Research article 16 Feb 2017
Research article | 16 Feb 2017
Influence of rain on the abundance of bioaerosols in fine and coarse particles
Chathurika M. Rathnayake et al.
Related authors
Thilina Jayarathne, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Prakash V. Bhave, Puppala S. Praveen, Chathurika M. Rathnayake, Md. Robiul Islam, Arnico K. Panday, Sagar Adhikari, Rashmi Maharjan, J. Douglas Goetz, Peter F. DeCarlo, Eri Saikawa, Robert J. Yokelson, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2259–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of fine particulate matter and its constituents were quantified for a variety of under-sampled combustion sources in South Asia: wood and dung cooking fires, generators, groundwater pumps, brick kilns, trash burning, and open burning of biomasses. Garbage burning and three-stone cooking fires were among the highest emitters, while servicing of motor vehicles significantly reduced PM. These data may be used in source apportionment and to update regional and global emission inventories.
Marie Ila Gosselin, Chathurika M. Rathnayake, Ian Crawford, Christopher Pöhlker, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Beatrice Schmer, Viviane R. Després, Guenter Engling, Martin Gallagher, Elizabeth Stone, Ulrich Pöschl, and J. Alex Huffman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15165–15184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15165-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15165-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of bioaerosol measurements using two real-time fluorescence instruments in combination with molecular tracer techniques for quantifying airborne fungal spores in a semi-arid forest. Both techniques provide fungal spore concentrations of the order of 104 m−3 and up to 30 % of particle mass. Rainy periods exhibited higher concentrations and stronger correlations between fluorescent bioparticle and molecular tracer measurements. Fungal culture results are also presented.
Md. Robiul Islam, Thilina Jayarathne, Isobel J. Simpson, Benjamin Werden, John Maben, Ashley Gilbert, Puppala S. Praveen, Sagar Adhikari, Arnico K. Panday, Maheswar Rupakheti, Donald R. Blake, Robert J. Yokelson, Peter F. DeCarlo, William C. Keene, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2927–2951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases and particulate matter were characterized by online and off-line measurements, with an emphasis on understanding their sources. The major sources of particulate matter and trace gases were identified as garbage burning, biomass burning, and vehicles. The majority of secondary organic aerosol was attributed to anthropogenic precursors, while a minority was attributed to biogenic gases.
Min Zhong, Eri Saikawa, Alexander Avramov, Chen Chen, Boya Sun, Wenlu Ye, William C. Keene, Robert J. Yokelson, Thilina Jayarathne, Elizabeth A. Stone, Maheswar Rupakheti, and Arnico K. Panday
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8209–8228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8209-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution is one of the most pressing environmental issues in the Kathmandu Valley, the capital city of Nepal. We estimated emissions from two of the major source types in the valley (vehicles and brick kilns) and found that they have significant impacts on air quality surrounding the valley. Our results highlight the importance of improving local emissions estimates for air quality modeling.
Hansol D. Lee, Chathuri P. Kaluarachchi, Elias S. Hasenecz, Jonic Z. Zhu, Eduard Popa, Elizabeth A. Stone, and Alexei V. Tivanski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2033–2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2033-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2033-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Dry and wet aerosol deposition modes are commonly used to collect particles on a solid substrate for experiments. We demonstrate, using single-particle microscopy and bulk methods, how the substrate-deposited particles with two components can yield the same core–shell morphology but different shell thicknesses depending on the deposition method. Thus we strongly advise future works to use wet deposition when possible to obtain accurate assessment of the single-particle organic volume fraction.
Anusha Priyadarshani Silva Hettiyadura, Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema, Dagen D. Hughes, Ting Fang, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3191–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3191-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3191-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines anthropogenic influences on secondary organic aerosol at an urban site in Atlanta, Georgia. Organosulfates accounted for 16.5 % of PM2.5 organic carbon and were mostly derived from isoprene. In contrast to a rural forested site, Atlanta's isoprene-derived organosulfate concentrations were 2–6 times higher and accounted for twice as much organic carbon. Insights are provided as to which organosulfates should be measured in future studies and targeted for standard development.
Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema, Anusha P. S. Hettiyadura, Henry W. Wallace, Nancy P. Sanchez, Carter J. Madler, Basak Karakurt Cevik, Alexander A. T. Bui, Josh Kettler, Robert J. Griffin, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15601–15622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15601-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15601-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
By integrating newly developed tracers for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol in source apportionment for the first time, we estimate that this source contributes 28 % of fine particle organic carbon in the Houston Ship Channel. Our approach can be used to evaluate anthropogenic, biogenic, and biomass burning contributions to secondary organic aerosols elsewhere in the world. Because anthropogenic emissions are potentially controllable, they provide an opportunity to improve air quality.
J. Douglas Goetz, Michael R. Giordano, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Ted J. Christian, Rashmi Maharjan, Sagar Adhikari, Prakash V. Bhave, Puppala S. Praveen, Arnico K. Panday, Thilina Jayarathne, Elizabeth A. Stone, Robert J. Yokelson, and Peter F. DeCarlo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14653–14679, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Size distributions and emission factors of submicron aerosol were quantified using online techniques for a variety of common but under-sampled combustion sources in South Asia: wood and dung cooking fires, groundwater pumps, brick kilns, trash burning, and open burning of crop residues. Optical properties (brown carbon light absorption and the absorption Ångström exponent, AAE) of the emissions were also investigated. Contextual comparisons to the literature and other NAMaSTE results were made.
Thilina Jayarathne, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Ashley A. Gilbert, Kaitlyn Daugherty, Mark A. Cochrane, Kevin C. Ryan, Erianto I. Putra, Bambang H. Saharjo, Ati D. Nurhayati, Israr Albar, Robert J. Yokelson, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2585–2600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2585-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2585-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from Indonesian peat burning were measured in situ. Fuel-based emission factors from 6.0–29.6 gPM kg-1. Detailed chemical analysis revealed high levels of organic carbon that was primarily water insoluble, little to no detectable elemental carbon, and alkane contributions to organic carbon in the range of 6 %. These data were used to estimate that 3.2–11 Tg of PM2.5 were emitted by the 2015 peat burning episodes in Indonesia.
Thilina Jayarathne, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Prakash V. Bhave, Puppala S. Praveen, Chathurika M. Rathnayake, Md. Robiul Islam, Arnico K. Panday, Sagar Adhikari, Rashmi Maharjan, J. Douglas Goetz, Peter F. DeCarlo, Eri Saikawa, Robert J. Yokelson, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2259–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2259-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of fine particulate matter and its constituents were quantified for a variety of under-sampled combustion sources in South Asia: wood and dung cooking fires, generators, groundwater pumps, brick kilns, trash burning, and open burning of biomasses. Garbage burning and three-stone cooking fires were among the highest emitters, while servicing of motor vehicles significantly reduced PM. These data may be used in source apportionment and to update regional and global emission inventories.
Rudra P. Pokhrel, Eric R. Beamesderfer, Nick L. Wagner, Justin M. Langridge, Daniel A. Lack, Thilina Jayarathne, Elizabeth A. Stone, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Robert J. Yokelson, and Shane M. Murphy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5063–5078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5063-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5063-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates enhancement of black carbon (BC) absorption in biomass burning emissions due to absorbing and non-absorbing coatings. The fraction of absorption due to BC, brown carbon (BrC), and lensing is estimated using different approaches. The similarities and differences between the results from these approaches are discussed. Absorption by BrC is shown to have good correlation with the elemental to organic carbon ratio (EC / OC) and AAE.
Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2053–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2053-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2053-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Molecular tracers have proven useful in estimating contributions of primary and biogenic secondary sources to atmospheric particulate matter but have lagged behind for anthropogenic secondary sources. This study takes a field-based approach to evaluate the detectability, specificity, and gas–particle partitioning of prospective anthropogenic SOA tracers. We conclude that a subset of species are likely useful tracers and are recommended for use in future source apportionment studies.
Anusha P. S. Hettiyadura, Thilina Jayarathne, Karsten Baumann, Allen H. Goldstein, Joost A. de Gouw, Abigail Koss, Frank N. Keutsch, Kate Skog, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1343–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1343-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1343-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates are components of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in the presence of sulfate. Herein, their abundance, identity, and potential to form as sampling artifacts were studied in Centreville, AL, USA. The 10 most abundant signals accounted for 58–78 % of the total, with at least 20–200 other species accounting for the remainder. These major species were largely associated with biogenic gases, like isoprene and monoterpenes, and are proposed targets for future standard development.
Marie Ila Gosselin, Chathurika M. Rathnayake, Ian Crawford, Christopher Pöhlker, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Beatrice Schmer, Viviane R. Després, Guenter Engling, Martin Gallagher, Elizabeth Stone, Ulrich Pöschl, and J. Alex Huffman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15165–15184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15165-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15165-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of bioaerosol measurements using two real-time fluorescence instruments in combination with molecular tracer techniques for quantifying airborne fungal spores in a semi-arid forest. Both techniques provide fungal spore concentrations of the order of 104 m−3 and up to 30 % of particle mass. Rainy periods exhibited higher concentrations and stronger correlations between fluorescent bioparticle and molecular tracer measurements. Fungal culture results are also presented.
Chelsea E. Stockwell, Thilina Jayarathne, Mark A. Cochrane, Kevin C. Ryan, Erianto I. Putra, Bambang H. Saharjo, Ati D. Nurhayati, Israr Albar, Donald R. Blake, Isobel J. Simpson, Elizabeth A. Stone, and Robert J. Yokelson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11711–11732, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11711-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11711-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first or rare field measurements of emission factors for Indonesian peat fires made in Borneo during the 2015 El Niño. The data include up to 90 gases, aerosol mass, and aerosol optical properties at two wavelengths (405 and 870 nm). Brown carbon dominates aerosol absorption, revisions to previous values for greenhouse gas emissions are supported and air toxics are assessed.
Chelsea E. Stockwell, Ted J. Christian, J. Douglas Goetz, Thilina Jayarathne, Prakash V. Bhave, Puppala S. Praveen, Sagar Adhikari, Rashmi Maharjan, Peter F. DeCarlo, Elizabeth A. Stone, Eri Saikawa, Donald R. Blake, Isobel J. Simpson, Robert J. Yokelson, and Arnico K. Panday
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11043–11081, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11043-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11043-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first, or rare, field measurements in South Asia of emission factors for up to 80 gases (pollutants, greenhouse gases, and precursors) and black carbon and aerosol optical properties at 405 and 870 nm for many previously under-sampled sources that are important in developing countries such as cooking with dung and wood, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, motorcycles, generators and pumps, etc. Brown carbon contributes significantly to total aerosol absorption.
Matthieu Riva, Thais Da Silva Barbosa, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Elizabeth A. Stone, Avram Gold, and Jason D. Surratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11001–11018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11001-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11001-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of organosulfates (OSs) in secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of alkanes is reported from smog chamber experiments. Effects of acidity and relative humidity on OS formation were examined. Most of the OSs identified could be explained by formation of gaseous epoxide and/or hydroperoxide precursors with subsequent acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry onto sulfate aerosol. The OSs identified here were also observed and quantified in aerosols collected in two urban areas.
Rudra P. Pokhrel, Nick L. Wagner, Justin M. Langridge, Daniel A. Lack, Thilina Jayarathne, Elizabeth A. Stone, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Robert J. Yokelson, and Shane M. Murphy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9549–9561, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9549-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9549-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper gives first multi-wavelength estimates of SSA and AAE of emissions from combustion of Indonesian peat. In addition, it demonstrates that SSA of biomass burning emissions can be parameterized with EC / (EC+OC) and that this parameterization is quantitatively superior to previously published parameterizations based on MCE. It also shows that EC / (EC+OC) parameterization accurately predicts SSA during the first few hours of aging of a biomass burning plume.
Weruka Rattanavaraha, Kevin Chu, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Matthieu Riva, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Eric S. Edgerton, Karsten Baumann, Stephanie L. Shaw, Hongyu Guo, Laura King, Rodney J. Weber, Miranda E. Neff, Elizabeth A. Stone, John H. Offenberg, Zhenfa Zhang, Avram Gold, and Jason D. Surratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4897–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4897-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4897-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms by which specific anthropogenic pollutants enhance isoprene SOA in ambient PM2.5 remain unclear. As one aspect of an investigation to examine how anthropogenic pollutants influence isoprene-derived SOA formation, high-volume PM2.5 filter samples were collected from Birmingham, AL, during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Isoprene SOA tracers were measured from these samples and compared to gas and aerosol data collected from the SEARCH network.
Min Zhong, Eri Saikawa, Yang Liu, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, Masayuki Takigawa, Yu Zhao, Neng-Huei Lin, and Elizabeth A. Stone
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1201–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1201-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1201-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Large discrepancies exist among emission inventories (e.g., REAS and EDGAR) at the provincial level in China. We use WRF-Chem to evaluate the impact of the difference in existing emission inventories and find that emissions inputs significantly affect our air pollutant simulation results. Our study highlights the importance of constraining emissions at the provincial level for regional air quality modeling over East Asia.
E. W. Butt, A. Rap, A. Schmidt, C. E. Scott, K. J. Pringle, C. L. Reddington, N. A. D. Richards, M. T. Woodhouse, J. Ramirez-Villegas, H. Yang, V. Vakkari, E. A. Stone, M. Rupakheti, P. S. Praveen, P. G. van Zyl, J. P. Beukes, M. Josipovic, E. J. S. Mitchell, S. M. Sallu, P. M. Forster, and D. V. Spracklen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 873–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-873-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-873-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the impact of residential emissions (cooking and heating) on atmospheric aerosol, human health, and climate. We find large contributions to annual mean ambient PM2.5 in residential sources regions resulting in significant but uncertain global premature mortality when key uncertainties in emission flux are considered. We show that residential emissions exert an uncertain global radiative effect and suggest more work is needed to characterise residential emissions climate importance.
S. H. Budisulistiorini, X. Li, S. T. Bairai, J. Renfro, Y. Liu, Y. J. Liu, K. A. McKinney, S. T. Martin, V. F. McNeill, H. O. T. Pye, A. Nenes, M. E. Neff, E. A. Stone, S. Mueller, C. Knote, S. L. Shaw, Z. Zhang, A. Gold, and J. D. Surratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8871–8888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8871-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8871-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) are major gas-phase products from the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene that yield secondary organic aerosol (SOA) by reactive uptake onto acidic sulfate aerosol. We report a substantial contribution of IEPOX-derived SOA to the total fine aerosol collected during summer. IEPOX-derived SOA measured by online and offline mass spectrometry techniques is correlated with acidic sulfate aerosol, demonstrating the critical role of anthropogenic emissions in its formation.
A. P. S. Hettiyadura, E. A. Stone, S. Kundu, Z. Baker, E. Geddes, K. Richards, and T. Humphry
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2347–2358, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2347-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates are SOA products that have proven difficult to quantify. This study addresses the need for authentic quantification standards with a straightforward approach to synthesizing highly pure organosulfate potassium salts. New standards are used to develop a new separation protocol for small, functionalized organosulfates. Upon validation, this method is used to assess sample preparation protocols and to make new measurements of organosulfates in Centreville, Alabama.
S. Kundu, T. A. Quraishi, G. Yu, C. Suarez, F. N. Keutsch, and E. A. Stone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4865–4875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4865-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4865-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Characteristics, primary sources and secondary formation of water-soluble organic aerosols in downtown Beijing
Measurement report: Effects of photochemical aging on the formation and evolution of summertime secondary aerosol in Beijing
Increased new particle yields with largely decreased probability of survival to CCN size at the summit of Mt. Tai under reduced SO2 emissions
Enhancement of secondary aerosol formation by reduced anthropogenic emissions during Spring Festival 2019 and enlightenment for regional PM2.5 control in Beijing
Linking marine phytoplankton emissions, meteorological processes, and downwind particle properties with FLEXPART
Highly time-resolved measurements of element concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5: comparison of Delhi, Beijing, London, and Krakow
Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds
Concerted measurements of free amino acids at the Cabo Verde islands: high enrichments in submicron sea spray aerosol particles and cloud droplets
Investigating three patterns of new particles growing to the size of cloud condensation nuclei in Beijing's urban atmosphere
Measurement report: dual-carbon isotopic characterization of carbonaceous aerosol reveals different primary and secondary sources in Beijing and Xi'an during severe haze events
North Atlantic marine organic aerosol characterized by novel offline thermal desorption mass spectrometry: polysaccharides, recalcitrant material, and secondary organics
Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines
Effects of AIR pollution on cardiopuLmonary disEaSe in urban and peri-urban reSidents in Beijing: protocol for the AIRLESS study
Chemical composition and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols on the Namibian coast
Exploring the drivers of the increased ozone production in Beijing in summertime during 2005–2016
Optical source apportionment and radiative effect of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in a tropical marine monsoon climate zone: the importance of ship emissions
Measurement report: Seasonality, distribution and sources of organophosphate esters in PM2.5 from an inland urban city in Southwest China
Nationwide increase of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ultrafine particles during winter over China revealed by size-segregated measurements
Size-resolved exposure risk of persistent free radicals (PFRs) in atmospheric aerosols and their potential sources
Source apportionment of black carbon aerosols from light absorption observation and source-oriented modeling: an implication in a coastal city in China
Tracing the evolution of morphology and mixing state of soot particles along with the movement of an Asian dust storm
A comparison of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)
Impact of in-cloud aqueous processes on the chemical compositions and morphology of individual atmospheric aerosols
Tropospheric aerosol hygroscopicity in China
Investigation of the wet removal rate of black carbon in East Asia: validation of a below- and in-cloud wet removal scheme in FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model v10.4
Differences in the composition of organic aerosols between winter and summer in Beijing: a study by direct-infusion ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry
The promotion effect of nitrous acid on aerosol formation in wintertime in Beijing: the possible contribution of traffic-related emissions
Sulfuric acid-amine nucleation in urban Beijing
Size-segregated particle number and mass concentrations from different emission sources in urban Beijing
Identification and Source Attribution of Organic Compounds in Ultrafine Particles near Frankfurt International Airport
Compositions and mixing states of aerosol particles by aircraft observations in the Arctic springtime, 2018
Aerosol characteristics at the Southern Great Plains site during the HI-SCALE campaign
Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Shanghai based on hourly organic molecular markers and other source tracers
Mixing states of Amazon basin aerosol particles transported over long distances using transmission electron microscopy
Persistent primary organic tar particles during the regional wintertime hazes in North China: insights into their aging and optical changes
Differences in fine particle chemical composition on clear and cloudy days
Optical properties and composition of viscous organic particles found in the Southern Great Plains
Measurement report: Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during typical biomass burning season at an agricultural site of the North China Plain
Measurement report: Characterization of severe spring haze episodes and influences of long-range transport in the Seoul metropolitan area in March 2019
Modeling the smoky troposphere of the southeast Atlantic: a comparison to ORACLES airborne observations from September of 2016
Formation and sink of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in a polluted subtropical environment: observation-based photochemical analysis and impact evaluation
Hygroscopicity of urban aerosols and its link to size-resolved chemical composition during spring and summer in Seoul, Korea
Elucidating the pollution characteristics of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium in PM2.5 in Chengdu, southwest China, based on 3-year measurements
Long-range transport patterns into the tropical northwest Pacific during the CAMP2Ex aircraft campaign: chemical composition, size distributions, and the impact of convection
Measurement report: PM2.5-bound nitrated aromatic compounds in Xi'an, Northwest China: Seasonal variations and contributions to optical properties of brown carbon
Organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols in Shanghai, China: seasonal and interannual variability, origin, and formation mechanisms
The impact of traffic on air quality in Ireland: insights from the simultaneous kerbside and suburban monitoring of submicron aerosols
Vertical distribution of particle-phase dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the urban boundary layer based on the 325 m tower in Beijing
Characterization and source apportionment of aerosol light scattering in a typical polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Measurement report: Spatial variations in snowpack ionic chemistry and water stable isotopes across Svalbard
Qing Yu, Jing Chen, Weihua Qin, Siming Cheng, Yuepeng Zhang, Yuewei Sun, Ke Xin, and Mushtaq Ahmad
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1775–1796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1775-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic aerosols have significant impacts on haze formation, climate change and human health. This study investigated the characteristics of WSOC in PM2.5 in Beijing to compare the source contributions of different WSOC fractions and the influencing factors for different secondary components in WSOC. Our results help to propose control measures for WSOC during severe haze episodes and underline the importance of SOA properties and heterogeneous reactions in different seasons.
Tianzeng Chen, Jun Liu, Qingxin Ma, Biwu Chu, Peng Zhang, Jinzhu Ma, Yongchun Liu, Cheng Zhong, Pengfei Liu, Yafei Wang, Yujing Mu, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1341–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1341-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Effects of photochemical aging on the formation and evolution of summertime secondary aerosol were systematically investigated in a suburb of Beijing. Higher PM1 concentration accompanied longer photochemical age (ta). Sulfate and more-oxidized OOA formation were significantly sensitive to the increase in ta, and their contributions were greatly enhanced at elevated ta levels. Our results suggested that photochemical aging process played a crucial role in PM1 and O3 pollution in summertime.
Yujiao Zhu, Likun Xue, Jian Gao, Jianmin Chen, Hongyong Li, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Tianshu Chen, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Ye Shan, Xinfeng Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1305–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the long-term changes in new particle formation (NPF) events under reduced SO2 emissions at the summit of Mt. Tai during seven campaigns from 2007 to 2018. We found the NPF intensity increased 2- to 3-fold in 2018 compared to 2007. In contrast, the probability of new particles growing to CCN size largely decreased. Changes to biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic emissions are proposed to explain the distinct NPF characteristics.
Yuying Wang, Zhanqing Li, Qiuyan Wang, Xiaoai Jin, Peng Yan, Maureen Cribb, Yanan Li, Cheng Yuan, Hao Wu, Tong Wu, Rongmin Ren, and Zhaoxin Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 915–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unexpected increase in surface ozone concentration was found along with the reduced anthropogenic emissions during the 2019 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing. The enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity could promote the formation of secondary aerosols, especially sulfate, which offset the decrease in PM2.5 mass concentration. This phenomenon was likely to exist throughout the entire Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region to be a contributing factor to the haze during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Kevin J. Sanchez, Bo Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Georges Saliba, Chia-Li Chen, Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Michael A. Shook, Ewan C. Crosbie, Luke D. Ziemba, Matthew D. Brown, Taylor J. Shingler, Claire E. Robinson, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Edward L. Winstead, Carolyn Jordan, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Jack Porter, Thomas G. Bell, Eric S. Saltzman, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and Richard H. Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 831–851, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-831-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Models describing atmospheric airflow were combined with satellite measurements representative of marine phytoplankton and other meteorological variables. These combined variables were compared to measured aerosol to identify upwind influences on aerosol concentrations. Results indicate that phytoplankton production rates upwind impact the aerosol mass. Also, results suggest that the condensation of mass onto short-lived large sea spray particles may be a significant sink of aerosol mass.
Pragati Rai, Jay G. Slowik, Markus Furger, Imad El Haddad, Suzanne Visser, Yandong Tong, Atinderpal Singh, Günther Wehrle, Varun Kumar, Anna K. Tobler, Deepika Bhattu, Liwei Wang, Dilip Ganguly, Neeraj Rastogi, Ru-Jin Huang, Jaroslaw Necki, Junji Cao, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Urs Baltensperger, and André S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 717–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple conceptual framework based on elemental size distributions and enrichment factors that allows for a characterization of major sources, site-to-site similarities, and local differences and the identification of key information required for efficient policy development. Absolute concentrations are by far the highest in Delhi, followed by Beijing, and then the European cities.
Jenna C. Ditto, Megan He, Tori N. Hass-Mitchell, Samar G. Moussa, Katherine Hayden, Shao-Meng Li, John Liggio, Amy Leithead, Patrick Lee, Michael J. Wheeler, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, and Drew R. Gentner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Forest fires are an important source of reactive organic gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. We analyzed organic aerosols collected from an aircraft above a boreal forest fire and reported an increasing contribution from compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur as the plume aged, with sulfide and ring-bound nitrogen functionality. Our results demonstrated chemistry that is important in biomass burning but also in urban/developing regions with high local nitrogen and sulfur emissions.
Nadja Triesch, Manuela van Pinxteren, Anja Engel, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the sources of free amino acids (FAAs) in the marine atmosphere, concerted measurements (the simultaneous investigation of seawater, size-segregated aerosol particles and cloud water) were performed at the Cabo Verde islands. This study describes the transfer of FAAs as part of organic matter from the ocean into the atmosphere on a molecular level. In the investigated marine environment, a high enrichment of FAAs in submicron aerosol particles and in cloud droplets was observed.
Liya Ma, Yujiao Zhu, Mei Zheng, Yele Sun, Lei Huang, Xiaohuan Liu, Yang Gao, Yanjie Shen, Huiwang Gao, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate three patterns of new particles growing to CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) size, i.e., one-stage growth and two-stage growth-A and growth-B patterns. Combining the observations of gaseous pollutants and measured or modeled particulate chemical species, the three growth patterns were discussed regarding the spatial heterogeneity, formation of secondary aerosols, and evaporation of semivolatile particulates as was the survival probability of new particles to CCN size.
Haiyan Ni, Ru-Jin Huang, Max M. Cosijn, Lu Yang, Jie Guo, Junji Cao, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16041–16053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16041-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing and Xi'an during severe winter haze. Elemental carbon (EC) was dominated by vehicle emissions in Xi’an and coal burning in Beijing. Organic carbon (OC) increment during haze days was driven by the increase in primary and secondary OC (SOC). SOC was more from fossil sources in Beijing than Xi’an, especially during haze days. In Xi’an, no strong day–night differences in EC or OC sources suggest a large accumulation of particles.
Michael J. Lawler, Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Derek J. Coffman, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Eric S. Saltzman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16007–16022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16007-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16007-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes new measurements of aerosol (particles) composition over the North Atlantic Ocean. It provides concentrations of polysaccharide material likely made from organisms in the surface ocean and improves our understanding of the relative importance of such fresh biogenic material compared to more recalcitrant organic carbon in forming marine organic aerosol. We aim ultimately to understand the role that ocean biology plays in cloud formation in marine regions.
Connor Stahl, Melliza Templonuevo Cruz, Paola Angela Bañaga, Grace Betito, Rachel A. Braun, Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam, Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Genevieve Rose Lorenzo, Alexander B. MacDonald, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Preciosa Corazon Pabroa, John Robin Yee, James Bernard Simpas, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15907–15935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15907-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15907-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term (16-month) high-frequency (weekly) measurements of size-resolved aerosol composition are reported. Important insights are discussed about factors (e.g., transport, fires, precipitation, photo-oxidation) impacting the mass size distributions of organic and sulfonic acids at a coastal megacity with diverse meteorology. The size-resolved nature of the data yielded one such finding that organic acids preferentially adsorb to dust rather than sea salt particles.
Yiqun Han, Wu Chen, Lia Chatzidiakou, Anika Krause, Li Yan, Hanbin Zhang, Queenie Chan, Ben Barratt, Rod Jones, Jing Liu, Yangfeng Wu, Meiping Zhao, Junfeng Zhang, Frank J. Kelly, Tong Zhu, and the AIRLESS team
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15775–15792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15775-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Panel studies might be the most suitable way to link intensive air monitoring campaigns for a wide range of pollutant species and personal exposure in different micro-environments, together with epidemiological studies of detailed biological changes in humans. Panel studies are intensive, but related papers are very limited. With the successful collection of a rich dataset, we believe AIRLESS sets a good example for the design of a multidisciplinary study.
Danitza Klopper, Paola Formenti, Andreas Namwoonde, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Anaïs Feron, Cécile Gaimoz, Patrick Hease, Fadi Lahmidi, Cécile Mirande-Bret, Sylvain Triquet, Zirui Zeng, and Stuart J. Piketh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15811–15833, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15811-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15811-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of aerosol particles is very important as it determines to which extent they can affect the Earth's climate by acting with solar light and modifying the properties of clouds. The South Atlantic region is a remote and under-explored region to date where these effects could be important. The measurements presented in this paper consist in the analysis of samples collected at a coastal site in Namibia. The first long-term source apportionment is presented and discussed.
Wenjie Wang, David D. Parrish, Xin Li, Min Shao, Ying Liu, Ziwei Mo, Sihua Lu, Min Hu, Xin Fang, Yusheng Wu, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15617–15633, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15617-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15617-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the past decade, China has devoted very substantial resources to improving the environment. These efforts have improved atmospheric particulate matter loading, but ambient ozone levels have continued to increase. In this paper we investigate the causes of the increasing ozone concentrations through analysis of a data set that is, to our knowledge, unique: a 12-year data set including ground-level O3, NOx, and VOC precursors collected at an urban site in Beijing.
Qiyuan Wang, Huikun Liu, Ping Wang, Wenting Dai, Ting Zhang, Youzhi Zhao, Jie Tian, Wenyan Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15537–15549, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) aerosol is an important influencing factor for global climate forcing. In this study, we used a receptor model coupling multi-wavelength absorption with chemical species to explore the source-specific LAC optical properties at a tropical marine monsoon climate zone. The results can improve our understanding of the LAC radiative effects caused by ship emissions.
Hongling Yin, Jinfeng Liang, Di Wu, Shiping Li, Yi Luo, and Xu Deng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14933–14945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14933-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14933-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Samples were collected from six ground-based sites located in Chengdu, a typical rapidly developing metropolitan area in Southwest China, and were analysed for seven OPEs in atmospheric PM2.5 (Σ7 OPEs). The concentrations of Σ7 OPEs were higher in autumn and winter than in summer. In contrast to coastal cities, sustained and stable high local emissions in the inland city studied were identified, which is particularly noteworthy.
Qingqing Yu, Xiang Ding, Quanfu He, Weiqiang Yang, Ming Zhu, Sheng Li, Runqi Zhang, Ruqin Shen, Yanli Zhang, Xinhui Bi, Yuesi Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14581–14595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out a 1-year PM concurrent observation at 12 sites across six regions of China, and size-segregated PAHs were measured. We found both PAHs and BaPeq were concentrated in PM1.1, and northern China had higher PAHs' pollution and inhalation cancer risk than southern China. Nationwide increases in both PAH levels and inhalation cancer risk occurred in winter. We suggest reducing coal and biofuel consumption in the residential sector is an important option to mitigate PAHs' health risks.
Qingcai Chen, Haoyao Sun, Wenhuai Song, Fang Cao, Chongguo Tian, and Yan-Lin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14407–14417, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14407-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study found environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are widely present in atmospheric particles of different particle sizes and exhibit significant particle size distribution characteristics. EPFR concentrations are higher in coarse particles than in fine particles in summer and vice versa in winter. The potential toxicity caused by EPFRs may also vary with particle size and season. Combustion is the most important source of EPFRs (>70 %).
Junjun Deng, Hao Guo, Hongliang Zhang, Jialei Zhu, Xin Wang, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14419–14435, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One-year source apportionment of BC aerosols in a coastal city in China was conducted with the light-absorption observation-based method and source-oriented model. Source contributions identified by the two source apportionment methods were compared. Temporal variability, potential sources and transport pathways of BC from fossil fuel and biomass burning were characterized. Significant influence of biomass burning in North and East–Central China on BC in the region was highlighted.
Liang Xu, Satoshi Fukushima, Sophie Sobanska, Kotaro Murata, Ayumi Naganuma, Lei Liu, Yuanyuan Wang, Hongya Niu, Zongbo Shi, Tomoko Kojima, Daizhou Zhang, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14321–14332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14321-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14321-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the mixing structures of soot particles and found that the dominant mixing structure changed from fresh to partially embedded to fully embedded along the pathway of an Asian dust storm from eastern China to Japan. Soot particles became more compact following transport. Our findings not only provide direct evidence for soot aging during regional transport but also help us understand how their morphology changes in different air environments.
Atallah Elzein, Gareth J. Stewart, Stefan J. Swift, Beth S. Nelson, Leigh R. Crilley, Mohammed S. Alam, Ernesto Reyes-Villegas, Ranu Gadi, Roy M. Harrison, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, and Alastair C. Lewis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14303–14319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We collected high-frequency air particle samples (PM2.5) in Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) and measured the concentration of PAHs in daytime and night-time. PAHs were higher in Delhi than in Beijing, and the five-ring PAHs contribute the most to the total PAH concentration. We compared the emission sources and identified the major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures. The adverse health effects from inhalation exposure to PAHs in Delhi are 2.2 times higher than in Beijing.
Yuzhen Fu, Qinhao Lin, Guohua Zhang, Yuxiang Yang, Yiping Yang, Xiufeng Lian, Long Peng, Feng Jiang, Xinhui Bi, Lei Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Duohong Chen, Jie Ou, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, Jianxi Zhu, and Guoying Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14063–14075, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14063-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the morphology and mixing structure of the activated and unactivated particles, our results emphasize the role of in-cloud processes in the chemistry and microphysical properties of individual activated particles. Given that organic coatings may determine the particle hygroscopicity and heterogeneous chemical reactivity, the increase of OM-shelled particles upon in-cloud processes should have considerable implications for their evolution and climate impact.
Chao Peng, Yu Wang, Zhijun Wu, Lanxiadi Chen, Ru-Jin Huang, Weigang Wang, Zhe Wang, Weiwei Hu, Guohua Zhang, Maofa Ge, Min Hu, Xinming Wang, and Mingjin Tang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13877–13903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13877-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13877-2020, 2020
Yongjoo Choi, Yugo Kanaya, Masayuki Takigawa, Chunmao Zhu, Seung-Myung Park, Atsushi Matsuki, Yasuhiro Sadanaga, Sang-Woo Kim, Xiaole Pan, and Ignacio Pisso
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13655–13670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13655-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13655-2020, 2020
Sarah S. Steimer, Daniel J. Patton, Tuan V. Vu, Marios Panagi, Paul S. Monks, Roy M. Harrison, Zoë L. Fleming, Zongbo Shi, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13303–13318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution is of growing concern due to its negative effect on public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigates how the chemical composition of particles in Beijing changes under different measurement conditions (pollution levels, season) to get a better understanding of the sources of this form of air pollution.
Yongchun Liu, Yusheng Zhang, Chaofan Lian, Chao Yan, Zeming Feng, Feixue Zheng, Xiaolong Fan, Yan Chen, Weigang Wang, Biwu Chu, Yonghong Wang, Jing Cai, Wei Du, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Juha Kangasluoma, Federico Bianchi, Joni Kujansuu, Tuukka Petäjä, Xuefei Wang, Bo Hu, Yuesi Wang, Maofa Ge, Hong He, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13023–13040, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13023-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13023-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding of the chemical and physical processes leading to atmospheric aerosol particle formation is crucial to devising effective mitigation strategies to protect the public and reduce uncertainties in climate predictions. We found that the photolysis of nitrous acid could promote the formation of organic and nitrate aerosol and that traffic-related emission is a major contributor to ambient nitrous acid on haze days in wintertime in Beijing.
Runlong Cai, Chao Yan, Dongsen Yang, Rujing Yin, Yiqun Lu, Chenjuan Deng, Yueyun Fu, Jiaxin Ruan, Xiaoxiao Li, Jenni Kontkanen, Qiang Zhang, Juha Kangasluoma, Yan Ma, Jiming Hao, Douglas R. Worsnop, Federico Bianchi, Pauli Paasonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Yongchun Liu, Lin Wang, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1060, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Based on long-term measurements, we discovered that the collision of H2SO4-amine clusters is the governing mechanism that initializes fast new particle formation in the polluted atmospheric environment of urban Beijing. The mechanism and the governing factors for H2SO4-amine nucleation in the polluted atmosphere are quantitatively investigated in this study.
Jing Cai, Biwu Chu, Lei Yao, Chao Yan, Liine M. Heikkinen, Feixue Zheng, Chang Li, Xiaolong Fan, Shaojun Zhang, Daoyuan Yang, Yonghong Wang, Tom V. Kokkonen, Tommy Chan, Ying Zhou, Lubna Dada, Yongchun Liu, Hong He, Pauli Paasonen, Joni T. Kujansuu, Tuukka Petäjä, Claudia Mohr, Juha Kangasluoma, Federico Bianchi, Yele Sun, Philip L. Croteau, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Wei Du, Markku Kulmala, and Kaspar R. Daellenbach
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12721–12740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12721-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying both OA PMF and size PMF at the same urban measurement site in Beijing, similar particle source types, including vehicular emissions, cooking emissions and secondary formation-related sources, were resolved by both frameworks and agreed well. It is also found that in the absence of new particle formation, vehicular and cooking emissions dominate the particle number concentration, while secondary particulate matter governed PM2.5 mass during spring and summer in Beijing.
Florian Ungeheuer, Dominik van Pinxteren, and Alexander L. Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1091, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the chemical composition of ultrafine particles from 10–56 nm near Frankfurt airport, based on cascade impactor samples. We used an offline non-target screening to determine size-resolved molecular fingerprints. Unambiguous attribution of two homologous ester series to jet engine oils enables a new strategy of source attribution, and explains the majority of the detected compounds. In addition, we identified additives of jet oils and a detrimental thermal transformation product.
Kouji Adachi, Naga Oshima, Sho Ohata, Atsushi Yoshida, Nobuhiro Moteki, and Makoto Koike
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1114, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles influence the Arctic climate by interacting with solar radiation, forming clouds, and melting surface snow and ice. Individual-particle analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and model simulations provide evidence of biomass burning and anthropogenic contributions to the Arctic aerosols by showing a wide range of compositions and mixing states depending on sampling altitude. Our results reveal the aerosol aging processes and climate influences in the Arctic.
Jiumeng Liu, Liz Alexander, Jerome D. Fast, Rodica Lindenmaier, and John E. Shilling
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1100, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the gaps in modeling and observational results due to insufficient understanding of aerosol properties, co-located measurements of aerosols and trace gases were conducted at SGP during HI-SCALE campaign. Organic aerosols at the SGP site exhibited to be highly oxidized, and biogenic emissions appear to largely control the formation of organic aerosols. Seasonal variations of sources and meteorological impacts likely resulted in the highly oxygenated feature of aerosols.
Rui Li, Qiongqiong Wang, Xiao He, Shuhui Zhu, Kun Zhang, Yusen Duan, Qingyan Fu, Liping Qiao, Yangjun Wang, Ling Huang, Li Li, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12047–12061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12047-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12047-2020, 2020
Kouji Adachi, Naga Oshima, Zhaoheng Gong, Suzane de Sá, Adam P. Bateman, Scot T. Martin, Joel F. de Brito, Paulo Artaxo, Glauber G. Cirino, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, and Peter R. Buseck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11923–11939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11923-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11923-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Occurrences, size distributions, and number fractions of individual aerosol particles from the Amazon basin during the GoAmazon2014/5 campaign were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Aerosol particles from natural sources (e.g., mineral dust, primary biological aerosols, and sea salts) during the wet season originated from the Amazon forest and long-range transports (the Saharan desert and the Atlantic Ocean). They commonly mix at an individual particle scale during transport.
Lei Liu, Jian Zhang, Yinxiao Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Liang Xu, Qi Yuan, Dantong Liu, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Zongbo Shi, and Weijun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1012, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study found that a distinct group of primary organic particles with high viscosity emitted from the domestic coal and biomass burning, defined as primary organic tar (POT) particles, were abundant in the rural and even the urban haze in winter of North China. For the first time, we characterized the atmospheric aging process of POT particles by microscopic analysis and further evaluated their light absorption enhancement due to the
lensing effectsof secondary inorganic coatings.
Amy E. Christiansen, Annmarie G. Carlton, and Barron H. Henderson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11607–11624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11607-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11607-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify differences in surface-level fine particle mass (PM2.5) chemical composition in relation to satellite-derived cloud flags and find significant differences between clear-sky and cloud days. The work suggests that future analysis in this area is warranted.
Matthew Fraund, Daniel J. Bonanno, Swarup China, Don Q. Pham, Daniel Veghte, Johannes Weis, Gourihar Kulkarni, Ken Teske, Mary K. Gilles, Alexander Laskin, and Ryan C. Moffet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11593–11606, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High viscosity organic particles (HVOPs) in the Southern Great Plains have been analyzed, and two particle types were found. Previously studied tar balls and the recently discovered airborne soil organic particles (ASOPs) are both shown to be brown carbon (BrC). These particle types can be identified in bulk by an absorption Ångström exponent approaching 2.6. HVOP types can be differentiated by comparing carbon absorption spectrum peak ratios between the carboxylic acid, alcohol, and sp2 peaks.
Linlin Liang, Guenter Engling, Chang Liu, Wanyun Xu, Xuyan Liu, Yuan Cheng, Zhenyu Du, Gen Zhang, Junying Sun, and Xiaoye Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1006, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
A unique episode with extreme biomass burning (BB) impact, with daily concentration of levoglucosan as high as 4.37 µg m−3, was captured at an upwind area of Beijing. How this extreme BB pollution event generated and how about the chemical properties of PM2.5 under this kind severe BB pollution level in the real atmospheric environment, were both presented in this measurement report. Moreover, the variation of the ratios of BB tracers during different BB pollution periods was also exhibited.
Hwajin Kim, Qi Zhang, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11527–11550, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Severe spring haze and influences of long-range transport in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) in March 2019 were investigated. Simultaneous downwind (SMA) and upwind (Beijing) measurements using AMS and ACSM over the same period showed that PM species can be transported in approximately 2 d. Nitrate was the most responsible, and sulfate and two regional-transport-influenced SOAs also contributed. Enhancement of Pb also showed that the haze in the SMA was influenced by the regional transport.
Yohei Shinozuka, Pablo E. Saide, Gonzalo A. Ferrada, Sharon P. Burton, Richard Ferrare, Sarah J. Doherty, Hamish Gordon, Karla Longo, Marc Mallet, Yan Feng, Qiaoqiao Wang, Yafang Cheng, Amie Dobracki, Steffen Freitag, Steven G. Howell, Samuel LeBlanc, Connor Flynn, Michal Segal-Rosenhaimer, Kristina Pistone, James R. Podolske, Eric J. Stith, Joseph Ryan Bennett, Gregory R. Carmichael, Arlindo da Silva, Ravi Govindaraju, Ruby Leung, Yang Zhang, Leonhard Pfister, Ju-Mee Ryoo, Jens Redemann, Robert Wood, and Paquita Zuidema
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11491–11526, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the southeast Atlantic, well-defined smoke plumes from Africa advect over marine boundary layer cloud decks; both are most extensive around September, when most of the smoke resides in the free troposphere. A framework is put forth for evaluating the performance of a range of global and regional atmospheric composition models against observations made during the NASA ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) airborne mission in September 2016.
Zhenhao Ling, Qianqian Xie, Min Shao, Zhe Wang, Tao Wang, Hai Guo, and Xuemei Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11451–11467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11451-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11451-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The observation data from a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region were analyzed by a photochemical box model with near-explicit chemical mechanisms (i.e., the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM), improvements with reversible and irreversible heterogeneous processes of glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and the gas-particle partitioning of oxidation products in the present study.
Najin Kim, Seong Soo Yum, Minsu Park, Jong Sung Park, Hye Jung Shin, and Joon Young Ahn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11245–11262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical effects on the size-resolved hygroscopicity of urban aerosols were examined based on the KORUS-AQ field campaign data (HTDMA and HR-ToF-AMS). The size-resolved chemical composition data were found to be critical in explaining the size-dependent hygroscopicity, as well as the diurnal variation of κ for small particles. Aerosol mixing state information was associated with the size-resolved chemical composition data to reveal chemical information of different hygroscopicity modes.
Liuwei Kong, Miao Feng, Yafei Liu, Yingying Zhang, Chen Zhang, Chenlu Li, Yu Qu, Junling An, Xingang Liu, Qinwen Tan, Nianliang Cheng, Yijun Deng, Ruixiao Zhai, and Zheng Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11181–11199, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary inorganic aerosols have an important contribution to PM2.5. Based on 3 years of atmospheric observation data, this study systematically analyzed the pollution levels and chemical conversion characteristics of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium in PM2.5 in Chengdu, southwest China, and analyzed the emission and regional transport characteristics of their gaseous precursors. This conclusion can provide an important reference for the current air pollution control.
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Ewan Crosbie, Michael Shook, Jeffrey S. Reid, Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza, James Bernard B. Simpas, Luke Ziemba, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Phu Nguyen, Joseph Turk, Edward Winstead, Claire E. Robinson, Jian Wang, Jiaoshi Zhang, Yang Wang, Subin Yoon, James Flynn, Sergio L. Alvarez, Ali Behrangi, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-961, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes long-range transport from major Asian pollution sources into the northwest Pacific and the impact of scavenging on these air masses. We combined aircraft observations, HYSPLIT trajectories, reanalysis, and satellite retrievals to reveal distinct composition and size distribution profiles associated with specific emission sources and wet scavenging. Results of this work have implications international policymaking related to climate and health.
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Lu Yang, Ting Wang, Jing Duan, Jie Guo, Haiyan Ni, Yang Chen, Qi Chen, Yongjie Li, Ulrike Dusek, Colin O'Dowd, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-703, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the seasonal variations of nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in composition, sources, and their light absorption contribution to brown carbon aerosol in Xi'an, northwest China. Our results show that secondary formation and vehicular emission were dominant sources in summer (~ 80 %), while biomass burning and coal combustion were major sources in winter (~ 75 %). Our results indicate that the composition and sources of NACs have profound impact on the light absorption of BrC.
Yao Wang, Yue Zhao, Yuchen Wang, Jian-Zhen Yu, Jingyuan Shao, Ping Liu, Wenfei Zhu, Zhen Cheng, Ziyue Li, Naiqiang Yan, and Huayun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-784, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-784, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates (OS) are important constituents and tracers of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. We comprehensively characterized the OS species in ambient aerosols in Shanghai, China. We find that the contribution of OS and SOA to OA has increased in recent years and that OS production was largely controlled by the oxidant level (Ox), in particular in summer. We infer that the mitigation of Ox pollution can effectively reduce the production of OS and SOA in eastern China.
Chunshui Lin, Darius Ceburnis, Wei Xu, Eimear Heffernan, Stig Hellebust, John Gallagher, Ru-Jin Huang, Colin O'Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10513–10529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10513-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10513-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosols (PM1) were simultaneously investigated at a kerbside site in the Dublin city center and at a residential site in suburban Dublin (~5 km apart) during both a nonheating and a heating period in 2018. This study highlights the temporal and spatial variability of sources within the Dublin city center and the need for additional aerosol characterization studies to improve targeted mitigation solutions for a greater impact on urban air quality.
Wanyu Zhao, Hong Ren, Kimitaka Kawamura, Huiyun Du, Xueshun Chen, Siyao Yue, Qiaorong Xie, Lianfang Wei, Ping Li, Xin Zeng, Shaofei Kong, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10331–10350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10331-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10331-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our observations provide detailed information on the abundance and vertical distribution of dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in PM2.5 collected at three heights based on a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing in summer. Our results demonstrate that organic acids at the ground surface are largely associated with local traffic emissions, while long-range atmospheric transport followed by photochemical ageing contributes more in the urban boundary layer than the ground surface.
Dong Chen, Yu Zhao, Jie Zhang, Huan Yu, and Xingna Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10193–10210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10193-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10193-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics and sources of aerosol scattering for Nanjing. The method of aerosol scattering estimation was optimized based on field measurements, and the impacts of aerosol size and composition were quantified. To explore the reasons for the reduced visibility, source apportionment of aerosol scattering was conducted by pollution level. This work stressed the linkage between aerosols and visibility and improved the understanding of emissions and their role in air quality.
Elena Barbaro, Krystyna Koziol, Mats P. Björkman, Carmen P. Vega, Christian Zdanowicz, Tonu Martma, Jean-Charles Gallet, Daniel Kępski, Catherine Larose, Bartłomiej Luks, Florian Tolle, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Aleksander Uszczyk, and Andrea Spolaor
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-740, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the most comprehensive seasonal snow chemistry survey to date, carried out in April 2016 across 22 sites on 7 glaciers across Svalbard. The dataset consists on the concentration, mass loading, spatial and altitudinal distribution of major ion species (Ca2+, K+, Na2+, Mg2+, NH4+, SO42−, Br−, Cl− and NO3−), together with its stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H) in the snowpack. This study was part of the larger Community Coordinated Snow Study in Svalba
Cited articles
Allitt, U.: Airborne fungal spores and the thunderstorm of 24 June 1994, Aerobiologia, 16, 397–406, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026503500730, 2000.
Aloni, B., Peet, M., Pharr, M., and Karni, L.: The effect of high temperature and high atmospheric CO2 on carbohydrate changes in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) pollen in relation to its germination, Physiol. Plantarum, 112, 505–512, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120407.x, 2001.
Andronache, C.: Estimated variability of below-cloud aerosol removal by rainfall for observed aerosol size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-131-2003, 2003.
Augustin, S., Wex, H., Niedermeier, D., Pummer, B., Grothe, H., Hartmann, S., Tomsche, L., Clauss, T., Voigtländer, J., Ignatius, K., and Stratmann, F.: Immersion freezing of birch pollen washing water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10989–11003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10989-2013, 2013.
Baklanov, A. and Sørensen, J.: Parameterisation of radionuclide deposition in atmospheric long-range transport modelling, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. B, 26, 787–799, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00087-9, 2001.
Bauer, H., Claeys, M., Vermeylen, R., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., and Puxbaum, H.: Arabitol and mannitol as tracers for the quantification of airborne fungal spores, Atmos. Environ., 42, 588–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.013, 2008.
Beggs, P. J.: Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 34, 1507–1513, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02061.x, 2004.
Beggs, P. J. and Bambrick, H. J.: Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change?, Ciênc. Saúde Coletiva, 11, 745–752, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232006000300022, 2006.
Bigg, E. K., Soubeyrand, S., and Morris, C. E.: Persistent after-effects of heavy rain on concentrations of ice nuclei and rainfall suggest a biological cause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2313–2326, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2313-2015, 2015.
Blanc, P. D., Eisner, M. D., Katz, P. P., Yen, I. H., Archea, C., Earnest, G., Janson, S., Masharani, U. B., Quinlan, P. J., and Hammond, S. K.: Impact of the home indoor environment on adult asthma and rhinitis, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 47, 362–372, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000158708.32491.9d, 2005.
Bonlokke, J. H., Stridh, G., Sigsgaard, T., Kjærgaard, S. K., Löfstedt, H., Andersson, K., Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. C., Jayatissa, M. N., Bodin, L., and Juto, J.-E.: Upper-airway inflammation in relation to dust spiked with aldehydes or glucan, Scand. J. Work Env. Hea., 32, 374–382, 2006.
Bowers, R. M., Sullivan, A. P., Costello, E. K., Collett, J. L., Knight, R., and Fierer, N.: Sources of bacteria in outdoor air across cities in the midwestern United States, Appl. Environ. Microb., 77, 6350–6356, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402970s, 2011.
Brown, J. S., Gordon, T., Price, O., and Asgharian, B.: Thoracic and respirable particle definitions for human health risk assessment, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 10, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-12, 2013.
Burshtein, N., Lang-Yona, N., and Rudich, Y.: Ergosterol, arabitol and mannitol as tracers for biogenic aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 829–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-829-2011, 2011.
Carty, C. L., Gehring, U., Cyrys, J., Bischof, W., and Heinrich, J.: Seasonal variability of endotoxin in ambient fine particulate matter, J. Environ. Monitor., 5, 953–958, https://doi.org/10.1039/B308488D, 2003.
Chow, J. C., Yang, X., Wang, X., Kohl, S. D., Hurbain, P. R., Chen, L. A., and Watson, J. G.: Characterization of Ambient PM10 Bioaerosols in a California Agricultural Town, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 15, 1433–1447, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.12.0313, 2015.
Constantinidou, H., Hirano, S., Baker, L., and Upper, C.: Atmospheric dispersal of ice nucleation-active bacteria: The role of rain, Phytopathology, 80, 934–937, 1990.
Corden, J. M. and Millington, W. M.: The long-term trends and seasonal variation of the aeroallergen Alternaria in Derby, UK, Aerobiologia, 17, 127–136, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010876917512, 2001.
Coz, E., Artíñano, B., Clark, L. M., Hernandez, M., Robinson, A. L., Casuccio, G. S., Lersch, T. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Characterization of fine primary biogenic organic aerosol in an urban area in the northeastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3952–3962, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.007, 2010.
Crawford, C., Reponen, T., Lee, T., Iossifova, Y., Levin, L., Adhikari, A., and Grinshpun, S. A.: Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1 > 3)-β-D-glucan, Aerobiologia, 25, 147–158, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-009-9120-z, 2009.
Dales, R., Miller, D., Ruest, K., Guay, M., and Judek, S.: Airborne endotoxin is associated with respiratory illness in the first 2 years of life, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 610–614, 2006.
Dales, R. E., Cakmak, S., Judek, S., Dann, T., Coates, F., Brook, J. R., and Burnett, R. T.: The role of fungal spores in thunderstorm asthma, CHEST, 123, 745–750, https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.3.745, 2003.
D'Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Bonini, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T., and Van Cauwenberge, P.: Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe, Allergy, 62, 976–990, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x, 2007a.
D'Amato, G., Liccardi, G., and Frenguelli, G.: Thunderstorm-asthma and pollen allergy, Allergy, 62, 11–16, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01271.x, 2007b.
D'Amato, G., Vitale, C., D'Amato, M., Cecchi, L., Liccardi, G., Molino, A., Vatrella, A., Sanduzzi, A., Maesano, C., and Annesi-Maesano, I.: Thunderstorm related asthma: what happens and why, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 46, 390–396, https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12709, 2016.
Degobbi, C., Lopes, F. D., Carvalho-Oliveira, R., Muñoz, J. E., and Saldiva, P. H.: Correlation of fungi and endotoxin with PM2.5 and meteorological parameters in atmosphere of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2277–2283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.005, 2011.
DeLucca, A. and Palmgren, M.: Mesophilic microorganisms and endotoxin levels on developing cotton plants, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 47, 437–442, https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668691390016, 1986.
Diehl, K., Quick, C., Matthias-Maser, S., Mitra, S., and Jaenicke, R.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen: Part I: Laboratory studies in deposition and condensation freezing modes, Atmos. Res., 58, 75–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00091-6, 2001.
Diehl, K., Matthias-Maser, S., Jaenicke, R., and Mitra, S.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen:: Part II. Laboratory studies in immersion and contact freezing modes, Atmos. Res., 61, 125–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00132-6, 2002.
Di Filippo, P., Pomata, D., Riccardi, C., Buiarelli, F., and Perrino, C.: Fungal contribution to size-segregated aerosol measured through biomarkers, Atmos. Environ., 64, 132–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.010, 2013.
Douwes, J., Thorne, P., Pearce, N., and Heederik, D.: Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 47, 187–200, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meg032, 2003.
Elbert, W., Taylor, P. E., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4569–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4569-2007, 2007.
Emberlin, J., Detandt, M., Gehrig, R., Jaeger, S., Nolard, N., and Rantio-Lehtimäki, A.: Responses in the start of Betula (birch) pollen seasons to recent changes in spring temperatures across Europe, Int. J. Biometeorol., 46, 159–170, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-002-0139-x, 2002.
Foto, M., Plett, J., Berghout, J., and Miller, J. D.: Modification of the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay for the analysis of glucan in indoor environments, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379, 156–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2583-4, 2004.
Franc, G. D. and Demott, P. J.: Cloud activation characteristics of airborne Erwinia carotovora cells, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 1293–1300, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1293:CACOAE>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Kobayashi, M., and Simoneit, B. R.: Seasonal variations of sugars in atmospheric particulate matter from Gosan, Jeju Island: Significant contributions of airborne pollen and Asian dust in spring, Atmos. Environ., 55, 234–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.061, 2012.
Galán, C., Emberlin, J., Domínguez, E., Bryant, R. H., and Villamandos, F.: A comparative analysis of daily variations in the Gramineae pollen counts at Córdoba, Spain and London, UK, Grana, 34, 189–198, https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139509429042, 1995.
GAN (Global Asthma Network): The Global Asthma Report, available at: http://www.globalasthmareport.org/resources/Global_Asthma_Report_2014.pdf (last access: January 2016), 2014.
Garrett, M., Rayment, P., Hooper, M., Abramson, M., and Hooper, B.: Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 28, 459–467, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00255.x, 1998.
Graham, D., Quinn, C., and Bradley, L. F.: Quantitative Studies on the Generation of Aerosols of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica by Simulated Raindrop Impaction on Blackleg-infected Potato Stems, J. Appl. Bacteriol., 43, 413–424, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00768.x, 1977.
Gregory, P. H.: The microbiology of the atmosphere, 1 ed., Interscience Publishers, New York, USA, 148–152, 1961.
Griffing, G. W.: Ozone and oxides of nitrogen production during thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 943–950, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i006p00943, 1977.
Grote, M., Vrtala, S., Niederberger, V., Wiermann, R., Valenta, R., and Reichelt, R.: Release of allergen-bearing cytoplasm from hydrated pollen: a mechanism common to a variety of grass (Poaceae) species revealed by electron microscopy, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 108, 109–115, https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.116431, 2001.
Grundstein, A., Sarnat, S. E., Klein, M., Shepherd, M., Naeher, L., Mote, T., and Tolbert, P.: Thunderstorm associated asthma in Atlanta, Georgia, Thorax, 63, 659–660, https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.092882, 2008.
Guan, T., Yao, M., Wang, J., Fang, Y., Hu, S., Wang, Y., Dutta, A., Yang, J., Wu, Y., and Hu, M.: Airborne endotoxin in fine particulate matter in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 97, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.005, 2014.
Guo, L.-C., Zhang, Y., Lin, H., Zeng, W., Liu, T., Xiao, J., Rutherford, S., You, J., and Ma, W.: The washout effects of rainfall on atmospheric particulate pollution in two Chinese cities, Environ. Pollut., 215, 195–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.003, 2016.
Hassett, M. O., Fischer, M. W., and Money, N. P.: Mushrooms as Rainmakers: How Spores Act as Nuclei for Raindrops, PLoS One, 10, e0140407, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140407, 2015.
Hewett, P. and Ganser, G. H.: A comparison of several methods for analyzing censored data, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 7, 611–632, 2007.
Hirano, S. S. and Upper, C. D.: Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 28, 155–177, 1990.
Hirano, S. S., Baker, L. S., and Upper, C. D.: Raindrop momentum triggers growth of leaf-associated populations of Pseudomonas syringae on field-grown snap bean plants, Appl. Environ. Microb., 62, 2560–2566, 1996.
Hjelmroos, M.: Relationship between airborne fungal spore presence and weather variables: Cladosporium and Alternaria, Grana, 32, 40–47, https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139309436418, 1993.
Huffman, J. A., Treutlein, B., and Pöschl, U.: Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UV-APS) in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3215–3233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3215-2010, 2010.
Huffman, J. A., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Pöhlker, C., Mason, R. H., Robinson, N. H., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Tobo, Y., Després, V. R., Garcia, E., Gochis, D. J., Harris, E., Müller-Germann, I., Ruzene, C., Schmer, B., Sinha, B., Day, D. A., Andreae, M. O., Jimenez, J. L., Gallagher, M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Bertram, A. K., and Pöschl, U.: High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6151–6164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6151-2013, 2013.
Jayarathne, T., Stockwell, C. E., Yokelson, R. J., Nakao, S., and Stone, E. A.: Emissions of fine particle fluoride from biomass burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12636–12644, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502933j, 2014.
Jensen, M. B. and Johnson, D. C.: Fast wave forms for pulsed electrochemical detection of glucose by incorporation of reductive desorption of oxidation products, Anal. Chem., 69, 1776–1781, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac960828x, 1997.
Jeter, C. and Matthysse, A. G.: Characterization of the binding of diarrheagenic strains of E. coli to plant surfaces and the role of curli in the interaction of the bacteria with alfalfa sprouts, Mol. Plant. Microbe In., 18, 1235–1242, https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-18-1235, 2005.
Jia, Y., Bhat, S., and Fraser, M. P.: Characterization of saccharides and other organic compounds in fine particles and the use of saccharides to track primary biologically derived carbon sources, Atmos. Environ., 44, 724–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.034, 2010a.
Jia, Y., Clements, A. L., and Fraser, M. P.: Saccharide composition in atmospheric particulate matter in the southwest US and estimates of source contributions, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 62–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.005, 2010b.
Jones, A. M. and Harrison, R. M.: The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations –a review, Sci. Total Environ., 326, 151–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021, 2004.
Joung, Y. S. and Buie, C. R.: Aerosol generation by raindrop impact on soil, Nat. Commun., 6, 6083, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7083, 2015.
Knox, R.: Grass pollen, thunderstorms and asthma, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 23, 354–359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00339.x, 1993.
Knutsen, A. P., Bush, R. K., Demain, J. G., Denning, D. W., Dixit, A., Fairs, A., Greenberger, P. A., Kariuki, B., Kita, H., and Kurup, V. P.: Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 129, 280–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.970, 2012.
Li, X., Dong, Y., Dong, Z., Du, C., and Chen, C.: Observed changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after precipitation events, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 33, 931–944, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-5178-z, 2016.
Liebers, V., Raulf-Heimsoth, M., and Brüning, T.: Health effects due to endotoxin inhalation (review), Arch. Toxicol., 82, 203–210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-008-0290-1, 2008.
Lighthart, B., Shaffer, B. T., Marthi, B., and Ganio, L. M.: Artificial wind-gust liberation of microbial bioaerosols previously deposited on plants, Aerobiologia, 9, 189–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066261, 1993.
Lindemann, J., Constantinidou, H. A., Barchet, W. R., and Upper, C. D.: Plants as sources of airborne bacteria, including ice nucleation-active bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microb., 44, 1059–1063, 1982.
Loescher, W. H., Tyson, R. H., Everard, J. D., Redgwell, R. J., and Bieleski, R. L.: Mannitol Synthesis in Higher Plants Evidence for the Role and Characterization of a NADPH-Dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Reductase, Plant Physiol., 98, 1396–1402, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.98.4.1396, 1992.
MacHardy, W. E. and Gadoury, D. M.: Patterns of ascospore discharge by Venturia inaequalis, Phytopathology, 76, 985–990, 1986.
Madsen, A. M.: Airborne endotoxin in different background environments and seasons, Ann. Agr. Env. Med., 13, 81–86, 2006.
Madsen, A. M., Frederiksen, M. W., Allermann, L., and Peitersen, J. H.: (1 > 3)-β-d-glucan in different background environments and seasons, Aerobiologia, 27, 173–179, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-010-9178-7, 2011.
Marks, G., Colquhoun, J., Girgis, S., Koski, M. H., Treloar, A., Hansen, P., Downs, S., and Car, N.: Thunderstorm outflows preceding epidemics of asthma during spring and summer, Thorax, 56, 468–471, https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.56.6.468, 2001.
Matthias-Maser, S. and Jaenicke, R.: The size distribution of primary biological aerosol particles with radii > 0.2 µm in an urban/rural influenced region, Atmos. Res., 39, 279–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(95)00017-8, 1995.
McIntosh, M., Stone, B., and Stanisich, V.: Curdlan and other bacterial (1 > 3)-β-D-glucans, Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 68, 163–173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-1959-5, 2005.
Medeiros, P. M. and Simoneit, B. R.: Source profiles of organic compounds emitted upon combustion of green vegetation from temperate climate forests, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8310–8316, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801533b, 2008.
Medeiros, P. M., Conte, M. H., Weber, J. C., and Simoneit, B. R.: Sugars as source indicators of biogenic organic carbon in aerosols collected above the Howland Experimental Forest, Maine, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1694–1705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.001, 2006.
Mircea, M., Stefan, S., and Fuzzi, S.: Precipitation scavenging coefficient: influence of measured aerosol and raindrop size distributions, Atmos. Environ., 34, 5169–5174, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00199-0, 2000.
Monn, C., Braendli, O., Schaeppi, G., Schindler, C., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Leuenberger, P., and Team, S.: Particulate matter < 10 µm (PM10) and total suspended particulates (TSP) in urban, rural and alpine air in Switzerland, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2565–2573, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)94999-U, 1995.
Morris, C. E., Soubeyrand, S., Bigg, E. K., Creamean, J. M., and Sands, D. C.: Mapping rainfall feedback to reveal the potential sensitivity of precipitation to biological aerosols, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00293.1, 2016.
Mueller-Anneling, L., Avol, J. M. P., and Thorne, P. S.: Ambient endotoxin concentrations in PM10 from Southern California, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 583–588, 2004.
Murray, B., O'sullivan, D., Atkinson, J., and Webb, M.: Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6519–6554, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35200A, 2012.
Murray, B., Ross, J., Whale, T., Price, H., Atkinson, J., Umo, N., and Webb, M.: The relevance of nanoscale biological fragments for ice nucleation in clouds, Sci. Rep., 5, 8082, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08082, 2015.
Nauta, M. and Hoekstra, R.: Evolution of reproductive systems in filamentous ascomycetes. I. Evolution of mating types, Heredity, 68, 405–410, https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1992.60, 1992.
Newson, R., Strachan, D., Archibald, E., Emberlin, J., Hardaker, P., and Collier, C.: Acute asthma epidemics, weather and pollen in England, 1987–1994, Eur. Respir. J., 11, 694–701, 1998.
Niederberger, V., Pauli, G., Grönlundc, H., Fröschla, R., Rumpold, H., Kraft, D., Valenta, R., and Spitzauer, S.: Recombinant birch pollen allergens (rBet v 1 and rBet v 2) contain most of the IgE epitopes present in birch, alder, hornbeam, hazel, and oak pollen: a quantitative IgE inhibition study with sera from different populations, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 102, 579–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70273-8, 1998.
Nilsson, S., Merritt, A., and Bellander, T.: Endotoxins in urban air in Stockholm, Sweden, Atmos. Environ., 45, 266–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.037, 2011.
Oberdörster, G., Oberdörster, E., and Oberdörster, J.: Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 823–839, 2005.
Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, H., Delgado, J., and Abreu, I.: The effects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore concentration in two areas differing in urbanisation level, Int. J. Biometeorol., 53, 61–73, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-008-0191-2, 2009.
Packe, G. and Ayres, J.: Asthma outbreak during a thunderstorm, Lancet, 326, 199–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91510-7, 1985.
Pasanen, A.-L., Kasanen, J.-P., Rautiala, S., Ikäheimo, M., Rantamäki, J., Kääriäinen, H., and Kalliokoski, P.: Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions, Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 46, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00093-7, 2000.
Pavilonis, B. T., Anthony, T. R., O'Shaughnessy, P. T., Humann, M. J., Merchant, J. A., Moore, G., Thorne, P. S., Weisel, C. P., and Sanderson, W. T.: Indoor and outdoor particulate matter and endotoxin concentrations in an intensely agricultural county, J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epid., 23, 299–305, https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.123, 2013.
Pöhlker, C., Huffman, J. A., and Pöschl, U.: Autofluorescence of atmospheric bioaerosols – fluorescent biomolecules and potential interferences, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 37–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-37-2012, 2012.
Pope, F.: Pollen grains are efficient cloud condensation nuclei, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 044015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044015, 2010.
Rathnayake, C. M., Metwali, N., Baker, Z., Jayarathne, T., Thorne, P. S., O'Shaughnessy, P. T., and Stone, E. A.: Urban enhancements of bioaerosol tracers in the Midwestern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 5071–5089, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024538, 2016.
Robertson, B. and Alexander, M.: Mode of dispersal of the stem-nodulating bacterium, Azorhizobium, Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 1535–1540, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90095-7, 1994.
Rocklin, R. D., Clarke, A. P., and Weitzhandler, M.: Improved long-term reproducibility for pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates via a new quadruple-potential waveform, Anal. Chem., 70, 1496–1501, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac970906w, 1998.
Rodriguez Rajo, F. J., Iglesias, I., and Jato, V.: Variation assessment of airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores at different bioclimatical conditions, Mycol. Res., 109, 497–507, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204001777, 2005.
Rogge, W. F., Medeiros, P. M., and Simoneit, B. R.: Organic marker compounds in surface soils of crop fields from the San Joaquin Valley fugitive dust characterization study, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8183–8204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.030, 2007.
Romantschuk, M.: Attachment of plant pathogenic bacteria to plant surfaces, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 30, 225–243, 1992.
Rylander, R. and Lin, R.-H.: (1 > 3)-β-d-glucan – relationship to indoor air-related symptoms, allergy and asthma, Toxicology, 152, 47–52, 2000.
Schulthess, F. M. and Faeth, S. H.: Distribution, abundances, and associations of the endophytic fungal community of Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), Mycologia, 569–578, https://doi.org/10.2307/376121, 1998.
Shaffer, B. T. and Lighthart, B.: Survey of culturable airborne bacteria at four diverse locations in Oregon: urban, rural, forest, and coastal, Microb. Ecol., 34, 167–177, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900046, 1997.
Shen, B., Jensen, R. G., and Bohnert, H. J.: Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants by targeting mannitol biosynthesis to chloroplasts, Plant Physiol., 113, 1177–1183, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.4.1177, 1997.
Simoneit, B. R., Elias, V. O., Kobayashi, M., Kawamura, K., Rushdi, A. I., Medeiros, P. M., Rogge, W. F., and Didyk, B. M.: Sugars dominant water-soluble organic compounds in soils and characterization as tracers in atmospheric particulate matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5939–5949, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0403099, 2004.
Singer, B. D., Ziska, L. H., Frenz, D. A., Gebhard, D. E., and Straka, J. G.: Research note: Increasing Amb a 1 content in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen as a function of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, Funct. Plant Biol., 32, 667–670, https://doi.org/10.1071/FP05039, 2005.
Singh, U., Reponen, T., Cho, K. J., Grinshpun, S. A., Adhikari, A., Levin, L., Indugula, R., and Green, B. J.: Airborne endotoxin and β-D-glucan in PM1 in agricultural and home environments, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11, 376–386, 2011.
Speranza, A., Calzoni, G., and Pacini, E.: Occurrence of mono-or disaccharides and polysaccharide reserves in mature pollen grains, Sex. Plant Reprod., 10, 110–115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004970050076, 1997.
Staff, I., Schäppi, G., and Taylor, P.: Localisation of allergens in ryegrass pollen and in airborne micronic particles, Protoplasma, 208, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01279074, 1999.
Steiner, A. L., Brooks, S. D., Deng, C., Thornton, D. C., Pendleton, M. W., and Bryant, V.: Pollen as atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3596–3602, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064060, 2015.
Sun, J. and Ariya, P. A.: Atmospheric organic and bio-aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): A review, Atmos. Environ., 40, 795–820, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.052, 2006.
Suphioglu, C., Singh, M. B., Taylor, P., Knox, R., Bellomo, R., Holmes, P., and Puy, R.: Mechanism of grass-pollen-induced asthma, Lancet, 339, 569–572, https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90864-Y, 1992.
Targonski, P. V., Persky, V. W., and Ramekrishnan, V.: Effect of environmental molds on risk of death from asthma during the pollen season, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 95, 955–961, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70095-1, 1995.
Taylor, P. E. and Jonsson, H.: Thunderstorm asthma, Curr. Allergy Asthm. R., 4, 409–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-004-0092-3, 2004.
Taylor, P. E., Flagan, R. C., Valenta, R., and Glovsky, M. M.: Release of allergens as respirable aerosols: a link between grass pollen and asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 109, 51–56, https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.120759, 2002.
Taylor, P. E., Flagan, R., Miguel, A., Valenta, R., and Glovsky, M.: Birch pollen rupture and the release of aerosols of respirable allergens, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 34, 1591–1596, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02078.x, 2004.
Thorn, J.: Seasonal variations in exposure to microbial cell wall components among household waste collectors, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 45, 153–156, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/45.2.153, 2001.
Thorn, J., Beijer, L., and Rylander, R.: Effects after inhalation of (1 > 3)-β-D-glucan in healthy humans, Mediators Inflamm., 10, 173–178, https://doi.org/10.1080/09629350124119, 2001.
Thorne, P. S.: Inhalation toxicology models of endotoxin-and bioaerosol-induced inflammation, Toxicology, 152, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00287-0, 2000.
Thorne, P. S., Ansley, A. C., and Perry, S. S.: Concentrations of bioaerosols, odors, and hydrogen sulfide inside and downwind from two types of swine livestock operations, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 6, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620902729184, 2009.
Thorne, P. S., Mendy, A., Metwali, N., Salo, P., Co, C., Jaramillo, R., Rose, K. M., and Zeldin, D. C.: Endotoxin Exposure: Predictors and Prevalence of Associated Asthma Outcomes in the US, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care, 192, 1287–1297, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201502-0251OC, 2015.
Tillie-Leblond, I., Germaud, P., Leroyer, C., Tétu, L., Girard, F., Devouassoux, G., Grignet, J. P., Prudhomme, A., Dusser, D., and Wallaert, B.: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and omalizumab, Allergy, 66, 1254–1256, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02599.x, 2011.
Troutt, C. and Levetin, E.: Correlation of spring spore concentrations and meteorological conditions in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Int. J. Biometeorol., 45, 64–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840100087, 2001.
USEPA: Technology Transfer Network, available at: http://aqsdr1.epa.gov/aqsweb/aqstmp/airdata/download_files.html#Daily, last access: December 2014.
Van Osdol, T., Hu, F., Barnes, C., and Portnoy, J.: The relationship between airborne ascospores, Cladosporium and rainfall events, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 113, S62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.192, 2004.
van Vliet, A. J., Overeem, A., De Groot, R. S., Jacobs, A. F., and Spieksma, F. T.: The influence of temperature and climate change on the timing of pollen release in the Netherlands, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1757–1767, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.820, 2002.
Vesprini, J. L., Nepi, M., Cresti, L., Guarnieri, M., and Pacini, E.: Changes in cytoplasmic carbohydrate content during Helleborus pollen presentation, Grana, 41, 16–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/00173130260045459, 2002.
Wallis, D. N., Webb, J., Brooke, D., Brookes, B., Brown, R., Findlay, A., Harris, M., Hulbert, D., Little, G., and Nonoo, C.: A major outbreak of asthma associated with a thunderstorm: experience of accident and emergency departments and patients' characteristics, BMJ, 312, 601–604, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7031.601, 1996.
Wallner, M., Erler, A., Hauser, M., Klinglmayr, E., Gadermaier, G., Vogel, L., Mari, A., Bohle, B., Briza, P., and Ferreira, F.: Immunologic characterization of isoforms of Car b 1 and Que a 1, the major hornbeam and oak pollen allergens, Allergy, 64, 452–460, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01788.x, 2009.
Wang, X., Zhang, L., and Moran, M. D.: Uncertainty assessment of current size-resolved parameterizations for below-cloud particle scavenging by rain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5685–5705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5685-2010, 2010.
Wilson, A. F., Novey, H. S., Berke, R. A., and Surprenant, E. L.: Deposition of inhaled pollen and pollen extract in human airways, New Engl. J. Med., 288, 1056–1058, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197305172882006, 1973.
Yoshida, M., Abe, J., Moriyama, M., and Kuwabara, T.: Carbohydrate levels among winter wheat cultivars varying in freezing tolerance and snow mold resistance during autumn and winter, Physiol. Plantarum, 103, 8–16, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030102.x, 1998.
Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Kiss, G.: Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4267–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4267-2007, 2007.
Zhang, R., Duhl, T., Salam, M. T., House, J. M., Flagan, R. C., Avol, E. L., Gilliland, F. D., Guenther, A., Chung, S. H., Lamb, B. K., and VanReken, T. M.: Development of a regional-scale pollen emission and transport modeling framework for investigating the impact of climate change on allergic airway disease, Biogeosciences, 11, 1461–1478, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1461-2014, 2014.
Zhang, T., Engling, G., Chan, C.-Y., Zhang, Y.-N., Zhang, Z.-S., Lin, M., Sang, X.-F., Li, Y., and Li, Y.-S.: Contribution of fungal spores to particulate matter in a tropical rainforest, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 024010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024010, 2010.
Ziska, L. H. and Caulfield, F. A.: Rising CO2 and pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), a known allergy-inducing species: implications for public health, Funct. Plant Biol., 27, 893–898, https://doi.org/10.1071/PP00032, 2000.
Short summary
Exposures to bioaerosols depend on their type, particle size, and concentration. While typically found in coarse particles (2.5–10 microns), pollens, fungal spores, and bacterial endotoxins decrease to less than 2.5 microns and simultaneously increase in concentration during rain events. These observations contrast the assumption that rain washes bioaerosols from the air and reduces allergen levels. Instead, population exposures to bioaerosols are expected to be enhanced during rain events.
Exposures to bioaerosols depend on their type, particle size, and concentration. While typically...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint