, M. P., Millet, D. B., Mao, J., Paulot, F., Singh, H. B., Roiger, A., Ries, L., Talbot, R. W., Dzepina, K., and Pandey Deolal, S.: Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2679–2698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014, 2014.
Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N., Cunningham, M. M., and Doskey, P. V.: Measurements of peroxyacyl
nitrates (PANS) in Mexico city: implications for megacity air quality
impacts on regional scales, Atmos. Environ., 33, 5003–5012, 1999.
Grosjean, E., Grosjean, D., Woodhouse, L. F., and Yang, Y. J.: Peroxyacetyl
nitrate and peroxypropionyl nitrate in Porto Alegre, Brazil, Atmos.
Environ., 36, 2405–2419, 2002.
Guan, L., Liang, Y., Tian, Y., Yang, Z., Sun, Y., and Feng, Y.: Quantitatively analyzing
effects of meteorology and PM2.5 sources on low visual distance, Sci.
Total Environ., 659, 764–772, 2019.
Han, J., Lee, M., Shang, X., Lee, G., and Emmons, L. K.: Decoupling peroxyacetyl nitrate from ozone in Chinese outflows observed at Gosan Climate Observatory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10619–10631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10619-2017, 2017.
He, X. and Lin, Z. S.: Interactive effects of the influencing factors on the changes
of PM2.5 concentration based on GAM model, Environ. Sci., 38, 22–32, 2017.
Hu, B., Liu, T., Hong, Y., Xu, L., Li, M., Wu, X., Wang, H., Chen, J., and
Chen, J.: Characteristics of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a coastal city of
southeastern China: Photochemical mechanism and pollution process, Sci. Total
Environ., 719, 137493, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137493, 2020.
Hua, J., Zhang, Y., de Foy, B., Shang, J., Schauer, J. J., Mei, X., Sulaymon, I. D., and Han, T.:
Quantitative estimation of meteorological impacts and the COVID-19 lockdown
reductions on NO2 and PM2.5 over the Beijing area using
Generalized Additive Models (GAM), J. Environ. Manage., 291, 112676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112676, 2021.
Jenkin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., Wagner, V., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part B): tropospheric degradation of aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-181-2003, 2003.
Kleindienst, T. E.: Recent developments in the chemistry and biology of
peroxyacetyl nitrate, Res. Chem. Intermed., 20, 335–384,
1994.
Li, B., Ho, S. S. H., Gong, S., Ni, J., Li, H., Han, L., Yang, Y., Qi, Y., and Zhao, D.: Characterization of VOCs and their related atmospheric processes in a central Chinese city during severe ozone pollution periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 617–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-617-2019, 2019.
Li, Z., Xue, L., Yang, X., Zha, Q., Tham, Y. J., Yan, C., Louie, P. K. K.,
Luk, C. W. Y., Wang, T., and Wang, W.: Oxidizing capacity of the rural
atmosphere in Hong Kong, Southern China, Sci. Total Environ., 612, 1114–1122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.310, 2018.
Liu, L., Wang, X., Chen, J., Xue, L., Wang, W., Wen, L., Li, D., and Chen,
T.: Understanding unusually high levels of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in
winter in Urban Jinan, China, J. Environ. Sci. (China), 71, 249–260,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.015, 2018.
Liu, T., Hong, Y., Li, M., Xu, L., Chen, J., Bian, Y., Yang, C., Dan, Y., Zhang, Y., Xue, L., Zhao, M., Huang, Z., and Wang, H.: Atmospheric oxidation capacity and ozone pollution mechanism in a coastal city of southeastern China: analysis of a typical photochemical episode by an observation-based model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2173–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2173-2022, 2022.
Liu, T., Hu, B., Xu, X., Hong, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Xu, L., Li, M., Chen,
Y., Chen, X., and Chen, J.: Characteristics of PM2.5-bound secondary
organic aerosol tracers in a coastal city in Southeastern China: Seasonal
patterns and pollution identification, Atmos. Environ., 237, 117710,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117710, 2020a.
Liu, T., Hu, B., Yang, Y., Li, M., Hong, Y., Xu, X., Xu, L., Chen, N., Chen,
Y., Xiao, H., and Chen, J.: Characteristics and source apportionment of
PM2.5 on an island in Southeast China: Impact of sea-salt and monsoon,
Atmos. Res., 235, 104786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104786, 2020b.
Liu, Y., Shen, H., Mu, J., Li, H., Chen, T., Yang, J., Jiang, Y., Zhu, Y.,
Meng, H., Dong, C., Wang, W., and Xue, L.: Formation of peroxyacetyl nitrate
(PAN) and its impact on ozone production in the coastal atmosphere of
Qingdao, North China, Sci. Total Environ., 778, 146265,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146265, 2021.
Lonneman, W. A., Bufalini, J. J., and Seila, R. L.: PAN and oxidant measurement in
ambient atmospheres, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 374–380, 1976.
Ma, Y., Ma, B., Jiao, H., Zhang, Y., Xin, J., and Yu, Z.: An analysis of the effects of
weather and air pollution on tropospheric ozone using a generalized additive
model in Western China: Lanzhou, Gansu, Atmos. Environ., 224, 117342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117342, 2020.
Marley, N. A., Gaffney, J. S., Ramos-Villegas, R., and Cárdenas González, B.: Comparison of measurements of peroxyacyl nitrates and primary carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in Mexico City determined in 1997 and 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2277–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2277-2007, 2007.
Monks, P. S.: A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone
maximum, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3545–3561, 2000.
Moore, D. P. and Remedios, J. J.: Seasonality of Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using the MIPAS-E instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6117–6128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6117-2010, 2010.
Pallavi, Sinha, B., and Sinha, V.: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain using a positive matrix factorization model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15467–15482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15467-2019, 2019.
Penkett, S. A. and Brice, K. A.: The spring maximum in Photooxidants in the
northern hemisphere troposphere, Nature, 319, 655–657, 1986.
Qian, X., Shen, H., and Chen, Z.: Characterizing summer and winter carbonyl
compounds in Beijing atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 214, 116845,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116845, 2019.
Roberts, J. M., Stroud, C. A., Jobson, B. T., Trainer, M., Hereid, D.,
Williams, E., Fehsenfeld, F., Brune, W., Martinez, M., and Harder, H.:
Application of a sequential reaction model to PANs and aldehyde measurements
in two urban areas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4583–4586, 2001.
Rubio, M. A., Lissi, E., Villena, G., Caroca, V., Gramsch, E., and Ruiz, A.:
Estimation of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals concentrations in the urban
atmosphere of Santiago, J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 50, 471–476, 2005.
Sarkar, C., Sinha, V., Sinha, B., Panday, A. K., Rupakheti, M., and Lawrence, M. G.: Source apportionment of NMVOCs in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC international field campaign using positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8129–8156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8129-2017, 2017.
Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-161-2003, 2003.
Sun, M., Cui, J. N., Zhao, X. M., and Zhang, J. B.: Impacts of precursors on
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and relative formation of PAN to ozone in a
southwestern megacity of China, Atmos. Environ., 231, 117542, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117542, 2020.
Tan, Z., Lu, K., Jiang, M., Su, R., Wang, H., Lou, S., Fu, Q., Zhai, C., Tan, Q., Yue, D., Chen, D., Wang, Z., Xie, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Daytime atmospheric oxidation capacity in four Chinese megacities during the photochemically polluted season: a case study based on box model simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3493–3513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3493-2019, 2019.
Temple, P. J. and Taylor, O. C.: World-wide ambient measurements of
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury, Atmos.
Environ., 17, 1583–1587, 1983.
Tyndall, G. S., Cox, R.A., Granier, C., Lesclaux, R., Moortgat, G. K.,
Pilling, M. J., Ravishankara, A. R., and Wallington, T. J.: Atmospheric chemistry of small organic peroxy
radicals, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 12157–12182, 2001.
Wolfe, G. M., Cantrell, C., Kim, S., Mauldin III, R. L., Karl, T., Harley, P., Turnipseed, A., Zheng, W., Flocke, F., Apel, E. C., Hornbrook, R. S., Hall, S. R., Ullmann, K., Henry, S. B., DiGangi, J. P., Boyle, E. S., Kaser, L., Schnitzhofer, R., Hansel, A., Graus, M., Nakashima, Y., Kajii, Y., Guenther, A., and Keutsch, F. N.: Missing peroxy radical sources within a summertime ponderosa pine forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4715–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4715-2014, 2014.
Wu, X., Xu, L., Hong, Y., Chen, J., Qiu, Y., Hu, B., Hong, Z., Zhang, Y.,
Liu, T., Chen, Y., Bian, Y., Zhao, G., Chen, J., and Li, M.: The air
pollution governed by subtropical high in a coastal city in Southeast China:
Formation processes and influencing mechanisms, Sci. Total Environ., 692,
1135–1145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.341, 2019.
Wu, X., Li, M., Chen, J., Wang, H., Xu, L., Hong, Y., Zhao, G., Hu, B.,
Zhang, Y., Dan, Y., and Yu, S.: The characteristics of air pollution induced
by the quasi-stationary front: Formation processes and influencing factors,
Sci. Total Environ., 707, 136194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136194, 2020.
Xia, S. Y., Zhu, B., Wang, S. X., Huang, X. F., and He, L. Y.: Spatial distribution and source
apportionment of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a coastal region in southern
China, Atmos. Environ., 260, 118553, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118553, 2021.
Xu, W., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Tong, S., Zhang, W., Ma, Z., Lin, W., Kuang,
Y., Yin, L., and Xu, X.: Aerosol Promotes Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation
During Winter in the North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 3568–3581,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08157, 2021.
Xu, X., Zhang, H., Lin, W., Wang, Y., Xu, W., and Jia, S.: First simultaneous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Nam Co in the central Tibetan Plateau: impacts from the PBL evolution and transport processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5199–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5199-2018, 2018.
Xue, L., Wang, T., Wang, X., Blake, D. R., Gao, J., Nie, W., Gao, R., Gao, X., Xu, Z., Ding, A., Huang, Y., Lee, S., Chen, Y., Wang, S., Chai, F., Zhang, Q., and Wang, W.: On the
use of an explicit chemical mechanism to dissect peroxy acetyl nitrate
formation, Environ. Pollut., 195, 39–47, 2014.
Xue, L., Gu, R., Wang, T., Wang, X., Saunders, S., Blake, D., Louie, P. K. K., Luk, C. W. Y., Simpson, I., Xu, Z., Wang, Z., Gao, Y., Lee, S., Mellouki, A., and Wang, W.: Oxidative capacity and radical chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta region: analysis of a severe photochemical smog episode, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9891–9903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9891-2016, 2016.
Yan, R. E., Ye, H., Lin, X., He, X., Chen, C., Shen, J. D., Xu, K. E., Zhen,
X. Y., and Wang, L. J.: Characteristics and influence factors of ozone pollution
in Hangzhou, Acta Sci. Circumstantiae, 38, 1128–1136, 2018.
Yuan, J., Ling, Z., Wang, Z., Lu, X., Fan, S., He, Z., Guo, H., Wang, X.,
and Wang, N.: PAN–Precursor Relationship and Process Analysis of PAN
Variations in the Pearl River Delta Region, Atmosphere, 9, 372,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100372, 2018.
Zeng, L. W., Fan, G. J., Lyu, X. P., Guo, H., Wang, J. L., and Yao, D. W.:
Atmospheric fate of peroxyacetyl nitrate in suburban Hong Kong and its
impact on local ozone pollution, Environ. Pollut., 252, 1910–1919, 2019.
Zhang, B. Y., Zhao, X. M., and Zhang, J. B.: Characteristics of peroxyacetyl
nitrate pollution during a 2015 winter haze episode in Beijing, Environ.
Pollut., 244, 379–387, 2019.
Zhang, G., Mu, Y. J., Zhou, L. X., Zhang, C. L., Zhang, Y. Y., Liu, J. F.,
Fang, S. X., and Yao, B.: Summertime distributions of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) in Beijing: understanding the sources and
major sink of PAN, Atmos. Environ., 103, 289–296, 2015.
Short summary
We clarified the seasonal variations of PAN pollution, influencing factors, its mechanisms, and impacts on O3 based on OBM and GAM models. PAN presented inhibition and promotion effects on O3 under low and high ROx levels. Monitoring of PAN and its precursors, and the quantification of its impacts on O3 formation, significantly guide photochemical pollution control. The analysis methods used in this study provide a reference for study of the formation mechanisms of PAN and O3 in other regions.
We clarified the seasonal variations of PAN pollution, influencing factors, its mechanisms, and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint