Articles | Volume 21, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14141-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14141-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Sep 2021
Research article |
| 24 Sep 2021
| 24 Sep 2021
Aerosol effects on electrification and lightning discharges in a multicell thunderstorm simulated by the WRF-ELEC model
Mengyu Sun
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Dongxia Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Xiushu Qie
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Edward R. Mansell
NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Yoav Yair
School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya,
Herzliya, Israel
Alexandre O. Fierro
NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Department of Forecasting Models, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria
Shanfeng Yuan
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Zhixiong Chen
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Dongfang Wang
Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment
Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Related authors
Declan L. Finney, Alan M. Blyth, Paul R. Field, Martin I. Daily, Benjamin J. Murray, Mengyu Sun, Paul J. Connolly, Zhiqiang Cui, and Steven Böing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1227, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present observation-informed modelling from the Deep Convective Microphysics Experiment to study how environmental conditions and cloud processes affect anvil cloud albedo and radiation. Aerosols influencing cloud droplets or influencing ice formation yield varying radiative effects. We introduce fingerprint metrics to discern these effects. Using detailed observations and modelling, we offer insights into high cloud radiative effects and feedbacks.
Declan L. Finney, Alan M. Blyth, Paul R. Field, Martin I. Daily, Benjamin J. Murray, Mengyu Sun, Paul J. Connolly, Zhiqiang Cui, and Steven Böing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1227, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present observation-informed modelling from the Deep Convective Microphysics Experiment to study how environmental conditions and cloud processes affect anvil cloud albedo and radiation. Aerosols influencing cloud droplets or influencing ice formation yield varying radiative effects. We introduce fingerprint metrics to discern these effects. Using detailed observations and modelling, we offer insights into high cloud radiative effects and feedbacks.
Zhixiong Chen, Jane Liu, Xiushu Qie, Xugeng Cheng, Yukun Shen, Mengmiao Yang, Rubin Jiang, and Xiangke Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8221–8240, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A vigorous surface ozone surge event of stratospheric origin occurred in the North China Plain at night. Surface ozone concentrations were 40–50 ppbv higher than the corresponding monthly mean, whereas surface carbon monoxide concentrations declined abruptly, which confirmed the direct stratospheric intrusions to the surface. We further addressed the notion that a combined effect of the dying typhoon and mesoscale convective systems was responsible for this vigorous ozone surge.
Yoav Yair, Yifat Yair, Baruch Rubin, Ronit Confino-Cohen, Yosef Rosman, Eduardo Shachar, and Menachem Rottem
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2715–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2715-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2715-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
During severe thunderstorms, cold outflows can eject pollen and dust particles from the surface, releasing allergens and causing
thunderstorm asthmaepidemics in sensitive populations. We report the first case in Israel that occurred on 25 October 2015. The emergency room presentation records from three hospitals in central Israel showed a clear increase in patients with respiratory complaints immediately after the passage of a massive super-cell thunderstorm in the area.
Bingkun Yu, Xianghui Xue, Chengling Kuo, Gaopeng Lu, Xiankang Dou, Qi Gao, Jianfei Wu, Mingjiao Jia, Chao Yu, and Xiushu Qie
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1025, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the relationship between the intensifications of atomic sodium layer and Es layer in the Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region (the earth's upper atmosphere at altitudes between 90 and 130 km above ground). The multi-instrument experiment of sodium lidar observations, ionospheric observations and sodium chemical simulations advances our understanding of the dynamical and chemical coupling processes in the mesosphere and ionosphere above thunderstorms.
Y. Ben Ami, O. Altaratz, Y. Yair, and I. Koren
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2449–2459, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2449-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2449-2015, 2015
Y. Yair, S. Shalev, Z. Erlich, A. Agrachov, E. Katz, H. Saaroni, C. Price, and B. Ziv
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 165–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-165-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-165-2014, 2014
M. Formenton, G. Panegrossi, D. Casella, S. Dietrich, A. Mugnai, P. Sanò, F. Di Paola, H.-D. Betz, C. Price, and Y. Yair
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1085–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1085-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1085-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Construction and application of a pollen emissions model based on phenology and random forests
The impact of uncertainty in black carbon's refractive index on simulated optical depth and radiative forcing
Characterization of brown carbon absorption in different European environments through source contribution analysis
Accounting for the black carbon aging process in a two-way coupled meteorology–air quality model
The effectiveness of solar radiation management using fine sea spray across multiple climatic regions
A global dust emission dataset for estimating dust radiative forcings in climate models
Tropospheric aerosols over the western North Atlantic Ocean during the winter and summer deployments of ACTIVATE 2020: life cycle, transport, and distribution
Spatial and temporal evolution of future atmospheric reactive nitrogen deposition in China under different climate change mitigation strategies
Steady-state mixing state of black carbon aerosols from a particle-resolved model
Distinctive dust weather intensities in North China resulted from two types of atmospheric circulation anomalies
Biomass burning emission analysis based on MODIS aerosol optical depth and AeroCom multi-model simulations: implications for model constraints and emission inventories
Quasi-weekly oscillation of regional PM2.5 transport over China driven by the synoptic-scale disturbance of the East Asian winter monsoon circulation
Solar radiation estimation in West Africa: impact of dust conditions during the 2021 dry season
Gaps in our understanding of ice-nucleating particle sources exposed by global simulation of the UK Earth System Model
The role of interfacial tension in the size-dependent phase separation of atmospheric aerosol particles
Warming effects of reduced sulfur emissions from shipping
The key role of atmospheric absorption in the Asian summer monsoon response to dust emissions in CMIP6 models
Multi-model effective radiative forcing of the 2020 sulfur cap for shipping
Representation of iron aerosol size distributions of anthropogenic emissions is critical in evaluating atmospheric soluble iron input to the ocean
High-resolution air quality maps for Bucharest using Mixed-Effects Modeling Framework
Revealing dominant patterns of aerosol regimes in the lower troposphere and their evolution from preindustrial times to the future in global climate model simulations
Improving estimation of a record-breaking east Asian dust storm emission with lagged aerosol Ångström exponent observations
Impact of biomass burning aerosols (BBA) on the tropical African climate in an ocean–atmosphere–aerosol coupled climate model
Retrieval of refractive index and water content for the coating materials of aged black carbon aerosol based on optical properties: a theoretical analysis
Predicting hygroscopic growth of organosulfur aerosol particles using COSMOtherm
Dust aerosol from the Aralkum Desert influences the radiation budget and atmospheric dynamics of Central Asia
Global modeling of aerosol nucleation with a semi-explicit chemical mechanism for highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs)
How to trace the origins of short-lived atmospheric species in the Arctic
Dust-producing weather patterns of the North American Great Plains
Synergistic effects of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on dust activities in North China during the following spring
Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter
Measurement report: Source attribution and estimation of black carbon levels in an urban hotspot of the central Po Valley – an integrated approach combining high-resolution dispersion modelling and micro-aethalometers
Microphysical modelling of aerosol scavenging by different types of clouds: description and validation of the approach
Insights into the sources of ultrafine particle numbers at six European urban sites obtained by investigating COVID-19 lockdowns
In-plume and out-of-plume analysis of aerosol–cloud interactions derived from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun volcanic eruption
Impacts of atmospheric circulation patterns and cloud inhibition on aerosol radiative effect and boundary layer structure during winter air pollution in Sichuan Basin, China
Modeling simulation of aerosol light absorption over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: the impact of mixing state and aging processes
Investigating the sign of stratocumulus adjustments to aerosols in the ICON global storm-resolving model
A model study investigating the sensitivity of aerosol forcing to the volatilities of semi-volatile organic compounds
An Investigation of the Impact of Canadian wildfires on US Air Quality using Satellite, Model and Ground Measurements
Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models
Modeling impacts of dust mineralogy on fast climate response
Uncertainties in laboratory-measured shortwave refractive indices of mineral dust aerosols and derived optical properties: a theoretical assessment
Diagnosing uncertainties in global biomass burning emission inventories and their impact on modeled air pollutants
Role of atmospheric aerosols in severe winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: a case study
Long-term variability in black carbon emissions constrained by gap-filled absorption aerosol optical depth and associated premature mortality in China
Intercomparison of aerosol optical depths from four reanalyses and their multi-reanalysis consensus
Global aviation contrail climate effects from 2019 to 2021
Rapid iodine oxoacid nucleation enhanced by dimethylamine in broad marine regions
Simulations of the impact of cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles perturbations on the microphysics and radar reflectivity factor of stratiform mixed-phase clouds
Jiangtao Li, Xingqin An, Zhaobin Sun, Caihua Ye, Qing Hou, Yuxin Zhao, and Zhe Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3583–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3583-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3583-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change and pollution have intensified pollen allergies. We developed a pollen emissions model using phenology and random forests. Key factors affecting annual pollen emissions include temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours. Pollen dispersal starts around 10 August, peaks around 30 August and ends by 25 September, lasting about 45 d. Over time, annual pollen emissions exhibit significant fluctuations and a downward trend.
Ruth A. R. Digby, Knut von Salzen, Adam H. Monahan, Nathan P. Gillett, and Jiangnan Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3109–3130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3109-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The refractive index of black carbon (BCRI), which determines how much energy black carbon absorbs and scatters, is difficult to measure, and different climate models use different values. We show that varying the BCRI across commonly used values can increase absorbing aerosol optical depth by 42 % and the warming effect from interactions between black carbon and radiation by 47 %, an appreciable fraction of the overall spread between models reported in recent literature assessments.
Hector Navarro-Barboza, Jordi Rovira, Vincenzo Obiso, Andrea Pozzer, Marta Via, Andres Alastuey, Xavier Querol, Noemi Perez, Marjan Savadkoohi, Gang Chen, Jesus Yus-Díez, Matic Ivancic, Martin Rigler, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Stergios Vratolis, Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Andre S. H. Prevot, Kaspar Dallenbach, Mikael Ehn, Krista Luoma, Tuukka Petäjä, Anna Tobler, Jaroslaw Necki, Minna Aurela, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko Niemi, Olivier Favez, Jean-Eudes Petit, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Christoph Hueglin, Nicolas Pascal, Aurélien Chauvigné, Sébastien Conil, Marco Pandolfi, and Oriol Jorba
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2667-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2667-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) absorbs ultraviolet (UV) and visible light, influencing climate. This study explores BrC's imaginary refractive index (k) using data from 12 European sites. Residential emissions are a major organic aerosol (OA) source in winter, while secondary organic aerosol (SOA) dominates in summer. Source-specific k values were derived, improving model accuracy. The findings highlight BrC's climate impact and emphasize source-specific constraints in atmospheric models.
Yuzhi Jin, Jiandong Wang, Chao Liu, David C. Wong, Golam Sarwar, Kathleen M. Fahey, Shang Wu, Jiaping Wang, Jing Cai, Zeyuan Tian, Zhouyang Zhang, Jia Xing, Aijun Ding, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2613–2630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) affects climate and the environment, and its aging process alters its properties. Current models, like WRF-CMAQ, lack full accounting for it. We developed the WRF-CMAQ-BCG model to better represent BC aging by introducing bare and coated BC species and their conversion. The WRF-CMAQ-BCG model introduces the capability to simulate BC mixing states and bare and coated BC wet deposition, and it improves the accuracy of BC mass concentration and aerosol optics.
Zhe Song, Shaocai Yu, Pengfei Li, Ningning Yao, Lang Chen, Yuhai Sun, Boqiong Jiang, and Daniel Rosenfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2473–2494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results with injected sea salt aerosols for five open oceans show that sea salt aerosols with low injection amounts dominate shortwave radiation, mainly through indirect effects. As indirect aerosol effects saturate with increasing injection rates, direct effects exceed indirect effects. This implies that marine cloud brightening is best implemented in areas with extensive cloud cover, while aerosol direct scattering effects remain dominant when clouds are scarce.
Danny M. Leung, Jasper F. Kok, Longlei Li, David M. Lawrence, Natalie M. Mahowald, Simone Tilmes, and Erik Kluzek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2311–2331, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2311-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study derives a gridded dust emission dataset for 1841–2000 by employing a combination of observed dust from core records and reanalyzed global dust cycle constraints. We evaluate the ability of global models to replicate the observed historical dust variability by using the emission dataset to force a historical simulation in an Earth system model. We show that prescribing our emissions forces the model to better match observations than other mechanistic models.
Hongyu Liu, Bo Zhang, Richard H. Moore, Luke D. Ziemba, Richard A. Ferrare, Hyundeok Choi, Armin Sorooshian, David Painemal, Hailong Wang, Michael A. Shook, Amy Jo Scarino, Johnathan W. Hair, Ewan C. Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Taylor J. Shingler, Chris A. Hostetler, Gao Chen, Mary M. Kleb, Gan Luo, Fangqun Yu, Mark A. Vaughan, Yongxiang Hu, Glenn S. Diskin, John B. Nowak, Joshua P. DiGangi, Yonghoon Choi, Christoph A. Keller, and Matthew S. Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2087–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2087-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2087-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use the GEOS-Chem model to simulate aerosol distributions and properties over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) during the winter and summer deployments in 2020 of the NASA ACTIVATE mission. Model results are evaluated against aircraft, ground-based, and satellite observations. The improved understanding of life cycle, composition, transport pathways, and distribution of aerosols has important implications for characterizing aerosol–cloud–meteorology interactions over WNAO.
Mingrui Ma, Jiachen Cao, Dan Tong, Bo Zheng, and Yu Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2147–2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We combined two global climate change pathways and three national emission control scenarios to analyze the future evolution of reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition till the 2060s in China with air quality modeling. We show China’s clean air and carbon neutrality policies would overcome the adverse effects of climate change and efficiently reduce Nr deposition. The outflow of Nr fluxes from mainland China to the west Pacific would also be clearly reduced from continuous stringent emission controls.
Zhouyang Zhang, Jiandong Wang, Jiaping Wang, Nicole Riemer, Chao Liu, Yuzhi Jin, Zeyuan Tian, Jing Cai, Yueyue Cheng, Ganzhen Chen, Bin Wang, Shuxiao Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1869–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1869-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1869-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) exerts notable warming effects. We use a particle-resolved model to investigate the long-term behavior of the BC mixing state, revealing its compositions, coating thickness distribution, and optical properties all stabilize with a characteristic time of less than 1 d. This study can effectively simplify the description of the BC mixing state, which facilitates the precise assessment of the optical properties of BC aerosols in global and chemical transport models.
Qianyi Huo, Zhicong Yin, Xiaoqing Ma, and Huijun Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1711–1724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1711-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1711-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Dust days during the spring seasons of 2015–2023 in North China were classified into Mongolian cyclone and cold high types depending on the presence of the Mongolian cyclone. The Mongolian cyclone type led to more frequent and severe dust weather, indicated by PM10 concentrations. To comprehensively forecast the two types of dust weather, a common predictor was established based on 500 hPa anomalous circulation systems, offering insights for dust weather forecasting and climate prediction.
Mariya Petrenko, Ralph Kahn, Mian Chin, Susanne E. Bauer, Tommi Bergman, Huisheng Bian, Gabriele Curci, Ben Johnson, Johannes W. Kaiser, Zak Kipling, Harri Kokkola, Xiaohong Liu, Keren Mezuman, Tero Mielonen, Gunnar Myhre, Xiaohua Pan, Anna Protonotariou, Samuel Remy, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Philip Stier, Toshihiko Takemura, Kostas Tsigaridis, Hailong Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Kai Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1545–1567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1545-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1545-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We compared smoke plume simulations from 11 global models to each other and to satellite smoke amount observations aimed at constraining smoke source strength. In regions where plumes are thick and background aerosol is low, models and satellites compare well. However, the input emission inventory tends to underestimate in many places, and particle property and loss rate assumptions vary enormously among models, causing uncertainties that require systematic in situ measurements to resolve.
Yongqing Bai, Tianliang Zhao, Kai Meng, Yue Zhou, Jie Xiong, Xiaoyun Sun, Lijuan Shen, Yanyu Yue, Yan Zhu, Weiyang Hu, and Jingyan Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1273–1287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1273-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1273-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed a composite statistical method to identify the quasi-weekly oscillation (QWO) of regional PM2.5 transport over China in winter from 2015 to 2019. The QWO of regional PM2.5 transport is constrained by synoptic-scale disturbances of the East Asian winter monsoon circulation with the periodic activities of the Siberian high, providing a new insight into the understanding of regional pollutant transport with meteorological drivers in atmospheric environment changes.
Léo Clauzel, Sandrine Anquetin, Christophe Lavaysse, Gilles Bergametti, Christel Bouet, Guillaume Siour, Rémy Lapere, Béatrice Marticorena, and Jennie Thomas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 997–1021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-997-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-997-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Solar energy production in West Africa is set to rise and needs accurate solar radiation estimates which are affected by desert dust. This work analyses a March 2021 dust event using a modelling strategy incorporating desert dust. Results show that considering desert dust cuts errors in solar radiation estimates by 75 % and reduces surface solar radiation by 18 %. This highlights the importance of incorporating dust aerosols into solar forecasting for better accuracy.
Ross J. Herbert, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Kirsty J. Pringle, Stephen R. Arnold, Benjamin J. Murray, and Kenneth S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 291–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-291-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-291-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles that help form ice in clouds vary in number and type around the world and with time. However, in many weather and climate models cloud ice is not linked to aerosols that are known to nucleate ice. Here we report the first steps towards representing ice-nucleating particles within the UK Earth System Model. We conclude that in addition to ice nucleation by sea spray and mineral components of soil dust, we also need to represent ice nucleation by the organic components of soils.
Ryan Schmedding and Andreas Zuend
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 327–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-327-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-327-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Four different approaches for computing the interfacial tension between liquid phases in aerosol particles were tested for particles with diameters from 10 nm to more than 5 μm. Antonov's rule led to the strongest reductions in the onset relative humidity of liquid–liquid phase separation and reproduced measured interfacial tensions for highly immiscible systems. A modified form of the Butler equation was able to best reproduce measured interfacial tensions in more miscible systems.
Masaru Yoshioka, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Ben B. B. Booth, Colin P. Morice, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13681–13692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13681-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13681-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A 2020 regulation has reduced sulfur emissions from shipping by about 80 %, leading to a decrease in atmospheric aerosols that have a cooling effect primarily by affecting cloud properties and amounts. Our climate model simulations predict a global temperature increase of 0.04 K over the next 3 decades as a result, which could contribute to surpassing the Paris Agreement's 1.5 °C target. Reduced aerosols may have also contributed to the recent temperature spikes.
Alcide Zhao, Laura J. Wilcox, and Claire L. Ryder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13385–13402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models include desert dust aerosols, which cause atmospheric heating and can change circulation patterns. We assess the effect of dust on the Indian and east Asian summer monsoons through multi-model experiments isolating the effect of dust in current climate models for the first time. Dust atmospheric heating results in a southward shift of western Pacific equatorial rainfall and an enhanced Indian summer monsoon. This shows the importance of accurate dust representation in models.
Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Rachael Byrom, Øivind Hodnebrog, Caroline Jouan, and Gunnar Myhre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13361–13370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13361-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13361-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2020, new regulations by the International Maritime Organization regarding sulfur emissions came into force, reducing emissions of SO2 from the shipping sector by approximately 80 %. In this study, we use multiple models to calculate how much the Earth energy balance changed due to the emission reduction or the so-called effective radiative forcing. The calculated effective radiative forcing is weak, comparable to the effect of the increase in CO2 over the last 2 to 3 years.
Mingxu Liu, Hitoshi Matsui, Douglas S. Hamilton, Sagar D. Rathod, Kara D. Lamb, and Natalie M. Mahowald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13115–13127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric aerosol deposition provides bioavailable iron to promote marine primary production, yet the estimates of its fluxes remain highly uncertain. This study, by performing global aerosol simulations, demonstrates that iron-containing particle size upon emission is a critical factor in regulating soluble iron input to open oceans. Further observational constraints on this are needed to reduce modeling uncertainties.
Camelia Talianu, Jeni Vasilescu, Doina Nicolae, Alexandru Ilie, Andrei Dandocsi, Anca Nemuc, and Livio Belegante
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2930, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2930, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Bucharest, Romania's capital, has successfully used mobile measurements and mixed-effects LUR models to derive seasonal maps of near-surface PM10, NO2, and UFP. The data was collected during two intensive campaigns, covering high-traffic streets, residential, industrial, and commercial districts. The model's performance was evaluated, demonstrating its potential for high-resolution mapping in other cities with well-characterized urban structures and diverse in situ monitoring stations.
Jingmin Li, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Christof G. Beer, Ulrike Burkhardt, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12727–12747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to understand underlying patterns and trends in aerosols, we characterize the spatial patterns and long-term evolution of lower tropospheric aerosols by clustering multiple aerosol properties from preindustrial times to the year 2050 under three Shared
Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Marc Mallet, Aurore Voldoire, Fabien Solmon, Pierre Nabat, Thomas Drugé, and Romain Roehrig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12509–12535, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the interactions between smoke aerosols and climate in tropical Africa using a coupled ocean–atmosphere–aerosol climate model. The work shows that smoke plumes have a significant impact by increasing the low-cloud fraction, decreasing the ocean and continental surface temperature and reducing the precipitation of coastal western Africa. It also highlights the role of the ocean temperature response and its feedbacks for the September–November season.
Jia Liu, Cancan Zhu, Donghui Zhou, and Jinbao Han
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12341–12354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrophilic coatings of aged black carbon (BC) particles absorb moisture during the hygroscopic growth process, but it is difficult to characterize how much water is absorbed under different relative humidities (RHs). In this study, we propose a method to obtain the water content in the coatings based on the equivalent complex refractive index retrieved from optical properties. This method is verified from a theoretical perspective, and it performs well for thickly coated BC at high RHs.
Zijun Li, Angela Buchholz, and Noora Hyttinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11717–11725, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Evaluating organosulfur (OS) hygroscopicity is important for assessing aerosol–cloud climate interactions in the post-fossil-fuel future, when SO2 emissions decrease and OS compounds become increasingly important. Here a state-of-the-art quantum-chemistry-based method was used to predict the hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of a group of atmospherically relevant OS compounds and their mixtures with (NH4)2SO4. A good agreement was observed between their model-estimated and experimental HGFs.
Jamie R. Banks, Bernd Heinold, and Kerstin Schepanski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11451–11475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Aralkum is a new desert in Central Asia formed by the desiccation of the Aral Sea. This has created a source of atmospheric dust, with implications for the balance of solar and thermal radiation. Simulating these effects using a dust transport model, we find that Aralkum dust adds radiative cooling effects to the surface and atmosphere on average but also adds heating events. Increases in surface pressure due to Aralkum dust strengthen the Siberian High and weaken the summer Asian heat low.
Xinyue Shao, Minghuai Wang, Xinyi Dong, Yaman Liu, Wenxiang Shen, Stephen R. Arnold, Leighton A. Regayre, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mira L. Pöhlker, Duseong S. Jo, Man Yue, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11365–11389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). By semi-explicitly coupling the chemical mechanism of HOMs and a comprehensive nucleation scheme in a global climate model, the updated model shows better agreement with measurements of nucleation rate, growth rate, and NPF event frequency. Our results reveal that HOM-driven NPF leads to a considerable increase in particle and cloud condensation nuclei burden globally.
Anderson Da Silva, Louis Marelle, Jean-Christophe Raut, Yvette Gramlich, Karolina Siegel, Sophie L. Haslett, Claudia Mohr, and Jennie L. Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2839, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2839, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Particles sources in polar climates are unclear, affecting climate representation in models. This study introduces an evaluated method for tracking particles with backtrajectory modeling. Tests on simulated particles allowed to show that traditional detection methods often misidentify sources. An improved method that accurately traces origins of aerosol particles in the Arctic is presented. The study recommends using this enhanced method for better source identification of atmospheric species.
Stuart Evans
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2820, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study of the North American Great Plains identifies the various weather patterns responsible for blowing dust in all parts of the region using a weather pattern classification. In the southwest plains passing cold fronts are the primary cause of dust; in the understudied northern plains, summertime patterns and southerly pre-frontal winds are most important in the west and east, respectively. These results are valuable to understanding and forecasting dust in this complex source region.
Falei Xu, Shuang Wang, Yan Li, and Juan Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10689–10705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affect dust activities in North China during the following spring. The results show that the NAO and ENSO, particularly in their negative phases, greatly influence dust activities. When both are negative, their combined effect on dust activities is even greater. This research highlights the importance of these climate patterns in predicting spring dust activities in North China.
Hengheng Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Junwei Song, Olga Kiseleva, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Khan, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10617–10637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
Giorgio Veratti, Alessandro Bigi, Michele Stortini, Sergio Teggi, and Grazia Ghermandi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10475–10512, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a study of two consecutive winter seasons, we used measurements and modelling tools to identify the levels and sources of black carbon pollution in a medium-sized urban area of the Po Valley, Italy. Our findings show that biomass burning and traffic-related emissions (especially from Euro 4 diesel cars) significantly contribute to BC concentrations. This research offers crucial insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to improve air quality in cities.
Pascal Lemaitre, Arnaud Quérel, Alexis Dépée, Alice Guerra Devigne, Marie Monier, Thibault Hiron, Chloé Soto Minguez, Daniel Hardy, and Andrea Flossmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9713–9732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new in-cloud scavenging scheme is proposed. It is based on a microphysical model of cloud formation and may be applied to long-distance atmospheric transport models (> 100 km) and climatic models. This model is applied to the two most extreme precipitating cloud types in terms of both relative humidity and vertical extension: cumulonimbus and stratus.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Tuukka Petäjä, Máté Vörösmarty, Imre Salma, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Dominik van Pinxteren, Thomas Tuch, Kay Weinhold, Zongbo Shi, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9515–9531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different sources of airborne particles in the atmospheres of four European cities were distinguished by recognising their particle size distributions using a statistical procedure, positive matrix factorisation. The various sources responded differently to the changes in emissions associated with COVID-19 lockdowns, and the reasons are investigated. While traffic emissions generally decreased, particles formed from reactions of atmospheric gases decreased in some cities but increased in others.
Amy H. Peace, Ying Chen, George Jordan, Daniel G. Partridge, Florent Malavelle, Eliza Duncan, and Jim M. Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9533–9553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural aerosols from volcanic eruptions can help us understand how anthropogenic aerosols modify climate. We use observations and model simulations of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption plume to examine aerosol–cloud interactions in September 2014. We find a shift to clouds with smaller, more numerous cloud droplets in the first 2 weeks of the eruption. In the third week, the background meteorology and previous conditions experienced by air masses modulate the aerosol perturbation to clouds.
Hua Lu, Min Xie, Bingliang Zhuang, Danyang Ma, Bojun Liu, Yangzhihao Zhan, Tijian Wang, Shu Li, Mengmeng Li, and Kuanguang Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8963–8982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To identify cloud, aerosol, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions from an air quality perspective, we summarized two pollution patterns characterized by denser liquid cloud and by obvious cloud radiation interaction (CRI). Numerical simulation experiments showed CRI could cause a 50 % reduction in aerosol radiation interaction (ARI) under a low-trough system. The results emphasized the nonnegligible role of CRI and its inhibition of ARI under wet and cloudy pollution synoptic patterns.
Huiyun Du, Jie Li, Xueshun Chen, Gabriele Curci, Fangqun Yu, Yele Sun, Xu Dao, Song Guo, Zhe Wang, Wenyi Yang, Lianfang Wei, and Zifa Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1432, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1432, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inadequate consideration of mixing state and coatings on BC hinders aerosol radiation forcing quantification. While core-shell mixing results match observations closely, partial internal mixing and coating are more realistic. The fraction of embedded BC and coating aerosols resolved by a microphysics module were used to constrain the mixing state. This led to a 30~43 % absorption enhancement decrease over Northern China, offering valuable insights for the assessment of BC's radiative effects.
Emilie Fons, Ann Kristin Naumann, David Neubauer, Theresa Lang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8653–8675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols can modify the liquid water path (LWP) of stratocumulus and, thus, their radiative effect. We compare storm-resolving model and satellite data that disagree on the sign of LWP adjustments and diagnose this discrepancy with causal inference. We find that strong precipitation, the absence of wet scavenging, and cloud deepening under a weak inversion contribute to positive LWP adjustments to aerosols in the model, despite weak negative effects from cloud-top entrainment enhancement.
Muhammed Irfan, Thomas Kühn, Taina Yli-Juuti, Anton Laakso, Eemeli Holopainen, Douglas R. Worsnop, Annele Virtanen, and Harri Kokkola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8489–8506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study examines how the volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds affects secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and climate. Our simulations show that uncertainties in these volatilities influence aerosol mass and climate impacts. Accurate representation of these compounds in climate models is crucial for predicting global climate patterns.
Zhixin Xue, Nair Udaysankar, and Sundar Christopher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1781, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1781, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Canadian wildfires degrade US air quality through long-range smoke transport. This study uses surface, satellite, and numerical models to assess the PM2.5 increase due to Canadian fires during 2018 fire season. Satellite data, often limited by cloud cover, was supplemented with high-resolution simulated data to fill gaps. Weather systems significantly influenced smoke movement. Canadian fires led to a notable rise in PM2.5 levels across various US regions during the 2018 summer wildfire events.
Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Robert J. Allen, Vaishali Naik, Chaincy Kuo, Sophie Szopa, Pierre Nabat, Dirk Olivié, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, David Neubauer, Naga Oshima, Jane Mulcahy, Larry W. Horowitz, and Prodromos Zanis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7837–7872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a metric for estimating how human activities and natural agents change the energy flow into and out of the Earth’s climate system. We investigate the anthropogenic aerosol ERF, and we estimate the contribution of individual processes to the total ERF using simulations from Earth system models within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Our findings highlight that aerosol–cloud interactions drive ERF variability during the last 150 years.
Qianqian Song, Paul Ginoux, María Gonçalves Ageitos, Ron L. Miller, Vincenzo Obiso, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7421–7446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implement and simulate the distribution of eight dust minerals in the GFDL AM4.0 model. We found that resolving the eight minerals reduces dust absorption compared to the homogeneous dust used in the standard GFDL AM4.0 model that assumes a globally uniform hematite content of 2.7 % by volume. Resolving dust mineralogy results in significant impacts on radiation, land surface temperature, surface winds, and precipitation over North Africa in summer.
Senyi Kong, Zheng Wang, and Lei Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6911–6935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The retrieval of refractive indices of dust aerosols from laboratory optical measurements is commonly done assuming spherical particles. This paper aims to investigate the uncertainties in the shortwave refractive indices and corresponding optical properties by considering non-spherical and inhomogeneous models for dust samples. The study emphasizes the significance of using non-spherical models for simulating dust aerosols.
Wenxuan Hua, Sijia Lou, Xin Huang, Lian Xue, Ke Ding, Zilin Wang, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6787–6807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6787-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we diagnose uncertainties in carbon monoxide and organic carbon emissions from four inventories for seven major wildfire-prone regions. Uncertainties in vegetation classification methods, fire detection products, and cloud obscuration effects lead to bias in these biomass burning (BB) emission inventories. By comparing simulations with measurements, we provide certain inventory recommendations. Our study has implications for reducing uncertainties in emissions in further studies.
Chandrakala Bharali, Mary Barth, Rajesh Kumar, Sachin D. Ghude, Vinayak Sinha, and Baerbel Sinha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6635–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the role of atmospheric aerosols in winter fog over the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India using WRF-Chem. The increase in RH with aerosol–radiation feedback (ARF) is found to be important for fog formation as it promotes the growth of aerosols in the polluted environment. Aqueous-phase chemistry in the fog increases PM2.5 concentration, further affecting ARF. ARF and aqueous-phase chemistry affect the fog intensity and the timing of fog formation by ~1–2 h.
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
Peng Xian, Jeffrey S. Reid, Melanie Ades, Angela Benedetti, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo da Silva, Tom F. Eck, Johannes Flemming, Edward J. Hyer, Zak Kipling, Samuel Rémy, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Taichu Tanaka, Keiya Yumimoto, and Jianglong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6385–6411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study compares and evaluates monthly AOD of four reanalyses (RA) and their consensus (i.e., ensemble mean). The basic verification characteristics of these RA versus both AERONET and MODIS retrievals are presented. The study discusses the strength of each RA and identifies regions where divergence and challenges are prominent. The RA consensus usually performs very well on a global scale in terms of how well it matches the observational data, making it a good choice for various applications.
Roger Teoh, Zebediah Engberg, Ulrich Schumann, Christiane Voigt, Marc Shapiro, Susanne Rohs, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6071–6093, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation contrails is comparable to that caused by CO2. We estimate that global contrail net RF in 2019 was 62.1 mW m−2. This is ~1/2 the previous best estimate for 2018. Contrail RF varies regionally due to differences in conditions required for persistent contrails. COVID-19 reduced contrail RF by 54% in 2020 relative to 2019. Globally, 2 % of all flights account for 80 % of the annual contrail energy forcing, suggesting a opportunity to mitigate contrail RF.
Haotian Zu, Biwu Chu, Yiqun Lu, Ling Liu, and Xiuhui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5823–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nucleation of iodic acid (HIO3) and iodous acid (HIO2) was proven to be critical in marine areas. However, HIO3–HIO2 nucleation cannot effectively derive the rapid nucleation in some polluted coasts. We find a significant enhancement of dimethylamine (DMA) on the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation in marine and polar regions with abundant DMA sources, which may establish reasonable connections between the HIO3–HIO2 nucleation and the rapid formation of new particles in polluted marine and polar regions.
Junghwa Lee, Patric Seifert, Tempei Hashino, Maximilian Maahn, Fabian Senf, and Oswald Knoth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5737–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral bin model simulations of an idealized supercooled stratiform cloud were performed with the AMPS model for variable CCN and INP concentrations. We performed radar forward simulations with PAMTRA to transfer the simulations into radar observational space. The derived radar reflectivity factors were compared to observational studies of stratiform mixed-phase clouds. These studies report a similar response of the radar reflectivity factor to aerosol perturbations as we found in our study.
Cited articles
Altaratz, O., Koren, I., Yair, Y., and Price, C.: Lightning response to
smoke from Amazonian fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07801,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042679, 2010.
Altaratz, O., Kucienska, B., Kostinski, A., Raga, G. B., and Koren, I.:
Global association of aerosol with flash density of intense lightning,
Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 114037, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa922b,
2017.
Bougeault, P. and Lacarrere, P.: Parameterization of orography-induced
turbulence in a mesobeta–scale model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1872–1890,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1872:POOITI>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Brooks, I. M., Saunders, C. P. R., Mitzeva, R. P., and Peck, S. L.: The effect
on thunderstorm charging of the rate of rime accretion by graupel, Atmos.
Res., 43, 277–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(96)00043-9, 1997.
Chaudhuri, S. and Middey, A.: Effect of meteorological parameters and
environmental pollution on thunderstorm and lightning activity over an urban
metropolis of India, Urban Clim., 3, 67–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.03.003, 2013.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land surface–hydrology model
with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation
and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Chen, Z., Qie, X., Yair, Y., Liu, D., Xiao, X., Wang, D., and Yuan, S.:
Electrical evolution of a rapidly developing MCS during its vigorous
vertical growth phase, Atmos. Res., 246, 105201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105201, 2020.
Dendy Jr., J. E.: Two multigrid methods for three-dimensional problems with
discontinuous and anisotropic coefficients, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp.,
8, 673–685, https://doi.org/10.1137/0908059, 1987.
Dudhia, J.: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon
experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Sci., 46,
3077–3107, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Dwyer, J. R.: A fundamental limit on electric fields in air, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 30, 2055, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017781, 2003.
Fan, J., Zhang, R., Li, G., and Tao, W., K.: Effects of aerosols and
relative humidity on cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008136, 2007.
Fan, J., Leung, L. R., Rosenfeld, D., and DeMott, P. J.: Effects of cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles on precipitation processes and supercooled liquid in mixed-phase orographic clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1017–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1017-2017, 2017.
Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y., Giangrande, S., Li, Z., Machado, L., Martin, S., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H., Braga, R., Comstock, J., Feng, Z., Gao, W., Gomes, H., Mei, F., Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M., Pöschl, U., and Souza, R.: Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles, Science, 359, 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8461, 2018.
Fierro, A. O., Mansell, E. R., MacGorman, D. R., and Ziegler, C. L.: The
implementation of an explicit charging and discharge lightning scheme within
the WRF-ARW model: Benchmark simulations of a continental squall line, a
tropical cyclone, and a winter storm, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2390–2415,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00278.1, 2013.
Guo, J., Deng, M., Lee, S.S., Wang, F., Li, Z., Zhai, P., Liu, H., Lv, W.,
Yao, W., and Li, X.: Delaying precipitation and lightning by air pollution
over the Pearl River Delta. Part I: Observational analyses, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 121, 6472–6488, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023257, 2016.
Gustafsson, N., Janjić, T., Schraff, C., Leuenberger, D., Weissmann, M.,
Reich, H., et al.: Survey of data assimilation methods for convective-scale
numerical weather prediction at operational centres, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 144, 1218–1256, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3179, 2018.
Hobbs, P. V. and Rangno, A. L.: Ice particle concentrations in clouds, J.
Atmos. Sci., 42, 2523–2549,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2523:IPCIC>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Hu, J. X., Rosenfeld, D., Ryzhkov, A., Zrnic, D., Williams, E., Zhang, P.
F., Snyder, J. C., Zhang, R. Y., and Weitz, R.: Polarimetric radar
convective cell tracking reveals large sensitivity of cloud precipitation
and electrification properties to CCN, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
12194–12205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030857, 2019.
Jiang, M., Feng, J., Li, Z., Sun, R., Hou, Y.-T., Zhu, Y., Wan, B., Guo, J., and Cribb, M.: Potential influences of neglecting aerosol effects on the NCEP GFS precipitation forecast, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13967–13982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13967-2017, 2017.
Kar, S. K., Liou, Y. A., and Ha, K. J.: Aerosol effects on the enhancement
of cloud-to-ground lightning over major urban areas of South Korea, Atmos.
Res., 92, 80–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.004, 2009.
Khain, A., Rosenfeld, D., and Pokrovsky, A.: Aerosol impact on the dynamics
and microphysics of deep convective clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131,
2639–2663, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.62, 2005.
Khain, A., Cohen, N., Lynn, B., and Pokrovsky, A.: Possible aerosol effects
on lightning activity and structure of hurricanes, J. Atmos. Sci., 65,
3652–3667, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2678.1, 2008.
Khain, A., Lynn, B., and Dudhia, J.: Aerosol Effects on Intensity of Landfalling Hurricanes as Seen from Simulations with the WRF Model with Spectral Bin Microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 365–384, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3210.1, 2010.
Koren, I., Dagan, G., and Altaratz, O.: From aerosol-limited to invigoration of warm convective clouds, Science, 344, 1143–1146, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252595, 2014.
Kumjian, M. R., Ryzhkov, A. V., Melnikov, V. M., and Schuur, T. J.: Rapid-scan
super-resolution observations of a cyclic supercell with a dual-polarization
WSR-88D, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 3762–3786,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3322.1, 2010.
Li, X., Zhang, Q., and Xue, H.: The role of initial cloud condensation nuclei
concentration in hail using the WRF NSSL 2-moment microphysics scheme, Adv.
Atmos. Sci., 34, 1106–1120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-6237-9,
2017.
Li, Z. Q., Wang, Y., Guo, J. P., Zhao, C. F., Cribb, M. C., Dong, X. Q.,
Fan, J. W., Gong, D. Y., Huang, J. P., Jiang, M. J., Jiang, Y. Q., Lee, S.
S., Li, H., Li, J. M., Liu, J. J., Qian, Y., Rosenfeld, D., Shan, S. Y.,
Sun, Y. L., Wang, H. J., Xin, J. Y., Yan, X., Yang, X., Yang, X. Q., Zhang,
F., and Zheng, Y. T.: East Asian study of tropospheric aerosols and their
impact on regional clouds, precipitation, and climate (EAST-AIR(CPC)), J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 13026–13054,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030758, 2019.
Liu, D., Sun, M., Su, D., Xu, W., Yu, H., and Chen, Y.: A five-year
climatological lightning characteristics of linear mesoscale convective
systems over North China, Atmos. Res., 256, 105580,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105580, 2021.
Liu, Z., Gao, W., Yu, Y., Hu, B., Xin, J., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Wang, G., Bi, X., Zhang, G., Xu, H., Cong, Z., He, J., Xu, J., and Wang, Y.: Characteristics of PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical species in urban and background areas of China: emerging results from the CARE-China network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8849–8871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8849-2018, 2018.
Lynn, B. H., Khain, A., Rosenfeld, D., and Woodley, W. L.: Effects of
aerosols on precipitation from orographic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 112,
D10225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007537, 2007.
Lynn, B. H., Kelman, G., and Ellrod, G.: An evaluation of the efficacy of using
observed lightning to improve convective lightning forecasts, Weather
Forecast., 30, 405–423, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00028.1, 2015.
Lynn, B. H., Yair, Y., Shpund, J., Levi, Y., Qie, X., and Khain, A.: Using
factor separation to elucidate the respective contributions of desert dust
and urban pollution to the 4 January 2020 Tel Aviv lightning and flash flood
disaster, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033520,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033520, 2020.
Mansell, E. R. and Ziegler, C. L.: Aerosol effects on simulated storm
electrification and precipitation in a two-moment bulk microphysics model,
J. Atmos. Sci. 70, 2032–2050, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0264.1,
2013.
Mansell, E. R., MacGorman, D. R., Ziegler, C. L., and Straka, J. M.: Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model, J. Geophys. Res., 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000244, 2002.
Mansell, E. R., MacGorman, D. R., Ziegler, C. L., and Straka, J. M.: Charge
structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D12101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005287,
2005.
Mansell, E. R., Ziegler, C. L., and Bruning, E. C.: Simulated
electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics,
J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 171–194, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2965.1, 2010.
Mitzeva, R., Latham, J., and Petrova, S.: A comparative modeling study of the
early electrical development of maritime and continental thunderstorms,
Atmos. Res., 82, 26–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.01.006,
2006.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M., and Clough, S.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237, 1997.
Orville, R. E., Huffines, G., Nielsen-Gammon, J., Zhang, R., Ely, B.,
Steiger, S., Phillips, S., Allen, S., and Read, W.: Enhancement of
cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28,
2597–2600, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012990, 2001.
Price, C.: Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electrical
circuit, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1363–1366,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL01774, 1993.
Qie, X., Yuan, T., Xie, Y., and Ma, Y.: Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activities on the Tibetan Plateau, Chinese J. Geophys., 47, 1122–1127, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.596, 2004 (in Chinese).
Qie, K., Qie, X., and Tian, W.: Increasing trend of lightning activity in the
South Asia region, Sci. Bull., 66, 78–84,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.033, 2021.
Qie, X., Yuan, T., Xie, Y., et al.: Spatial and temporal distribution of
lightning activities on the Tibetan Plateau, Chinese J. Geophys., 47,
1122–1127, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.596, 2004 (in Chinese).
Qie, X., Yuan, S., Chen, Z., Wang, D., Liu, D., Sun, M., Sun, Z., Srivastava, A., Zhang, H., Lu, J., Xiao, H., Bi, Y., Feng, L., Tian, Y., Xu, Y., Jiang, R., Liu, M., Xiao, X., Duan, S., Su, D., Sun, C., Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Lu, G., Zhang, D., Yin, Y., and Yu, Y.: Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region, Sci. China Earth Sci., 64, 10–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9656-8, 2020.
Rawlins, F.: A numerical study of thunderstorm electrification using a three dimensional model incorporating the ice phase, Quart. J. Meteor. Soc., 108, 779–800, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845804, 1982.
Rosenfeld, D., Lohmann, U., Raga, G. B., O'Dowd, C. D., Kulmala, M., Fuzzi,
S., Reissell, A., and Andreae, M. O.: Flood or Drought: How Do Aerosols
Affect Precipitation, Science, 321, 1309–1313,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160606, 2008.
Saunders, C. P. R. and Peck, S. L.: Laboratory studies of the influence of the
rime accretion rate on charge transfer during crystal/graupel collisions, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 13949–13956, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02644,
1998.
Saunders, C. P. R., Peck, S. L., Varela, G. G. A., Avila, E. E., and Castellano, N. E.: A laboratory study of the influence of water vapour and mixing on the charge transfer process during collisions between ice crystals and graupel, Atmos. Res., 58, 187–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00090-4, 2001.
Simpson, G. C. and Scrase, F. J.: The distribution of electricity in
thunderclouds, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 161, 309–352,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.0148, 1937.
Srivastava, A., Tian, Y., Qie, X., Wang, D., Sun, Z., Yuan, S., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, W., Zhang, H., Jiang, R., and Su, D.: Performance assessment of Beijing Lightning Network (BLNET) and comparison with other lightning location networks across Beijing, Atmos. Res., 197, 76–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.026, 2017.
Stolz, D. C., Rutledge, S. A., and Pierce, J. R.: Simultaneous influences of
thermodynamics and aerosols on deep convection and lightning in the tropics,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 6207–6231,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD023033, 2015.
Storer, R. L., van den Heever, S. C., and Stephens, G. L.: Modeling aerosol
impacts on convective storms in different environments, J. Atmos. Sci., 67,
3904–3915, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3363.1, 2010.
Straka, J. M. and Mansell, E. R.: A bulk microphysics parameterization with
multiple ice precipitation categories, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 44,
445–466, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2211.1, 2005.
Sun, J., Xue, M., Wilson, J. W., Zawadzki, I., Ballard, S. P., Onvlee-Hooimeyer, J., Joe, P., Barker, D. M., Li, P., Golding, B., Xu, M., and Pinto, J.: Use of NWP for nowcasting convective precipitation: Recent progress and challenges, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 409–426, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00263.1, 2014.
Sun, M., Qie, X., Liu, D., Yair, Y., Xia, X., Yuan, S., Wang, D., Lu, J., Srivastava, A., and Ntwali, D.: Analysis of potential effects of aerosol on lightning activity in Beijing metropolitan region, Chinese J. of Geophys., 63, 1766–1774, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2020N0095, 2020 (in Chinese).
Takahashi, T.: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in
thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536–1548,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1536:REAACG>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Takahashi, T.: A numerical simulation of winter cumulus electrification.
Part I: Shallow cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1257–1280,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1257:ANSOWC>2.0.CO;2, 1983.
Tan, Y., Ma, X., Xiang, C., Xia, Y., and Zhang, X.: A numerical study of the effects of aerosol on electrification and lightning discharges during thunderstorms, Chinese J. Geophys., 60, 3041–3050, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20170812, 2017 (in Chinese).
Tao, W. K., Chen, J. P., Li, Z. Q., Wang, C., and Zhang, C. D.: Impact of
aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000369, 2012.
Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Rison, W., Hamlin, T., Harlin, J., and Shown, D.: Observations of VHF source powers radiated by lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 143–146, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011464, 2001.
Thornton, J. A., Virts, K. S., Holzworth, R. H., and Mitchell, T. P.:
Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 9102–9111, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074982, 2017.
Twomey, S.: The nuclei of natural cloud formation, Part II: The
supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet
concentration, Geofis. Pura Appl., 43, 243–249,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01993560, 1959.
Van Den Broeke, M. S., Straka, J. M., and Rasmussen, E. N.: Polarimetric radar
observations at low levels during tornado life cycles in a small sample of
classic southern plains supercells, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47,
1232–1247, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1714.1, 2008.
Wang, Q., Li, Z., Guo, J., Zhao, C., and Cribb, M.: The climate impact of aerosols on the lightning flash rate: is it detectable from long-term measurements?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12797–12816, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12797-2018, 2018.
Wang, Y., Wan, Q., Meng, W., Liao, F., Tan, H., and Zhang, R.: Long-term impacts of aerosols on precipitation and lightning over the Pearl River Delta megacity area in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12421–12436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12421-2011, 2011.
Wang, Y., Qie, X., Wang, D., Liu, M., Su, D., Wang, Z., Liu, D., Wu, Z., Sun, Z., and Tian, Y.: Beijing Lightning Network (BLNET) and the observation on preliminary breakdown processes, Atmos. Res., 171, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.012, 2016.
Westcott, N. E.: Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major
Midwestern urban areas, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1633–1642,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1633, 1995.
Williams, E. R.: The tripole structure of thunderstorms, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 94, 13151–13167, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD11p13151,
1989.
Williams, E. R., Mushtak, V., Rosenfeld, D., Goodman, S., and Boccippio, D.:
Thermodynamic conditions favorable to superlative thunderstorm updraft,
mixed phase microphysics and lightning flash rate, Atmos. Res., 76,
288–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.009, 2005.
Xiong, Y., Qie, X., Zhou, Y., Yuan, T., and Zhang, T.: Regional responses of lightning activities to relative humidity of the surface, Chinese J. Geophys., 49, 311–318, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.840, 2006 (in Chinese).
Yair, Y.: Charge generation and separation processes, Space Sci. Rev., 137,
119–131, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9348-x, 2008.
Yair, Y.: Lightning hazards to human societies in a changing climate,
Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 123002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea86,
2018.
Yair, Y., Lynn, B., Price, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Morin, E.,
Mugnai, A., and Llasat, M. D. C.: Predicting the potential for lightning
activity in Mediterranean storms based on the Weather Research and
Forecasting (WRF) model dynamic and microphysical fields, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 115, D04205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010868, 2010.
Yair, Y., Lynn, B., Yaffe, M., Ziv, B., and Shpund, J.: Observations and numerical simulations of the October 25th, 2015 super-cell thunderstorm over Central Israel, Atmos. Res., 247, 105165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105165, 2021.
Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., Hsu, S.-C., Wang, G., Cao, J., Lee, C. S. L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., and Shen, Z.: Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7053–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013, 2013.
Zhang, H., Qie, X., Liu, M., Jiang, R., Lu, G., Liu, R., Liu, D., Chen, Z., Sun, Z., Li, Z., Li, J., and Ma, Z.: The charge structure in a thunderstorm based on three-dimensional electric field sonde, Chinese J. Geophys., 64, 1155–1166, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2021O0187, 2021 (in Chinese).
Zhao, P., Yin, Y., and Xiao, H.: The effects of aerosol on development of
thunderstorm electrification: A numerical study, Atmos. Res., 153, 376–391,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.09.011, 2015.
Zhao, P., Li, Z., Xiao, H., Wu, F., Zheng, Y., Cribb, M. C., Jin, X., and Zhou, Y.: Distinct aerosol effects on cloud-to-ground lightning in the plateau and basin regions of Sichuan, Southwest China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13379–13397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13379-2020, 2020.
Ziegler, C. L.: Retrieval of thermal and microphysical variables in observed
convective storms. Part 1: Model development and preliminary testing, J.
Atmos. Sci., 42, 1487–1509,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1487:ROTAMV>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Ziegler, C. L. and MacGorman, D. R.: Observed lightning morphology relative to
modeled space charge and electric field distributions in a tornadic storm,
J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 833–851,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0833:OLMRTM>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Ziegler, C. L., MacGorman, D. R., Dye, J. E., and Ray, P. S.: A model evaluation of noninductive graupel‐ice charging in the early electrification of a mountain thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 12833–12855, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD01246, 1991.
Zrnic, D. S., Balakrishnan, N., Ziegler, C. L., Bringi, V. N., Aydin, K., and Matejka, T.: Polarimetric signatures in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 32, 678–693, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0678:PSITSR>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Short summary
By acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), increasing aerosol loading tends to enhance lightning activity through microphysical processes. We investigated the aerosol effects on the development of a thunderstorm. A two-moment bulk microphysics scheme and bulk lightning model were coupled in the WRF Model to simulate a multicell thunderstorm. Sensitivity experiments show that the enhancement of lightning activity under polluted conditions results from an increasing ice crystal number.
By acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), increasing aerosol loading tends to enhance...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint