Articles | Volume 24, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4949-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4949-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2024
| 29 Apr 2024
Summertime tropospheric ozone source apportionment study in the Madrid region (Spain)
David de la Paz
Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Juan Manuel de Andrés
Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Luis Tovar
Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Golam Sarwar
Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Sergey L. Napelenok
Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
David C. Wong, Jeff Willison, Jonathan E. Pleim, Golam Sarwar, James Beidler, Russ Bullock, Jerold A. Herwehe, Rob Gilliam, Daiwen Kang, Christian Hogrefe, George Pouliot, and Hosein Foroutan
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-52, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-52, 2024
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This work describe how we linked meteorological Model for Prediction Across Scales – Atmosphere (MPAS-A) with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) air quality model to form a coupled modelling system. This could be used to study air quality or climate and air quality interaction in a global scale. This new model scales well on high performance computing environment and performs well with respect to ground surface networks in terms of ozone and PM2.5.
Bryan K. Place, William T. Hutzell, K. Wyat Appel, Sara Farrell, Lukas Valin, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Golam Sarwar, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Emma L. D'Ambro, Emily Saunders, Heather Simon, Ana Torres-Vasquez, Jonathan Pleim, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Lu Xu, William R. Stockwell, and Havala O. T. Pye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9173–9190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone is a pollutant with adverse human health and ecosystem effects. Air quality models allow scientists to understand the chemical production of ozone and demonstrate impacts of air quality management plans. In this work, the role of multiple systems in ozone production was investigated for the northeastern US in summer. Model updates to chemical reaction rates and monoterpene chemistry were most influential in decreasing predicted ozone and improving agreement with observations.
Havala O. T. Pye, Bryan K. Place, Benjamin N. Murphy, Karl M. Seltzer, Emma L. D'Ambro, Christine Allen, Ivan R. Piletic, Sara Farrell, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew M. Coggon, Emily Saunders, Lu Xu, Golam Sarwar, William T. Hutzell, Kristen M. Foley, George Pouliot, Jesse Bash, and William R. Stockwell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5043–5099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5043-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5043-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical mechanisms describe how emissions from vehicles, vegetation, and other sources are chemically transformed in the atmosphere to secondary products including criteria and hazardous air pollutants. The Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism integrates gas-phase radical chemistry with pathways to fine-particle mass. New species were implemented, resulting in a bottom-up representation of organic aerosol, which is required for accurate source attribution of pollutants.
Qian Shu, Sergey L. Napelenok, William T. Hutzell, Kirk R. Baker, Barron H. Henderson, Benjamin N. Murphy, and Christian Hogrefe
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2303–2322, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2303-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2303-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Source attribution methods are generally used to determine culpability of precursor emission sources to ambient pollutant concentrations. However, source attribution of secondarily formed pollutants such as ozone and its precursors cannot be explicitly measured, making evaluation of source apportionment methods challenging. In this study, multiple apportionment approach comparisons show common features but still reveal wide variations in predicted sector contribution and species dependency.
James D. East, Barron H. Henderson, Sergey L. Napelenok, Shannon N. Koplitz, Golam Sarwar, Robert Gilliam, Allen Lenzen, Daniel Q. Tong, R. Bradley Pierce, and Fernando Garcia-Menendez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15981–16001, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15981-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15981-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a framework that uses a computer model of air quality, along with air pollution data from satellite instruments, to estimate emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) across the Northern Hemisphere. The framework, which advances current methods to infer emissions from satellite observations, provides observationally constrained NOx estimates, including in regions of the world where emissions are highly uncertain, and can improve simulations of air pollutants relevant for health and policy.
Shuping Zhang, Golam Sarwar, Jia Xing, Biwu Chu, Chaoyang Xue, Arunachalam Sarav, Dian Ding, Haotian Zheng, Yujing Mu, Fengkui Duan, Tao Ma, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15809–15826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Six heterogeneous HONO chemistry updates in CMAQ significantly improve HONO concentration. HONO production is primarily controlled by the heterogeneous reactions on ground and aerosol surfaces during haze. Additional HONO chemistry updates increase OH and production of secondary aerosols: sulfate, nitrate, and SOA.
Syuichi Itahashi, Rohit Mathur, Christian Hogrefe, Sergey L. Napelenok, and Yang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5751–5768, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system extended for hemispheric-scale applications (H-CMAQ) incorporated the satellite-constrained degassing SO2 emissions from 50 volcanos across the Northern Hemisphere. The impact on tropospheric sulfate aerosol (SO42−) is assessed for 2010. Although the considered volcanic emissions occurred at or below the middle of free troposphere (500 hPa), SO42− enhancements of more than 10 % were detected up to the top of free troposphere (250 hPa).
Benjamin N. Murphy, Christopher G. Nolte, Fahim Sidi, Jesse O. Bash, K. Wyat Appel, Carey Jang, Daiwen Kang, James Kelly, Rohit Mathur, Sergey Napelenok, George Pouliot, and Havala O. T. Pye
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3407–3420, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The algorithms for applying air pollution emission rates in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model have been improved to better support users and developers. The new features accommodate emissions perturbation studies that are typical in atmospheric research and output a wealth of metadata for each model run so assumptions can be verified and documented. The new approach dramatically enhances the transparency and functionality of this critical aspect of atmospheric modeling.
K. Wyat Appel, Jesse O. Bash, Kathleen M. Fahey, Kristen M. Foley, Robert C. Gilliam, Christian Hogrefe, William T. Hutzell, Daiwen Kang, Rohit Mathur, Benjamin N. Murphy, Sergey L. Napelenok, Christopher G. Nolte, Jonathan E. Pleim, George A. Pouliot, Havala O. T. Pye, Limei Ran, Shawn J. Roselle, Golam Sarwar, Donna B. Schwede, Fahim I. Sidi, Tanya L. Spero, and David C. Wong
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2867–2897, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper details the scientific updates in the recently released CMAQ version 5.3 (and v5.3.1) and also includes operational and diagnostic evaluations of CMAQv5.3.1 against observations and the previous version of the CMAQ (v5.2.1). This work was done to improve the underlying science in CMAQ. This article is used to inform the CMAQ modeling community of the updates to the modeling system and the expected change in model performance from these updates (versus the previous model version).
David Garcia-Nieto, Nuria Benavent, Rafael Borge, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2941–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gases play a key role in the chemistry of urban atmospheres. Therefore, knowledge about their spatial distribution is needed to fully characterize the air quality in urban areas. Using a new Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy two-dimensional (MAXDOAS-2D) instrument, along with inversion algorithms, we report for the first time two-dimensional maps of NO2 concentrations in the city of Madrid, Spain.
Yilin Chen, Huizhong Shen, Jennifer Kaiser, Yongtao Hu, Shannon L. Capps, Shunliu Zhao, Amir Hakami, Jhih-Shyang Shih, Gertrude K. Pavur, Matthew D. Turner, Daven K. Henze, Jaroslav Resler, Athanasios Nenes, Sergey L. Napelenok, Jesse O. Bash, Kathleen M. Fahey, Gregory R. Carmichael, Tianfeng Chai, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, and Armistead G. Russell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2067–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) emissions can exert adverse impacts on air quality and ecosystem well-being. NH3 emission inventories are viewed as highly uncertain. Here we optimize the NH3 emission estimates in the US using an air quality model and NH3 measurements from the IASI satellite instruments. The optimized NH3 emissions are much higher than the National Emissions Inventory estimates in April. The optimized NH3 emissions improved model performance when evaluated against independent observation.
Shunliu Zhao, Matthew G. Russell, Amir Hakami, Shannon L. Capps, Matthew D. Turner, Daven K. Henze, Peter B. Percell, Jaroslav Resler, Huizhong Shen, Armistead G. Russell, Athanasios Nenes, Amanda J. Pappin, Sergey L. Napelenok, Jesse O. Bash, Kathleen M. Fahey, Gregory R. Carmichael, Charles O. Stanier, and Tianfeng Chai
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2925–2944, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2925-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2925-2020, 2020
Syuichi Itahashi, Rohit Mathur, Christian Hogrefe, Sergey L. Napelenok, and Yang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3397–3413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality model extended for hemispheric applications (H-CMAQ) is used to model the trans-Pacific transport which has been recognized as a potential source of air pollutants over the US. In Part 2, the higher-order decoupled direct method (HDDM) is applied to investigate the emission impacts from east Asia and the US during April 2010. Furthermore, changes in trans-Pacific transport caused by the recent emissions are examined.
Qinyi Li, Rafael Borge, Golam Sarwar, David de la Paz, Brett Gantt, Jessica Domingo, Carlos A. Cuevas, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15321–15337, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15321-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15321-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance and distribution of reactive halogen species and their impact on air quality in Europe are poorly understood. We adopt a state-of-the-art regional model (CMAQ) to evaluate such effects, and the results demonstrate the significant influence of halogen chemistry on the capacity of atmospheric oxidation and the formation of air pollutants in Europe. Our study highlights the necessity of including halogen chemistry in the formulation of air pollution control policy.
Miguel Escudero, Arjo Segers, Richard Kranenburg, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, Rafael Borge, David de la Paz, Gotzon Gangoiti, and Martijn Schaap
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14211–14232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14211-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we optimise LOTOS-EUROS CTM for simulating tropospheric O3 during summer in the Madrid metropolitan area, one of the largest conurbations in the Mediterranean. Comparing the outputs from five set-ups with different combinations of spatial resolution, meteorological data and vertical structure, we conclude that the model benefits from fine horizontal resolution and highly resolved vertical structure. Running optimized configuration run, we interpret O3 variability during July 2016.
María Teresa Pay, Gotzon Gangoiti, Marc Guevara, Sergey Napelenok, Xavier Querol, Oriol Jorba, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5467–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5467-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5467-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The poor diagnostic of the O3 issue over southwestern Europe prevents authorities from implementing effective mitigation plans. This work is a pioneer in identifying that imported O3 is the largest input to the ground-level O3 concentration in the Iberian Peninsula, which is largely explained by vertical mixing. This study also proves that anthropogenic emissions control the severe O3 peaks during stagnant conditions. Ad hoc local actions should complement national/European strategies.
Rohit Mathur, Jia Xing, Robert Gilliam, Golam Sarwar, Christian Hogrefe, Jonathan Pleim, George Pouliot, Shawn Roselle, Tanya L. Spero, David C. Wong, and Jeffrey Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12449–12474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12449-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12449-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We extend CMAQ's applicability to the entire Northern Hemisphere to enable consistent examination of interactions between atmospheric processes occurring on various spatial and temporal scales. Improvements were made in model process representation, structure, and input data sets that enable a range of model applications including episodic intercontinental pollutant transport, long-term trends in air pollution across the Northern Hemisphere, and air pollution–climate interactions.
Jia Xing, Jiandong Wang, Rohit Mathur, Shuxiao Wang, Golam Sarwar, Jonathan Pleim, Christian Hogrefe, Yuqiang Zhang, Jingkun Jiang, David C. Wong, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9869-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The assessment of the impacts of aerosol direct effects (ADE) is important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particulate matter and ozone. This study quantifies the ADE impacts on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model. Results suggest that reducing ADE may have the potential risk of increasing ozone in winter, but it will benefit the reduction of maxima ozone in summer.
K. Wyat Appel, Sergey L. Napelenok, Kristen M. Foley, Havala O. T. Pye, Christian Hogrefe, Deborah J. Luecken, Jesse O. Bash, Shawn J. Roselle, Jonathan E. Pleim, Hosein Foroutan, William T. Hutzell, George A. Pouliot, Golam Sarwar, Kathleen M. Fahey, Brett Gantt, Robert C. Gilliam, Nicholas K. Heath, Daiwen Kang, Rohit Mathur, Donna B. Schwede, Tanya L. Spero, David C. Wong, and Jeffrey O. Young
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1703–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1703-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1703-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is a comprehensive multipollutant air quality modeling system. The CMAQ model is used extensively throughout the world to simulate air pollutants for many purposes, including regulatory and air quality forecasting applications. This work describes the scientific updates made to the latest version of the CMAQ modeling system (CMAQv5.1) and presents an evaluation of the new model against observations and results from the previous model version.
Jia Xing, Rohit Mathur, Jonathan Pleim, Christian Hogrefe, Jiandong Wang, Chuen-Meei Gan, Golam Sarwar, David C. Wong, and Stuart McKeen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10865–10877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10865-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10865-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Downward transport of ozone from the stratosphere has large impacts on surface concentration and needs to be properly represented in regional models. This study developed a seasonally and spatially varying PV-based function from an investigation of the relationship between PV and O3. The implementation of the new function significantly improves the model's performance in O3 simulation, which enables a more accurate simulation of the vertical distribution of O3 across the Northern Hemisphere.
R. H. F. Kwok, K. R. Baker, S. L. Napelenok, and G. S. Tonnesen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 99–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-99-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-99-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The implementation and application of the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) for O3 and its precursors for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model are described. CMAQ-ISAM is a hybrid of source apportionment and source sensitivity in that O3 production is attributed to precursor sources based on the O3 formation regime. CMAQ-ISAM offers a source attribution tool for the purposes of quantifying and understanding sources and impacts of regional air pollution.
B. H. Henderson, F. Akhtar, H. O. T. Pye, S. L. Napelenok, and W. T. Hutzell
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 339–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-339-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-339-2014, 2014
K. W. Appel, G. A. Pouliot, H. Simon, G. Sarwar, H. O. T. Pye, S. L. Napelenok, F. Akhtar, and S. J. Roselle
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 883–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
An intercomparison of satellite, airborne, and ground-level observations with WRF–CAMx simulations of NO2 columns over Houston, Texas, during the September 2021 TRACER-AQ campaign
Interannual variability of summertime formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column density and its main drivers at northern high latitudes
The impact of multi-decadal changes in VOC speciation on urban ozone chemistry: a case study in Birmingham, United Kingdom
Technical note: Challenges in detecting free tropospheric ozone trends in a sparsely sampled environment
Combined assimilation of NOAA surface and MIPAS satellite observations to constrain the global budget of carbonyl sulfide
The impact of gaseous degradation on the gas–particle partitioning of methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Technical note: An assessment of the performance of statistical bias correction techniques for global chemistry–climate model surface ozone fields
A better representation of volatile organic compound chemistry in WRF-Chem and its impact on ozone over Los Angeles
High-resolution US methane emissions inferred from an inversion of 2019 TROPOMI satellite data: contributions from individual states, urban areas, and landfills
CO anthropogenic emissions in Europe from 2011 to 2021: insights from Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite data
Constraining long-term NOx emissions over the United States and Europe using nitrate wet deposition monitoring networks
Analysis of an intense O3 pollution episode on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula using photochemical modeling: characterization of transport pathways and accumulation processes
Atmospheric oxygen as a tracer for fossil fuel carbon dioxide: a sensitivity study in the UK
MIXv2: a long-term mosaic emission inventory for Asia (2010–2017)
Organosulfate produced from consumption of SO3 speeds up sulfuric acid–dimethylamine atmospheric nucleation
Contribution of expanded marine sulfur chemistry to the seasonal variability of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products and size-resolved sulfate aerosol
Spatial disparities of ozone pollution in the Sichuan Basin spurred by extreme, hot weather
Global impacts of aviation on air quality evaluated at high resolution
Bias correction of OMI HCHO columns based on FTIR and aircraft measurements and impact on top-down emission estimates
Investigation of the renewed methane growth post-2007 with high-resolution 3-D variational inverse modeling and isotopic constraints
NOx emissions in France in 2019–2021 as estimated by the high spatial resolution assimilation of TROPOMI NO2 observations
Estimating NOx emissions of stack plumes using a high-resolution atmospheric chemistry model and satellite-derived NO2 columns
Revisiting day-of-week ozone patterns in an era of evolving US air quality
Changes in South American Surface Ozone Trends: Exploring the Influences of Precursors and Extreme Events
Air quality and radiative impacts of downward-propagating sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs)
Estimation of the atmospheric hydroxyl radical oxidative capacity using multiple hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Investigating the differences in calculating global mean surface CO2 abundance: the impact of analysis methodologies and site selection
Meteorological characteristics of extreme ozone pollution events in China and their future predictions
Evaluating modelled tropospheric columns of CH4, CO, and O3 in the Arctic using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements
Evaluation of modelled versus observed NMVOC compounds at EMEP sites in Europe
The high-resolution Global Aviation emissions Inventory based on ADS-B (GAIA) for 2019–2021
Zonal variability of methane trends derived from satellite data
Weekly derived top-down volatile-organic-compound fluxes over Europe from TROPOMI HCHO data from 2018 to 2021
Revealing the significant acceleration of Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) emissions in eastern Asia through long-term atmospheric observations
Current status of model predictions of volatile organic compounds and impacts on surface ozone predictions during summer in China
Utility of Geostationary Lightning Mapper-derived lightning NO emission estimates in air quality modeling studies
Constraint of non-methane volatile organic compound emissions with TROPOMI HCHO observations and its impact on summertime surface ozone simulation over China
The suitability of atmospheric oxygen measurements to constrain western European fossil-fuel CO2 emissions and their trends
Interpreting GEMS geostationary satellite observations of the diurnal variation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over East Asia
Identifying decadal trends in deweathered concentrations of criteria air pollutants in Canadian urban atmospheres with machine learning approaches
Future tropospheric ozone budget and distribution over east Asia under a net-zero scenario
Why Did Ozone Concentrations Increase During Shanghai’s Static Management? A Statistical and Radical Chemistry Perspective
Comprehensive multiphase chlorine chemistry in the box model CAABA/MECCA: implications for atmospheric oxidative capacity
Insights into soil NO emissions and the contribution to surface ozone formation in China
Development, intercomparison, and evaluation of an improved mechanism for the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the UKCA model
Aggravated surface O3 pollution primarily driven by meteorological variation in China during the early COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period
The atmospheric oxidizing capacity in China – Part 1: Roles of different photochemical processes
Revising VOC emissions speciation improves global simulations of ethane and propane
Benefits of net-zero policies for future ozone pollution in China
Simulating impacts on UK air quality from net-zero forest planting scenarios
M. Omar Nawaz, Jeremiah Johnson, Greg Yarwood, Benjamin de Foy, Laura Judd, and Daniel L. Goldberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6719–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6719-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6719-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
NO2 is a gas with implications for air pollution. A campaign conducted in Houston provided an opportunity to compare NO2 from different instruments and a model. Aircraft and satellite observations agreed well with measurements on the ground; however, the latter estimated lower values. We find that model-simulated NO2 was lower than observations, especially downtown, suggesting that NO2 sources associated with the urban core of Houston, such as vehicle emissions, may be underestimated.
Tianlang Zhao, Jingqiu Mao, Zolal Ayazpour, Gonzalo González Abad, Caroline R. Nowlan, and Yiqi Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6105–6121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
HCHO variability is a key tracer in understanding VOC emissions in response to climate change. We investigate the role of methane oxidation and biogenic and wildfire emissions in HCHO interannual variability over northern high latitudes in summer, emphasizing wildfires as a key driver of HCHO interannual variability in Alaska, Siberia and northern Canada using satellite HCHO and SIF retrievals and then GEOS-Chem model. We show SIF is a tool to understand biogenic HCHO variability in this region.
Jianghao Li, Alastair C. Lewis, Jim R. Hopkins, Stephen J. Andrews, Tim Murrells, Neil Passant, Ben Richmond, Siqi Hou, William J. Bloss, Roy M. Harrison, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6219–6231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A summertime ozone event at an urban site in Birmingham is sensitive to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – particularly those of oxygenated VOCs. The roles of anthropogenic VOC sources in urban ozone chemistry are examined by integrating the 1990–2019 national atmospheric emission inventory into model scenarios. Road transport remains the most powerful means of further reducing ozone in this case study, but the benefits may be offset if solvent emissions of VOCs continue to increase.
Kai-Lan Chang, Owen R. Cooper, Audrey Gaudel, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Peter Effertz, Gary Morris, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6197–6218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A great majority of observational trend studies of free tropospheric ozone use sparsely sampled ozonesonde and aircraft measurements as reference data sets. A ubiquitous assumption is that trends are accurate and reliable so long as long-term records are available. We show that sampling bias due to sparse samples can persistently reduce the trend accuracy, and we highlight the importance of maintaining adequate frequency and continuity of observations.
Jin Ma, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Norbert Glatthor, Stephen A. Montzka, Marc von Hobe, Thomas Röckmann, and Maarten C. Krol
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6047–6070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The global budget of atmospheric COS can be optimised by inverse modelling using TM5-4DVAR, with the co-constraints of NOAA surface observations and MIPAS satellite data. We found reduced COS biosphere uptake from inversions and improved land and ocean separation using MIPAS satellite data assimilation. Further improvements are expected from better quantification of COS ocean and biosphere fluxes.
Fu-Jie Zhu, Zi-Feng Zhang, Li-Yan Liu, Pu-Fei Yang, Peng-Tuan Hu, Geng-Bo Ren, Meng Qin, and Wan-Li Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6095–6103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6095-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6095-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gas–particle (G–P) partitioning is an important atmospheric behavior for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Diurnal variation in G–P partitioning of methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Me-PAHs) demonstrates the possible influence of gaseous degradation; the enhancement of gaseous degradation (1.10–5.58 times) on G–P partitioning is verified by a steady-state G–P partitioning model. The effect of gaseous degradation on G–P partitioning of (especially light) SVOCs is important.
Christoph Staehle, Harald E. Rieder, Arlene M. Fiore, and Jordan L. Schnell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5953–5969, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chemistry–climate models show biases compared to surface ozone observations and thus require bias correction for impact studies and the assessment of air quality changes. We compare the performance of commonly used correction techniques for model outputs available via CMIP6. While all methods can reduce model biases, better results are obtained from more complex approaches. Thus, our study suggests broader use of these techniques in studies seeking to inform air quality management and policy.
Qindan Zhu, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Matthew Coggon, Colin Harkins, Jordan Schnell, Jian He, Havala O. T. Pye, Meng Li, Barry Baker, Zachary Moon, Ravan Ahmadov, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Bryan Place, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Carsten Warneke, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Lu Xu, Kristen Zuraski, Michael A. Robinson, J. Andrew Neuman, Patrick R. Veres, Jeff Peischl, Steven S. Brown, Allen H. Goldstein, Ronald C. Cohen, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5265–5286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fuel the production of air pollutants like ozone and particulate matter. The representation of VOC chemistry remains challenging due to its complexity in speciation and reactions. Here, we develop a chemical mechanism, RACM2B-VCP, that better represents VOC chemistry in urban areas such as Los Angeles. We also discuss the contribution of VOCs emitted from volatile chemical products and other anthropogenic sources to total VOC reactivity and O3.
Hannah Nesser, Daniel J. Jacob, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Alba Lorente, Zichong Chen, Xiao Lu, Lu Shen, Zhen Qu, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Margaux Winter, Shuang Ma, A. Anthony Bloom, John R. Worden, Robert N. Stavins, and Cynthia A. Randles
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5069–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5069-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5069-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify 2019 methane emissions in the contiguous US (CONUS) at a ≈ 25 km × 25 km resolution using satellite methane observations. We find a 13 % upward correction to the 2023 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (GHGI) for 2019, with large corrections to individual states, urban areas, and landfills. This may present a challenge for US climate policies and goals, many of which target significant reductions in methane emissions.
Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Gregoire Broquet, Elise Potier, Robin Plauchu, Antoine Berchet, Isabelle Pison, Hugo Denier van der Gon, and Stijn Dellaert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4635–4649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have estimated the carbon monixide (CO) European emissions from satellite observations of the MOPITT instrument at the relatively high resolution of 0.5° for a period of over 10 years from 2011 to 2021. The analysis of the inversion results reveals the challenges associated with the inversion of CO emissions at the regional scale over Europe.
Amy Christiansen, Loretta J. Mickley, and Lu Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4569–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we provide an additional constraint on emissions and trends of nitrogen oxides using nitrate wet deposition (NWD) fluxes over the United States and Europe from 1980–2020. We find that NWD measurements constrain total NOx emissions well. We also find evidence of NOx emission overestimates in both domains, but especially over Europe, where NOx emissions are overestimated by a factor of 2. Reducing NOx emissions over Europe improves model representation of ozone at the surface.
Eduardo Torre-Pascual, Gotzon Gangoiti, Ana Rodríguez-García, Estibaliz Sáez de Cámara, Joana Ferreira, Carla Gama, María Carmen Gómez, Iñaki Zuazo, Jose Antonio García, and Maite de Blas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4305–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of an intense air pollution episode of tropospheric ozone (O3) along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, incorporating both measured and simulated parameters. Our study extends beyond surface-level factors to include altitude-related parameters. These episodes stem from upper-atmosphere O3 accumulation in preceding days, transported to surface layers, causing rapid O3 concentration increase.
Hannah Chawner, Eric Saboya, Karina E. Adcock, Tim Arnold, Yuri Artioli, Caroline Dylag, Grant L. Forster, Anita Ganesan, Heather Graven, Gennadi Lessin, Peter Levy, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Alistair Manning, Penelope A. Pickers, Chris Rennick, Christian Rödenbeck, and Matthew Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4231–4252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quantity of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO), derived from coincident measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), has been proposed as a tracer for fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In this model sensitivity study, we examine the use of APO for this purpose in the UK and compare our model to observations. We find that our model simulations are most sensitive to uncertainties relating to ocean fluxes and boundary conditions.
Meng Li, Junichi Kurokawa, Qiang Zhang, Jung-Hun Woo, Tazuko Morikawa, Satoru Chatani, Zifeng Lu, Yu Song, Guannan Geng, Hanwen Hu, Jinseok Kim, Owen R. Cooper, and Brian C. McDonald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3925–3952, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3925-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we developed MIXv2, a mosaic Asian emission inventory for 2010–2017. With high spatial (0.1°) and monthly temporal resolution, MIXv2 integrates anthropogenic and open biomass burning emissions across seven sectors following a mosaic methodology. It provides CO2 emissions data alongside nine key pollutants and three chemical mechanisms. Our publicly accessible gridded monthly emissions data can facilitate long-term atmospheric and climate model analyses.
Xiaomeng Zhang, Yongjian Lian, Shendong Tan, and Shi Yin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3593–3612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) has a significant influence on the global climate, local air quality and human health. Using a combination of quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling, we find that thhe gas-phase organosulfate produced from consumption of SO3 can significantly enhance SA–DMA nucleation in the polluted boundary layer, resulting in non-negligible contributions to NPF. Our findings provide important insights into organic sulfur in atmospheric aerosol formation.
Linia Tashmim, William C. Porter, Qianjie Chen, Becky Alexander, Charles H. Fite, Christopher D. Holmes, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Betty Croft, and Sakiko Ishino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3379–3403, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3379-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3379-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is mostly emitted from ocean surfaces and represents the largest natural source of sulfur for the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere, DMS forms stable oxidation products such as SO2 and H2SO4, which can subsequently contribute to airborne particle formation and growth. In this study, we update the DMS oxidation mechanism in the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem and describe resulting changes in particle growth as well as the overall global sulfur budget.
Nan Wang, Yunsong Du, Dongyang Chen, Haiyan Meng, Xi Chen, Li Zhou, Guangming Shi, Yu Zhan, Miao Feng, Wei Li, Mulan Chen, Zhenliang Li, and Fumo Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3029–3042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scorching August 2022 heatwave, China's Sichuan Basin saw a stark contrast in ozone (O3) levels between Chengdu and Chongqing. The regional disparities were studied considering meteorology, precursors, photochemistry, and transportation. The study highlighted the importance of tailored pollution control measures and underlined the necessity for region-specific strategies to combat O3 pollution on a regional scale.
Sebastian D. Eastham, Guillaume P. Chossière, Raymond L. Speth, Daniel J. Jacob, and Steven R. H. Barrett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2687–2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft are known to cause air quality impacts worldwide, but the scale and mechanisms of this impact are not well understood. This work uses high-resolution computational modeling of the atmosphere to show that air pollution changes from aviation are mostly the result of emissions during cruise (high-altitude) operations, that these impacts are related to how much non-aviation pollution is present, and that prior regional assessments have underestimated these impacts.
Jean-François Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Glenn-Michael Oomen, Beata Opacka, Isabelle De Smedt, Alex Guenther, Corinne Vigouroux, Bavo Langerock, Carlos Augusto Bauer Aquino, Michel Grutter, James Hannigan, Frank Hase, Rigel Kivi, Erik Lutsch, Emmanuel Mahieu, Maria Makarova, Jean-Marc Metzger, Isamu Morino, Isao Murata, Tomoo Nagahama, Justus Notholt, Ivan Ortega, Mathias Palm, Amelie Röhling, Wolfgang Stremme, Kimberly Strong, Ralf Sussmann, Yao Té, and Alan Fried
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2207–2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Formaldehyde observations from satellites can be used to constrain the emissions of volatile organic compounds, but those observations have biases. Using an atmospheric model, aircraft and ground-based remote sensing data, we quantify these biases, propose a correction to the data, and assess the consequence of this correction for the evaluation of emissions.
Joël Thanwerdas, Marielle Saunois, Antoine Berchet, Isabelle Pison, and Philippe Bousquet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2129–2167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the causes of the renewed growth of atmospheric methane (CH4) after 2007 using inverse modeling. We use the additional information provided by observations of CH4 isotopic compositions to better differentiate between the emission categories. Accounting for the large uncertainties in source signatures, our results suggest that the post-2007 increase in atmospheric CH4 was caused by similar increases in emissions from (1) fossil fuels and (2) agriculture and waste.
Robin Plauchu, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Grégoire Broquet, Isabelle Pison, Antoine Berchet, Elise Potier, Gaëlle Dufour, Adriana Coman, Dilek Savas, Guillaume Siour, and Henk Eskes
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-103, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Over 2019–2021, our study used satellite data to assess NOx emissions in France. National budgets decreased due to effective policies, but COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020 didn't uniformly reduce emissions. Focusing on urban areas revealed varied impacts, with challenges like cloud coverage and model errors limiting precision. These findings contribute valuable insights into factors influencing emission assessments, informing future research.
Maarten Krol, Bart van Stratum, Isidora Anglou, and Klaas Folkert Boersma
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2519, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2519, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents detailed plume simulations of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide that are emitted from four large industrial facilities world-wide. Results from the high-resolution simulations that include atmospheric chemistry are compared to nitrogen-dioxide observations from satellites. We find good performance of the model and show that common assumptions that are used in simplified models need revision. This work is important for the monitoring of emissions using satellite data.
Heather Simon, Christian Hogrefe, Andrew Whitehill, Kristen M. Foley, Jennifer Liljegren, Norm Possiel, Benjamin Wells, Barron H. Henderson, Lukas C. Valin, Gail Tonnesen, K. Wyat Appel, and Shannon Koplitz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1855–1871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1855-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1855-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assess observed and modeled ozone weekend–weekday differences in the USA from 2002–2019. A subset of urban areas that were NOx-saturated at the beginning of the period transitioned to NOx-limited conditions. Multiple rural areas of California were NOx-limited for the entire period but become less influenced by local day-of-week emission patterns in more recent years. The model produces more NOx-saturated conditions than the observations but captures trends in weekend–weekday ozone patterns.
Rodrigo J. Seguel, Lucas Castillo, Charlie Opazo, Néstor Y. Rojas, Thiago Nogueira, María Cazorla, Mario Gavidia-Calderón, Laura Gallardo, René Garreaud, Tomás Carrasco-Escaff, and Yasin Elshorbany
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-328, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-328, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research found that surface ozone trends in major South American cities increase or remain steady but show no signs of decreasing. Extra-tropical cities (Santiago and São Paulo), in particular, face the highest risk of ozone exposure. Furthermore, we found that prolonged heat waves and large fires explain many of the most extreme ozone values.
Ryan S. Williams, Michaela I. Hegglin, Patrick Jöckel, Hella Garny, and Keith P. Shine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1389–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1389-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1389-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During winter, a brief but abrupt reversal of the mean stratospheric westerly flow (~30 km high) around the Arctic occurs ~6 times a decade. Using a chemistry–climate model, about half of these events are shown to induce large anomalies in Arctic ozone (>25 %) and water vapour (>±25 %) around ~8–12 km altitude for up to 2–3 months, important for weather forecasting. We also calculate a doubling to trebling of the risk in breaches of mid-latitude surface air quality (ozone) standards (~60 ppbv).
Rona L. Thompson, Stephen A. Montzka, Martin K. Vollmer, Jgor Arduini, Molly Crotwell, Paul B. Krummel, Chris Lunder, Jens Mühle, Simon O'Doherty, Ronald G. Prinn, Stefan Reimann, Isaac Vimont, Hsiang Wang, Ray F. Weiss, and Dickon Young
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1415–1427, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical determines the atmospheric lifetimes of numerous species including methane. Since OH is very short-lived, it is not possible to directly measure its concentration on scales relevant for understanding its effect on other species. Here, OH is inferred by looking at changes in hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). We find that OH levels have been fairly stable over our study period (2004 to 2021), suggesting that OH is not the main driver of the recent increase in atmospheric methane.
Zhendong Wu, Alex Vermeulen, Yousuke Sawa, Ute Karstens, Wouter Peters, Remco de Kok, Xin Lan, Yasuyuki Nagai, Akinori Ogi, and Oksana Tarasova
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1249–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on exploring the differences in calculating global surface CO2 and its growth rate, considering the impact of analysis methodologies and site selection. Our study reveals that the current global CO2 network has a good capacity to represent global surface CO2 and its growth rate, as well as trends in atmospheric CO2 mass changes. However, small differences exist in different analyses due to the impact of methodology and site selection.
Yang Yang, Yang Zhou, Hailong Wang, Mengyun Li, Huimin Li, Pinya Wang, Xu Yue, Ke Li, Jia Zhu, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1177–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals that extreme ozone pollution over the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta is due to the chemical production related to hot and dry conditions, and the regional transport explains the ozone pollution over the Sichuan Basin and Pearl River Delta. The frequency of meteorological conditions of the extreme ozone pollution increases from the past to the future. The sustainable scenario is the optimal path to retaining clean air in China in the future.
Victoria A. Flood, Kimberly Strong, Cynthia H. Whaley, Kaley A. Walker, Thomas Blumenstock, James W. Hannigan, Johan Mellqvist, Justus Notholt, Mathias Palm, Amelie N. Röhling, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Makoto Deushi, Srdjan Dobricic, Xinyi Dong, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Wanmin Gong, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, David A. Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Manu A. Thomas, Svetlana Tsyro, and Steven Turnock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1079–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand the composition of the Arctic atmosphere and how it is changing. Atmospheric models provide simulations that can inform policy. This study examines simulations of CH4, CO, and O3 by 11 models. Model performance is assessed by comparing results matched in space and time to measurements from five high-latitude ground-based infrared spectrometers. This work finds that models generally underpredict the concentrations of these gases in the Arctic troposphere.
Yao Ge, Sverre Solberg, Mathew Heal, Stefan Reimann, Willem van Caspel, Bryan Hellack, Thérèse Salameh, and David Simpson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3102, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3102, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) constitute many species, acting as precursors to ozone and aerosol. Given the uncertainties in VOC emissions, lack of evaluation studies, and recent changes in emissions, this work adapts the EMEP MSC-W to evaluate emission inventories in Europe. We focus on the varying agreement between modelled and measured VOCs across different species, and underscore potential inaccuracies in total and sector-specific emission estimates.
Roger Teoh, Zebediah Engberg, Marc Shapiro, Lynnette Dray, and Marc E. J. Stettler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 725–744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-725-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-725-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft contribute to climate change and degrade air quality. We describe an up-to-date 4D emissions inventory of global aviation from 2019 to 2021 based on actual flown trajectories. In 2019, 40.2 million flights collectively travelled 61 billion kilometres using 283 Tg of fuel. Long-haul flights were responsible for 43 % of CO2. The emissions inventory is made available for use in future studies to evaluate the negative externalities arising from global aviation.
Jonas Hachmeister, Oliver Schneising, Michael Buchwitz, John P. Burrows, Justus Notholt, and Matthias Buschmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 577–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-577-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-577-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified changes in atmospheric methane concentrations using satellite data and a dynamic linear model approach. We calculated global annual methane increases for the years 2019–2022, which are in good agreement with other sources. For zonal methane growth rates, we identified strong inter-hemispheric differences in 2019 and 2022. For 2022, we could attribute decreases in the global growth rate to the Northern Hemisphere, possibly related to a reduction in anthropogenic emissions.
Glenn-Michael Oomen, Jean-François Müller, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Isabelle De Smedt, Thomas Blumenstock, Rigel Kivi, Maria Makarova, Mathias Palm, Amelie Röhling, Yao Té, Corinne Vigouroux, Martina M. Friedrich, Udo Frieß, François Hendrick, Alexis Merlaud, Ankie Piters, Andreas Richter, Michel Van Roozendael, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 449–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural emissions from vegetation have a profound impact on air quality for their role in the formation of harmful tropospheric ozone and organic aerosols, yet these emissions are highly uncertain. In this study, we quantify emissions of organic gases over Europe using high-quality satellite measurements of formaldehyde. These satellite observations suggest that emissions from vegetation are much higher than predicted by models, especially in southern Europe.
Haklim Choi, Alison L. Redington, Hyeri Park, Jooil Kim, Rona L. Tompson, Jens Mühle, Peter K. Salameh, Christina M. Harth, Ray F. Weiss, Alistari J. Manning, and Sunyoung Park
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3144, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3144, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed with an inversion model the atmospheric abundance of HFCs, potent greenhouse gases, from 2008 to 2020 at Gosan station in South Korea and revealed a significant increase in emissions, especially from eastern China and Japan. This increase contradicts reported data, underscoring the need for accurate monitoring and reporting. Our findings are crucial for understanding and managing global HFCs emissions, highlighting the importance of efforts to reduce HFCs.
Yongliang She, Jingyi Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Hai Guo, Momei Qin, Xiaodong Xie, Kangjia Gong, Fei Ye, Jianjiong Mao, Lin Huang, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use multi-site volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements to evaluate the CMAQ-model-predicted VOCs and assess the impacts of VOC bias on O3 simulation. Our results demonstrate that current modeling setups and emission inventories are likely to underpredict VOC concentrations, and this underprediction of VOCs contributes to lower O3 predictions in China.
Peiyang Cheng, Arastoo Pour-Biazar, Yuling Wu, Shi Kuang, Richard T. McNider, and William J. Koshak
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 41–63, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-41-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-41-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning-induced nitrogen monoxide (LNO) emission can be estimated from geostationary satellite observations. The present study uses the LNO emission estimates derived from geostationary satellite observations in an air quality modeling system to investigate the impact of LNO on air quality. Results indicate that significant ozone increase could be due to long-distance chemical transport, lightning activity in the upwind direction, and the mixing of high LNO (or ozone) plumes.
Shuzhuang Feng, Fei Jiang, Tianlu Qian, Nan Wang, Mengwei Jia, Songci Zheng, Jiansong Chen, Fang Ying, and Weimin Ju
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2654, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2654, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a multi-air pollutant inversion system to estimate non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions using TROPOMI formaldehyde retrievals. We found that the inversion significantly improved formaldehyde simulations and reduced NMVOC emission uncertainties. The optimized NMVOC emissions effectively corrected the overestimation of O3 levels, mainly by decreasing the rate of the RO2 + NO reaction and increasing the rate of the NO2 + OH reaction.
Christian Rödenbeck, Karina E. Adcock, Markus Eritt, Maksym Gachkivskyi, Christoph Gerbig, Samuel Hammer, Armin Jordan, Ralph F. Keeling, Ingeborg Levin, Fabian Maier, Andrew C. Manning, Heiko Moossen, Saqr Munassar, Penelope A. Pickers, Michael Rothe, Yasunori Tohjima, and Sönke Zaehle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15767–15782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon dioxide content of the Earth atmosphere is increasing due to human emissions from burning of fossil fuels, causing global climate change. The strength of the fossil-fuel emissions is estimated by inventories based on energy data, but independent validation of these inventories has been recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Here we investigate the potential to validate inventories based on measurements of small changes in the atmospheric oxygen content.
Laura Hyesung Yang, Daniel J. Jacob, Ruijun Dang, Yujin J. Oak, Haipeng Lin, Jhoon Kim, Shixian Zhai, Nadia K. Colombi, Drew C. Pendergrass, Ellie Beaudry, Viral Shah, Xu Feng, Robert M. Yantosca, Heesung Chong, Junsung Park, Hanlim Lee, Won-Jin Lee, Soontae Kim, Eunhye Kim, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, and Hong Liao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2979, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2979, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
GEMS provides the hourly measurements of NO2. In this work, we use the chemical transport model to find out how emissions, chemistry, and transport drive the changes in NO2 observed by GEMS at different times of the day. In winter, we find that chemistry plays a minor role, and high daytime emissions dominate the diurnal variation of NO2, balanced by transport. In summer, we find that emissions, chemistry, and transport play an important role in shaping the diurnal variation of NO2.
Xiaohong Yao and Leiming Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2968, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates long-term trends of criteria air pollutants, including NO2, CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5, and (NO2+O3) measured in ten Canadian cities during the last two to three decades and associated driving forces in terms of emission reductions, perturbations from varying weather conditions and large-scale wildfires, and changes in O3 sources and sinks.
Xuewei Hou, Oliver Wild, Bin Zhu, and James Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15395–15411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In response to the climate crisis, many countries have committed to net zero in a certain future year. The impacts of net-zero scenarios on tropospheric O3 are less well studied and remain unclear. In this study, we quantified the changes of tropospheric O3 budgets, spatiotemporal distributions of future surface O3 in east Asia and regional O3 source contributions for 2060 under a net-zero scenario using the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) and online O3-tagging methods.
Jian Zhu, Shanshan Wang, Chuanqi Gu, Zhiwen Jiang, Sanbao Zhang, Ruibin Xue, Yuhao Yan, and Bin Zhou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2142, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Shanghai implemented city-wide static management measures during the high-ozone season in April and May, providing a change to study ozone pollution control. Despite significant emissions reductions, ozone levels increased by 23 %. Statistically, the number of days with higher ozone diurnal variation types increased during the lockdown period. The uneven decline in VOC and NO2 emissions led to heightened photochemical processes, resulting in the observed ozone level rise.
Meghna Soni, Rolf Sander, Lokesh K. Sahu, Domenico Taraborrelli, Pengfei Liu, Ankit Patel, Imran A. Girach, Andrea Pozzer, Sachin S. Gunthe, and Narendra Ojha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15165–15180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents the implementation of comprehensive multiphase chlorine chemistry in the box model CAABA/MECCA. Simulations for contrasting urban environments of Asia and Europe highlight the significant impacts of chlorine on atmospheric oxidation capacity and composition. Chemical processes governing the production and loss of chlorine-containing species has been discussed. The updated chemical mechanism will be useful to interpret field measurements and for future air quality studies.
Ling Huang, Jiong Fang, Jiaqiang Liao, Greg Yarwood, Hui Chen, Yangjun Wang, and Li Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14919–14932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone concentrations have emerged as a major environmental issue in China. Although control strategies aimed at reducing NOx emissions from conventional combustion sources are widely recognized, soil NOx emissions have received little attention. The impact of soil NO emissions on ground-level ozone concentration is yet to be evaluated. In this study, we estimated the soil NO emissions and evaluated its impact on ozone formation in China.
Ben A. Cala, Scott Archer-Nicholls, James Weber, N. Luke Abraham, Paul T. Griffiths, Lorrie Jacob, Y. Matthew Shin, Laura E. Revell, Matthew Woodhouse, and Alexander T. Archibald
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14735–14760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14735-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14735-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important trace gas emitted from the ocean recognised as setting the sulfate aerosol background, but its oxidation is complex. As a result representation in chemistry-climate models is greatly simplified. We develop and compare a new mechanism to existing mechanisms via a series of global and box model experiments. Our studies show our updated DMS scheme is a significant improvement but significant variance exists between mechanisms.
Zhendong Lu, Jun Wang, Yi Wang, Daven K. Henze, Xi Chen, Tong Sha, and Kang Sun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2723, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2723, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In contrast with the past work showing the reduction of emission as the dominant factor for nation-wide increase of surface O3 during the lockdown in China, this study finds that the variation in meteorology (temperature and other parameters) plays a more important role. This result is obtained through sensitivity simulations using a chemical transport model constrained by satellite (TROPOMI) and calibrated with surface observation.
Jianing Dai, Guy P. Brasseur, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Maria Kanakidou, Kun Qu, Yijuan Zhang, Hongliang Zhang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14127–14158, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used a regional chemical transport model to characterize the different parameters of atmospheric oxidative capacity in recent chemical environments in China. These parameters include the production and destruction rates of ozone and other oxidants, the ozone production efficiency, the OH reactivity, and the length of the reaction chain responsible for the formation of ozone and ROx. They are also affected by the aerosol burden in the atmosphere.
Matthew James Rowlinson, Lucy Carpenter, Katie Read, Shalini Punjabi, Adedayo Adedeji, Luke Fakes, Ally Lewis, Ben Richmond, Neil Passant, Tim Murrells, Barron Henderson, Kelvin Bates, Deltev Helmig, and Mat Evans
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2557, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ethane and propane are volatile organic compounds emitted during human activities which contribute to the formation of ozone, a greenhouse gas, and affect the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Atmospheric models tend to do a poor job at reproducing the abundance of these compounds in the atmosphere. By using regional estimates of their emission, rather than globally consistent estimates, we can significantly improve the simulation of ethane in the model and make some improvement for propane.
Zhenze Liu, Oliver Wild, Ruth M. Doherty, Fiona M. O'Connor, and Steven T. Turnock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13755–13768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of net-zero policies on surface ozone pollution in China. A chemistry–climate model is used to simulate ozone changes driven by local and external emissions, methane, and warmer climates. A deep learning model is applied to generate more robust ozone projection, and we find that the benefits of net-zero policies may be overestimated with the chemistry–climate model. Nevertheless, it is clear that the policies can still substantially reduce ozone pollution in future.
Gemma Purser, Mathew R. Heal, Edward J. Carnell, Stephen Bathgate, Julia Drewer, James I. L. Morison, and Massimo Vieno
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13713–13733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forest expansion is a ″net-zero“ pathway, but change in land cover alters air quality in many ways. This study combines tree planting suitability data with UK measured emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds to simulate spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric composition for planting scenarios of four species. Decreases in fine particulate matter are relatively larger than increases in ozone, which may indicate a net benefit of tree planting on human health aspects of air quality.
Cited articles
AEMET: Informe Anual 2016, Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocenos/a_que_nos_dedicamos/informes/InformeAnualAEMET_2016_web.pdf (last access: 5 January 2023), 2017.
AM: Ayuntamiento de Madrid (AM), Inventario de emisiones de contaminantes a la atmósfera en el Término Municipal de Madrid, https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Sostenibilidad/EspeInf/Acci%C3%B3nClim%C3%A1tica/2EstudiosInventarios/4aInventario/ficheros/Inventario%20de%20Emisiones%20Contaminantes%20a%20la%20Atm%C3%B3sfera%20Ayto.%20Madrid%202021.pdf (last access: 7 January 2023), 2021.
AM: Calidad del Aire Madrid, https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Sostenibilidad/EspeInf/Acci%C3%B3nClim%C3%A1tica/2EstudiosInventarios/4aInventario/ficheros/Inventario%20de%20Emisiones%20Contaminantes%20a%20la%20Atm%C3%B3sfera%20Ayto.%20Madrid%202021.pdf (last access: 7 January 2023), 2022.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., Schöpp,W., and Wagner, F.: National Emission Ceilings for 2020 based on the 2008 Climate & Energy Package, NEC Scenario Analysis Report No. 6, Final report to the European Commission, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria, https://previous.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/policy/NEC6-final110708.pdf (last access: 12 June 2023), 2008.
Appel, K. W., Pouliot, G. A., Simon, H., Sarwar, G., Pye, H. O. T., Napelenok, S. L., Akhtar, F., and Roselle, S. J.: Evaluation of dust and trace metal estimates from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 883–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-883-2013, 2013.
Baek, B. H. and Seppanen, C.: Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) Modeling System (Version SMOKE User's Documentation), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1421403, 2018.
Baker, K., Woody, M., Tonnesen, G., Hutzell, W., Pye, H., Beaver, M., Pouliot, G., and Pierce, T.: Contribution of regional-scale fire events to ozone and PM2.5 air quality estimated by photochemical modeling approaches, Atmos. Environ., 140, 539–554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.032, 2016.
Banerjee, A., Maycock, A. C., Archibald, A. T., Abraham, N. L., Telford, P., Braesicke, P., and Pyle, J. A.: Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2727–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2727-2016, 2016.
Bates, D., Bell, G., Burnham, C., Hazucha, M., Mantha, J., Pengelly, L., and Silverman, F.: Short-term effects of ozone on the lung, J. Appl. Physiol., 32, 176–181, https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.32.2.176, 1972.
Bell, M. L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., Samet, J. M., and Dominici, F.: Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987–2000, JAMA, 292, 2372–2378, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.19.2372, 2004.
Borge, R., Alexandrov, V., Del Vas, J. J., Lumbreras, J., and Rodríguez, E.: A comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the WRF model for air quality applications over the Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8560–8574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.032, 2008a.
Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., and Rodríguez, E.: Development of a high-resolution emission inventory for Spain using the SMOKE modelling system: a case study for the years 2000 and 2010, Environ. Modell. Softw., 23, 1026–1044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.11.002, 2008b.
Borge, R., López, J., Lumbreras, J., Narros, A., and Rodríguez, E.: Influence of boundary conditions on CMAQ simulations over the Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2681–2695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.044, 2010.
Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., Pérez, J., de la Paz, D., Vedrenne, M., de Andrés, J. M., and Rodríguez, M. E.: Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain), Sci. Total Environ., 466–467, 809–819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.093, 2014.
Borge, R., Santiago, J. L., de la Paz, D., Martín, F., Domingo, J., Valdes, C., Sanchez, B., Rivas, E., Rozas, M. T., Lázaro, S., Perez, J., and Fernandez, A.: Application of a short term air quality action plan in Madrid (Spain) under a high-pollution episode – Part II: Assessment from multi-scale modelling, Sci. Total Environ., 635, 1574–1584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.323, 2018.
Borge, R., Requia, W. J., Yagüe, C., Jhun, I., and Koutrakis, P.: Impact of weather changes on air quality and related mortality in Spain over a 25 year period [1993–2017], Environ. Int., 133, 105272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105272, 2019.
Borge, R., de la Paz, D., Sarwar, G., and Napelenok, S.: Comparison of source apportionment methods using CMAQ for the Madrid region, in: 21st Annual CMAS Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, 17–19 October 2022, https://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2022/slides/0920am_ComparisonSourceApportionment_RBorge.pptx (last access: 11 February 2023), 2022.
Brodin, M., Helmig, D., and Oltmans, S.: Seasonal ozone behavior along an elevation gradient in the Colorado Front Range Mountains, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5305–5315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.033, 2010.
Brook, J. R., Makar, P. A., Sills, D. M. L., Hayden, K. L., and McLaren, R.: Exploring the nature of air quality over southwestern Ontario: main findings from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10461–10482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10461-2013, 2013.
Butler, T., Lupascu, A., Coates, J., and Zhu, S.: TOAST 1.0: Tropospheric Ozone Attribution of Sources with Tagging for CESM 1.2.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2825–2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2825-2018, 2018.
Butler, T., Lupascu, A., and Nalam, A.: Attribution of ground-level ozone to anthropogenic and natural sources of nitrogen oxides and reactive carbon in a global chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10707–10731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10707-2020, 2020.
Byun, D. and Schere, K. L.: Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, Appl. Mech. Rev., 59, 51–77, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2128636, 2006.
Cao, J., Qiu, X., Liu, Y., Yan, X., Gao, J., and Peng, L.: Identifying the dominant driver of elevated surface ozone concentration in North China plain during summertime 2012–2017, Environ. Pollut., 300, 118912, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118912, 2022.
Carnero, J. A. A., Bolívar, J. P., and Benito, A.: Surface ozone measurements in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Huelva, Spain), Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 17, 355–368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0098-9, 2009.
Carter, W. P. L.: Updated maximum incremental reactivity scale and hydrocarbon bin reactivities for regulatory applications, California Air Resources Board Contract, vol. 339, https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/regact/2009/mir2009/mir10.pdf (last access: 7 February 2023), 2009.
Carter, W. P. L. and Atkinson, R.: Computer modeling study of incremental hydrocarbon reactivity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 864–880, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00065a017, 1989.
Ching, J. and Byun, D.: Introduction to the Models-3 framework and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ), Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, https://www.cmascenter.org/cmaq/science_documentation/pdf/ch01.pdf (last access: 21 November 2022), 1999.
Ciccioli, P., Silibello, C., Finardi, S., Pepe, N., Ciccioli, P., Rapparini, F., Neri, L., Fares, S., Brilli, F., Mircea, M., Magliulo, E., and Baraldi, R.: The potential impact of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from terrestrial vegetation on a Mediterranean area using two different emission models, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 328, 109255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109255, 2023.
CM: Inventario de emisiones a la atmósfera en la Comunidad de Madrid. Años 1990–2018, Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, https://www.comunidad.madrid/sites/default/files/doc/medio-ambiente/documento_de_sintesis_inventario_de_emisiones_comunidad_de_madrid.pdf (last access: 14 August 2022), 2021.
Coggon, M. M., Gkatzelis, G. I., McDonald, B. C., Gilman, J. B., Schwantes, R. H., Abuhassan, N., and Warneke, C.: Volatile chemical product emissions enhance ozone and modulate urban chemistry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2026653118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026653118, 2021.
Cohan, D. S. and Napelenok, S. L.: Air quality response modeling for decision support, Atmosphere, 2, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos2030407, 2011.
Collet, S., Kidokoro, T., Karamchandani, P., Jung, J., and Shah, T.: Future year ozone source attribution modeling study using CMAQ-ISAM, J. Air Waste Manage., 68, 1239–1247, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1496954, 2018.
De Andrés, J. M., Borge, R., De La Paz, D., Lumbreras, J., and Rodríguez, E.: Implementation of a module for risk of ozone impacts assessment to vegetation in the Integrated Assessment Modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. Evaluation for wheat and Holm oak, Environ. Pollut., 165, 25–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.048, 2012.
de la Paz, D., Borge, R., and Martilli, A.: Assessment of a high resolution annual WRF-BEP/CMAQ simulation for the urban area of Madrid (Spain), Atmos. Environ., 144, 282–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.082, 2016.
de la Paz, D., Borge, R., Perez, J., and de Andrés, J. M.: Contributions to summer ground-level O3 in the Madrid Region, Proceedings of Abstracts of the 12th International Conference on Air Quality Science and Application, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18–22 May 2020, 153, https://doi.org/10.18745/PB.22217, 2020.
Dunker, A. M., Koo, B., and Yarwood, G.: Ozone sensitivity to isoprene chemistry and emissions and anthropogenic emissions in central California, Atmos. Environ., 145, 326–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.048, 2016.
EEA: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019. Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories, EEA Report no. 13/2019, European Environmental Agency (EEA), https://doi.org/10.2800/293657, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019 (last access: 22 January 2023), 2019.
EEA: Air quality in europe 2020 report, European Environment Agency, https://doi.org/10.2800/786656, 2020.
EEA: European Union emission inventory report 1990–2020 under the UNECE Air Convention European Environment Agency, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2800/928370, 2022.
Emery, C., Jung, J., Koo, B., and Yarwood, G.: Final Report, Improvements to CAMx Snow Cover Treatments and Carbon Bond Chemical Mechanism for Winter Ozone, Tech. rep., Ramboll Environ, https://www.camx.com/files/emaq4-07_task7_techmemo_r1_1aug16.pdf (last access: 22 March 2023), 2015.
Escudero, M., Segers, A., Kranenburg, R., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Borge, R., de la Paz, D., Gangoiti, G., and Schaap, M.: Analysis of summer O3 in the Madrid air basin with the LOTOS-EUROS chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14211–14232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14211-2019, 2019.
European Environment Agency, Guerreiro, C., Colette, A., Leeuw, F., and González Ortiz, A.: Air quality in Europe 2018 report, European Environmental Agency (EEA), Publications Office, https://doi.org/10.2800/777411, 2018.
García, R., Prieto, L., Díaz, J., Hernández, E., and del Teso, T.: Synoptic conditions leading to extremely high temperatures in Madrid, Ann. Geophys., 20, 237–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-237-2002, 2002.
Garrido-Pérez, J. M., Ordóñez, C., García-Herrera, R., and Schnell, J. L.: The differing impact of air stagnation on near-surface ozone across Europe, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-9213, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9213, 2020.
Gaudel, A., Cooper, O., Ancellet, G., Barret, B., Boynard, A., Burrows, J., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Cuesta, J., and Cuevas Agulló, E.: Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Presentday distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global atmospheric chemistry model evaluation, Elem. Sci. Anth., 6, 39, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.291, 2018.
Goodman, J. E., Zu, K., Loftus, C. T., Lynch, H. N., Prueitt, R. L., Mohar, I., Shubin, S. P., and Sax, S. N.: Short-term ozone exposure and asthma severity: Weight-of-evidence analysis, Environ. Res., 160, 391–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.018, 2018.
Granados-Muñoz, M. J. and Leblanc, T.: Tropospheric ozone seasonal and long-term variability as seen by lidar and surface measurements at the JPL-Table Mountain Facility, California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9299–9319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9299-2016, 2016.
Grewe, V., Tsati, E., Mertens, M., Frömming, C., and Jöckel, P.: Contribution of emissions to concentrations: the TAGGING 1.0 submodel based on the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy 2.52), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2615-2017, 2017.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Han, X., Zhu, L., Wang, S., Meng, X., Zhang, M., and Hu, J.: Modeling study of impacts on surface ozone of regional transport and emissions reductions over North China Plain in summer 2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12207–12221, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12207-2018, 2018.
Harmens, H., Mills, G., Hayes, F., and Norris, D.: Air pollution and vegetation: ICP Vegetation annual report 2010/2011, ISBN 978-1-906698-26-3, 2011.
Hsu, J., Prather, M. J., and Wild, O.: Diagnosing the stratosphere-to-troposphere flux of ozone in a chemistry transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D19305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006045, 2005.
Hsu, Y., Strait, R., Roe, S., and Holoman, D.: SPECIATE 4.0 Speciation database development documentation: Final Report, EPA/600/R-06/161, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and and Development U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=459904&Lab=NRMRL (last access: 21 March 2023), 2006.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., ISBN 978-0-521-88009-1, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/ar4_wg1_full_report-1.pdf (last access: 21 March 2023), 2007.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, ISBN 978-1-107-05821-7, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf (last access: 21 March 2023), 2014.
Jenkin, M. E. and Clemitshaw, K. C.: Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2499–2527, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00478-1, 2000.
Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Pope III, C. A., Ito, K., Thurston, G., Krewski, D., Shi, Y., Calle, E., and Thun, M.: Long-term ozone exposure and mortality, New Engl. J. Med., 360, 1085–1095, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa0803894 (last access: 24 March 2023), 2009.
Jhun, I., Coull, B. A., Zanobetti, A., and Koutrakis, P.: The impact of nitrogen oxides concentration decreases on ozone trends in the USA, Air Qual. Atmos. Hlth., 8, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0279-2, 2015.
Jiang, J., Aksoyoglu, S., Ciarelli, G., Oikonomakis, E., El-Haddad, I., Canonaco, F., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Minguillón, M. C., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Effects of two different biogenic emission models on modelled ozone and aerosol concentrations in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3747–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3747-2019, 2019.
Jung, D., de la Paz, D., Notario, A., and Borge, R.: Analysis of emissions-driven changes in the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere in Europe, Sci. Total Environ., 827, 154126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154126, 2022.
Jung, D., Soler, R., de la Paz, D., Notario, A., Muñoz, A., Ródenas, M., Vera, T., Borrás, E., and Borge, R.: Oxidation capacity changes in the atmosphere of large urban areas in Europe: Modelling and experimental campaigns in atmospheric simulation chambers, Chemosphere, 341, 139919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139919, 2023.
Karamchandani, P., Long, Y., Pirovano, G., Balzarini, A., and Yarwood, G.: Source-sector contributions to European ozone and fine PM in 2010 using AQMEII modeling data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5643–5664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5643-2017, 2017.
Kwok, R. H. F., Napelenok, S. L., and Baker, K. R.: Implementation and evaluation of PM2.5 source contribution analysis in a photochemical model, Atmos. Environ., 80, 398–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.017, 2013.
Kwok, R. H. F., Baker, K. R., Napelenok, S. L., and Tonnesen, G. S.: Photochemical grid model implementation and application of VOC, NOx, and O3 source apportionment, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 99–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-99-2015, 2015.
Li, X., Qin, M., Li, L., Gong, K., Shen, H., Li, J., and Hu, J.: Examining the implications of photochemical indicators for O3–NOx–VOC sensitivity and control strategies: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14799–14811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14799-2022, 2022.
Logan, J. A.: Tropospheric ozone: Seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 90, 10463–10482, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD06p10463, 1985.
Lu, X., Ye, X., Zhou, M., Zhao, Y., Weng, H., Kong, H., Li, K., Gao, M., Zheng, B., and Lin, J.: The underappreciated role of agricultural soil nitrogen oxide emissions in ozone pollution regulation in North China, Nat. Commun., 12, 5021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25147-9, 2021.
Lupaşcu, A., Otero, N., Minkos, A., and Butler, T.: Attribution of surface ozone to NOx and volatile organic compound sources during two different high ozone events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11675–11699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11675-2022, 2022.
Massagué, J., Escudero, M., Alastuey, A., Mantilla, E., Monfort, E., Gangoiti, G., García-Pando, C. P., and Querol, X.: Spatiotemporal variations of tropospheric ozone in Spain (2008–2019), Environ. Int., 176, 107961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107961, 2023.
Mathur, R., Xing, J., Gilliam, R., Sarwar, G., Hogrefe, C., Pleim, J., Pouliot, G., Roselle, S., Spero, T. L., Wong, D. C., and Young, J.: Extending the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to hemispheric scales: overview of process considerations and initial applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12449–12474, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12449-2017, 2017.
Meng, Y., Song, J., Zeng, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., Guo, H., Zhong, L., Ou, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, T., Yue, D., and Lai, S.: Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation, J. Environ. Sci., 111, 104–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.024, 2022.
Meul, S., Langematz, U., Kröger, P., Oberländer-Hayn, S., and Jöckel, P.: Future changes in the stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone mass flux and the contribution from climate change and ozone recovery, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7721–7738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7721-2018, 2018.
Millán, M. M., Mantilla, E., Salvador, R., Carratalá, A., Sanz, M. J., Alonso, L., Gangoiti, G., and Navazo, M.: Ozone cycles in the western Mediterranean basin: interpretation of monitoring data in complex coastal terrain, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0487:OCITWM>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Braun, S., Büker, P., Bermejo, V., Calvo, E., Danielsson, H., Emberson, L., Fernández, I. G., and Grünhage, L.: New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5064–5068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.009, 2011.
MMA: Inventario Nacional de contaminantes atmosféricos, https://unfccc.int/resource/podcast/nir/ES_NIR_UNFCCC_2018.pdf (last access: 24 March 2023), 2018.
Monks, P. S., Archibald, A. T., Colette, A., Cooper, O., Coyle, M., Derwent, R., Fowler, D., Granier, C., Law, K. S., Mills, G. E., Stevenson, D. S., Tarasova, O., Thouret, V., von Schneidemesser, E., Sommariva, R., Wild, O., and Williams, M. L.: Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8889–8973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015, 2015.
Napelenok, S.: Description of the ISAM Chemistry Method, https://github.com/USEPA/CMAQ/blob/main/DOCS/Users_Guide/CMAQ_UG_ch11_ISAM.md (last access: 24 March 2023), 2020.
Nguyen, D.-H., Lin, C., Vu, C.-T., Cheruiyot, N. K., Nguyen, M. K., Le, T. H., Lukkhasorn, W., and Bui, X.-T.: Tropospheric ozone and NOX: a review of worldwide variation and meteorological influences, Environmental Technology & Innovation, 28, 102809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102809, 2022.
Oliveira, K., Guevara, M., Jorba, O., Querol, X., and García-Pando, C. P.: A new NMVOC speciated inventory for a reactivity-based approach to support ozone control strategies in Spain, Sci. Total Environ., 867, 161449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161449, 2023.
Otte, T. L. and Pleim, J. E.: The Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) for the CMAQ modeling system: updates through MCIPv3.4.1, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 243–256, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-243-2010, 2010.
Paoletti, E., De Marco, A., Beddows, D. C., Harrison, R. M., and Manning, W. J.: Ozone levels in European and USA cities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing, Environ. Pollut., 192, 295–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.040, 2014.
Pay, M. T., Gangoiti, G., Guevara, M., Napelenok, S., Querol, X., Jorba, O., and Pérez García-Pando, C.: Ozone source apportionment during peak summer events over southwestern Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5467–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5467-2019, 2019.
Plaza, J., Pujadas, M., and Artíñano, B.: Formation and transport of the Madrid ozone plume, J. Air Waste Manage., 47, 766–774, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1997.10463938, 1997.
Poupkou, A., Giannaros, T., Markakis, K., Kioutsioukis, I., Curci, G., Melas, D., and Zerefos, C.: A model for European Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound emissions: Software development and first validation, Environ. Modell. Softw., 25, 1845–1856, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.05.004, 2010.
Qu, K., Wang, X., Cai, X., Yan, Y., Jin, X., Vrekoussis, M., Kanakidou, M., Brasseur, G. P., Shen, J., Xiao, T., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Rethinking the role of transport and photochemistry in regional ozone pollution: insights from ozone concentration and mass budgets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7653–7671, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7653-2023, 2023.
Qu, Z., Wu, D., Henze, D. K., Li, Y., Sonenberg, M., and Mao, F.: Transboundary transport of ozone pollution to a US border region: A case study of Yuma, Environ. Pollut., 273, 116421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116421, 2021.
Quaassdorff, C., Borge, R., Pérez, J., Lumbreras, J., de la Paz, D., and de Andrés, J. M.: Microscale traffic simulation and emission estimation in a heavily trafficked roundabout in Madrid (Spain), Sci. Total Environ., 566, 416–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.051, 2016.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pandolfi, M., Reche, C., Pérez, N., Minguillón, M. C., Moreno, T., Viana, M., Escudero, M., and Orio, A.: 2001–2012 trends on air quality in Spain, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 957–969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.074, 2014.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Reche, C., Orio, A., Pallares, M., Reina, F., Dieguez, J., Mantilla, E., Escudero, M., and Alonso, L.: On the origin of the highest ozone episodes in Spain, Sci. Total Environ., 572, 379–389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.193, 2016.
Querol, X., Gangoiti, G., Mantilla, E., Alastuey, A., Minguillón, M. C., Amato, F., Reche, C., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Karanasiou, A., Rivas, I., Pérez, N., Ripoll, A., Brines, M., Ealo, M., Pandolfi, M., Lee, H.-K., Eun, H.-R., Park, Y.-H., Escudero, M., Beddows, D., Harrison, R. M., Bertrand, A., Marchand, N., Lyasota, A., Codina, B., Olid, M., Udina, M., Jiménez-Esteve, B., Soler, M. R., Alonso, L., Millán, M., and Ahn, K.-H.: Phenomenology of high-ozone episodes in NE Spain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2817–2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2817-2017, 2017.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Gangoiti, G., Perez, N., Lee, H. K., Eun, H. R., Park, Y., Mantilla, E., Escudero, M., Titos, G., Alonso, L., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Moreta, J. R., Revuelta, M. A., Salvador, P., Artíñano, B., García dos Santos, S., Anguas, M., Notario, A., Saiz-Lopez, A., Harrison, R. M., Millán, M., and Ahn, K.-H.: Phenomenology of summer ozone episodes over the Madrid Metropolitan Area, central Spain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6511–6533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6511-2018, 2018.
Reche, C., Moreno, T., Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Pérez, J., de La Paz, D., Diaz, E., Gómez-Moreno, F., Pujadas, M., and Artíñano, B.: Spatio-temporal patterns of high summer ozone events in the Madrid Basin, Central Spain, Atmos. Environ., 185, 207–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.002, 2018.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Borge, R., Notario, A., Adame, J. A., de la Paz, D., Querol, X., Artíñano, B., Gómez-Moreno, F. J., and Cuevas, C. A.: Unexpected increase in the oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere of Madrid, Spain, Sci. Rep., 7, 45956, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45956, 2017.
San José, R., Stohl, A., Karatzas, K., Bohler, T., James, P., and Pérez, J. L.: A modelling study of an extraordinary night time ozone episode over Madrid domain, Environ. Modell. Softw., 20, 587–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.009, 2005.
Sartelet, K. N., Couvidat, F., Seigneur, C., and Roustan, Y.: Impact of biogenic emissions on air quality over Europe and North America, Atmos. Environ., 53, 131–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.046, 2012.
Sarwar, G., Simon, H., Bhave, P., and Yarwood, G.: Examining the impact of heterogeneous nitryl chloride production on air quality across the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6455–6473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6455-2012, 2012.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-94740-1, 2016.
Seltzer, K. M., Shindell, D. T., and Malley, C. S.: Measurement-based assessment of health burdens from long-term ozone exposure in the United States, Europe, and China, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 104018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae29d, 2018.
Shu, Q., Napelenok, S. L., Hutzell, W. T., Baker, K. R., Henderson, B. H., Murphy, B. N., and Hogrefe, C.: Comparison of ozone formation attribution techniques in the northeastern United States, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2303–2322, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2303-2023, 2023.
Sicard, P., Agathokleous, E., Anenberg, S. C., De Marco, A., Paoletti, E., and Calatayud, V.: Trends in urban air pollution over the last two decades: A global perspective, Sci. Total Environ., 858, 160064, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160064, 2023.
Sillman, S.: The use of NOy, H2O2, and HNO3 as indicators for ozone-NOX-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14175–14188, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02953, 1995.
Simon, H., Valin, L. C., Baker, K. R., Henderson, B. H., Crawford, J. H., Pusede, S. E., Kelly, J. T., Foley, K. M., Chris Owen, R., and Cohen, R. C.: Characterizing CO and NOy sources and relative ambient ratios in the Baltimore area using ambient measurements and source attribution modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3304–3320, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027688, 2018.
Simpson, D.: Biogenic emissions in Europe: 2. Implications for ozone control strategies, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22891–22906, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01878, 1995.
Sitch, S., Cox, P., Collins, W., and Huntingford, C.: Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink, Nature, 448, 791, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06059, 2007.
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037, 2008.
Stevenson, D., Dentener, F., Schultz, M., Ellingsen, K., Van Noije, T., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C., and Bell, N.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D08301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf (last access: 1 April 2023), 2013.
Tagaris, E., Sotiropoulou, R. E. P., Gounaris, N., Andronopoulos, S., and Vlachogiannis, D.: Impact of biogenic emissions on ozone and fine particles over Europe: Comparing effects of temperature increase and a potential anthropogenic NOX emissions abatement strategy, Atmos. Environ., 98, 214–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.056, 2014.
Thunis, P., Clappier, A., Tarrasón, L., Cuvelier, C., Monteiro, A., Pisoni, E., Wesseling, J., Belis, C., Pirovano, G., and Janssen, S.: Source apportionment to support air quality planning: Strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches, Environ. Int., 130, 104825, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.019, 2019.
UNC: SMOKE's V365 User's Manual, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, https://www.cmascenter.org/smoke/documentation/3.6.5/manual_smokev365.pdf (last access: 22 November 2022), 2015.
U.S. EPA: Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v5.4 User Guide, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, https://github.com/USEPA/CMAQ/tree/5.4/DOCS/Users_Guide (last access: 22 January 2021), 2022.
US EPA Office of Research and Development: CMAQ (5.3.2), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4081737, 2020.
Valverde, V., Pay, M. T., and Baldasano, J. M.: Ozone attributed to Madrid and Barcelona on-road transport emissions: Characterization of plume dynamics over the Iberian Peninsula, Sci. Total Environ., 543, 670–682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.070, 2016.
Visser, A. J., Boersma, K. F., Ganzeveld, L. N., and Krol, M. C.: European NOx emissions in WRF-Chem derived from OMI: impacts on summertime surface ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11821–11841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11821-2019, 2019.
Wang, P., Schade, G., Estes, M., and Ying, Q.: Improved MEGAN predictions of biogenic isoprene in the contiguous United States, Atmos. Environ., 148, 337–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.006, 2017.
Weng, H., Lin, J., Martin, R., Millet, B. M., Jaeglé, L., Ridley, D., Keller, C., Li, C., Du, M., and Meng, J.: Global high-resolution emissions of soil NOX, sea salt aerosols, and biogenic volatile organic compounds, Sci. Data, 7, 148, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0488-5, 2020.
Whitten, G. Z., Heo, G., Kimura, Y., McDonald-Buller, E., Allen, D. T., Carter, W. P., and Yarwood, G.: A new condensed toluene mechanism for Carbon Bond: CB05-TU, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5346–5355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.029, 2010.
WHO: WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide: executive summary, ISBN 9789240034228, 2021.
Xu, J., Ma, J. Z., Zhang, X. L., Xu, X. B., Xu, X. F., Lin, W. L., Wang, Y., Meng, W., and Ma, Z. Q.: Measurements of ozone and its precursors in Beijing during summertime: impact of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12241–12252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12241-2011, 2011.
Yarwood, G., Jung, J., Whitten, G., Heo, G., Mellberg, J., and Estes, M.: Updates to the Carbon Bond Mechanism for Version 6 (CB6), in: 9th Annual CMAS Conference, Chapel Hill, NC, 11–13 October 2010, 1–4, https://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2010/abstracts/emery_updates_carbon_2010.pdf (last access: 4 January 2023), 2010.
Yienger. J. J. and Levy II, H.: Empirical model of global soil-biogenic NOχ emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 11447–11464, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00370, 1995.
Young, P. J., Archibald, A. T., Bowman, K. W., Lamarque, J.-F., Naik, V., Stevenson, D. S., Tilmes, S., Voulgarakis, A., Wild, O., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Cionni, I., Collins, W. J., Dalsøren, S. B., Doherty, R. M., Eyring, V., Faluvegi, G., Horowitz, L. W., Josse, B., Lee, Y. H., MacKenzie, I. A., Nagashima, T., Plummer, D. A., Righi, M., Rumbold, S. T., Skeie, R. B., Shindell, D. T., Strode, S. A., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Zeng, G.: Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2063–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013, 2013.
Zaveri, R. A., Berkowitz, C. M., Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Doskey, P. V., Lonneman, W. A., and Spicer, C. W.: Ozone production efficiency and NOX depletion in an urban plume: Interpretation of field observations and implications for evaluating O3-NOX-VOC sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4436, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003144, 2003.
Zhang, R., Cohan, A., Biazar, A. P., and Cohan, D. S.: Source apportionment of biogenic contributions to ozone formation over the United States, Atmos. Environ., 164, 8–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.044, 2017.
Zhang, S., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Du, X., Qu, L., Tang, W., Xu, J., and Meng, F.: Formation processes and source contributions of ground-level ozone in urban and suburban Beijing using the WRF-CMAQ modelling system, J. Environ. Sci., 127, 753–766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.016, 2023.
Zhang, T., Xu, X., and Su, Y.: Impacts of Regional Transport and Meteorology on Ground-Level Ozone in Windsor, Canada, Atmosphere, 11, 1111, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101111, 2020.
Zhang, Y., Yu, S., Chen, X., Li, Z., Li, M., Song, Z., Liu, W., Li, P., Zhang, X., Lichtfouse, E., and Rosenfeld, D.: Local production, downward and regional transport aggravated surface ozone pollution during the historical orange-alert large-scale ozone episode in eastern China, Environ. Chem. Lett., 20, 1577–1588, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01421-0, 2022.
Ziemke, J. R., Oman, L. D., Strode, S. A., Douglass, A. R., Olsen, M. A., McPeters, R. D., Bhartia, P. K., Froidevaux, L., Labow, G. J., Witte, J. C., Thompson, A. M., Haffner, D. P., Kramarova, N. A., Frith, S. M., Huang, L.-K., Jaross, G. R., Seftor, C. J., Deland, M. T., and Taylor, S. L.: Trends in global tropospheric ozone inferred from a composite record of TOMS/OMI/MLS/OMPS satellite measurements and the MERRA-2 GMI simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3257–3269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3257-2019, 2019.
Zohdirad, H., Jiang, J., Aksoyoglu, S., Namin, M. M., Ashrafi, K., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Investigating sources of surface ozone in central Europe during the hot summer in 2018: High temperatures, but not so high ozone, Atmos. Environ., 279, 119099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119099, 2022.
Short summary
This source apportionment modeling study shows that around 70 % of ground-level O3 in Madrid (Spain) is transported from other regions. Nonetheless, emissions from local sources, mainly road traffic, play a significant role, especially under atmospheric stagnation. Local measures during those conditions may be able to reduce O3 peaks by up to 30 % and, thus, lessen impacts from high-O3 episodes in the Madrid metropolitan area.
This source apportionment modeling study shows that around 70 % of ground-level O3 in Madrid...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint