Articles | Volume 19, issue 19
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12431–12454, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12431-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12431–12454, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12431-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
08 Oct 2019
Research article
| 08 Oct 2019
Microphysics of summer clouds in central West Antarctica simulated by the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)
Keith M. Hines et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Frédéric Tridon, Israel Silber, Alessandro Battaglia, Stefan Kneifel, Ann Fridlind, Petros Kalogeras, and Ranvir Dhillon
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-136, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The role of ice precipitation in the Earth water budget is not well known because ice particles are complex, and their formation involves intricate processes. Riming of ice crystals by supercooled water droplets is an efficient process, but little is known about its importance at high latitudes. In this work, by exploiting the deployment of an unprecedented number of remote sensing systems in Antarctica, we find that riming occurs at much lower temperatures compared to the mid-latitudes.
Jeramy L. Dedrick, Georges Saliba, Abigail S. Williams, Lynn M. Russell, and Dan Lubin
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-46, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
A new method is presented to retrieve the sea spray aerosol size distribution by combing submicron size and nephelometer scattering based on Mie theory. Using available sea spray tracers, we find that this approach serves as a comparable substitute to supermicron size distribution measurements, which are limited in availability at marine sites. Application of this technique can expand sea spray observations and improve the characterization of marine aerosol impacts on clouds and climate.
Israel Silber, Robert C. Jackson, Ann M. Fridlind, Andrew S. Ackerman, Scott Collis, Johannes Verlinde, and Jiachen Ding
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 901–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth Model Column Collaboratory (EMC2) is an open-source ground-based (and air- or space-borne) lidar and radar simulator and subcolumn generator designed for large-scale models, in particular climate models, applicable also for high-resolution models. EMC2 emulates measurements while remaining faithful to large-scale models' physical assumptions implemented in their cloud or radiation schemes. We demonstrate the use of EMC2 to compare AWARE measurements with the NASA GISS ModelE3 and LES.
Madison L. Ghiz, Ryan C. Scott, Andrew M. Vogelmann, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Matthew Lazzara, and Dan Lubin
The Cryosphere, 15, 3459–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3459-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3459-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how melt occurs over the vulnerable ice shelves of West Antarctica and determine that the three primary mechanisms can be evaluated using archived numerical weather prediction model data and satellite imagery. We find examples of each mechanism: thermal blanketing by a warm atmosphere, radiative heating by thin clouds, and downslope winds. Our results signify the potential to make a multi-decadal assessment of atmospheric stress on West Antarctic ice shelves in a warming climate.
Stefanie Kremser, Mike Harvey, Peter Kuma, Sean Hartery, Alexia Saint-Macary, John McGregor, Alex Schuddeboom, Marc von Hobe, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Alex Geddes, Richard Querel, Adrian McDonald, Maija Peltola, Karine Sellegri, Israel Silber, Cliff S. Law, Connor J. Flynn, Andrew Marriner, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Carson C. Hume, Graeme Plank, Geoffrey Graham, and Simon Parsons
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3115–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean are poorly understood and remain a major source of uncertainty in climate models. This study presents ship-borne measurements, collected during a 6-week voyage into the Southern Ocean in 2018, that are an important supplement to satellite-based measurements. For example, these measurements include data on low-level clouds and aerosol composition in the marine boundary layer, which can be used in climate model evaluation efforts.
Israel Silber, Ann M. Fridlind, Johannes Verlinde, Andrew S. Ackerman, Grégory V. Cesana, and Daniel A. Knopf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3949–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ground-based radar and sounding measurements over Alaska (Antarctica) indicate that more than 85 % (75 %) of supercooled clouds are precipitating at cloud base and that 75 % (50 %) are precipitating to the surface. Such high prevalence is reconciled with lesser spaceborne estimates by considering radar sensitivity. Results provide a strong observational constraint for polar cloud processes in large-scale models.
Peter Kuma, Adrian J. McDonald, Olaf Morgenstern, Richard Querel, Israel Silber, and Connor J. Flynn
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 43–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-43-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-43-2021, 2021
Jun Liu, Jeramy Dedrick, Lynn M. Russell, Gunnar I. Senum, Janek Uin, Chongai Kuang, Stephen R. Springston, W. Richard Leaitch, Allison C. Aiken, and Dan Lubin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8571–8587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8571-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8571-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the organic components of the natural aerosol are scarce in Antarctica, which limits our understanding of natural aerosols and their connection to cloud albedo. We took yearlong measurements of organic aerosols at McMurdo Station. The natural organic aerosol was 150 times higher in summer than in winter. We showed the natural sources of OM were characterized by amide, which may be from seabird populations. Acid was high in summer and likely formed by secondary reactions.
Flavio Justino, Douglas Lindemann, Fred Kucharski, Aaron Wilson, David Bromwich, and Frode Stordal
Clim. Past, 13, 1081–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1081-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1081-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
These modeling results have enormous implications for paleoreconstructions of the MIS31 climate that assume overall ice-free conditions in the vicinity of the Antarctic continent. Since these reconstructions may depict dominant signals in a particular time interval and locale, they cannot be assumed to geographically represent large-scale domains, and their ability to reproduce long-term environmental conditions should be considered with care.
Yinghui Lu, Zhiyuan Jiang, Kultegin Aydin, Johannes Verlinde, Eugene E. Clothiaux, and Giovanni Botta
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5119–5134, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5119-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5119-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The database contains the complete (polarimetric) scattering information for different types of ice particles at different incident and scattered radiation directions at four microwave wavelengths. These results are useful for understanding the dependence of ice-particle scattering properties on ice-particle orientation with respect to the incident and scattered radiation. It is also useful in ice-property retrievals, radar forward simulation.
Israel Silber, Colin Price, and Craig J. Rodger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3279–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3279-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3279-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We report for the first time that the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) is one of the dominant oscillations in the nighttime lower ionosphere, using ground-based measurements of VLF signals reflected off the lower part of the ionosphere. We conclude that the origins of this oscillation are oscillatory changes of the D region's electrical characteristics, driven by NOx transport from the lower thermosphere. This oscillation should be considered in lower ionospheric and VLF wave propagation models.
C. Wesslén, M. Tjernström, D. H. Bromwich, G. de Boer, A. M. L. Ekman, L.-S. Bai, and S.-H. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2605–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2605-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2605-2014, 2014
B. H. Kahn, F. W. Irion, V. T. Dang, E. M. Manning, S. L. Nasiri, C. M. Naud, J. M. Blaisdell, M. M. Schreier, Q. Yue, K. W. Bowman, E. J. Fetzer, G. C. Hulley, K. N. Liou, D. Lubin, S. C. Ou, J. Susskind, Y. Takano, B. Tian, and J. R. Worden
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 399–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-399-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-399-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Convective updrafts near sea-breeze fronts
Evaluation of modelled summertime convective storms using polarimetric radar observations
Evaluating seasonal and regional distribution of snowfall in regional climate model simulations in the Arctic
Modeling impacts of ice-nucleating particles from marine aerosols on mixed-phase orographic clouds during 2015 ACAPEX field campaign
Influences of an entrainment–mixing parameterization on numerical simulations of cumulus and stratocumulus clouds
Investigation of ice cloud modeling capabilities for the irregularly shaped Voronoi ice scattering models in climate simulations
Assessing the potential for simplification in global climate model cloud microphysics
Technical note: Parameterising cloud base updraft velocity of marine stratocumuli
Radiative and microphysical responses of clouds to an anomalous increase in fire particles over the Maritime Continent in 2015
Intricate relations among particle collision, relative motion and clustering in turbulent clouds: computational observation and theory
The effect of marine ice-nucleating particles on mixed-phase clouds
A strong statistical link between aerosol indirect effects and the self-similarity of rainfall distributions
Quantifying albedo susceptibility biases in shallow clouds
Primary and secondary ice production: interactions and their relative importance
Microphysical processes producing high ice water contents (HIWCs) in tropical convective clouds during the HAIC-HIWC field campaign: dominant role of secondary ice production
Importance of aerosols and shape of the cloud droplet size distribution for convective clouds and precipitation
Secondary ice production processes in wintertime alpine mixed-phase clouds
Multi-thermals and high concentrations of secondary ice: a modelling study of convective clouds during the Ice in Clouds Experiment – Dust (ICE-D) campaign
Arctic mixed-phase clouds sometimes dissipate due to insufficient aerosol: evidence from observations and idealized simulations
Subgrid-scale horizontal and vertical variation of cloud water in stratocumulus clouds: a case study based on LES and comparisons with in situ observations
A vertical transport window of water vapor in the troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau with implications for global climate change
Impact of Holuhraun volcano aerosols on clouds in cloud-system resolving simulations
Box model trajectory studies of contrail formation using a particle-based cloud microphysics scheme
Updraft dynamics and microphysics: on the added value of the cumulus thermal reference frame in simulations of aerosol–deep convection interactions
Demistify: a large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) intercomparison of radiation fog
Case study of a moisture intrusion over the Arctic with the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (ICON) model: resolution dependence of its representation
New investigations on homogeneous ice nucleation: the effects of water activity and water saturation formulations
Cloud droplet formation at the base of tropical convective clouds: closure between modeling and measurement results of ACRIDICON–CHUVA
Impacts of long-range-transported mineral dust on summertime convective cloud and precipitation: a case study over the Taiwan region
Model emulation to understand the joint effects of ice-nucleating particles and secondary ice production on deep convective anvil cirrus
Improving the representation of aggregation in a two-moment microphysical scheme with statistics of multi-frequency Doppler radar observations
Overview towards improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean: lessons learned from HyMeX
Midlatitude mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds and their interactions with aerosols: how ice processes affect microphysical, dynamic, and thermodynamic development in those clouds and interactions?
Tracking the influence of cloud condensation nuclei on summer diurnal precipitating systems over complex topography in Taiwan
Revisiting adiabatic fraction estimations in cumulus clouds: high-resolution simulations with a passive tracer
Impact of hygroscopic seeding on the initiation of precipitation formation: results of a hybrid bin microphysics parcel model
Aerosol–cloud interactions: the representation of heterogeneous ice activation in cloud models
Sensitivity of precipitation formation to secondary ice production in winter orographic mixed-phase clouds
Environmental sensitivities of shallow-cumulus dilution – Part 2: Vertical wind profile
Supersaturation, buoyancy, and deep convection dynamics
Statistical properties of a stochastic model of eddy hopping
Understanding the model representation of clouds based on visible and infrared satellite observations
Impact of high- and low-vorticity turbulence on cloud–environment mixing and cloud microphysics processes
On Warm and Moist Air Intrusions into Winter Arctic
Preconditioning of overcast-to-broken cloud transitions by riming in marine cold air outbreaks
Aitken mode particles as CCN in aerosol- and updraft-sensitive regimes of cloud droplet formation
Ice multiplication from ice–ice collisions in the high Arctic: sensitivity to ice habit, rimed fraction, ice type and uncertainties in the numerical description of the process
Contrail formation within cirrus: high-resolution simulations using ICON-LEM
The climate impact of COVID-19-induced contrail changes
A large-eddy simulation study of deep-convection initiation through the collision of two sea-breeze fronts
Shizuo Fu, Richard Rotunno, and Huiwen Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7727–7738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7727-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7727-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The convective updrafts near the sea-breeze fronts (SBFs) play important roles in initiating deep convection, but their characteristics are not well understood. By performing large-eddy simulations, we explain why the updrafts near the SBF are larger than but have similar strength to the updrafts ahead of the SBF. The results should also apply to other boundary-layer convergence zones similar to the SBF.
Prabhakar Shrestha, Silke Trömel, Raquel Evaristo, and Clemens Simmer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7593–7618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7593-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7593-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study makes use of ensemble numerical simulations with forward operator to evaluate the simulated cloud and precipitation processes with radar observations. While comparing model data with radar has its own challenges due to errors in the forward operator and processed radar measurements, the model was generally found to underestimate the high reflectivity, width/magnitude (value) of ZDR columns and high precipitation.
Annakaisa von Lerber, Mario Mech, Annette Rinke, Damao Zhang, Melanie Lauer, Ana Radovan, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7287–7317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snowfall is an important climate indicator. However, microphysical snowfall processes are challenging for atmospheric models. In this study, the performance of a regional climate model is evaluated in modeling the spatial and temporal distribution of Arctic snowfall when compared to CloudSat satellite observations. Excellent agreement in averaged annual snowfall rates is found, and the shown methodology offers a promising diagnostic tool to investigate the shown differences further.
Yun Lin, Jiwen Fan, Pengfei Li, Lai-yung Ruby Leung, Paul J. DeMott, Lexie Goldberger, Jennifer Comstock, Ying Liu, Jong-Hoon Jeong, and Jason Tomlinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6749–6771, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6749-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6749-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How sea spray aerosols may affect cloud and precipitation over the region by acting as ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is unknown. We explored the effects of INPs from marine aerosols on orographic cloud and precipitation for an atmospheric river event observed during the 2015 ACAPEX field campaign. The marine INPs enhance the formation of ice and snow, leading to less shallow warm clouds but more mixed-phase and deep clouds. This work suggests models need to consider the impacts of marine INPs.
Xiaoqi Xu, Chunsong Lu, Yangang Liu, Shi Luo, Xin Zhou, Satoshi Endo, Lei Zhu, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5459–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5459-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5459-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A new entrainment–mixing parameterization which can be directly implemented in microphysics schemes without requiring the relative humidity of the entrained air is proposed based on the explicit mixing parcel model. The parameterization is implemented in the two-moment microphysics scheme and exhibits different effects on different types of clouds and even on different stages of stratocumulus clouds, which are affected by turbulent dissipation rate and aerosol concentration.
Ming Li, Husi Letu, Yiran Peng, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Yanluan Lin, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Anthony J. Baran, Zengyuan Guo, Yonghui Lei, and Jiancheng Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4809–4825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4809-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4809-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To build on the previous investigations of the Voronoi model in the remote sensing retrievals of ice cloud products, this paper developed an ice cloud parameterization scheme based on the single-scattering properties of the Voronoi model and evaluate it through simulations with the Community Integrated Earth System Model (CIESM). Compared with four representative ice cloud schemes, results show that the Voronoi model has good capabilities of ice cloud modeling in the climate model.
Ulrike Proske, Sylvaine Ferrachat, David Neubauer, Martin Staab, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4737–4762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4737-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4737-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud microphysical processes shape cloud properties and are therefore important to represent in climate models. Their parameterization has grown more complex, making the model results more difficult to interpret. Using sensitivity analysis we test how the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAM reacts to changes to these parameterizations. The model is sensitive to the parameterization of ice crystal autoconversion but not to, e.g., self-collection, suggesting that it may be simplified.
Jaakko Ahola, Tomi Raatikainen, Muzaffer Ege Alper, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Harri Kokkola, Antti Kukkurainen, Antti Lipponen, Jia Liu, Kalle Nordling, Antti-Ilari Partanen, Sami Romakkaniemi, Petri Räisänen, Juha Tonttila, and Hannele Korhonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4523–4537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds are important for the climate, and cloud droplets have a significant role in cloud properties. Cloud droplets form when air rises and cools and water vapour condenses on small particles that can be natural or of anthropogenic origin. Currently, the updraft velocity, meaning how fast the air rises, is poorly represented in global climate models. In our study, we show three methods that will improve the depiction of updraft velocity and which properties are vital to updrafts.
Azusa Takeishi and Chien Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4129–4147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nanometer- to micrometer-sized particles in the atmosphere, namely aerosols, play a crucial role in cloud formation as cloud droplets form on aerosols. This study uses a weather forecasting model to examine the impacts of a large emission of aerosol particles from biomass burning activities over Southeast Asia. We find that additional cloud droplets brought by fire-emitted particles can lead to taller and more reflective convective clouds with increased rainfall.
Ewe-Wei Saw and Xiaohui Meng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3779–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Collision–coagulation of small droplets in turbulent clouds leads to the production of rain. Turbulence causes droplet clustering and higher relative droplet velocities, and these should enhance the collision–coagulation rate. We find, surprisingly, that collision–coagulation starkly diminishes clustering and strongly alters relative velocities. We provide a theory that explains this result. Our results call for a new perspective on how we understand particle/droplet collision in clouds.
Tomi Raatikainen, Marje Prank, Jaakko Ahola, Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, and Sami Romakkaniemi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3763–3778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral dust or similar ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are needed to initiate cloud droplet freezing at temperatures common in shallow clouds. In this work we examine how INPs that are released from the sea surface impact marine clouds. Our high-resolution simulations show that turbulent updraughts carry these particles effectively up to the clouds, where they initiate cloud droplet freezing. Sea surface INP emissions become more important with decreasing background dust INP concentrations.
Kalli Furtado and Paul Field
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3391–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3391-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3391-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The complex processes involved mean that no simple answer to this
question has so far been discovered: do aerosols increase or decrease precipitation? Using high-resolution weather simulations, we find a self-similar property of rainfall that is not affected by aerosols. Using this invariant, we can collapse all our simulations to a single curve. So, although aerosol effects on rain are many, there may be a universal constraint on the number of degrees of freedom needed to represent them.
Graham Feingold, Tom Goren, and Takanobu Yamaguchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3303–3319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The evaluation of radiative forcing associated with aerosol–cloud interactions remains a significant source of uncertainty in future climate projections. Using high-resolution numerical model output, we mimic typical satellite retrieval methodologies to show that data aggregation can introduce significant error (hundreds of percent) in the cloud albedo susceptibility metric. Spatial aggregation errors tend to be countered by temporal aggregation errors.
Xi Zhao and Xiaohong Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2585–2600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this study is to investigate the relative importance and interactions of primary and secondary ice production in the Arctic mixed-phase clouds. Our results show that the SIP is not only a result of ice crystals produced from ice nucleation, but also competes with the ice production; conversely, strong ice nucleation also suppresses SIP.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Ming Xue, Hugh Morrison, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, Yachao Hu, Zhipeng Qu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2365–2384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. Previous numerical simulations failed to reproduce this phenomenon and hypothesized that key microphysical processes are still lacking in current models to realistically simulate the phenomenon. This study uses numerical experiments to confirm the dominant role of secondary ice production in the formation of these large numbers of small ice crystals.
Christian Barthlott, Amirmahdi Zarboo, Takumi Matsunobu, and Christian Keil
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2153–2172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The relative impact of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and the shape parameter of the cloud droplet size distribution is evaluated in realistic convection-resolving simulations. We find that an increase in the shape parameter can produce almost as large a variation in precipitation as a CCN increase from maritime to polluted conditions. The choice of the shape parameter may be more important than previously thought for determining cloud radiative characteristics.
Paraskevi Georgakaki, Georgia Sotiropoulou, Étienne Vignon, Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Alexis Berne, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1965–1988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The modelling study focuses on the importance of ice multiplication processes in orographic mixed-phase clouds, which is one of the least understood cloud types in the climate system. We show that the consideration of ice seeding and secondary ice production through ice–ice collisional breakup is essential for correct predictions of precipitation in mountainous terrain, with important implications for radiation processes.
Zhiqiang Cui, Alan Blyth, Yahui Huang, Gary Lloyd, Thomas Choularton, Keith Bower, Paul Field, Rachel Hawker, and Lindsay Bennett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1649–1667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High concentrations of ice particles were observed at temperatures greater than about –8 C. The default scheme of the secondary ice production cannot explain the high concentrations. Relaxing the conditions for secondary ice production or considering dust aerosol alone is insufficient to produce the observed amount of ice particles. It is likely that multi-thermals play an important role in producing very high concentrations of secondary ice particles in some tropical clouds.
Lucas J. Sterzinger, Joseph Sedlar, Heather Guy, Ryan R. Neely III, and Adele L. Igel
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-36, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are required for cloud droplets to form. The Arctic atmosphere often has much fewer aerosol than at lower latitudes. In this study, we investigate whether aerosol concentrations can drop so low as to no longer support a cloud. We use observations to initialize idealized model simulations to investigate a "worse case scenario" where all aerosol are removed from the environment instantaneously. We find that this mechanism is possible in two cases and unlikely in the third.
Justin A. Covert, David B. Mechem, and Zhibo Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1159–1174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1159-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1159-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stratocumulus play an important role in Earth's radiative balance. The simulation of these cloud systems in climate models is difficult due to the scale at which cloud microphysical processes occur compared with model grid sizes. In this study, we use large-eddy simulation to analyze subgrid-scale variability of cloud water and its implications on a cloud water to drizzle model enhancement factor E. We find current values of E may be too large and that E should be vertically dependent in models.
Xiangde Xu, Chan Sun, Deliang Chen, Tianliang Zhao, Jianjun Xu, Shengjun Zhang, Juan Li, Bin Chen, Yang Zhao, Hongxiong Xu, Lili Dong, Xiaoyun Sun, and Yan Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1149–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A vertical transport window of tropospheric vapor exists on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The TP's thermal forcing drives the vertical transport
windowof vapor in the troposphere. The effects of the TP's vertical transport window of vapor are of importance in global climate change.
Mahnoosh Haghighatnasab, Jan Kretzschmar, Karoline Block, and Johannes Quaas
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-38, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of aerosols emitted by the Holuhraun volcanic eruption on liquid clouds was assessed from a pair of cloud-system resolving simulations along with satellite retrievals. Inside and outside the plume were compared in terms of their statistical distributions. Analyses indicated enhancement for cloud droplet number concentration inside the volcano plume in model simulations and satellite retrievals while there was on average a small effect on both liquid water path and cloud fraction.
Andreas Bier, Simon Unterstrasser, and Xavier Vancassel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate contrail formation in an aircraft plume with a particle-based multi-trajectory 0D model. Due to the high plume heterogeneity, contrail ice crystals form first near the plume edge and then in the plume centre. The number of ice crystals varies strongly with ambient conditions and soot properties near the contrail formation threshold. Our results imply that the multi-trajectory approach does not necessarily lead to improved scientific results compared to a single mean trajectory.
Daniel Hernandez-Deckers, Toshihisa Matsui, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 711–724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how the concentration of aerosols (small particles that serve as seeds for cloud droplets) affect the dynamics of simulated clouds using two different frameworks, i.e., the traditional selection of cloudy rising grid points and tracking small-scale coherent rising features (cumulus thermals). By doing so, we find that these cumulus thermals reveal useful information about the coupling between internal cloud circulations and cloud droplet and raindrop formation.
Ian Boutle, Wayne Angevine, Jian-Wen Bao, Thierry Bergot, Ritthik Bhattacharya, Andreas Bott, Leo Ducongé, Richard Forbes, Tobias Goecke, Evelyn Grell, Adrian Hill, Adele L. Igel, Innocent Kudzotsa, Christine Lac, Bjorn Maronga, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juerg Schmidli, Johannes Schwenkel, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Benoît Vié
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fog forecasting is one of the biggest problems for numerical weather prediction. By comparing many models used for fog forecasting with others used for fog research, we hoped to help guide forecast improvements. We show some key processes that, if improved, will help improve fog forecasting, such as how water is deposited on the ground. We also showed that research models were not themselves a suitable baseline for comparison, and we discuss what future observations are required to improve them.
Hélène Bresson, Annette Rinke, Mario Mech, Daniel Reinert, Vera Schemann, Kerstin Ebell, Marion Maturilli, Carolina Viceto, Irina Gorodetskaya, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 173–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic warming is pronounced, and one factor in this is the poleward atmospheric transport of heat and moisture. This study assesses the 4D structure of an Arctic moisture intrusion event which occurred in June 2017. For the first time, high-resolution pan-Arctic ICON simulations are performed and compared with global models, reanalysis, and observations. Results show the added value of high resolution in the event representation and the impact of the intrusion on the surface energy fluxes.
Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Ottmar Möhler, Peter Spichtinger, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 65–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An important mechanism for the appearance of ice particles in the upper troposphere at low temperatures is homogeneous nucleation. This process is commonly described by the
Koop line, predicting the humidity at freezing. However, laboratory measurements suggest that the freezing humidities are above the Koop line, motivating the present study to investigate the influence of different physical parameterizations on the homogeneous freezing with the help of a detailed numerical model.
Ramon Campos Braga, Barbara Ervens, Daniel Rosenfeld, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jan-David Förster, Daniel Fütterer, Lianet Hernández Pardo, Bruna A. Holanda, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Ovid O. Krüger, Oliver Lauer, Luiz A. T. Machado, Christopher Pöhlker, Daniel Sauer, Christiane Voigt, Adrian Walser, Manfred Wendisch, Ulrich Pöschl, and Mira L. Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17513–17528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Interactions of aerosol particles with clouds represent a large uncertainty in estimates of climate change. Properties of aerosol particles control their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Using aerosol measurements in the Amazon, we performed model studies to compare predicted and measured cloud droplet number concentrations at cloud bases. Our results confirm previous estimates of particle hygroscopicity in this region.
Yanda Zhang, Fangqun Yu, Gan Luo, Jiwen Fan, and Shuai Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17433–17451, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17433-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17433-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the impacts of dust on summertime convective cloud and precipitation through a numerical experiment. The result indicates that the long-range-transported dust can notably affect the properties of convective cloud and precipitation by enhancing immersion freezing and invigorating convection. We also analyze the different dust effects predicted by the Morrison and SBM schemes, which are partially attributed to the saturation adjustment approach utilized in the bulk schemes.
Rachel E. Hawker, Annette K. Miltenberger, Jill S. Johnson, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, Paul R. Field, Benjamin J. Murray, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17315–17343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We find that ice-nucleating particles (INPs), aerosols that can initiate the freezing of cloud droplets, cause substantial changes to the properties of radiatively important convectively generated anvil cirrus. The number concentration of INPs had a large effect on ice crystal number concentration while the INP temperature dependence controlled ice crystal size and cloud fraction. The results indicate information on INP number and source is necessary for the representation of cloud glaciation.
Markus Karrer, Axel Seifert, Davide Ori, and Stefan Kneifel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17133–17166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling precipitation is of great relevance, e.g., for mitigating damage caused by extreme weather. A key component in accurate precipitation modeling is aggregation, i.e., sticking together of snowflakes. Simulating aggregation is difficult due to multiple parameters that are not well-known. Knowing how these parameters affect aggregation can help its simulation. We put new parameters in the model and select a combination of parameters with which the model can simulate observations better.
Samira Khodayar, Silvio Davolio, Paolo Di Girolamo, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Emmanouil Flaounas, Nadia Fourrie, Keun-Ok Lee, Didier Ricard, Benoit Vie, Francois Bouttier, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, and Veronique Ducrocq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17051–17078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean. Every year, recurrent events affect the area with fatal consequences. Despite this being a well-known issue, open questions still remain. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the modeling representation of the events must be improved. In this article we present the most recent lessons learned from the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX).
Seoung Soo Lee, Kyung-Ja Ha, Manguttathil Gopalakrishnan Manoj, Mohammad Kamruzzaman, Hyungjun Kim, Nobuyuki Utsumi, Youtong Zheng, Byung-Gon Kim, Chang Hoon Jung, Junshik Um, Jianping Guo, Kyoung Ock Choi, and Go-Un Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16843–16868, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a modeling framework, a midlatitude stratocumulus cloud system is simulated. It is found that cloud mass in the system becomes very low due to interactions between ice and liquid particles compared to that in the absence of ice particles. It is also found that interactions between cloud mass and aerosols lead to a reduction in cloud mass in the system, and this is contrary to an aerosol-induced increase in cloud mass in the absence of ice particles.
Yu-Hung Chang, Wei-Ting Chen, Chien-Ming Wu, Christopher Moseley, and Chia-Chun Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16709–16725, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16709-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16709-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of increasing cloud condensation nuclei on summertime diurnal precipitation in weak synoptic weather over complex topography in Taiwan were investigated by applying object-based tracking analyses to semi-realistic large-eddy simulations. In hotspots of orographic locking processes, rain initiation is delayed, which prolongs the development of local circulation and convection. For this organized regime, the occurrence of extreme diurnal precipitating systems is notably enhanced.
Eshkol Eytan, Ilan Koren, Orit Altaratz, Mark Pinsky, and Alexander Khain
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16203–16217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Describing cloud mixing processes is among the most challenging fronts in cloud physics. Therefore, the adiabatic fraction (AF) that serves as a mixing measure is a valuable metric. We use high-resolution (10 m) simulations of single clouds with a passive tracer to test the skill of different methods used to derive AF. We highlight a method that is insensitive to the available cloud samples and allows considering microphysical effects on AF estimations in different environmental conditions.
Istvan Geresdi, Lulin Xue, Sisi Chen, Youssef Wehbe, Roelof Bruintjes, Jared A. Lee, Roy M. Rasmussen, Wojciech W. Grabowski, Noemi Sarkadi, and Sarah A. Tessendorf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16143–16159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By releasing soluble aerosols into the convective clouds, cloud seeding potentially enhances rainfall. The seeding impacts are hard to quantify with observations only. Numerical models that represent the detailed physics of aerosols, cloud and rain formation are used to investigate the seeding impacts on rain enhancement under different natural aerosol backgrounds and using different seeding materials. Our results indicate that seeding may enhance rainfall under certain conditions.
Bernd Kärcher and Claudia Marcolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15213–15220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions play an important role in climate change. Simulations of the competition between homogeneous solution droplet freezing and heterogeneous ice nucleation can be compromised by the misapplication of ice-active particle fractions frequently derived from laboratory measurements or parametrizations. Our study frames the problem and establishes a solution that is easy to implement in cloud models.
Zane Dedekind, Annika Lauber, Sylvaine Ferrachat, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15115–15134, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The RACLETS campaign combined cloud and snow research to improve the understanding of precipitation formation in clouds. A numerical weather prediction model, COSMO, was used to assess the importance of ice crystal enhancement by ice–ice collisions for cloud properties. We found that the number of ice crystals increased by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude when ice–ice collisions were permitted to occur, reducing localized regions of high precipitation and, thereby, improving the model performance.
Sonja Drueke, Daniel J. Kirshbaum, and Pavlos Kollias
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14039–14058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14039-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14039-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This numerical study provides insights into the sensitivity of shallow-cumulus dilution to geostrophic vertical wind profile. The cumulus dilution is strongly sensitive to vertical wind shear in the cloud layer, with shallow cumuli being more diluted in sheared environments. On the other hand, wind shear in the subcloud layer leads to less diluted cumuli. The sensitivities are explained by jointly considering the impacts of vertical velocity and the properties of the entrained air.
Wojciech W. Grabowski and Hugh Morrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13997–14018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13997-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13997-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper provides a discussion of key elements of moist convective dynamics: cloud buoyancy, latent heating, precipitation, and entrainment. The motivation comes from recent discussions concerning differences in convective dynamics in polluted and pristine environments.
Izumi Saito, Takeshi Watanabe, and Toshiyuki Gotoh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13119–13130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We provide various statistical properties for the stochastic model
of eddy hopping, which is a novel cloud microphysical model that
accounts for the effect of the supersaturation fluctuation at unresolved
scales on the growth of cloud droplets and on spectral broadening
in a turbulent cloud. Our results indicate that the model can be
improved to have better fidelity to the reference data and to require
less computational cost.
Stefan Geiss, Leonhard Scheck, Alberto de Lozar, and Martin Weissmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12273–12290, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates the benefits of using both visible and infrared satellite channels to evaluate clouds in numerical weather prediction models. Combining these highly resolved observations provides significantly more and complementary information than using only infrared observations. The visible observations are particularly sensitive to subgrid water clouds, which are not well constrained by other observations.
Bipin Kumar, Rahul Ranjan, Man-Kong Yau, Sudarsan Bera, and Suryachandra A. Rao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12317–12329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of turbulent clouds are affected by the entrainment of ambient dry air and its subsequent mixing. A turbulent flow generates vorticities of different intensities, and regions with high vorticity (HV) and low vorticity (LV) exist. This study provides a detailed analysis of different properties of turbulent flows and cloud droplets in the HV and LV regions in order to understand the impact of vorticity production on cloud microphysical and mixing processes.
Cheng You, Michael Tjernström, and Abhay Devasthale
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-610, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
In winter when solar radiation is absent in the Arctic, the poleward transport of heat and moisture into the high Arctic becomes the main contribution of Arctic warming. Over completely frozen ocean sectors, total surface energy budget is dominated by net long-wave heat, while over the Barents Sea, with an open ocean to the south, total net surface energy-budget is dominated by the surface turbulent heat.
Florian Tornow, Andrew S. Ackerman, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12049–12067, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cold air outbreaks affect the local energy budget by forming bright boundary layer clouds that, once it rains, evolve into dimmer, broken cloud fields that are depleted of condensation nuclei – an evolution consistent with closed-to-open cell transitions. We find that cloud ice accelerates this evolution, primarily via riming prior to rain onset, which (1) reduces liquid water, (2) reduces condensation nuclei, and (3) leads to early precipitation cooling and moistening below cloud.
Mira L. Pöhlker, Minghui Zhang, Ramon Campos Braga, Ovid O. Krüger, Ulrich Pöschl, and Barbara Ervens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11723–11740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11723-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11723-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds cool our atmosphere. The role of small aerosol particles in affecting them represents one of the largest uncertainties in current estimates of climate change. Traditionally it is assumed that cloud droplets only form particles of diameters ~ 100 nm (
accumulation mode). Previous studies suggest that this can also occur in smaller particles (
Aitken mode). Our study provides a general framework to estimate under which aerosol and cloud conditions Aitken mode particles affect clouds.
Georgia Sotiropoulou, Luisa Ickes, Athanasios Nenes, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9741–9760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mixed-phase clouds are a large source of uncertainty in projections of the Arctic climate. This is partly due to the poor representation of the cloud ice formation processes. Implementing a parameterization for ice multiplication due to mechanical breakup upon collision of two ice particles in a high-resolution model improves cloud ice phase representation; however, cloud liquid remains overestimated.
Pooja Verma and Ulrike Burkhardt
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-497, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates contrail ice formation within cirrus and the impact of natural cirrus on the contrail formation in the high-resolution ICON-LEM over Germany. The formation of contrail ice crystals often leads to changes in cirrus ice crystal number concentrations of a few orders of magnitude. Contrail formation is affected by pre-existing cirrus leading to increased ice nucleation rates and larger ice crystal survival rate specifically in optically thick cirrus.
Andrew Gettelman, Chieh-Chieh Chen, and Charles G. Bardeen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9405–9416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant economic disruption in 2020 and severely impacted air traffic. We use a climate model to evaluate the effect of the reductions in aviation on climate in 2020. Contrails, in general, warm the planet, and COVID-19-related reductions in contrails cooled the land surface in 2020. The timing of reductions in aviation was important, and this may change how we think about the future effects of contrails.
Shizuo Fu, Richard Rotunno, Jinghua Chen, Xin Deng, and Huiwen Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9289–9308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-convection initiation (DCI) determines when and where deep convection develops and hence affects both weather and climate. However, our understanding of DCI is still limited. Here, we simulate DCI over a peninsula using large-eddy simulation and high-output frequency. We find that DCI is accomplished through the development of multiple generations of convection, and the earlier generation affects the later generation by producing downdrafts and cold pools.
Cited articles
Andreas, E. L, Horst, T. W., Grachev, A. A., Persson, P. O. G., Fairall, C. W., Guest, P. S., and Jordan, R. E.: Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 927–943, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.618, 2010.
Barker, D. M., Huang, W., Guo, Y.-R., Bourgeois, A. J., and Xiao, Q.-N.: A
three-dimensional (3DVAR) data assimilation system for use with MM5:
Implementation and initial results, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 897–914,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0897:ATVDAS>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Barlage, M., Chen, F., Tewari, M., Ikeda, K., Gochis, D., Dudhia, J.,
Rasmussen, R., Livneh, B., Ek, M., and Mitchell, K.: Noah land model
modifications to improve snowpack prediction in the Colorado Rocky
Mountains, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013470, 2010.
Bracegirdle, T. J. and Marshal, G. J.: The reliability of Antarctic tropospheric pressure and temperature in the latest global reanalyses, J. Climate, 25, 7138–7146, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00685.1, 2012.
Bromwich, D. H., Hines, K. M., and Bai, L. S.: Development and testing of Polar WRF: 2. Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08122,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010300, 2009.
Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., Hines, K. M., Kay, J. E., Key, E., Lazzara,
M. A., Lubin, D., McFarquhar, G. M., Gorodetskaya, I., Grosvenor, D. P.,
Lachlan-Cope, T. A., and van Lipzig, N.: Tropospheric clouds in Antarctica, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000363, 2012.
Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., Monaghan, A. J., Lazzara, M. A., Keller, L. M., Weidner, G. A., and Wilson, A. B.: Central West Antarctica among the most
rapidly warming regions on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 6, 139–145,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1671, 2013a.
Bromwich, D. H., Otieno, F. O., Hines, K., Manning, K., and Shilo, E.: Comprehensive evaluation of polar weather research and forecasting
performance in the Antarctic, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 274–292,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018139, 2013b.
Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., Monaghan, A. J., Lazzara, M. A., Keller, L. M., Weidner, G. A., and Wilson, A. B.: Corrigendum: Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 7, 76,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2016, 2014.
Cadeddu, M.: G-Band Vapor Radiometer Profiler (GVRP) Handbook,
Office of Science, DOE Office of Biological and
Environmental Research, USA, DOE/SC-ARM/TR-091, https://doi.org/10.2172/982364, 2010.
Cadeddu, M. P., Turner, D. D., and Liljegren, J. C.: A Neural Network for Real-Time Retrievals of PWV and LWP From Arctic Millimeter-Wave Ground-Based
Observations, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 47,
1887–1900, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013205, 2009.
Cassano, J. J., DuViviera, A., Roberts, A., Hughes, M., Seefeldt, M., Brunke,
M., Craig, A., Fisel, B., Gutowski, W., Hamman, J., Higgins, M., Maslowski,
W., Nijssen, B., Osinski, R., and Zeng, X.: Development of the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM): Near surface atmospheric climate sensitivity, J.
Climate, 30, 5729–5753, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0775.1, 2017.
Chou, M. D., Suarez, M. J., Liang, X. Z., and Yan, M. M. H.: A thermal infrared radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies, NASA/TM-2001-104606, 19, 56 pp., 2001.
Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Mlawer, E. J., Delamere, J. S., Iacono, M. J., Cady-Pereira, K., Boukabara, S., and Brown, P. D.: Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: A summary of the AER codes, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 91, 233–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058, 2005.
Cook, D.: ARM: Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) Handbook, Atmospheric
Radiation Measurement (ARM) Archive, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Argonne,
IL, 2018.
Cooper, W. A.: Ice initiation in natural clouds, Precipitation
Enhancement – A Scientific Challenge, Meteorol. Mon., 29–32, 1986.
Deb, P., Orr, A., Hosking, J. S., Phillips, T., Turner, J., Bannister, D.,
Pope, J. O., and Colwell, S.: An assessment of the Polar Weather Research and
Forecasting (WRF) model representation of near-surface meteorological
variables over West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 1532–1548,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024037, 2016.
DeConto, R.M., Pollard, D.: Contributions of Antarctica to past and future
sea level rise, Nature, 531, 591–597, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17145, 2016.
Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi,
S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P.,
Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C.,
Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach,
H., Holm, E.V., Isaksen, L.,i Kalberg, P., Kohler, M., Matricardi, M.,
McNally, A.P., Monge-Sanz, B.M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C.,
de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J.-N., Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim
reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dooraghi, M., Reda, I., Xie, Y., Morris, V., Andreas, A., Kutchenreiter, M.,
Habte, A., and Sengupta, M.: ARM: Sky Radiation Sensor: 60-Second Downwelling
Irradiances (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Archive, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), https://doi.org/10.5439/1025281, 1996.
Flynn, C. J., Mendoza, A., Zheng, Y., and Mathurb, S.: Novel
polarization-sensitive micropulse lidar measurement technique, Opt. Express, 15, 2785–2790, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.002785, 2007.
Fogt, R. L. and Bromwich, D. H.: Atmospheric moisture and cloud cover
characteristics forecast by AMPS, Weather Forecast., 23, 914–930,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008/WAF2006100.1, 2008.
Grosvenor, D. P., Choularton, T. W., Lachlan-Cope, T., Gallagher, M. W., Crosier, J., Bower, K. N., Ladkin, R. S., and Dorsey, J. R.: In-situ aircraft observations of ice concentrations within clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula and Larsen Ice Shelf, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11275–11294, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11275-2012, 2012.
Hines, K. M. and Bromwich, D. H.: Development and testing of Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet meteorology, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1971–1989, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2112.1,
2008.
Hines, K. M. and Bromwich, D. H.: Simulation of late summer Arctic clouds during ASCOS with Polar WRF, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 521–541, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0079.1, 2017.
Hines, K. M., Bromwich, D. H., Bai, L.-S., Barlage, M., and Slater, A. S.: Development and testing of polar Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Part III. Arctic land, J. Climate, 24, 26–48, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3460.1, 2011.
Hines, K. M., Bromwich, D. H., Bai, L., Bitz, C. M., Powers, J. G., and Manning,
K. W.: Sea ice enhancements to Polar WRF, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 2363–2385, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00344.1, 2015.
Hogan, A. W.: Aerosol exchange in the remote troposphere, Tellus, 38, 197–213, 1986.
Holdridge, D. and Kyrouac, J.: ARM: ARM-Standard Meteorological Instrumentation at Surface (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Archive, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), https://doi.org/10.5439/1025220, 1993.
Hong, S.-Y., Dudhia, J., and Chen, S.-H.: A revised approach to ice
microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and
precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 103–120,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2,
2004.
Janjć, Z. I.: The step-mountain Eta coordinate model: Further
developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure
schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 927–945,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2,
1994.
Kain, J. S.: The Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization: An update, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)04360;0170:tkcpau62;2.0.co;2, 2004.
Kato, S., Rose F. G., Sun-Mack S., Miller W. F., Chen Y., Rutan D. A., Stephens G. L., Loeb N. G., Minnis P., Wielicki B. A., Winker D. M., Charlock T. P., Stackhouse P. W., Xu K.-M., and Collins W.: Computation of top-of-atmosphere and
surface irradiances with CALIPSO, CloudSat, and MODIS-derived cloud and aerosol properties. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19209. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016050, 2011.
King J. C., Gadian, A., Kirchgaessner, A., Kuipers, Munneke, P.,
Lachlan-Cope, T. A., Orr, A., Reijmer, C., van den Broeke, M. R., van Wessem, J. M., and Weeks, M.: Validation of the summertime surface energy budget of Larsen C Ice Shelf (Antarctica) as represented in three high-resolution atmospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 1335–1347,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022604, 2015.
Klein, S. A., McCoy, R. B., Morrison, H., Ackerman, A. S., Avramov, A., de
Boer, G. Chen, M., Cole, J. N. S., Del Genio, A., Falk, M., Foster, M. J.,
Fridlind, A. M., Golaz, J.-C., Hashino, T., Harrington, J. Y., Hoose, C.,
Khairoutdinov, M., Larson, V. E., Liu, X., Luo, Y., McFarquhar, G., Menon,
S., Neggers, R. A. J., Park, S., Poellot, M., Schmidt, J. M., Sednev, I.,
Shipway, B. J., Shupe, M. D., Spangenberg, D., Sud, Y. C., Turner, D. D., Veron, D. E., von Salzen, K., Walker, G., Wang, Z., Wolf, A.B., Xie, S., Xu, K., Yang, F., and Zhang G.: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 979–1002, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.416, 2009.
Lachlan-Cope, T., Listowski, C., and O'Shea, S.: The microphysics of clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula – Part 1: Observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15605–15617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15605-2016, 2016.
Lazzara, M. A., Weidner, G. A., Keller, L. M., Thom, J. E., and Cassano, J. J.: Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Program: 30 years of polar observations, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1519–1537, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00015.1, 2012.
Listowski, C. and Lachlan-Cope, T.: The microphysics of clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula – Part 2: modelling aspects within Polar WRF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10195–10221, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10195-2017, 2017.
Lubin, D., Chen, B., Bromwich, D. H., Somerville, R. C. J., Lee, W.-H., and Hines, K. M.: The impact of Antarctic cloud radiative properties on a GCM climate simulation, J. Climate, 11, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)0112.0, 1998.
Mather, J. H. and Voyles, J. W.: The ARM climate research facility: A review of structure and capabilities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 377–392,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00218.1, 2013.
McCoy, D. T., Hartmann, D. L., Zelinka, M. D., Ceppi, P., and Grosvenor, D. P.: Mixed-phase cloud physics and Southern Ocean cloud feedback in climate
models, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 9539–9554, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023603, 2015.
Milbrandt, J. A. and Morrison, H.: Parameterization of cloud microphysics based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part III: Introduction of multiple free categories, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 975–995,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0204.1, 2016.
Milbrandt, J. A. and Yau, M. K.: A multimoment bulk microphysics
parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme
description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3065–3081, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3535.1, 2005.
Morris, V. R.: Microwave radiometer (MWR) handbook, ARM-TR-016, DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, 20 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.2172/1020715, 2006.
Morrison, H. and Milbrandt, J. A.: Parameterization of cloud microphysics based on the prediction of bulk ice particle properties. Part I: Scheme
description and idealized tests, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 287–311,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0065.1, 2015.
Morrison, H. and Pinto, J. O.: Intercomparison of bulk cloud microphysics
schemes in mesoscale simulations of springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratiform
clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 1880–1990, 2006.
Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., and Khvorostyanov, V. I.: A new double-moment
microphysics scheme for application in cloud and climate models. Part I:
Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3446.1, 2005.
Morrison, H., Pinto, J. O., Curry, J. A., and McFarquhar, G. M.: Sensitivity of modeled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus to cloud condensation and ice
nuclei over regionally varying surface conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D05203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008729, 2008.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall
line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: An improved Mellor-Yamada level-3 model: Its
numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection
fog, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 119, 397–407, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8,
2006.
NCAR Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology: The Weather Research and Forecasting model, available at: https://www.mmm.ucar.edu/weather-research-and-forecasting-model, last accessed 7 August 2019.
Nicolas, J. P. and Bromwich, D. H.: Climate of West Antarctica and influence of marine air intrusions, J. Climate, 24, 49–67, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3322.1, 2011.
Nicolas, J. P. and Bromwich, D. H.: New reconstruction of Antarctic near-surface temperatures: Multidecadal trends and reliability of global reanalyses, J. Climate, 27, 8070–8093, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00733.1, 2014.
Nicolas, J. P, Scott, R. C., Cadeddu, M. P., Bromwich, D. H., Verlinde, J.,
Lubin, D., Russell, L. M., Jenkinson, C., Powers, H. H., Ryczek, M., Stone,
G., and Wille, J.: January 2016 extensive summer melt in West Antarctica
favoured by strong El Nino, Nat. Commun., 8, 15799, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15799, 2017.
NOAA Environmental Modeling Center: The GFS Atmospheric Model, NCEP Office
Note 442, 14 pp., available at: https://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/officenotes/newernotes/on442.pdf (last access: 27 September 2019), 2003.
O'Shea, S. J., Choularton, T. W., Flynn, M., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M., Crosier, J., Williams, P., Crawford, I., Fleming, Z. L., Listowski, C., Kirchgaessner, A., Ladkin, R. S., and Lachlan-Cope, T.: In situ measurements of cloud microphysics and aerosol over coastal Antarctica during the MAC campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13049–13070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13049-2017, 2017.
Pavolonis, M. and Key, J.: Antarctic cloud radiative forcing at the surface
estimated from the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder and ISCCP D1 datasets, 1985–93, J.
Appl. Meteorol., 42, 827–840, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0827:ACRFAT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Polar Meteorology Group: AMPS database, available at: http://polarmet.osu.edu/AMPS/, last access: 29 September 2017.
Polar Meteorology Group: The Polar WRF model, available at: http://polarmet.osu.edu/PWRF/registration.php, last access: 7 August 2019.
Pon, K.: The representation of low cloud in the Antarctic Mesoscale
Prediction System, MS thesis, Atmospheric Sciences Program, Dept. of
Geography, The Ohio State University, 80 pp., 2015.
Powers, J. G., Manning, K. W., Bromwich, D. H., Cassano, J. J., and Cayette, A. M.: A decade of Antarctic science support through AMPS, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1699–1712, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00186.1, 2012.
Rignot, E.: Changes in West Antarctic ice stream dynamics observed with ALOS
PALSAR data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12505, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033365,
2008.
Schmeisser, L., Backman, J., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Asmi, E., Starkweather, S., Uttal, T., Fiebig, M., Sharma, S., Eleftheriadis, K., Vratolis, S., Bergin, M., Tunved, P., and Jefferson, A.: Seasonality of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11599–11622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11599-2018, 2018.
Scott, R. C. and Lubin, D.: Unique manifestations of mixed-phase cloud
microphysics over Ross Island and the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 43, 2936–2945, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021132, 2016.
Scott, R. C., Lubin, D., Vogelmann, A. M., and Kato, S.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet cloud cover and surface radiation budget from NASA A-Train satellites, J. Climate, 30, 6151–6170, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0644.1, 2017.
Shupe, M. and Intrieri, J.: Cloud radiative forcing of the Arctic surface: The influence of cloud properties, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle, J.
Climate, 17, 616–628, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0616:CRFOTA>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Shupe, M. D.: Clouds at Arctic atmospheric observatories. Part II:
Thermodynamic phase characteristics, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 50, 645–661,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2468.1, 2011.
Silber, I., Verlinde, J., Eloranta, E. W., and Cadeddu, M.: Antarctic cloud
macrophysical, thermodynamic phase, and atmospheric inversion coupling
properties at McMurdo Station: I. Principal data processing and climatology,
J. Geophys. Res., 123, 6099–6121, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028279, 2018a.
Silber, I., Verlinde, J., Eloranta, E. W., Flynn, C. J., and Flynn, D. M.:
Reprocessed MPL data sets, https://doi.org/10.5439/1468777, 2018b.
Silber, I., Verlinde, J., Eloranta, E. W., Flynn, C. J., and Flynn, D. M.: Polar liquid cloud base detection algorithms for high spectral resolution or
micropulse lidar data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 4310–4322, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027840, 2018c.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda,
M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR Tech, Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 125 pp., 2008.
Slingo, J. M.: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme
for the ECMWF model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899–927,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711347710, 1987.
Solomon, A., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., and Morrison, H.: Moisture and dynamical interactions maintaining decoupled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in the presence of a humidity inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10127–10148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10127-2011, 2011.
Solomon, A., Shupe, M. D., Persson, O., Morrison, H., Yamaguchi, T.,
Caldwell, P. M., and de Boer, G.: The sensitivity of springtime Arctic
mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds to surface-layer and cloud-top
inversion-layer moisture sources, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 574–595,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0179, 2014.
Solomon, A., Feingold, G., and Shupe, M. D.: The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10631–10643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10631-2015, 2015.
Steig, E. J. Schneider, D. P., Rutherford, S. D., Mann, M. E., Comiso, J. C., and Shindell, D. T.: Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year, Nature, 457, 459–462,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07669, 2009.
Thompson, G., and Eidhammer, T.: A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and
precipitation development in a large winter cyclone, J. Atmos. Sci., 71,
3636–3658, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1, 2014.
Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall, W. D.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1, 2008.
Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C. E., Bottenheim, J. W., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R. Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P. A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S. J., Orellana, M. V., Orsini, D. A., Paatero, J., Persson, P. O. G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): overview and experimental design, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2823–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014, 2014.
Turner, J., Lachlan-Cope, T. A., Colwell, S., Marshall, G. J., and Connolley,
W. M.: Significant warming of the Antarctic winter troposphere, Science,
311, 1914–1917, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121652, 2006.
van Tricht K., Lhermitte, S., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Gorodetskaya, I. V.,
L'Ecuyer, T. S., Noah, B., van den Broeke, R., Turner D. D., and van Lipzig,
N. P. M.: Clouds enhance Greenland ice sheet meltwater runoff, Nat. Commun.,
7, 10266, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10266, 2016.
Wagenbach, D., Gorlach, U., Moser, K., and Munnich, K. O.: Coastal Antarctic
aerosol: the seasonal pattern of its chemical composition and radionuclide
content, Tellus B, 40, 426–436, 1988.
Wagner, T. J. and Kleiss, J. M.; Error characteristics of ceilometer-based
observations of cloud amount, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 33, 1557–1567,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0258.1, 2016.
Wille, J. D., Bromwich, D. H., Cassano, J. J., Nigro, M. A., Mateling, M. E., and Lazzara, M. A.: Evaluation of the AMPS boundary layer simulations on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, with unmanned aircraft observations, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Clim., 56, 2239–2258, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0339.1, 2017.
Wilson, A. B., Bromwich, D. H., and Hines, K. M.: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain: Surface and upper air analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015013, 2011.
Wilson, A. B., Bromwich, D. H., and Hines, K. M.: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. Part II. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D04107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016765, 2012.
Witze, A.: Antarctic clouds studied for first time in five decades, Nature,
529, 12–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/529012a, 2016.
Short summary
We explore how well clouds are represented in numerical weather prediction over Antarctica, a very difficult environment for field programs where few studies have been conducted. Fortunately, a 2015–2017 field program for West Antarctica supplied observations. We achieve promising results with newer, more advanced cloud schemes. We need to understand the role of clouds and precipitation in the maintenance of the Antarctic ice mass to understand and predict sea level change over the 21st century.
We explore how well clouds are represented in numerical weather prediction over Antarctica, a...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint