Articles | Volume 22, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 19 Sep 2022
| 19 Sep 2022
How do gravity waves triggered by a typhoon propagate from the troposphere to the upper atmosphere?
Qinzeng Li
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for
Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Jiyao Xu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy
of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
Hanli Liu
High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA
School of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
Wei Yuan
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for
Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Related authors
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Hanli Liu, Wei Yuan, Weijun Liu, Yajun Zhu, and Xiao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8343–8361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
Ales Kuchar, Gunter Stober, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Huixin Liu, Han-Li Liu, Manfred Ern, Damian Murphy, Diego Janches, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Nicholas Mitchell, and Christoph Jacobi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2827, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how the healing of the Antarctic ozone layer is affecting winds high above the South Pole. Using ground-based radar, satellite data, and computer models, we found that winds in the upper atmosphere have become stronger over the past two decades. These changes appear to be linked to shifts in the lower atmosphere caused by ozone recovery. Our results show that human efforts to repair the ozone layer are also influencing climate patterns far above Earth’s surface.
Masaru Kogure, In-Sun Song, Huixin Liu, and Han-Li Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3303, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impact of increased CO2 on the migrating diurnal tide (DW1), which is generated by solar absorption and latent heating. Using WACCM-X under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we find a +1 %/decade trend in DW1 amplitude at 20–70 km and a −2 %/decade trend at 90–110 km. The increase is likely due to reduced density and stronger convection near the equator, while the decrease may result from enhanced eddy diffusion in the mesosphere that suppresses tidal growth.
Shuai Liu, Guoying Jiang, Bingxian Luo, Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, and Wen Yi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Disruptions of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation modulate the migrating diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. During the events, wavelengths and phases of the tide remain unchanged, but its amplitude strengthens. The enhancement of water vapor radiative heating, ozone radiative heating and latent heating may contribute to the amplification of the tide amplitude. These features provide insights into the dynamical coupling of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Guochun Shi, Hanli Liu, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Alexander Kozlovsky, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Mark Lester, Kun Wu, and Gunter Stober
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3749, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
People are increasingly concerned about climate change due to its widespread impacts, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruptions. Addressing these challenges requires urgent global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a rapidly changing environment.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, Yangkun Liu, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10143–10157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disagreement in long-term trends in the high-latitude mesosphere temperature should be elucidated using one coherent measurement over a long period. Using SABER measurements at high latitudes and binning the data based on yaw cycle, we focus on long-term trends in the mean temperature and mesopause in the high-latitude mesosphere–lower-thermosphere region, which has been rarely studied via observations but is more sensitive to dynamic changes.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of nitric oxide NO in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that it starts a chain of processes in the entire atmosphere affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of results point out problems related to the oxygen balance, and to the impact of atmospheric waves on dynamics. Both must be modeled well to reproduce the downward coupling.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Hanli Liu, Wei Yuan, Weijun Liu, Yajun Zhu, and Xiao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8343–8361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6145–6167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Winds are important in characterizing atmospheric dynamics and coupling. However, it is difficult to directly measure the global winds from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. We developed a global zonal wind dataset according to the gradient wind theory and SABER and meteor radar observations. Using the dataset, we studied the intra-annual, inter-annual, and long-term variations. This is helpful to understand the variations and coupling of the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere.
Cornelius Csar Jude H. Salinas, Dong L. Wu, Jae N. Lee, Loren C. Chang, Liying Qian, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1705–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Upper mesospheric carbon monoxide's (CO) photochemical lifetime is longer than dynamical timescales. This work uses satellite observations and model simulations to establish that the migrating diurnal tide and its seasonal and interannual variabilities drive CO primarily through vertical advection. Vertical advection is a transport process that is currently difficult to observe. This work thus shows that we can use CO as a tracer for vertical advection across seasonal and interannual timescales.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, You Yu, Paulo P. Batista, Vania F. Andrioli, Zhengkuan Liu, Tao Yuan, Chi Wang, Ziming Zou, Guozhu Li, and James M. Russell III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.
Jianfei Wu, Wuhu Feng, Han-Li Liu, Xianghui Xue, Daniel Robert Marsh, and John Maurice Campbell Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15619–15630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Metal layers occur in the MLT region (80–120 km) from the ablation of cosmic dust. The latest lidar observations show these metals can reach a height approaching 200 km, which is challenging to explain. We have developed the first global simulation incorporating the full life cycle of metal atoms and ions. The model results compare well with lidar and satellite observations of the seasonal and diurnal variation of the metals and demonstrate the importance of ion mass and ion-neutral coupling.
Gunter Stober, Ales Kuchar, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Huixin Liu, Han-Li Liu, Hauke Schmidt, Christoph Jacobi, Kathrin Baumgarten, Peter Brown, Diego Janches, Damian Murphy, Alexander Kozlovsky, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13855–13902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the climate change of wind systems in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at the edge of space at altitudes from 70–110 km. Meteor radars represent a well-accepted remote sensing technique to measure winds at these altitudes. Here we present a state-of-the-art climatological interhemispheric comparison using continuous and long-lasting observations from worldwide distributed meteor radars from the Arctic to the Antarctic and sophisticated general circulation models.
Bingkun Yu, Xianghui Xue, Christopher J. Scott, Jianfei Wu, Xinan Yue, Wuhu Feng, Yutian Chi, Daniel R. Marsh, Hanli Liu, Xiankang Dou, and John M. C. Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4219–4230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A long-standing mystery of metal ions within Es layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere is the marked seasonal dependence, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. We report a large-scale winter-to-summer transport of metal ions from 6-year multi-satellite observations and worldwide ground-based stations. A global atmospheric circulation is responsible for the phenomenon. Our results emphasise the effect of this atmospheric circulation on the transport of composition in the upper atmosphere.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Tong Dang, Binzheng Zhang, Jiuhou Lei, Wenbin Wang, Alan Burns, Han-li Liu, Kevin Pham, and Kareem A. Sorathia
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 859–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a numerical treatment (ring average) to relax the time step in finite-difference schemes when using spherical and cylindrical coordinates with axis singularities. The ring average is used to develop a high-resolution thermosphere–ionosphere coupled community model. The technique is a significant improvement in space weather modeling capability, and it can also be adapted to more general finite-difference solvers for hyperbolic equations in spherical and polar geometries.
Zhaohai He, Jiyao Xu, Ilan Roth, Chi Wang, and Lei Dai
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We presented sharp descent in proton fluxes is accompanied by the corresponding depression of SYM-H index, with a one-to-one correspondence, regardless of the storm intensity in our previous work [Xu et al., 2019]. This paper is a further study of the possible mechanisms, and to quantitified evaluate the effect of full adiabatic changes. Inner belt is not very stable as previous announced especially for the out zone of the inner belt. It is necessary to survey characteristics of protons.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14437–14456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large wind shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are recognized as a common phenomenon. Simulation and ground-based observations show that the main contributor of large wind shears is gravity waves. We present a method of deriving wind shears induced by gravity waves according to the linear theory and using the global temperature observations by SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry). Our results agree well with observations and model simulations.
Cited articles
Azeem, I., Yue, J., Hoffmann, L., Miller, S. D., Straka, W. C., and Crowley,
G.: Multisensor profiling of a concentric gravity wave event propagating
from the troposphere to the ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7874–7880,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065903, 2015.
Becker, E., Vadas, S. L., Bossert, K., Harvey, V. L., Zülicke, C., and
Hoffmann, L.: A High-resolution whole atmosphere model with resolved gravity
waves and specified large-scale dynamics in the troposphere and
stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD035018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035018, 2022.
Chou, M. Y., Lin, C. C. H., Yue, J., Tsai, H. F., Sun, Y. Y., Liu, J. Y.,
and Chen, C. H.: Concentric traveling ionosphere disturbances triggered by
Super Typhoon Meranti (2016), Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1219–1226, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072205, 2017.
Chun, H.-Y. and Kim, Y.-H.: Secondary waves generated by breaking of
convective gravity waves in themesosphere and their influence in the wave
momentum flux, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23107,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009792, 2008.
Dong, W., Fritts, D. C., Lund, T. S., Wieland, S. A., and Zhang, S.: Self-Acceleration and Instability of Gravity Wave Packets: 2. Two-Dimensional Packet Propagation, Instability Dynamics, and Transient Flow Responses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030691, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030691, 2020.
Drob, D. P., Emmert, J. T., Meriwether, J. W., Makela, J. J., Doornbos, E.,
Conde, M., Hernandez, G., Noto, J., Zawdie, K. A., McDonald, S. E., Huba, J. D., and Klenzing, J. H.: An update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The quiet
time thermosphere, Earth and Space Science, 2, 301–319,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EA000089, 2015.
Duncombe, J.: The surprising reach of Tonga's giant atmospheric waves, Eos,
103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EO220050, 2022.
Franke, P. M. and Robinson, W. A.: Nonlinear behavior in the propagation of
atmospheric gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3010–3027, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3010:NBITPO>2.0.CO;2,
1999.
Fritts, D. C. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the
middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003.
Fritts, D. C., Vadas, S. L., Wan, K., and Werne, J. A.: Mean and variable
forcing of the middle atmosphere by gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr.
Phys., 68, 247–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.04.010, 2006.
Fritts, D. C., Laughman, B., Lund, T. S., and Snively, J. B.:
Self-acceleration and instability of gravity wave packets: 1. Effects of
temporal localization, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 8783–8803,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023363, 2015.
Fritts, D. C., Dong, W., Lund, T. S., Wieland, S., and Laughman, B.:
Self-acceleration and instability of gravity wave packets:
3. Three-dimensional packet propagation, secondary gravity waves, momentum
transport, and transient mean forcing in tidal winds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030692, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030692, 2020.
Garcia, F. J., Taylor, M. J., and Kelly, M. C.: Two-dimensional spectral
analysis of mesospheric airglow image data, Appl. Optics, 36,
7374–7385, 1997.
Gavrilov, N. M. and Kshevetskii, S. P.: Features of the Supersonic Gravity
Wave Penetration from the Earth's Surface to the Upper Atmosphere, Radiophys. Quant. El., 61, 243–252, 2018.
Heale, C. J., Snively, J. B., Bhatt, A. N., Hoffmann, L., Stephan, C. C.,
and Kendall, E. A.: Multilayer observations and modeling of
thunderstorm-generated gravity waves over the Midwestern United States,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 14164–14174, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085934, 2019.
Heale, C. J., Bossert, K., Vadas, S. L., Hoffmann, L., Dornbrack, A.,
Stober, G., Snively, J. B., and Jacobi, C.: Secondary gravity waves generated by breaking mountain
waves over Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125,
e2019JD031662, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031662, 2020.
Heale, C. J., Inchin, P. A., and Snively, J. B.: Primary Versus Secondary
Gravity Wave Responses at F-Region Heights Generated by a Convective Source,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2021JA029947, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029947, 2021.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay,
P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020 (data available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5 last access: 20 May 2020).
Hoffmann, L., Günther, G., Li, D., Stein, O., Wu, X., Griessbach, S., Heng, Y., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Vogel, B., and Wright, J. S.: From ERA-Interim to ERA5: the considerable impact of ECMWF's next-generation reanalysis on Lagrangian transport simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3097–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3097-2019, 2019.
Holton, J. R.: The influence of gravity wave breaking on the general
circulation of the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2497–2507,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<2497:TIOGWB>2.0.CO;2, 1983.
Kim, S.-Y., Chun, H.-Y., and Wu, D. L.: A study on stratospheric gravity
waves generated by Typhoon Ewiniar: Numerical simulations and satellite
observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22104,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011971, 2009.
Kochi University: Typhoon image data [data set], http://weather.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/sat/GAME/2016/Oct/IR1/, last access: 10 May 2020.
Kogure, M., Yue, J., Nakamura, T., Hoffmann, L., Vadas, S. L., Tomikawa, Y.,
Ejiri, M. K., and Janches, D.: First direct observational evidence for
secondary gravity waves generated by mountain waves over the Andes.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088845, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088845,
2020.
Lighthill, M. J.: Waves in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, 504 pp., ISBN: 0-521-01045-4, 1978.
Li, Q., Xu, J., Yue, J., Yuan, W., and Liu, X.: Statistical characteristics of gravity wave activities observed by an OH airglow imager at Xinglong, in northern China, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1401–1410, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1401-2011, 2011.
Li, Q.: Typhoon induced concentric gravity waves observed by OH Airglow Network, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/55348, 2021.
Liu, H., Ding, F., Yue, X., Zhao, B., Song, Q., Wan, W., Ning, B., and Zhang,
K.: Depletion and traveling ionospheric disturbances generated by two
launches of China's Long March 4B rocket, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 10319–10330, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026096,
2018.
Liu, H.-L. and Vadas, S. L.: Large-scale ionospheric disturbances due to the
dissipation of convectively-generated gravity waves over Brazil, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 118, 2419–2427, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50244, 2013.
Liu, H.-L., McInerney, J. M., Santos, S., Lauritzen, P. H., Taylor, M. A.,
and Pedatella, N. M.: Gravity waves simulated by high-resolution Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 9106–9112,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062468, 2014.
Lund, T. S. and Fritts, D. C.: Numerical simulation of gravity wave breaking
in the lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D21105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017536, 2012.
Lund, T. S., Fritts, D. C., Wan, K., Laughman, B., and Liu, H.-L.: Numerical
Simulation of Mountain Waves over the Southern Andes. Part I: Mountain Wave
and Secondary Wave Character, Evolutions, and Breaking, J.
Atmos. Sci., 77, 4337–4356, 2020.
MPDC: Airglow data [data set], https://data2.meridianproject.ac.cn/data, last access: 15 June 2020.
NII: Typhoon information, Digital Typhoon: Record of Typhoon in 2016 Season [data set], http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/year/wnp/2016.html.en, last access: 10 May 2020.
Pfeffer, R. L. and Zarichny, J.: Acoustic-Gravity Wave Propagation from
Nuclear Explosions in the Earth's Atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 256–263,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1962)019<0256:AGWPFN>2.0.CO;2, 1962.
Picone, J. M., Hedin, A. E., Drob, D. P., and Aikin, A. C.: NRLMSISE-00
empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific
issues, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1468,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009430, 2002.
Pierce, A. D., Posey, J. W., and Iliff, E. F.: Variation of nuclear explosion
generated acoustic-gravity wave forms with burst height and with energy
yield, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 5025–5042, 1971.
Sentman, D. D., Wescott, E. M., Picard, R. H.,Winick, J. R.,
Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C., Dewan, E. M., Moudry, D. R., Sao Sabbas, F. T.,
Heavner, M. J., and Morrill, J.: Simultaneous observations of mesospheric
gravity waves and sprites generated by a midwestern thunderstorm, J. Atmos.
Sol. Terr. Phys., 65, 537–550,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00328-0, 2003.
Smith, S. M., Vadas, S. L., Baggaley, W. J., Hernandez, G., and Baumgardner,
J.: Gravity wave coupling between the mesosphere and thermosphere over New
Zealand, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 2694–2707,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50263, 2013.
Smith, S. M., Setvák, M., Beletsky, Y., Baumgardner, J., and Mendillo,
M.: Mesospheric gravity wave momentum flux associated with a large
thunderstorm complex, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033381, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033381, 2020.
Snively, J. B.: Nonlinear gravity wave forcing as a source of acoustic waves
in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 12020–12027, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075360, 2017.
Suzuki, S., Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Ogawa, T., Nakamura, K., and Nakamura,
T.: A concentric gravity wave structure in the mesospheric airglow images,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006558, 2007.
Suzuki, S., Vadas, S. L., Shiokawa, K., Otsuka, Y., Kawamura, S., and
Murayama, Y.: Typhoon-induced concentric airglow structures in the mesopause
region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5983–5987,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058087, 2013.
Taylor, M. J. and Hapgood, M. A.: Identification of a thunderstorm as a
source of short period gravity waves in the upper atmospheric nightglow
emissions, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 975–985, 1988.
Vadas, S. L.: Horizontal and vertical propagation and dissipation of gravity
waves in the thermosphere from lower atmospheric and thermospheric sources,
J. Geophys. Res., 112, A06305,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011845, 2007.
Vadas, S. L. and Azeem, I.: Concentric Secondary Gravity Waves in the
Thermosphere and Ionosphere over the Continental United States on 25–26
March 2015 from Deep Convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028275, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028275, 2021.
Vadas, S. L. and Becker, E.: Numerical modeling of the generation of
tertiary gravity waves in themesosphere and thermosphere during strong
mountain wave events over the Southern Andes, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 124,7687–7718.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026694, 2019.
Vadas, S. L. and Crowley, G.: Sources of the traveling ionospheric
disturbances observed by the ionospheric TIDDBIT sounder near Wallops Island
on 30 October 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A07324,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015053, 2010.
Vadas, S. L. and Fritts, D. C.: Gravity wave radiation and mean responses
to local body forces in the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci.,
58, 2249–2279, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2249:GWRAMR>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Vadas, S. L. and Fritts, D. C.: Thermospheric responses to gravity waves:
Influences of increasing viscosity and thermal diffusivity, J. Geophys.
Res., 110, D15103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005574, 2005.
Vadas, S. L. and Liu, H.-L.: Numerical modeling of the large-scale neutral
and plasma responses to the body forces created by the dissipation of
gravity waves from 6 h of deep convection in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 2593–2617, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50249, 2013.
Vadas, S. L., Fritts, D. C., and Alexander, M. J.: Mechanism for the
generation of secondary waves in wave breaking regions, J.
Atmos. Sci., 60,
194–214, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0194:MFTGOS>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Vadas, S. L., Yue, J., She, C. Y., Stamus, P., and Liu, A. Z.: A model study
of the effects of winds on concentric rings of gravity waves from a
convective plume near Fort Collins on 11 May 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010753, 2009.
Vadas, S., Yue, J., and Nakamura, T.: Mesospheric concentric gravity waves
generated by multiple convective storms over the North American Great Plain,
J. Geophys. Res., 117, D07113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017025, 2012.
Vadas, S. L., Zhao, J., Chu, X., and Becker, E. The excitation of secondary
gravity waves from local body forces: Theory and observation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9296–9325,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027970, 2018.
Walterscheid, R. L. and Hecht, J. H.: A reexamination of evanescent
acoustic-gravity waves: Special properties and aeronomical significance, J.
Geophys. Res., 108, 4340, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002421, 2003.
Xu, J., Li, Q., Yue, J., Hoffmann, L., Straka, W. C., Wang, C., Liu,
M.,Yuan,W., Han, S., Miller, S.D., Sun, L., Liu, X., Liu, W., Yang, J., and
Ning, B.: Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an
airglow imager network and satellites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11058–11078, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023786, 2015.
Xu, J., Li, Q., Sun, L., Liu, X., Yuan, W., Wang, W., Yue, J., Zhang, S.,
Liu, W., Jiang, G., Wu, K., Gao, H., and Lai, C.: The Ground-Based Airglow
Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results, Geoph. Monog.
Series, 261, 365–394, 2021.
Xu, S., Yue, J., Xue, X., Vadas, S. L., Miller, S. D., Azeem, I., Straka, W. C., Hoffmann, L., and Zhang, S.: Dynamical coupling between Hurricane Matthew and the middle to upper
atmosphere via gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 3589–3608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026453, 2019.
Yue, J., Vadas, S. L., She, C. Y., Nakamura, T., Reising, S. C., Liu, H. L.,
Stamus, P., Krueger, D. A., Lyons, W., and Li, T.: Concentric gravity waves
in the mesosphere generated by deep convective plumes in the lower
atmosphere near Fort Collins, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114,
1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011244, 2009.
Yue, J., Miller, S. D., Hoffmann, L., and Straka, W. C.: Stratospheric and
mesospheric concentric gravity waves over tropical cyclone Mahasen: Joint
AIRS and VIIRS satellite observations, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 119, 83–90,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.07.003, 2014.
Zhou, X., Holton, J. R., and Mullendore, G. L.: Forcing of secondary waves
by breaking of gravity waves in the mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL3-1–ACL3-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001204, 2002.
Short summary
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to explore the propagation process of concentric gravity waves (CGWs) excited by a typhoon between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. We find that CGWs in the mesosphere are generated directly by the typhoon but the CGW observed in the thermosphere may be excited by CGW dissipation in the mesosphere, rather than directly excited by a typhoon and propagated to the thermosphere.
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint