Articles | Volume 12, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
22 Jun 2012
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 22 Jun 2012
Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009
K. Tørseth
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
W. Aas
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
K. Breivik
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
A. M. Fjæraa
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
M. Fiebig
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
A. G. Hjellbrekke
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
C. Lund Myhre
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
S. Solberg
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
K. E. Yttri
NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Automated compound speciation, cluster analysis, and quantification of organic vapors and aerosols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Measurement report: Occurrence of aminiums in PM2.5 during winter in China – aminium outbreak during polluted episodes and potential constraints
Bridging gas and aerosol properties between the northeastern US and Bermuda: analysis of eight transit flights
The behaviour of charged particles (ions) during new particle formation events in urban Leipzig, Germany
Exploring the sources of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols by integrating observational and modeling results: insights from Northeast China
Measurement report: Characteristics of airborne black-carbon-containing particles during the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in a typical Yangtze River Delta city, China
Aerosol optical properties within the atmospheric boundary layer predicted from ground-based observations compared to Raman lidar retrievals during RITA-2021
Hygroscopic growth and activation changed submicron aerosol composition and properties in the North China Plain
Measurement report: Formation of tropospheric brown carbon in a lifting air mass
Vertical variability of aerosol properties and trace gases over a remote marine region: a case study over Bermuda
Differences in aerosol and cloud properties along the central California coast when winds change from northerly to southerly
International airport emissions and their impact on local air quality: chemical speciation of ambient aerosols at Madrid–Barajas Airport during the AVIATOR campaign
The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station
High-altitude aerosol chemical characterization and source identification: insights from the CALISHTO campaign
Measurement report: Impact of emission control measures on environmental persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species – a short-term case study in Beijing
Characterizing water solubility of fresh and aged secondary organic aerosol in PM2.5 with the stable carbon isotope technique
Measurement report: Impact of cloud processes on secondary organic aerosols at a forested mountain site in southeastern China
Critical contribution of chemically diverse carbonyl molecules to the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols
Measurement report: Vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles detected in and above the marine boundary layer in the remote atmosphere
Diverging trends in aerosol sulfate and nitrate measured in the remote North Atlantic in Barbados are attributed to clean air policies, African smoke, and anthropogenic emissions
Diverse sources and aging change the mixing state and ice nucleation properties of aerosol particles over the western Pacific and Southern Ocean
The water-insoluble organic carbon in PM2.5 of typical Chinese urban areas: light-absorbing properties, potential sources, radiative forcing effects, and a possible light-absorbing continuum
Measurement report: Size-resolved secondary organic aerosol formation modulated by aerosol water uptake in wintertime haze
In situ measurement of organic aerosol molecular markers in urban Hong Kong during a summer period: temporal variations and source apportionment
Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm
Different formation pathways of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in aerosols and fog water in northern China
Atmospheric evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in rural North China Plain: insights into water solubility and effects on PM2.5 oxidative potential
Impact of weather patterns and meteorological factors on PM2.5 and O3 responses to the COVID-19 lockdown in China
Daytime and nighttime aerosol soluble iron formation in clean and slightly polluted moist air in a coastal city in eastern China
Non-negligible secondary contribution to brown carbon in autumn and winter: inspiration from particulate nitrated and oxygenated aromatic compounds in urban Beijing
A Multi-site Passive Approach for Studying the Emissions and Evolution of Smoke from Prescribed Fires
Simultaneous organic aerosol source apportionment at two Antarctic sites reveals large-scale and ecoregion-specific components
Two distinct ship emission profiles for organic-sulfate source apportionment of PM in sulfur emission control areas
Measurement report: Optical characterization, seasonality, and sources of brown carbon in fine aerosols from Tianjin, North China: year-round observations
Bayesian inference-based estimation of hourly primary and secondary organic carbon in suburban Hong Kong: multi-temporal-scale variations and evolution characteristics during PM2.5 episodes
Primary and secondary emissions from a modern fleet of city buses
Enhanced daytime secondary aerosol formation driven by gas-particle partitioning in downwind urban plumes
Dominant Influence of Biomass Combustion and Cross-Border Transport on Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compound Levels in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Impact assessment of terrestrial and marine air-mass on the constituents and intermixing of bioaerosols over coastal atmosphere
Assessing the influence of long-range transport of aerosols on the PM2.5 chemical composition and concentration in the Aburrá Valley
Measurement report: Characteristics of nitrogen-containing organics in PM2.5 in Ürümqi, northwestern China – differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials
Measurement report: Bio-physicochemistry of tropical clouds at Maïdo (Réunion, Indian Ocean): overview of results from the BIO-MAÏDO campaign
Impacts of elevated anthropogenic emissions on physicochemical characteristics of BC-containing particles over the Tibetan Plateau
Chemical properties and single-particle mixing state of soot aerosol in Houston during the TRACER campaign
Measurement report: Evaluation of the TOF-ACSM-CV for PM1.0 and PM2.5 measurements during the RITA-2021 field campaign
Sea salt reactivity over the northwest Atlantic: an in-depth look using the airborne ACTIVATE dataset
Measurement report: Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Changbai Mountains (2623 m a.s.l.) in northeastern Asia
Morphological and optical properties of carbonaceous aerosol particles from ship emissions and biomass burning during a summer cruise measurement in the South China Sea
Tropical tropospheric aerosol sources and chemical composition observed at high altitude in the Bolivian Andes
Chemical composition, sources and formation mechanism of urban PM2.5 in Southwest China: a case study at the beginning of 2023
Xiao He, Xuan Zheng, Shuwen Guo, Lewei Zeng, Ting Chen, Bohan Yang, Shupei Xiao, Qiongqiong Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Yan You, Shaojun Zhang, and Ye Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10655–10666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces an innovative method for identifying and quantifying complex organic vapors and aerosols. By combining advanced analytical techniques and new algorithms, we categorized thousands of compounds from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and ambient air and highlighted specific tracers for emission sources. The innovative approach enhances peak identification, reduces quantification uncertainties, and offers new insights for air quality management and atmospheric chemistry.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Cassidy Soloff, Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Francesca Gallo, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10385–10408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using aircraft measurements over the northwestern Atlantic between the US East Coast and Bermuda and trajectory modeling of continental outflow, we identify trace gas and particle properties that exhibit gradients with offshore distance and quantify these changes with high-resolution measurements of concentrations and particle chemistry, size, and scattering properties. This work furthers our understanding of the complex interactions between continental and marine environments.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Avinash Kumar, Matti Rissanen, Miikka Dal Maso, Peter Mettke, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10349–10361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ions enhance the formation and growth rates of new particles, affecting the Earth's radiation budget. Despite these effects, there is little published data exploring the sources of ions in the urban environment and their role in new particle formation (NPF). Here we show that natural ion sources dominate in urban environments, while traffic is a secondary source. Ions contribute up to 12.7 % of the formation rate of particles, indicating that they are important for forming urban PM.
Yuan Cheng, Xu-bing Cao, Sheng-qiang Zhu, Zhi-qing Zhang, Jiu-meng Liu, Hong-liang Zhang, Qiang Zhang, and Ke-bin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The agreement between observational and modeling results is essential for the development of efficient air pollution control strategies. Here we constrained the modeling results of carbonaceous aerosols by field observation in Northeast China, a historically overlooked but recently targeted region of national clean-air actions. Our study suggested that the simulation of agricultural fire emissions and secondary organic aerosols remains challenging.
Yuan Dai, Junfeng Wang, Houjun Wang, Shijie Cui, Yunjiang Zhang, Haiwei Li, Yun Wu, Ming Wang, Eleonora Aruffo, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9733–9748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Short-term strict emission control can improve air quality, but its effectiveness needs assessment. During the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in Yangzhou, we found that PM2.5 levels did not decrease despite reduced primary emissions. Aged black-carbon particles increased substantially due to higher O3 levels and transported pollutants. High humidity and low wind also played key roles. The results highlight the importance of a regionally balanced control strategy for future air quality management.
Xinya Liu, Diego Alves Gouveia, Bas Henzing, Arnoud Apituley, Arjan Hensen, Danielle van Dinther, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9597–9614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is important for their effect on climate. This is usually measured by lidar, which has limitations, most notably the assumption of a lidar ratio. Our study shows that routine surface-level aerosol measurements are able to predict this lidar ratio reasonably well within the lower layers of the atmosphere and thus provide a relatively simple and cost-effective method to improve lidar measurements.
Weiqi Xu, Ye Kuang, Wanyun Xu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Biao Luo, Xiaoyi Zhang, Jiangchuang Tao, Hongqin Qiao, Li Liu, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9387–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an advanced aerosol–fog sampling system at a rural site in the North China Plain to investigate impacts of aerosol hygroscopic growth and activation on the physicochemical properties of submicron aerosols. Observed results highlighted remarkably different aqueous processing of primary and secondary submicron aerosol components under distinct ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions and that RH levels significantly impact aerosol sampling through the aerosol swelling effect.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Cassidy Soloff, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9197–9218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses airborne data to examine vertical profiles of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over a remote marine area (Bermuda). Results show distinct differences based on both air mass source region (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) and altitude for a given air mass type. This work highlights the sensitivity of remote marine areas to long-range transport and the importance of considering the vertical dependence of trace gas and aerosol properties.
Kira Zeider, Grace Betito, Anthony Bucholtz, Peng Xian, Annette Walker, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9059–9083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The predominant wind direction along the California coast (northerly) reverses several times during the summer (to southerly). The effects of these wind reversals on aerosol and cloud characteristics are not well understood. Using data from multiple datasets we found that southerly flow periods had enhanced signatures of anthropogenic emissions due to shipping and continental sources, and clouds had more but smaller droplets.
Saleh Alzahrani, Doğuşhan Kılıç, Michael Flynn, Paul I. Williams, and James Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9045–9058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates emissions from aviation activities at an international airport to evaluate their impact on local air quality. The study provides detailed insights into the chemical composition of aerosols and key pollutants in the airport environment. Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified three significant sources: less oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol, alkane organic aerosol, and more oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol.
Mikko Heikkilä, Krista Luoma, Timo Mäkelä, and Tiia Grönholm
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8927–8941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) concentration was measured from 211 ship exhaust gas plumes at a remote marine station. Emission factors of BC were calculated in grams per kilogram of fuel. Ships with an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) were found to have median BC emissions per fuel consumed 5 times lower than ships without an EGCS. However, this might be because of non-EGCS ships running at low engine loads rather than the EGCS itself. A local speed restriction would increase BC emissions of ships.
Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Konstantinos Granakis, Romanos Foskinis, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Fotios Tsopelas, Evangelia Diapouli, Eleni Dovrou, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Alexandros Papayannis, Spyros N. Pandis, Athanasios Nenes, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8911–8926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of PM1 and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment of organic and inorganic fractions were conducted at the high-altitude station (HAC)2. Cloud presence reduced PM1, affecting sulfate more than organics. Free-troposphere (FT) conditions showed more black carbon (eBC) than planetary boundary layer (PBL) conditions.
Yuanyuan Qin, Xinghua Zhang, Wei Huang, Juanjuan Qin, Xiaoyu Hu, Yuxuan Cao, Tianyi Zhao, Yang Zhang, Jihua Tan, Ziyin Zhang, Xinming Wang, and Zhenzhen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8737–8750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) play an active role in the atmosphere. Despite control measures having effectively reduced their emissions, reductions were less than in PM2.5. Emission control measures performed well in achieving Parade Blue, but reducing the impact of the atmosphere on human health remains challenging. Thus, there is a need to reassess emission control measures to better address the challenges posed by EPFRs and ROSs.
Fenghua Wei, Xing Peng, Liming Cao, Mengxue Tang, Ning Feng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8507–8518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The water solubility of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) is a crucial factor in determining their hygroscopicity and climatic impact. Stable carbon isotope and mass spectrometry techniques were combined to assess the water solubility of SOAs with different aging degrees in a coastal megacity in China. This work revealed a much higher water-soluble fraction of aged SOA compared to fresh SOA, indicating that the aging degree of SOA has considerable impacts on its water solubility.
Zijun Zhang, Weiqi Xu, Yi Zhang, Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Xu, Aodong Du, Yinzhou Zhang, Hongqin Qiao, Ye Kuang, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Xueling Cheng, Lanzhong Liu, Qingyan Fu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jie Li, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8473–8488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol composition and sources and the interaction between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and clouds at a regional mountain site in southeastern China. Clouds efficiently scavenge more oxidized SOA; however, cloud evaporation leads to the production of less oxidized SOA. The unexpectedly high presence of nitrate in aerosol particles indicates that nitrate formed in polluted areas has undergone interactions with clouds, significantly influencing the regional background site.
Feifei Li, Shanshan Tang, Jitao Lv, Shiyang Yu, Xu Sun, Dong Cao, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8397–8411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Targeted derivatization and non-targeted analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were used to reveal the molecular composition of carbonyl molecules in PM2.5, and the important role of carbonyls in increasing the oxidative potential of organic aerosol was found in real samples.
Maya Abou-Ghanem, Daniel M. Murphy, Gregory P. Schill, Michael J. Lawler, and Karl D. Froyd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8263–8275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry, we examine vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles measured on NASA's DC-8 during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). Our results reveal ship exhaust particles are sufficiently widespread in the marine atmosphere and experience atmospheric aging. Finally, we use laboratory calibrations to determine the vanadium, sulfate, and organic single-particle mass fractions of vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles.
Cassandra J. Gaston, Joseph M. Prospero, Kristen Foley, Havala O. T. Pye, Lillian Custals, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, and James A. Christie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8049–8066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how changing emissions have impacted aerosols in remote regions, we measured nitrate and sulfate in Barbados and compared them to model predictions from EPA’s Air QUAlity TimE Series (EQUATES). Nitrate was stable, except for spikes in 2008 and 2010 due to transported smoke. Sulfate decreased in the 1990s due to reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the US and Europe; then it increased in the 2000s, likely due to anthropogenic emissions from Africa.
Jiao Xue, Tian Zhang, Keyhong Park, Jinpei Yan, Young Jun Yoon, Jiyeon Park, and Bingbing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7731–7754, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice formation by particles is an important way of making mixed-phase and ice clouds. We found that particles collected in the marine atmosphere exhibit diverse ice nucleation abilities and mixing states. Sea salt mixed-sulfate particles were enriched in ice-nucleating particles. Selective aging on sea salt particles made particle populations more externally mixed. Characterizations of particles and their mixing state are needed for a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions.
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Shizhen Zhao, Jiao Tang, Hongxing Jiang, Zhineng Cheng, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7755–7772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that biomass burning (31.0 %) and coal combustion (31.1 %) were the dominant sources of water-insoluble organic carbon in China, with coal combustion sources exhibiting the strongest light-absorbing capacity. Additionally, we propose a light-absorbing carbonaceous continuum, revealing that components enriched with fossil sources tend to have stronger light-absorbing capacity, higher aromaticity, higher molecular weights, and greater recalcitrance in the atmosphere.
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Ying Wang, Wei Xu, Haobin Zhong, Chunshui Lin, Wei Huang, Yifang Gu, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7687–7698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of atmospheric particles has shown significant changes in recent years. We investigated the potential effects of changes in inorganics on aerosol water uptake and, thus, secondary organic aerosol formation in wintertime haze based on the size-resolved measurements of non-refractory fine particulate matter (NR-PM2.5) in Xi’an, northwestern China. We highlight the key role of aerosol water as a medium to link inorganics and organics in their multiphase processes.
Hongyong Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Yunxi Huo, Dawen Yao, Haoxian Lu, and Hai Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7085–7100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7085-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and largely explains the gap between current levels of fine particulate matter in many cities and the World Health Organization guideline values. This study highlights the dominant contributions of cooking emissions to organic aerosol when marine air prevailed in Hong Kong, which were occasionally overwhelmed by aromatics-derived secondary organic aerosol in continental ouflows.
Shao Shi, Jinghao Zhai, Xin Yang, Yechun Ruan, Yuanlong Huang, Xujian Chen, Antai Zhang, Jianhuai Ye, Guomao Zheng, Baohua Cai, Yaling Zeng, Yixiang Wang, Chunbo Xing, Yujie Zhang, Tzung-May Fu, Lei Zhu, Huizhong Shen, and Chen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7001–7012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of ions in the mass spectra of individual particles remains uncertain. We have developed a standard-free mass calibration algorithm applicable to more than 98 % of ambient particles. With our algorithm, ions with ~ 0.05 Th mass difference could be determined. Therefore, many more atmospheric species could be determined and involved in the source apportionment of aerosols, the study of chemical reaction mechanisms, and the analysis of single-particle mixing states.
Wei Sun, Xiaodong Hu, Yuzhen Fu, Guohua Zhang, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Caiqing Yan, Likun Xue, He Meng, Bin Jiang, Yuhong Liao, Xinming Wang, Ping'an Peng, and Xinhui Bi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation pathways of nitrogen-containing compounds (NOCs) in the atmosphere remain unclear. We investigated the composition of aerosols and fog water by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and compared the formation pathways of NOCs. We found that NOCs in aerosols were mainly formed through nitration reaction, while ammonia addition played a more important role in fog water. The results deepen our understanding of the processes of organic particulate pollution.
Xu Yang, Fobang Liu, Shuqi Yang, Yuling Yang, Yanan Wang, Jingjing Li, Mingyu Zhao, Zhao Wang, Kai Wang, Chi He, and Haijie Tong
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1622, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A study in rural North China Plain revealed Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), with a notable water-soluble fraction likely from atmospheric oxidation during transport. Significant positive correlations between EPFRs and the water-soluble oxidative potential of PM2.5 were found, primarily attributable to the water-soluble fractions of EPFRs. These findings emphasize understanding EPFRs’ atmospheric evolution for climate and health impacts.
Fuzhen Shen, Michaela I. Hegglin, and Yue Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6539–6553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We attempt to use a novel structural self-organising map and machine learning models to identify a weather system and quantify the importance of each meteorological factor in driving the unexpected PM2.5 and O3 changes under the specific weather system during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. The result highlights that temperature under the double-centre high-pressure system plays the most crucial role in abnormal events.
Wenshuai Li, Yuxuan Qi, Yingchen Liu, Guanru Wu, Yanjing Zhang, Jinhui Shi, Wenjun Qu, Lifang Sheng, Wencai Wang, Daizhou Zhang, and Yang Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6495–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles from mainland can transport to oceans and deposit, providing soluble Fe and affecting phytoplankton growth. Thus, we studied the dissolution process of aerosol Fe and found that photochemistry played a key role in promoting Fe dissolution in clean conditions. RH-dependent reactions were more influential in slightly polluted conditions. These results highlight the distinct roles of two weather-related parameters (radiation and RH) in influencing geochemical cycles related to Fe.
Yanqin Ren, Zhenhai Wu, Yuanyuan Ji, Fang Bi, Junling Li, Haijie Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Li, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6525–6538, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in PM2.5 were examined from an urban area in Beijing during the autumn and winter. The OPAH and NAC concentrations were much higher during heating than before heating. They majorly originated from the combustion of biomass and automobile emissions, and the secondary generation was the major contributor throughout the whole sampling period.
Rime El Asmar, Zongrun Li, David J. Tanner, Yongtao Hu, Susan O’Neill, L. Gregory Huey, M. Talat Odman, and Rodney J. Weber
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1485, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1485, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Prescribed burning is an important method for managing ecosystems and preventing wildfires, however, smoke from prescribed fires can have a significant impact on air quality. Here, using a network of fixed sites and sampling throughout an extended prescribed burning period in two different years, we characterize the emissions and evolution up to 8 hours of PM2.5 mass, BC, and BrC in smoke from burning of forested lands in the southeastern US.
Marco Paglione, David C. S. Beddows, Anna Jones, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, Francesco Manarini, Mara Russo, Karam Mansour, Roy M. Harrison, Andrea Mazzanti, Emilio Tagliavini, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6305–6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Applying factor analysis techniques to H-NMR spectra, we present the organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment of PM1 samples collected in parallel at two Antarctic stations, namely Signy and Halley, allowing investigation of aerosol–climate interactions in an unperturbed atmosphere. Our results show remarkable differences between pelagic (open-ocean) and sympagic (sea-ice-influenced) air masses and indicate that various sources and processes are controlling Antarctic aerosols.
Kirsten N. Fossum, Chunshui Lin, Niall O'Sullivan, Lu Lei, Stig Hellebust, Darius Ceburnis, Aqeel Afzal, Anja Tremper, David Green, Srishti Jain, Steigvilė Byčenkienė, Colin O'Dowd, John Wenger, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1262, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in the Dublin Port area were investigated over a month-long campaign. Two distinct types of ship emissions were identified and characterized: sulfate-rich plumes from use of heavy fuel oil with scrubbers and organic-rich plumes from use of low sulfur fuels. The latter were more frequent, emitting double the particle number, and having atypical V/Ni ratio for ship emission.
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Peisen Li, Zhanjie Xu, Junjun Deng, Xueyan Zhao, Xiaomai Zhao, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5887–5905, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive study of optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in fine aerosols from Tianjin, China, implied that biological emissions are major sources of BrC in summer, whereas fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions are in cold periods. The direct radiation absorption caused by BrC in short wavelengths contributed about 40 % to that caused by BrC in 300–700 nm. Water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC contains more protein-like chromophores (PLOM) than that of water-soluble BrC.
Shan Wang, Kezheng Liao, Zijing Zhang, Yuk Ying Cheng, Qiongqiong Wang, Hanzhe Chen, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5803–5821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, hourly primary and secondary organic carbon were estimated by a novel Bayesian inference approach in suburban Hong Kong. Their multi-temporal-scale variations and evolution characteristics during PM2.5 episodes were examined. The methodology could serve as a guide for other locations with similar monitoring capabilities. The observation-based results are helpful for understanding the evolving nature of secondary organic aerosols and refining the accuracy of model simulations.
Liyuan Zhou, Qianyun Liu, Christian M. Salvador, Michael Le Breton, Mattias Hallquist, Jian Zhen Yu, Chak K. Chan, and Åsa M. Hallquist
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-494, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-494, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research on city bus emissions reveals that alternative fuels (compressed natural gas and biofuels) reduce fresh particle emissions compared to diesel. However, all fuels lead to secondary air pollution. Aiming at guiding better environmental policies, we studied 76 buses using advanced emission measurement techniques. This work sheds light on the complex effects of bus fuels on urban air quality, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluations of future transportation technologies.
Mingfu Cai, Chenshuo Ye, Bin Yuan, Shan Huang, E Zheng, Suxia Yang, Zelong Wang, Yi Lin, Tiange Li, Weiwei Hu, Wei Chen, Qicong Song, Wei Li, Yuwen Peng, Baolin Liang, Qibin Sun, Jun Zhao, Duohong Chen, Jiaren Sun, Zhiyong Yang, and Min Shao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-887, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-887, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the daytime secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban plumes. We observed a significant daytime SOA formation through gas-particle partitioning when the site was affected by urban plumes. Box model simulation indicated that urban pollutants (nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds) could enhance the oxidizing capacity, while the elevated volatile organic compounds were mainly responsible for promoting daytime SOA formation.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1130, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in PM2.5 particles on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We discovered that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the primary sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they contribute to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-841, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing processes of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger proportion during severe air pollution, harboring more animal and human pathogens. A relative shift towards marine air-mass with respect to pollution elimination, where saprophytic bacteria and fungi were predominant. Mixed air-mass reveals the intermixing processes of terrestrial and marine sources.
Maria P. Velásquez-García, K. Santiago Hernández, James A. Vergara-Correa, Richard J. Pope, Miriam Gómez-Marín, and Angela M. Rendón
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-695, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-695, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the Aburrá Valley, Colombia, local emissions dominate aerosol concentrations, which degrade air quality (AQ) and impact human health. However, this can be exacerbated by the influx of external emissions from sources such as regional fires, Saharan dust, and volcanic degassing. While substantially increasing city-wide aerosols, these external sources can also degrade the aerosol chemical composition (i.e. their toxicity) and impact AQ, which we investigate in this study.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Hong-Wei Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4331–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides field-based evidence about the differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials on aerosol nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in different seasons in Ürümqi, bridging the linkages between the observations and previous laboratory studies showing the formation mechanisms of NOCs.
Maud Leriche, Pierre Tulet, Laurent Deguillaume, Frédéric Burnet, Aurélie Colomb, Agnès Borbon, Corinne Jambert, Valentin Duflot, Stéphan Houdier, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Pamela Dominutti, Manon Rocco, Camille Mouchel-Vallon, Samira El Gdachi, Maxence Brissy, Maroua Fathalli, Nicolas Maury, Bert Verreyken, Crist Amelynck, Niels Schoon, Valérie Gros, Jean-Marc Pichon, Mickael Ribeiro, Eric Pique, Emmanuel Leclerc, Thierry Bourrianne, Axel Roy, Eric Moulin, Joël Barrie, Jean-Marc Metzger, Guillaume Péris, Christian Guadagno, Chatrapatty Bhugwant, Jean-Mathieu Tibere, Arnaud Tournigand, Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Anne-Marie Delort, Pierre Amato, Muriel Joly, Jean-Luc Baray, Pascal Renard, Angelica Bianco, Anne Réchou, and Guillaume Payen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4129–4155, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles in the atmosphere play a key role in climate change and air pollution. A large number of aerosol particles are formed from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs and secondary organic aerosols – SOA). An important field campaign was organized on Réunion in March–April 2019 to understand the formation of SOA in a tropical atmosphere mostly influenced by VOCs emitted by forest and in the presence of clouds. This work synthesizes the results of this campaign.
Jinbo Wang, Jiaping Wang, Yuxuan Zhang, Tengyu Liu, Xuguang Chi, Xin Huang, Dafeng Ge, Shiyi Lai, Caijun Zhu, Lei Wang, Qiaozhi Zha, Ximeng Qi, Wei Nie, Congbin Fu, and Aijun Ding
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-879, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-879, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found large spatial discrepancies in the physical and chemical properties of black carbon over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Elevated anthropogenic emissions from low-altitude regions can significantly change the mass concentration, mixing state and chemical composition of black carbon -containing aerosol in TP region, further altering its light absorption ability. Our study emphasizes the vulnerability of remote plateau regions to intense anthropogenic influences.
Ryan N. Farley, James E. Lee, Laura-Hélèna Rivellini, Alex K. Y. Lee, Rachael Dal Porto, Christopher D. Cappa, Kyle Gorkowski, Abu Sayeed Md Shawon, Katherine B. Benedict, Allison C. Aiken, Manvendra K. Dubey, and Qi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3953–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The black carbon aerosol composition and mixing state were characterized using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Single-particle measurements revealed the major role of atmospheric processing in modulating the black carbon mixing state. A significant fraction of soot particles were internally mixed with oxidized organic aerosol and sulfate, with implications for activation as cloud nuclei.
Xinya Liu, Bas Henzing, Arjan Hensen, Jan Mulder, Peng Yao, Danielle van Dinther, Jerry van Bronckhorst, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3405–3420, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (TOF-ACSM) following the implementation of the PM2.5 aerodynamic lens and a capture vaporizer (CV). The results showed that it significantly improved the accuracy and precision of ACSM in the field observations. The paper elucidates the measurement outcomes of various instruments and provides an analysis of their biases. This comprehensive evaluation is expected to benefit the ACSM community and other aerosol field measurements.
Eva-Lou Edwards, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Claire E. Robinson, Michael A. Shook, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3349–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate Cl− depletion in sea salt particles over the northwest Atlantic from December 2021 to June 2022 using an airborne dataset. Losses of Cl− are greatest in May and least in December–February and March. Inorganic acidic species can account for all depletion observed for December–February, March, and June near Bermuda but none in May. Quantifying Cl− depletion as a percentage captures seasonal trends in depletion but fails to convey the effects it may have on atmospheric oxidation.
Yue Sun, Yujiao Zhu, Yanbin Qi, Lanxiadi Chen, Jiangshan Mu, Ye Shan, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Ping Liu, Can Cui, Ji Zhang, Mingxuan Liu, Lingli Zhang, Yufei Wang, Xinfeng Wang, Mingjin Tang, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3241–3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field observations were conducted at the summit of Changbai Mountain in northeast Asia. The cumulative number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) varied from 1.6 × 10−3 to 78.3 L−1 over the temperature range of −5.5 to −29.0 ℃. Biological INPs (bio-INPs) accounted for the majority of INPs, and the proportion exceeded 90% above −13.0 ℃. Planetary boundary layer height, valley breezes, and long-distance transport of air mass influence the abundance of bio-INPs.
Cuizhi Sun, Yongyun Zhang, Baoling Liang, Min Gao, Xi Sun, Fei Li, Xue Ni, Qibin Sun, Hengjia Ou, Dexian Chen, Shengzhen Zhou, and Jun Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3043–3063, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3043-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3043-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a May–June 2021 expedition in the South China Sea, we analyzed black and brown carbon in marine aerosols, key to light absorption and climate impact. Using advanced in situ and microscope techniques, we observed particle size, structure, and tar balls mixed with various elements. Results showed biomass burning and fossil fuels majorly influence light absorption, especially during significant burning events. This research aids the understanding of carbonaceous aerosols' role in marine climate.
C. Isabel Moreno, Radovan Krejci, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Gaëlle Uzu, Andrés Alastuey, Marcos F. Andrade, Valeria Mardóñez, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Diego Aliaga, Claudia Mohr, Laura Ticona, Fernando Velarde, Luis Blacutt, Ricardo Forno, David N. Whiteman, Alfred Wiedensohler, Patrick Ginot, and Paolo Laj
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2837–2860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol chemical composition (ions, sugars, carbonaceous matter) from 2011 to 2020 was studied at Mt. Chacaltaya (5380 m a.s.l., Bolivian Andes). Minimum concentrations occur in the rainy season with maxima in the dry and transition seasons. The origins of the aerosol are located in a radius of hundreds of kilometers: nearby urban and rural areas, natural biogenic emissions, vegetation burning from Amazonia and Chaco, Pacific Ocean emissions, soil dust, and Peruvian volcanism.
Junke Zhang, Yunfei Su, Chunying Chen, Wenkai Guo, Qinwen Tan, Miao Feng, Danlin Song, Tao Jiang, Qiang Chen, Yuan Li, Wei Li, Yizhi Wang, Xiaojuan Huang, Lin Han, Wanqing Wu, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Typical haze events in Chengdu at the beginning of 2023 were investigated with bulk-chemical and single-particle analyses along with numerical model simulations. By integrating the obtained chemical composition, source, mixing state and numerical simulation results, we infer that Haze-1 was mainly caused by pollutants related to fossil fuel combustion, especially local mobile sources, while Haze-2 was triggered by the secondary pollutants, which mainly came from regional transmission.
Cited articles
Aas, W. and Breivik, K.: Heavy metals and POP measurements, 2009, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP/CCC-Report 3/2011, 2011.
Aas, W., Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Schaug, J., and Solberg, S.: Data quality 1999, quality assurance and field comparisons, Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC Report 6/2001, 2001.
Aas, W., Hanssen, J. E., and Schaug, J.: Field intercomparison of main components in air in EMEP, Water Air Soil Poll. Focus, 1567–7230, 2007.
Aas, W., Alleman, L. Y., Bieber, E., Coleman, P., Gladtke, D., Houdret, J.-L., Karlsson, V., and Monies, C.: Comparison of methods for measuring atmospheric deposition of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead, J. Environ. Monit., 11, 1276–1283, 2009.
Aas, W., Tsyro, S., Bieber, E., Bergström, R., Ceburnis, D., Ellermann, T., Fagerli, H., Frölich, M., Gehrig, R., Makkonen, U., Nemitz, E., Otjes, R., Perez, N., Perrino, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Putaud, J.-P., Simpson, D., Spindler, G., Vana, M., and Yttri, K. E.: Lessons learnt from the first EMEP intensive measurement periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 3731–3780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-3731-2012, 2012.
AMAP Assessment 2011: Mercury in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. xiv + 193 pp., 2011.
Audrone, R. M.: Long-term trends of benzo(a)pyrene concentration on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Environ, 40, 2046–2057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.045, 2006.
Baldsano, J. M., Goncalves, M., and Jimenz, P.: A review of background air quality trends in Europe using EMEP data. Air pollution XIII, Thirteenth International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, 82, 129–138, 2005.
Barber, J. L., Sweetman, A. J., van Wijk, D., and Jones, K. C.: Hexachlorobenzene in the global environment: Emissions, levels, distribution, trends and processes, Sci. Total Environ., 349, 1–44, 2005.
Barmpadimos, I., Keller, J., Oderbolz, D., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: One decade of parallel fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10–PM2.5) particulate matter measurements in Europe: trends and variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3189–3203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3189-2012, 2012.
Becker, S., Halsall, C. J., Tych, W., Kallenborn, R., Su, Y., and Hung, H.: Long-term trends in atmospheric concentrations of alpha- and gamma-HCH in the Arctic provide insight into the effects of legislation and climatic fluctuations on contaminant levels, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8225–8233, 2008.
Berg, T. and Semb, A.: Preliminary results from the HELCOM – EMEP – PARCOM – AMAP analytical intercomparison of heavy metals in precipitation, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP/CCC-Note 1/95, 1995.
Beyer, A., Wania, F., Gouin, T., Mackay, D., and Matthies, M.: Temperature dependence of the characteristic travel distance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 766–771, 2003.
Breivik, K. and Wania, F.: Mass budgets, pathways, and equilibrium states of two hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Baltic Sea environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1024–1032, 2002.
Breivik, K., Pacyna, J. M., and Munch, J.: Use of alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in Europe, 1970–1996, Sci. Total Environ., 239, 151–163, 1999.
Breivik, K., Sweetman, A., Pacyna, J. M., and Jones, K. C.: Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners – A mass balance approach 3 An update, Sci. Total Environ., 377, 296–307, 2007.
Brorström-Lundén, E., Lindskog, A., and Mowrer, J.: Concentrations and fluxes of organic compounds in the atmosphere of the Swedish west coast, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3605–3615, 1994.
Cavalli, F. and Putaud, J. P.: Results of the 2010' intercomparison of TC, OC and EC analytical methods, in: Transboundary Particulate Matter in Europe: EMEP Status Report 2009, edited by: Yttri, K. E., Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP Report 4/2011, 55–61, 2011.
Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010, 2010.
CEN: Air Quality – Determination of the PM10 fraction of suspended particulate matter – Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate reference equivalence of measurement methods, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, CEN EN 12341:1998, 1999.
CEN: Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM2.5 mass fraction of suspended particulate matter, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, CEN EN 14907:2005, 2005.
Chevalier, A., Gheusi, F., Delmas, R., Ordóñez, C., Sarrat, C., Zbinden, R., Thouret, V., Athier, G., and Cousin, J.-M.: Influence of altitude on ozone levels and variability in the lower troposphere: a ground-based study for western Europe over the period 2001–2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4311–4326, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4311-2007, 2007.
Cofala, J., Amann, M., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Posch, M., Schöpp, W., Tarasson, L., Jonson, J., Whall, C., and Stavrakaki, A.: Final Report: Analysis of Policy Measures to Reduce Ship Emissions in the Context of the Revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive, March 2007, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 74 pp., 2007.
Colette, A., Granier, C., Hodnebrog, Ø., Jakobs, H., Maurizi, A., Nyiri, A., Bessagnet, B., D'Angiola, A., D'Isidoro, M., Gauss, M., Meleux, F., Memmesheimer, M., Mieville, A., Rouïl, L., Russo, F., Solberg, S., Stordal, F., and Tampieri, F.: Air quality trends in Europe over the past decade: a first multi-model assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11657–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11657-2011, 2011.
Dayan, U. and Lamb, D.: Global and synoptic-scale weather patterns controlling wet atmospheric deposition over central Europe, Atmos. Environ., 39, 521–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.063, 2005.
Denier van der Gon, H., Jozwicka, M., Hendriks, E., Gondwe, M., and Martijn Schaap, M.: Mineral Dust as a component of Particulate Matter, 78 pp., TNO Report 500099003, ECN, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 2010
Dore, A. J., Vieno, M., Tang, Y. S., Dragosits, U., Dosio, A., Weston, K. J., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international shipping, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2355–2367, 2007.
Dvorska, A., Lammel, G., Klanova, J., and Holoubek, I.: Košetice, Czech Republic – ten years of air pollution monitoring and four years of evaluating the origin of persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Pollut., 156, 403–408, 2008.
Eckhardt, S., Breivik, K., Man\o, S., and Stohl, A.: Record high peaks in PCB concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere due to long-range transport of biomass burning emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4527–4536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4527-2007, 2007.
Eckhardt, S., Breivik, K., Li, Y. F., Man\o, S., and Stohl, A.: Source regions of some persistent organic pollutants measured in the atmosphere at Birkenes, Norway, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6597–6610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6597-2009, 2009.
EEA: Assessment of ground-level ozone in EEA member countries, with a focus on long-term trends, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, EEA Technical Report No. 7/2009, 2009.
EEA: Air quality in Europe – 2011 report, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, EEA Technical Report No. 12/2011, 2011.
Egnèr, H., Brodin, G., and Johansson, O.: Sampling technique and chemical examination of air and precipitation, Kungl. Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler, 22, 369–410, 1955.
EMEP/CCC: Manual for sampling and chemical analysis, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP/CCC Report 1/95 (Last rev. 2001), http://tarantula.nilu.no/projects/ccc/manual/index.html [2011-08-30], 2001.
EMEP-WMO: Workshop on Strategies for Monitoring of Regional Air Pollution in relation to the need within EMEP, GAW and other international bodies, Aspenäs Herrgård, Lerum, Sweden, 2–4 June 1997, edited by: Schaug, J. and Uhse, K., Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 10/97, 1997.
EMEP-WMO: EMEP-WMO workshop on fine particles – emissions, modelling and measurements, Interlaken, Switzerland 22–25 November 1999, edited by: Hanssen, J. E., Ballaman, R., and Gehrig, R., Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 9/2000, 2000.
EMEP: Transboundary Particulate Matter in Europe: EMEP Status Report 2009, edited by: Yttri, K. E., Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP Report 4/2011, 2011.
EMEP/CEIP: Emission data downloaded from WebDab in November 2011, http://www.ceip.at/emission-data-webdab/emissions-as-used-in-emep-models/, 2011.
Eliassen, A.: The OECD study of long range transport of air pollutants: long-range transport modeling, Atmos. Environ., 12, 479–487, 1978.
Eliassen, A., Saltbones, J., Stordal, F., Hov, Ø., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: A Lagrangian Long-Range Transport Model with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Chemistry, J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1645–1661, 1982.
EU: Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air, Off. J. Eur. Comm., L 163, 29/06/1999, 0041 – 0060, 1999.
EU: Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Off. J. Eur. Comm., L23, 26/01/2005, 3–16, 2004.
EU: Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, Off. J. Eur. Comm., L152,11/6/2008, 1–44, 2008.
Eyring, V., Isaksen, I., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. J., Corbett, J., Endresen, O., Grainger, R. G, Moldanova, J., Schlager, H., and Stevenson, D. S.: Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4735–4771, 2010.
Fagerli, H. and Aas, W.: Trends of nitrogen in air and precipitation: Model results and observations at EMEP sites in Europe, 1980–2003, Environ. Poll., 154, 448–461, 2008.
Flechard, C. R., Nemitz, E., Smith, R. I., Fowler, D., Vermeulen, A. T., Bleeker, A., Erisman, J. W., Simpson, D., Zhang, L., Tang, Y. S., and Sutton, M. A.: Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to European ecosystems: a comparison of inferential models across the NitroEurope network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2703–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011, 2011.
Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Fowler, D., Pilegaard, K., Sutton, M. A., Ambus, P., Raivonen, M., Duyzer, J., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Fuzzi, S., Schjoerring, J. K., Granier, C., Neftel, A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Laj, P., Maione, M., Monks, P. S., Burkhardt, J., Daemmgen, U., Neirynck, J., Personne, E., Wichink-Kruit, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Flechard, C., Tuovinen, J. P., Coyle, M., Gerosa, G., Loubet, B., Altimir, N., Gruenhage, L., Ammann, C., Cieslik, S., Paoletti, E., Mikkelsen, T. N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Cellier, P., Cape, J. N., Horvath, L., Loreto, F., Niinemets, U., Palmer, P. I., Rinne, J., Misztal, P., Nemitz, E., Nilsson, D., Pryor, S., Gallagher, M. W., Vesala, T., Skiba, U., Brueggemann, N., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Williams, J., O'Dowd, C., Facchini, M. C., de Leeuw, G., Flossman, A., Chaumerliac, N., and Erisman, J. W.: Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems-Atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193–5267, 2009.
Furger, M., Dommen, J., Graber, W. K., Poggio, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., Emeis, S., Grell, G., Trickl, T., Gomišcek, B., Neininger, B., and Wotawa, G.: The VOTALP Mesolcina Valley Campaign 1996 – concept, background and some highlights, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1395–1412, 2000.
Gelencser, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.
Gouin, T., Harner, T., Blanchard, P., and Mackay, D.: Passive and active air samplers as complementary methods for investigating persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9115–9122, 2005.
Gilardoni, S., Vignati, E., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J. P., Larsen, B. R., Karl, M., Stenström, K., Genberg, J., Henne, S., and Dentener, F.: Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined 14C – macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5685–5700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5685-2011, 2011.
Gilbert, R. O.: Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.
Grennfelt, P. and Schjoldager, J.: Photochemical oxidants in the troposphere: a mounting menace, Ambio, 13, 61–67, 1984.
Grennfelt, P., Hoem, K., Saltbones, J., and Schjoldager, J.: Oxidant data collection in OECD Europe 1985–87 (OXIDATE): Report on ozone, nitrogen dioxide and peroxyacetyl nitrate. October 1986–March 1987, April–September 1987 and October–December 1987, Lillestrøm, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU OR 63/89, 1989.
Halsall, C. J., Sweetman, A. J., Barrie, L. A., and Jones, K. C.: Modelling the behaviour of PAHs during atmospheric transport from the UK to the Arctic, Atmos. Environ., 35, 255–267, 2001.
Halse, A. K., Schlabach, M., Eckhardt, S., Sweetman, A., Jones, K. C., and Breivik, K.: Spatial variability of POPs in European background air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1549–1564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1549-2011, 2011.
Harmens, H., Norris, D. A., Steinnes, E., Kubin, E., Piispanen, J., Alber, R., Aleksiayenak, Y., Blum, O., Coskun, M., Dam, M., De Temmerman, L., Fernández, J. A., Frolova, M., Frontasyeva, M., González-Miqueo, L., Grodzi\'{n}ska, K., Jeran, Z., Korzekwa, S., Krmar, M., Kvietkus, K., Leblond, S., Liiv, S., Magnússon, S. H., Maňkovská, B., Pesch, R., Rühling, Å., Santamaria, J. M., Schröder, W., Spiric, Z., Suchara, I., Thöni, L., Urumov, V., Yurukova, L., and Zechmeister, H. G.: Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal deposition: Spatial patterns and temporal trends in Europe, Environ. Pollut., 158, 3144–3156, 2010.
Harner, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T. F., and Strachan, W. M. J.: Removal of alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane and enantiomers of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in the eastern Arctic Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1157–1164, 1999.
Harner, T., Bartkow, M., Holoubek, I., Klanova, J., Wania, F., Gioia, R., Moeckel, C., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.: Passive air sampling for persistent organic pollutants: Introductory remarks to the special issue, Environ. Pollut., 144, 361–364, 2006.
Heimbürger, L.-E., Migon, C., Dufou, A., Chiffoleau, J.-F., and Cossa, D.: Trace metal concentrations in the North-western Mediterranean atmospheric aerosol between 1986 and 2008: Seasonal patterns and decadal trends, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 2629–2638, 2010.
Henne, S., Brunner, D., Folini, D., Solberg, S., Klausen, J., and Buchmann, B.: Assessment of parameters describing representativeness of air quality in-situ measurement sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3561–3581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3561-2010, 2010.
Hellsten, S., van Loon, M., Tarrason, L., Vestreng, V., Tørseth, K., Kindbom, K., and Aas, W.: Base cation deposition in Europe, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, IVL Report B1722, 2007.
Hjellbrekke, A.-G. and Fjæraa, A. M.: Data Report 2009, Acidifying and eutrophying compounds and particulate matter, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, EMEP/CCC-Report 1/2011, 2011.
Hole, J. R., Christensen, J. H., Ruoho-Airola, T., Tørseth, K., Ginzburg, V., and Glowacki, P.: Past and future trends in concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in the Arctic, Atmos. Environ., 43, 928–939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.043, 2009.
Holoubek, I., Klanova, J., Jarkovsky, J., and Kohoutek, J.: Trends in background levels of persistent organic pollutants at Kosetice observatory, Czech Republic, Part I: Ambient air and wet deposition 1996–2005, J. Environ. Monit., 9, 557–563, 2007.
HTAP: Assessment of hemispheric transport of air pollution, Part B: Mercury, edited by: Pirrone, N. and Keating, T., prepared by: the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution, Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Air Pollution Studies No. 18, 2010.
Hung, H., Kallenborn, R., Breivik, K., Su, Y., Brorström-Lundén, E., Olafsdottir, K., Thorlacius, J. M., Leppänen, S., Bossi, R., Skov, H., Manø, S., Patton, G. W., Stern, G., Sverko, E., and Fellin, P.: Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993–2006, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 2854–2873, 2010.
Jaward, F. M., Farrar, N. J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.: Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 34–41, 2004a.
Jaward, F. M., Farrar, N. J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.: Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across Europe, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 1355–1364, 2004b.
Jenkin, M. E., Utembe, S. R., and Derwent, R. G.: Modelling the impact of elevated primary NO2 and HONO emissions on regional scale oxidant formation in the UK, Atmos. Environ., 42, 323–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.021, 2008.
Jonson, J. E., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., and Solberg, S.: Can we explain the trends in European ozone levels?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-51-2006, 2006.
Kaiser, A.: Origin of polluted air masses in the Alps: An overview and first results for MONARPOP, Environ. Pollut., 157, 3232–3237, 2009.
Kahnert, M., Lazaridis, M., Tsyro, S., and Tørseth, K.: Requirements for developing a regional monitoring capacity for aerosols in Europe within EMEP, J. Environ. Monit., 6, 646–655, 2004.
Karlsson, P., Uddling, J., Braun, S., Broadmeadow, M., Elvira, S., Gimeno, B., Le Thiec, D., Oksanen, E., Vandermeiren, K., Wilkinson, M., and Emberson, L.: New critical levels for ozone effects on young trees based on AOT40 and simulated cumulative leaf uptake of ozone, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2283–2294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.027, 2004.
Kock, H. H., Bieber, E., Ebinghaus, R., Spain, T. G., and Thees, B.: Comparison of long-term trends and seasonal variations of atmospheric mercury concentrations at the two European coastal monitoring stations Mace Head, Ireland, and Zingst, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7549–7556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.059, 2005.
Konovalov, I. B., Beekmann, M., Burrows, J. P., and Richter, A.: Satellite measurement based estimates of decadal changes in European nitrogen oxides emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2623–2641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2623-2008, 2008.
Laj, P., Klausen, J., Bilde, M., Plaβ-Duelmer, C., Pappalardo, G., Clerbaux, C., Baltensperger, U., Hjorth, J., Simpson, D., Reimann, S., Coheur, P. F., Richter, A., de Mazière, M., Rudich, Y., McFiggans, G., Tørseth, K., Wiedensohler, A., Morin, S., Schulz, M., Allan, J., Attié, J. L., Barnes, I., Birmilli, W., Cammas, P., Dommen, J., Dorn, H. P., Fuzzi, J. S., Glasius, M., Hermann, M., Kinne, S., Koren, I., Madonna, F., Maione, M., Massling, A., Moehler, O., Mona, L., Müller, D., Müller, T., Orphal, J., Peuch, W. H., Stratmann, F., Tanré, D., Tyndall, D., Riziq, A. A., Van Roozendael, M., Villani, P., Weiner, B., Wex, H., and Zardini, A.: Measuring Atmospheric Composition Change, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5351–5414, 2009.
Larsson, P.: Contaminated sediments of lakes and oceans act as sources of chlorinated hydrocarbons for release to water and atmosphere, Nature, 317, 347–349, 1985.
Lazaridis, M., Semb, A., Larssen, S., Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Hov, Ø., Hanssen, J.-E., Schaug, J., and Tørseth, K.: Measurements of particulate matter within the framework of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP): I, First results, Sci. Total Environ., 285, 209–235, 2002.
Legrand, M. and Puxbaum, H.: Summary of the CARBOSOL project: present and retrospective state of organic versus inorganic aerosol over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008271, 2007.
Li, Y. F.: Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997, Sci. Total Environ., 232, 121–158, 1999.
Li, Y. F., Macdonald, R. W., Jantunen, L. M. M., Harner, T., Bidleman, T. F., and Strachan, W. M. J.: The transport of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane to the western Arctic Ocean: a contrast to alpha-HCH, Sci. Total Environ., 291, 229–246, 2002.
Loibl, W., Winiwarter, W., Kopsca, A., Zufger, J., and Baumann, R.: Estimating the spatial distribution of ozone concentrations in complex terrain, Atmos. Environ, 28, 2557–2566, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90430-8, 1994.
Lorenz, M. and Granke, O.: Deposition measurements and critical loads calculations: monitoring data, results and perspective, iForest, 2, 11–14, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor0478-002, 2009.
Lövblad, G., Tarrason, L., Tørseth, K., and Dutchak, S.: EMEP Assessment, Part I, European Perspective, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, 2004.
Ma, J. M., Hung, H. L., Tian, C., and Kallenborn, R.: Revolatilization of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic induced by climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 255–260, 2011.
Malanichev, A., Mantseva, E., Shatalov, V., Strukov, B., and Vulykh, N.: Numerical evaluation of the PCBs transport over the Northern Hemisphere, Environ. Pollut., 128, 279–289, 2004.
Mills, G., Hayes, F., Simpson, D., Emberson, L., Norris, D., Harmens, H., and Büker, P.: Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990–2006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps, Global Change Biology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 17, 592–613, 2011.
Monks, P. S., Granier, C., Fuzzi, S., Stohl, A., Williams, M. L., Akimoto, H., Amann, M., Baklanov, A., Baltensperger, U., Bey, I., Blake, N., Blake, R. S., Carslaw, K., Cooper, O. R., Dentener, F., Fowler, D., Fragkou, E., Frost, G. J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Grewe, V., Guenther, A., Hansson, H. C., Henne, S., Hjorth, J., Hofzumahaus, A., Huntrieser, H., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jenkin, M. E., Kaiser, J., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kulmala, M., Laj, P., Lawrence, M. G., Lee, J. D., Liousse, C., Maione, M., McFiggans, G., Metzger, A., Mieville, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Orlando, J. J., O'Dowd, C. D., Palmer, P. I., Parrish, D. D., Petzold, A., Platt, U., Pöschl, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., Reeves, C. E., Reimann, S., Rudich, Y., Sellegri, K., Steinbrecher, R., Simpson, D., ten Brink, H., Theloke, J., van der Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Vestreng, V., Vlachokostas, Ch., and von Glasow, R.: Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5268–5350, 2009.
Monteiro, A. Carvalho, A., Ribeiro, I., Scotto, M., Barbosa, S., Alonso, A., Baldasano, J. M., Pay, M. T., Miranda, A. I., and Borrego, C.: Trends in ozone concentrations in the Iberian peninsula by Quantile regression and clustering, Atmos. Environ., 56, 184–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.069, 2012.
Munthe, J., Wangberg, I., Iverfeldt, A., Lindqvist, O., Stromberg, D., Sommar, J., Gardfeldt, K., Petersen, G., Ebinghaus, R., Prestbo, E., Larjava, K., and Siemens, V.: Distribution of atmospheric mercury species in Northern Europe: final results from the MOE project, Atmos. Environ., 37, 9–20, 2003.
Nizzetto, L., Macleod, M., Borga, K., Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J., Di Guardo, A., Ghirardello, D., Hansen, K. M., Jarvis, A., Lindroth, A., Ludwig, B., Monteith, D., Perlinger, J. A., Scheringer, M., Schwendenmann, L., Semple, K. T., Wick, L. Y., Zhang, G., and Jones, K. C.: Past, present, and future controls on levels of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6526–6531, 2010.
Ockenden, W. A., Steinnes, E., Parker, C., and Jones, K. C.: Observations on persistent organic pollutants in plants: Implications for their use as passive air samplers and for POP cycling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2721–2726, 1998.
OECD: The OECD Programme on Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants. Measurements and Findings. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris 1977, Report can be downloaded from http://www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/reports/paris_1977.pdf, 1977.
Odèn, S.: Nederbördens og luftens försurning, dess orsaker, förlopp och verkan i olika miljöer. Statens naturvetenskapliga forskningsråd, Stockholm, Ecologikommitèen Bull. No. 1, 1968.
Oltmans, S. J., Lefohn, A. S., Harris, J. M., Galbally, I., Scheel, H. E., Bodeker, G., Brunke, E., Claude, H., Tarasick, D., Johnson, B. J., Simmonds, P., Shadwick, D., Anlauf, K., Hayden, K., Sch midlin, F., Fujimoto, T., Akagi, K., Meyer, C., Nichol, S., Davies, J., Redondas, A., and Cuevas, E.: Long-term changes in tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3156–3173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.029, 2006.
Ordóñez, C., Mathis, H., Furger, M., Henne, S., Hüglin, C., Staehelin, J., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Changes of daily surface ozone maxima in Switzerland in all seasons from 1992 to 2002 and discussion of summer 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1187–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1187-2005, 2005.
Ottar, B.: The transfer of airborne pollutants to the Arctic region, Atmos. Environ., 15, 1439–1445, 1981.
Ottar, B., Dovland, H., and Semb, A.: Long range transport of air pollutants and acid precipitation, Air Pollution and Plant Life, edited by: Treshov, M. Wiley, 39–71, 1984.
Pacyna, J. M., Semb, A., and Hanssen, J. E.: Emission and long-range transport of trace elements in Europe, Tellus, 36b, 163–178, 1984.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E., Hlawiczka, S., Panasiuk, D., Nitter, S., Pregger, T., Pfeiffer, H., and Friedrich, R.: Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8557–8566, 2007.
Pacyna, J. M., Pacyna, E. G., and Aas, W.: Changes of emissions and atmospheric deposition of mercury, lead, and cadmium, Atmos. Environ., 43, 117–127, 2009.
Perrino, C., Canepari, S., Catrambone, M., Dalla Torre, S., Rantica, E., and Sargolini, T.: Influence of natural events on the concentration and composition of atmospheric particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4754–4765, 2008.
Philippin, S., Laj, P., Putaud, J.-P., Wiedensohler, A., de Leeuw, G., Fjaeraa, A. M., Platt, U., Baltensperger, U., and Fiebig, M.: EUSAAR – An Unprecedented Network of Aerosol Observation in Europe, Earozoru Kenkyu, 24, 78–83, 2009.
Pio, C. A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Santos, C., Caseiro, A., Fialho, P., Barata, F., Puxbaum, H., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Gelencsér, A., Preunkert, S., and Schock, M.: Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at non-urban areas on a west-east transect across Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008038, 2007.
Pozo, K., Harner, T., Lee, S. C., Wania, F., Muir, D. C. G., and Jones, K. C.: Seasonally resolved concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the global atmosphere from the first year of the GAPS study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 796–803, 2009.
Putaud, J.-P., Van Dingenen, R., Alastuey, A., Bauer, H., Birmili, W., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H. C., Harrison, R. M., Herrmann, H., Hitzenberger, R., Hüglin, C., Jones, A. M., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kiss, G., Kousa, A., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Löschau, G., Maenhaut, W., Molnar, A., Moreno, T., Pekkanen, J., Perrino, C., Pitz, M., Puxbaum, H., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Salma, I., Schwarz, J., Smolik, J., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Tursic, J., Viana, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Raes, F.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308–1320, 2010.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Cusack, M., Pérez, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Theodosi, C., Gerasopoulos, E., Kubilay, N., and Koçak, M.: Variability in regional background aerosols within the Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4575–4591, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4575-2009, 2009.
Rodhe, H. and Granat, L.: An evaluation of sulfate in European precipitation 1955–1982, Atmos. Environ., 18, 2627–2639, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(84)90327-5, 1984.
Ruzickova, P., Klanova, J., Cupr, P., Lammel, G., and Holoubek, I.: An assessment of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides across Central and Southern Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 179–185, 2008.
Salmi, T., Määttä, A., Anttila, P., Ruoho-Airola, T., and Amnell, T.: Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimates – the Excel template application MAKESENS, Helsinki, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Report code FMI-AQ-31, 2002.
Schaap, M., Otjes, R. P., and Weijers, E. P.: Illustrating the benefit of using hourly monitoring data on secondary inorganic aerosol and its precursors for model evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11041–11053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11041-2011, 2011.
Scheel, H., Areskoug, H., Geiss, H., Gomiscek, B., Granby, K., Haszpra, L., Klasinc, L., Kley, D., Laurila, T., Lindskog, A., Roemer, M., Schmitt, R., Simmonds, P., Solberg, S., and Toupance, G.: On the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of lower-troposphere ozone over Europe, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 11–28, 1997.
Schlabach, M., Aas, W., Hung, H. M., Rania, F., and Su, Y.: NCP, AMAP and EMEP POP laboratory comparison 2010, Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 7/2011, 2011.
Schuster, J. K., Gioia, R., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.: Temporal trends and controlling factors for polychlorinated biphenyls in the UK atmosphere (1991–2008), Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8068–8074, 2010.
Schuster, J. K., Gioia, R., Breivik, K., Steinnes, E., Scheringer, M., and Jones, K. C.: Trends in European background air reflect reductions in primary emissions of PCBs and PBDEs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6760–6766, 2011.
Semb, A.: Sulphur emissions in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 12, 455–460, 1978.
Shoeib, M. and Harner, T.: Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4142–4151, 2002.
Simpson, D., Olendrzynski, K., Semb, A., Støren, E., and Unger, S.: Photochemical oxidant modelling in Europe: multi-annual modelling and source-receptor relationships, Oslo, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, EMEP/MSC-W Report 3/97, 1997.
Simpson, D., Yttri, K., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencsér, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe. analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008158, 2007a.
Simpson, D., Emberson, L., Ashmore, M., and Tuovinen, J.: A comparison of two different approaches for mapping potential ozone damage to vegetation. A model study, Environ. Pollut., 146, 715–725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.013, 2007b.
Simpson, D., Benedictow, A., Berge, H., Bergström, R., Emberson, L. D., Fagerli, H., Hayman, G. D., Gauss, M., Jonson, J. E., Jenkin, M. E., Nyíri, A., Richter, C., Semeena, V. S., Tsyro, S., Tuovinen, J.-P., Valdebenito, Á., and Wind, P.: The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model – Part 1: Model description, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 3781–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-3781-2012, 2012.
Skiba, U., Drewer, J., Tang, Y. S., van Dijk, N., Helfter, C., Nemitz, E., Famulari, D., Cape, J. N., Jones, S. K., Twigg, M., Pihlatie, M., Vesala, T., Larsen, K. S., Carter, M. S., Ambus, P., Ibrom, A., Beier, C., Hensen, A., Frumau, A., Erisman, J. W., Brüggemann, N., Gasche, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Neftel, A., Spirig, C., Horvath, L., Freibauer, A., Cellier, P., Laville, P., Loubet, B., Magliulo, E., Bertolini, T., Seufert, G., Andersson, M., Manca, G., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Lohila, A., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Kitzler, B., Schaufler, G., Siemens, J., Kindler, R., Flechard, C., and Sutton, M. A.: Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: Measurement strategy and first data sets, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 139–149, 2009.
Skjelkvåle, B. L., Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Tørseth, K., Høgåsen, T., Bowman, J., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Mosello, R. Rogora, M., Rzychon, D., Vesely, J., Wieting, J., Wilander A., and Worsztynowicz, A.: Regional scale evidence for improvements in surface water chemistry 1990–2001, Environ. Pollut., 137, 165–176, 2005.
Slemr, F. and Scheel, H. E.: Trends in atmospheric mercury concentrations at the summit of the Wank Mountain, Southern Germany, Atmos. Environ., 32, 845–853, 1998.
Slootweg, J., Posch, M., and Hettelingh, J. P. (Eds.): Progress in the modelling of critical thresholds, impacts to plant species diversity and ecosystem services in Europe, CCE Status Report 2010, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Coordination Centre for Effects, Bilthoven, 2010.
Smidt, S., Spangl, W., and Nagl, C.: Trends of air pollutant input in Austrian forest areas, Austr. J. For. Sci., 127, 1–24, 2010.
Solberg, S.: VOC measurements 2009, Kjeller, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 6/2011, 2011.
Solberg, S., Dye, C., Walker, S.-E., and Simpson, D.: Long-term measurements and model calculations of formaldehyde at rural European monitoring sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 195–207, 2001.
Solberg, S., Bergstrøm, R., Langner, J., Laurila, T., and Lindskog, A.: Changes in Nordic surface ozone episodes due to European emission reductions in the 1990s, Atmos. Environ., 39, 179–192, 2005.
Strode, S. A., Jaeglé, L., Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Mason, R. P., and Slemr, F.: Air-sea exchange in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB1017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002766, 2007.
Su, Y. S. and Hung, H. L: Inter-laboratory comparison study on measuring semi-volatile organic chemicals in standards and air samples, Environ. Pollut., 158, 3365–3371, 2010.
Sutton, M. S., Howard, C.-M., Erisman, J. W. Billen, G., Bleeker A., Grennfelt,P., van Grinsven, H., and Grizzetti, B. (Eds.): The European nitrogen assessment – sources, effects and policy perspectives, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2011.
Travnikov, O., Gusev, A., Ilyin, I., Shatalov, V., and Sokovyh, V.: Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System (GLEMOS): Application to heavy metal and POP pollution, in preparation, 2012.
Tørseth, K. (Ed.): ACCENT workshop on network harmonization and data intercomparability 28–30 January 2008, Las Vegas, USA, ACCENT, Report 2.08, http://www4.nilu.no/farcry_accent/download.cfm?DownloadFile30AB6844-17A4-8DB2-8C461AE65F2545B1, 2008.
Tørseth, K. and Hov, Ø. (Eds.): The EMEP monitoring strategy 2004–2009. Background document with justification and specification of the EMEP monitoring programme, 2004–2009, EMEP/CCC-Report 9/2003, 69 pp., NILU, Kjeller, 2003.
Uggerud, H. Th. and Hjellbrekke, A.-G.: The twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth intercomparison of analytical methods within EMEP, Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 5/2011, 2011a.
Uggerud, H. Th. and Hjellbrekke, A.-G.: Analytical intercomparison of heavy metals in precipitation 2009 and 2010, Kjeller, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, EMEP/CCC-Report 4/2011, 2011b.
UNECE: Handbook for the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocols, Geneva, United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe, ECE/EB.AIR/85, 2004a.
UNECE: Clearing the Air – 25 years of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Geneva, United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe, ECE/EB.AIR/84, 2004b.
UNECE: EMEP monitoring strategy for 2010-1010, United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe, Geneva, ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2009/15, http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2009/EB/ge1/ece.eb.air.ge.1.2009.15.e.pdf, 2009.
UNEP Chemical Branch: The global atmospheric mercury assessment: Sources, emissions and transport. Geneva, United Nations Environment Program Chemical Branch, http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/Atmospheric_Emissions/Atmospheric_emissions_mercury.htm, 2008.
UNEP/DEWA: Integrated assessment of black carbon and tropospheric ozone; Summary for decision makers, United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Nairobi, 2011.
Vautard, R., Szopa, S., Beekmann, M., Menut, L., Hauglustaine, D. A., Rouil, L., and Roemer, M.: Are decadal anthropogenic emission reductions in Europe consistent with surface ozone observations?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026080, 2006.
Vestreng, V., Myhre, G., Fagerli, H., Reis, S., and Tarrasón, L.: Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3663–3681, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3663-2007, 2007.
Vestreng, V., Ntziachristos, L., Semb, A., Reis, S., Isaksen, I. S. A., and Tarrasón, L.: Evolution of NOx emissions in Europe with focus on road transport control measures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1503–1520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1503-2009, 2009.
Vijgen, J., Abhilash, P. C., Li, Y.F., Lal, R., Forter, M., Torres, J., Singh, N., Yunus, M., Tian, C., Schäffer, A., and Weber, R.: Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) as new Stockholm Convention POPs-a global perspective on the management of Lindane and its waste isomers, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 18, 152–162, 2011.
Wangberg, I., Munthe, J., Ebinghaus, R., Gardfeldt, K., and Sommar, J.: Distribution of TPM in Northern Europe, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 53–59, 2003.
Wängberg, I., Munthe, J., Berg, T., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Temme, C., Bieber, E., Spain, T. G., and Stolk, A.: Trends in air concentration and deposition of mercury in the coastal environment of the North Sea, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2612–2619, 2007.
Wania, F.: On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 6, 11–19, 1999.
Wania, F. and Haugen, J. E.: Long term measurements of wet deposition and precipitation scavenging of hexachlorocyclohexanes in Southern Norway, Environ. Pollut., 105, 381–386, 1999.
Wania, F. and Mackay, D.: Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions, Ambio, 22, 10–18, 1993.
Wania, F. and Mackay, D.: Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, A390–A396, 1996.
WGE: 30 years of effects research, monitoring and modelling under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Working Group on Effects, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau, Germany, 2011.
WHO: The World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.
WHO: Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide – Global update 2005, Copenhagen, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair_aqg/en/ [2011-08-16], 2005.
Wilson, R. C., Fleming, Z. L., Monks, P. S., Clain, G., Henne, S., Konovalov, I. B., Szopa, S., and Menut, L.: Have primary emission reduction measures reduced ozone across Europe? An analysis of European rural background ozone trends 1996–2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 437–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-437-2012, 2012.
Winkler, P. and Roider, G.: HELCOM – EMEP – PARCOM – AMAP: Field intercomparison of heavy metals in precipitation 1995, Hohenpeissenberg, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium, Report nr UBA-FB–98-059/e, 1997.
Xiao, H., Li, N. Q., and Wania, F.: Compilation, evaluation, and selection of physical-chemical property data for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 49, 173–185, 2004.
Yttri, K. E., Aas, W., Bjerke, A., Cape, J. N., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Dye, C., Emblico, L., Facchini, M. C., Forster, C., Hanssen, J. E., Hansson, H. C., Jennings, S. G., Maenhaut, W., Putaud, J. P., and Tørseth, K.: Elemental and organic carbon in PM10: a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5711–5725, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5711-2007, 2007.
Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Nøjgaard, J. K., Kristensen, K., Genberg, J., Stenström, K., Swietlicki, E., Hillamo, R., Aurela, M., Bauer, H., Offenberg, J. H., Jaoui, M., Dye, C., Eckhardt, S., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., and Glasius, M.: Source apportionment of the summer time carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13339–13357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13339-2011, 2011a.
Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Stenström, K., Puxbaum, H., and Svendby, T.: Source apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol in Norway – quantitative estimates based on 14C, thermal-optical and organic tracer analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9375–9394, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9375-2011, 2011b.
Zhang, Y. and Tao, S.: Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004, Atmos. Environ., 43, 812–819, 2009.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint