Articles | Volume 24, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 25 Jul 2024
| 25 Jul 2024
Upper-atmosphere responses to the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcanic eruption via acoustic gravity waves and air–sea interaction
Qinzeng Li
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Jiyao Xu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
Aditya Riadi Gusman
GNS Science, Lower Hutt, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Hanli Liu
High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Wei Yuan
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Weijun Liu
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Yajun Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
School of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
Related authors
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Hanli Liu, Xiao Liu, and Wei Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12077–12091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to explore the propagation process of concentric gravity waves (CGWs) excited by a typhoon between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. We find that CGWs in the mesosphere are generated directly by the typhoon but the CGW observed in the thermosphere may be excited by CGW dissipation in the mesosphere, rather than directly excited by a typhoon and propagated to the thermosphere.
Guochun Shi, Hanli Liu, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Alexander Kozlovsky, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Mark Lester, Christoph Jacobi, Kun Wu, and Gunter Stober
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9403–9430, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9403-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9403-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Concerns about climate change are growing due to its widespread impacts, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. To address these challenges, urgent global action is needed to monitor the distribution of trace gases and understand their effects on the atmosphere.
Ales Kuchar, Gunter Stober, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Huixin Liu, Han-Li Liu, Manfred Ern, Damian Murphy, Diego Janches, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Nicholas Mitchell, and Christoph Jacobi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2827, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how the healing of the Antarctic ozone layer is affecting winds high above the South Pole. Using ground-based radar, satellite data, and computer models, we found that winds in the upper atmosphere have become stronger over the past two decades. These changes appear to be linked to shifts in the lower atmosphere caused by ozone recovery. Our results show that human efforts to repair the ozone layer are also influencing climate patterns far above Earth’s surface.
Xiaolong Wei, Guoying Jiang, Yajun Zhu, Jiyao Xu, Weijun Liu, Tiancai Wang, Guangyi Zhu, and Wei Yuan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3326, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3326, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Scattered airglow can bias thermospheric wind observations by ground-based interferometers, especially when brightness is spatially uneven due to auroras. We simulated lower atmospheric scattering during two mid-latitude auroral events and confirmed that scattering leads to line-of-sight speed biases, thereby increasing the horizontal differences between opposite cardinal directions. This scattering impact needs to be carefully considered in thermospheric dynamics analysis.
Masaru Kogure, In-Sun Song, Huixin Liu, and Han-Li Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3303, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the impact of increased CO2 on the migrating diurnal tide (DW1), which is generated by solar absorption and latent heating. Using WACCM-X under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we find a +1 %/decade trend in DW1 amplitude at 20–70 km and a −2 %/decade trend at 90–110 km. The increase is likely due to reduced density and stronger convection near the equator, while the decrease may result from enhanced eddy diffusion in the mesosphere that suppresses tidal growth.
Guangyi Zhu, Yajun Zhu, Martin Kaufmann, Tiancai Wang, Weijun Liu, Wei Yuan, Siyin Liu, Guotao Yang, and Jiyao Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2486, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2486, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Winds in the mesopause region (85–100 km altitude) drive upper-atmospheric dynamics and energy transfer. We present the Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer, a ground-based instrument, to measure winds by observing the green airglow of atomic oxygen. Lab tests demonstrated the instrument achieves <2 m/s accuracy. Field measurements at a high-latitude site in China showed strong agreement with independent LiDAR data, confirming that the system delivers reliable wind retrievals.
Shuai Liu, Guoying Jiang, Bingxian Luo, Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, and Wen Yi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Disruptions of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation modulate the migrating diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. During the events, wavelengths and phases of the tide remain unchanged, but its amplitude strengthens. The enhancement of water vapor radiative heating, ozone radiative heating and latent heating may contribute to the amplification of the tide amplitude. These features provide insights into the dynamical coupling of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, Yangkun Liu, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10143–10157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disagreement in long-term trends in the high-latitude mesosphere temperature should be elucidated using one coherent measurement over a long period. Using SABER measurements at high latitudes and binning the data based on yaw cycle, we focus on long-term trends in the mean temperature and mesopause in the high-latitude mesosphere–lower-thermosphere region, which has been rarely studied via observations but is more sensitive to dynamic changes.
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formation of nitric oxide NO in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that it starts a chain of processes in the entire atmosphere affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of results point out problems related to the oxygen balance, and to the impact of atmospheric waves on dynamics. Both must be modeled well to reproduce the downward coupling.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6145–6167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Winds are important in characterizing atmospheric dynamics and coupling. However, it is difficult to directly measure the global winds from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. We developed a global zonal wind dataset according to the gradient wind theory and SABER and meteor radar observations. Using the dataset, we studied the intra-annual, inter-annual, and long-term variations. This is helpful to understand the variations and coupling of the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere.
Jean Roger, Bernard Pelletier, Aditya Gusman, William Power, Xiaoming Wang, David Burbidge, and Maxime Duphil
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 393–414, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On 10 February 2021 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurring at the southernmost part of the Vanuatu subduction zone triggered a regional tsunami that was recorded on many coastal gauges and DART stations of the south-west Pacific region. Beginning with a review of the tectonic setup and its implication in terms of tsunami generation in the region, this study aims to show our ability to reproduce a small tsunami with different types of rupture models and to discuss a larger magnitude 8.2 scenario.
Cornelius Csar Jude H. Salinas, Dong L. Wu, Jae N. Lee, Loren C. Chang, Liying Qian, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1705–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Upper mesospheric carbon monoxide's (CO) photochemical lifetime is longer than dynamical timescales. This work uses satellite observations and model simulations to establish that the migrating diurnal tide and its seasonal and interannual variabilities drive CO primarily through vertical advection. Vertical advection is a transport process that is currently difficult to observe. This work thus shows that we can use CO as a tracer for vertical advection across seasonal and interannual timescales.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Hanli Liu, Xiao Liu, and Wei Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12077–12091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to explore the propagation process of concentric gravity waves (CGWs) excited by a typhoon between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. We find that CGWs in the mesosphere are generated directly by the typhoon but the CGW observed in the thermosphere may be excited by CGW dissipation in the mesosphere, rather than directly excited by a typhoon and propagated to the thermosphere.
Daochun Yu, Haitao Li, Baoquan Li, Mingyu Ge, Youli Tuo, Xiaobo Li, Wangchen Xue, Yaning Liu, Aoying Wang, Yajun Zhu, and Bingxian Luo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3141–3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3141-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3141-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, the measurement of vertical atmospheric density profiles using X-ray Earth occultation is investigated. The Earth’s density profile for the lower thermosphere is obtained with Insight-HXMT. It is shown that the Insight-HXMT X-ray satellite of China can be used as an X-ray atmospheric diagnostics instrument for the upper atmosphere. The Insight-HXMT satellite can, with other X-ray astronomical satellites in orbit, form a network for X-ray Earth occultation sounding in the future.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, You Yu, Paulo P. Batista, Vania F. Andrioli, Zhengkuan Liu, Tao Yuan, Chi Wang, Ziming Zou, Guozhu Li, and James M. Russell III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.
Jianfei Wu, Wuhu Feng, Han-Li Liu, Xianghui Xue, Daniel Robert Marsh, and John Maurice Campbell Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15619–15630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Metal layers occur in the MLT region (80–120 km) from the ablation of cosmic dust. The latest lidar observations show these metals can reach a height approaching 200 km, which is challenging to explain. We have developed the first global simulation incorporating the full life cycle of metal atoms and ions. The model results compare well with lidar and satellite observations of the seasonal and diurnal variation of the metals and demonstrate the importance of ion mass and ion-neutral coupling.
Gunter Stober, Ales Kuchar, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Huixin Liu, Han-Li Liu, Hauke Schmidt, Christoph Jacobi, Kathrin Baumgarten, Peter Brown, Diego Janches, Damian Murphy, Alexander Kozlovsky, Mark Lester, Evgenia Belova, Johan Kero, and Nicholas Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13855–13902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the climate change of wind systems in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at the edge of space at altitudes from 70–110 km. Meteor radars represent a well-accepted remote sensing technique to measure winds at these altitudes. Here we present a state-of-the-art climatological interhemispheric comparison using continuous and long-lasting observations from worldwide distributed meteor radars from the Arctic to the Antarctic and sophisticated general circulation models.
Bingkun Yu, Xianghui Xue, Christopher J. Scott, Jianfei Wu, Xinan Yue, Wuhu Feng, Yutian Chi, Daniel R. Marsh, Hanli Liu, Xiankang Dou, and John M. C. Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4219–4230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A long-standing mystery of metal ions within Es layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere is the marked seasonal dependence, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. We report a large-scale winter-to-summer transport of metal ions from 6-year multi-satellite observations and worldwide ground-based stations. A global atmospheric circulation is responsible for the phenomenon. Our results emphasise the effect of this atmospheric circulation on the transport of composition in the upper atmosphere.
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Tong Dang, Binzheng Zhang, Jiuhou Lei, Wenbin Wang, Alan Burns, Han-li Liu, Kevin Pham, and Kareem A. Sorathia
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 859–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a numerical treatment (ring average) to relax the time step in finite-difference schemes when using spherical and cylindrical coordinates with axis singularities. The ring average is used to develop a high-resolution thermosphere–ionosphere coupled community model. The technique is a significant improvement in space weather modeling capability, and it can also be adapted to more general finite-difference solvers for hyperbolic equations in spherical and polar geometries.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14437–14456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large wind shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are recognized as a common phenomenon. Simulation and ground-based observations show that the main contributor of large wind shears is gravity waves. We present a method of deriving wind shears induced by gravity waves according to the linear theory and using the global temperature observations by SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry). Our results agree well with observations and model simulations.
Cited articles
Adam, D.: Tonga volcano eruption created puzzling ripples in Earth's atmosphere, Nature, 601, 497, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00127-1, 2022.
Amores, A., Monserrat, S., Marcos, M., Argüeso, D., Villalonga, J., Jordà, G., and Gomis, D.: Numerical simulation of atmospheric Lamb waves generated by the 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098240, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098240, 2022.
Astafyeva, E., Maletckii, B., Mikesell, T. D., Munaibari, E., Ravanelli, M., Coisson, P., Manta, F., and Rolland, L.: The 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption history as inferred from ionospheric observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098827, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098827, 2022.
Azeem, I., Vadas, S. L., Crowley, G., and Makela, J. J.: Traveling ionospheric disturbances over the United States induced by gravity waves from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and comparison with gravity wave dissipative theory, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 3430–3447, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023659, 2017.
Becker, E. and Vadas, S. L.: Secondary gravity waves in the winter mesosphere: Results from a high-resolution global circulation model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 2605–2627, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027460, 2018.
Beer, T.: Atmospheric Waves, John Wiley, New York, 300 pp., ISBN 0470061855, 1974.
Carvajal, M., Sepúlveda, I., Gubler, A., and Garreaud, R.: Worldwide signature of the 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098153, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098153, 2022.
Donn, W. L. and Balachandran, N. K.: Mount St. Helens eruption of 18 May 1980: Air waves and explosive yield, Science, 213, 539–541, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4507.539, 1981.
Duncombe, J.: The surprising reach of Tonga's Giant atmospheric waves, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EO220050, 2022.
Francis, S. H.: Acoustic-gravity modes and large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances of a realistic, dissipative atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 2278–2301, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i013p02278, 1973.
Garcia, F. J., Taylor, M. J., and Kelley, M. C.: Two-dimensional spectral analysis of mesospheric airglow image data, Appl. Optics, 36, 7374–7385, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.36.007374, 1997.
Ghent, J. N. and Crowell, B. W.: Spectral characteristics of ionospheric disturbances over the southwestern Pacific from the 15 January 2022 Tonga eruption and tsunami, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100145, 2022.
Gossard, E. E. and Hooke, W. H.: Waves in the Atmosphere, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 456 pp., 1975.
Grawe, M. A. and Makela, J. J.: The ionospheric responses to the 2011 Tohoku, 2012 Haida Gwaii, and 2010 Chile tsunamis: Effects of tsunami orientation and observation geometry, Earth and Space Science, 2, 472–483, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015EA000132, 2015.
Grawe, M. A. and Makela, J. J.: Observation of tsunami-generated ionospheric signatures over Hawaii caused by the 16 September 2015 Illapel earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 1128–1136, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023228, 2017.
Gusman, A. R., Roger, J., Noble, C., Wang, X., Power, W., and Burbidge, D.: The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha′apai Volcano Air-Wave Generated Tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys., 179, 3511–3525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03154-1, 2022.
Harkrider, D. and Press, F.: The Krakatoa air-sea waves: An example of pulse propagation in coupled systems, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S. 13, 149–159, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1967.tb02150.x, 1967.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., deRosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J. N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2023.
Hickey, M. P., Schubert, G., and Walterscheid, R. L.: Propagation of tsunami-driven gravity waves into the thermosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A08304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014105, 2009.
Hickey, M. P., Schubert, G., and Walterscheid, R. L.: Atmospheric airglow fluctuations due to a tsunami-driven gravity wave disturbance, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A06308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014977, 2010.
Higuchi, A., Takenaka, H., and Toyoshima, K.: HIMAWARI 8/9 gridded full-disk (FD) data Version 02 (V20190123), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Japan [data set], http://www.cr.chiba-u.jp/databases/GEO/H8_9/FD/index_en_V20190123.html, last access: 20 January 2024.
Hines, C.: Gravity waves in the atmosphere, Nature, 239, 73–78, https://doi.org/10.1038/239073A0, 1972.
Inchin, P. A., Heale, C. J., Snively, J. B., and Zettergren, M. D.: The dynamics of nonlinear atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves generated by tsunamis over realistic bathymetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2020JA028309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028309, 2020.
Inchin, P. A., Heale, C. J., Snively, J. B., and Zettergren, M. D.: Numerical modeling of tsunami-generated acoustic-gravity waves in mesopause airglow, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2022JA030301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030301, 2022.
Koketsu K. and Higashi S.: Three-dimensional topography of the sediment/basement interface in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, Central Japan, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 2328–2349, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0820062328, 1992.
Kubota, T., Saito, T., and Nishida, K.: Global fast-traveling tsunamis driven by atmospheric Lamb waves on the 2022 Tonga eruption, Science, 377, 91–94, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo4364, 2022.
Laughman, B., Fritts, D. C., and Lund, T. S.: Tsunami-driven gravity waves in the presence of vertically varying background and tidal wind structures, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 5076–5096, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025673, 2017.
Li, Q.: A strong wave front observed by an OI 630 nm airglow imager over China associated with the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruptions, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/66280, 2024a.
Li, Q.: Animation series of OH airglow disturbances associated with the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruptions, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/s_1689, 2024b.
Li, Q.: Multi-group of strong atmospheric waves observed over China associated with the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruptions, TIB AV-Portal [video], https://doi.org/10.5446/66190, 2024c.
Li, Q., Xu, J., Liu, H., Liu, X., and Yuan, W.: How do gravity waves triggered by a typhoon propagate from the troposphere to the upper atmosphere?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12077–12091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, 2022.
Li, X., Ding, F., Yue, X., Mao, T., Xiong, B., and Song, Q.: Multiwave structure of traveling ionospheric disturbances excited by the Tonga volcanic eruptions observed by a dense GNSS network in China, Space Weather, 21, e2022SW003210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003210, 2023.
Lighthill, M. J.: Waves in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, 504 pp., ISBN 0-521-01045-4, 1978.
Lin, J.-T., Rajesh, P. K., Lin, C. C. H., Chou, M.-Y., Liu, J.-Y., Yue, J., Hsiao,T., Tsai, H., Chao, H., and Kung, M.: Rapid conjugate appearance of the giant ionospheric Lamb wave signatures in the northern hemisphere after Hunga-Tonga volcano eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098222, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098222, 2022.
Lindzen, R. S. and Blake, D.: Lamb waves in the presence of realistic distributions of temperature and dissipation, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2166–2176, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC077i012p02166, 1972.
Liu, H.-L., Wang, W., Huba, J. D., Lauritzen, P. H., and Vitt, F.: Atmospheric and Ionospheric Responses to Hunga-Tonga Volcano Eruption Simulated by WACCM-X, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103682, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103682, 2023.
Liu, X., Xu, J., Yue, J., and Kogure, M.: Strong gravity waves associated with Tonga volcano eruption revealed by SABER observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098339, 2022.
Makela, J. J., Lognonné, P., Hébert, H., Gehrels, T., Rolland, L., Allgeyer, S., Kherani, A., Occhipinti, G., Astafyeva, E., Coïsson, P., Loevenbruck, A., Clévédé, E., Kelley, M. C., and Lamouroux, J.: Imaging and modeling the ionospheric airglow response over Hawaii to the tsunami generated by the Tohoku earthquake of 11 March 2011, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, e2011GL047860, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047860, 2011.
Mlynczak, M. G., Marshall, B. T., Garcia, R. R., Hunt, L., Yue, J., Harvey, V. L., Lopez-Puertas, M., Mertens, C., and Russell, J.: Algorithm stability and the long-term geospace data record from TIMED/SABER, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102398, 2023 (data available at http://saber.gats-inc.com/data.php, last access: 10 January 2024).
MPDC: Airglow data, MPDC [data set], https://data2.meridianproject.ac.cn/data, last access: 15 January 2024.
NESCDC: Meteor data, NESCDC [data set], http://wdc.geophys.ac.cn, last access: 15 January 2024.
Nishikawa, Y., Yamamoto, My., Nakajima, K., Hamama, I., Saito, H., Kakinami, Y., Yamada, M., and Ho, T.: Observation and simulation of atmospheric gravity waves exciting subsequent tsunami along the coastline of Japan after Tonga explosion event, Sci. Rep.-UK, 12, 22354, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25854-3, 2022.
Occhipinti, G., Rolland, L., Lognonné, P., and Watada, S.: From Sumatra 2004 to Tohoku-Oki 2011: The systematic GPS detection of the ionospheric signature induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 3626–3636, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50322, 2013.
Omira, R., Ramalho, R. S., Kim, J., González, P. J., Kadri, U., Miranda,J. M., Carrilho, F., and Baptista,M. A.: Global Tonga tsunami explained by a fast-moving atmospheric source, Nature, 609, 734–740, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04926-4, 2022.
Otsuka, S.: Visualizing Lamb waves from a volcanic eruption using meteorological satellite Himawari-8, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098324, 2022 (data available at http://www.cr.chiba-u.jp/databases/GEO/H8_9/FD/index_en_V20190123.html, last access: 20 January 2024).
Peltier, W. and Hines, C.: On the possible detection of tsunamis by a monitoring of the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1995–2000, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC081i012p01995, 1976.
Poblet, F. L., Chau, J. L., Conte, J. F., Vierinen, J., Suclupe, J., Liu, A., and Rodriguez, R. R.: Extreme horizontal wind perturbations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over South America associated with the 2022 Hunga eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103809, 2023.
Pradipta, R., Carter, B. A., Currie, J. L., Choy, S., Wilkinson, P., Maher, P., and Marshall, R.: On the propagation of traveling ionospheric disturbances from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruption and their possible connection with tsunami waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101925, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101925, 2023.
Press, F. and Harkrider, D. G.: Propagation of acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 3889–3908, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i010p03889, 1962.
Salmon, R.: Introduction to ocean waves, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Calif., San Diego, USA, 2014.
Sepúlveda, I., Carvajal, M., and Agnew, D. C.: Global winds shape planetary-scale Lamb waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL106097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106097, 2023.
Smith, S. M., Martinis, C. R., Baumgardner, J., and Mendillo, M.: All-sky imaging of transglobal thermospheric gravity waves generated by the March 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 10992–10999, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021638, 2015.
Stober, G., Liu, A., Kozlovsky, A., Qiao, Z., Krochin, W., Shi, G., Kero, J., Tsutsumi, M., Gulbrandsen, N., Nozawa, S., Lester, M., Baumgarten, K., Belova, E., and Mitchell, N.: Identifying gravity waves launched by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcanic eruption in mesosphere/lower-thermosphere winds derived from CONDOR and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster, Ann. Geophys., 41, 197–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-197-2023, 2023.
Stober, G., Vadas, S. L., Becker, E., Liu, A., Kozlovsky, A., Janches, D., Qiao, Z., Krochin, W., Shi, G., Yi, W., Zeng, J., Brown, P., Vida, D., Hindley, N., Jacobi, C., Murphy, D., Buriti, R., Andrioli, V., Batista, P., Marino, J., Palo, S., Thorsen, D., Tsutsumi, M., Gulbrandsen, N., Nozawa, S., Lester, M., Baumgarten, K., Kero, J., Belova, E., Mitchell, N., Moffat-Griffin, T., and Li, N.: Gravity waves generated by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcanic eruption and their global propagation in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere observed by meteor radars and modeled with the High-Altitude general Mechanistic Circulation Model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4851–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, 2024.
Swenson, G. R. and Mende, S. B.: OH emission and gravity waves (including a breaking wave) in all-sky imagery from Bear Lake, UT, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2239–2242, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL02112, 1994.
Symons, G. J.: The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena, Trubner & Co., London, ISBN 978-0343922986, 1888.
Takahashi, H., Figueiredo, C. A. O. B., Barros, D., Wrasse, C. M., Giongo, G. A., Honda, R. H., Vital, L. F. R., Resende, L. C. A., Nyassor, P. K., Ayorinde, T. T., Carmo, C. S., Padua, M. B., and Otsuka, Y.: Ionospheric disturbances over South America related to Tonga volcanic eruption, Earth Planets Space, 75, 92, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-023-01844-1, 2023.
Tang, J., Kamalabadi, F., Franke, S. J., Liu, A. Z., and Swenson, G. R.: Estimation of gravity wave momentum flux with spectroscopic imaging, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 43, 103–109, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836268, 2005.
Themens, D. R., Watson, C., Zagar, N., Vasylkevych, S., Elvidge, S., McCaffrey, A., Prikryl, P., Reid, B., Wood, A., and Jayachandran, P. T.: Global propagation of ionospheric disturbances associated with the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098158, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098158, 2022.
Vadas, S. L. and Becker, E.: Numerical modeling of the excitation, propagation, and dissipation of primary and secondary gravity waves during wintertime at McMurdo Station in the Antarctic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9326–9369, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027974, 2018.
Vadas, S. L., Makela, J. J., Nicolls, M. J., and Milliff, R. F.: Excitation of gravity waves by ocean surface wave packets: Upward propagation and reconstruction of the thermospheric gravity wave field, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 9748–9780, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021430, 2015.
Vadas, S. L., Zhao, J., Chu, X., and Becker, E.: The excitation of secondary gravity waves from local body forces: Theory and observation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9296–9325, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027970, 2018.
Vadas, S. L., Becker, E., Figueiredo, C., Bossert, K., Harding, B. J., and Gasque, L. C.: Primary and secondary gravity waves and large-scale wind changes generated by the Tonga volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022: Modeling and comparison with ICON-MIGHTI winds, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 128, e2022JA031138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA031138, 2023.
Xu, J., Li, Q., Yue, J., Hoffmann, L., Straka, W. C., Wang, C., Liu, M., Yuan, W., Han, S., Miller, S. D., Sun, L., Liu, X., Liu, W., Yang, J., and Ning, B.: Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an airglow imager network and satellites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 11058–11078, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023786, 2015.
Xu, J., Li, Q., Sun, L., Liu, X., Yuan, W., Wang, W., Yue, J., Zhang, S., Liu, W., Jiang, G., Wu, K., Gao, H., and Lai, C.: The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 261, 365–394, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119815631.ch19, 2021.
Yamada, M., Ho, T.-C., Mori, J., Nishikawa, Y., and Yamamoto, M.-Y.: Tsunami triggered by the Lamb wave from the 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption and transition in the offshore Japan region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098752, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098752, 2022.
Yeh, K. C. and Liu, C. H.: Acoustic-Gravity Waves in the Upper Atmosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Ge., 12, 193, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG012i002p00193, 1974.
Wrasse, C. M., Nakamura, T., Tsuda, T., Takahashi, H., Medeiros, A. F., Taylor, M. J., Gobbi, D., Salatun, A., Suratno, E. A., and Admiranto, A. G.: Reverse ray tracing of the mesospheric gravity waves observed at 23° S (Brazil) and 7° S (Indonesia) in airglow imagers, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 68, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.012, 2006.
Wright, C. J., Hindley, N. P., Alexander, M. J., Barlow, M., Hoffmann, L., Mitchell, C. N., Prata, F., Bouillon,M.and Carstens, J., Clerbaux, C., Osprey, S. M., Powell, N., Randall, C. E., and Yue, J.: Surface-to-space atmospheric waves from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha′apai eruption, Nature, 609, 741–746, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05012-5, 2022.
Zhang, S., Vierinen, J., Aa, E., Goncharenko, L. P., Erickson, P., Rideout, W., Coster, A. J., and Spicher, A.: 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption induced global propagation of ionospheric disturbances via Lamb waves, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 9, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.871275, 2022.
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint